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Anderson MC, Crespo-Garcia M, Subbulakshmi S. Brain mechanisms underlying the inhibitory control of thought. Nat Rev Neurosci 2025:10.1038/s41583-025-00929-y. [PMID: 40379896 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/19/2025]
Abstract
Controlling action and thought requires the capacity to stop mental processes. Over the past two decades, evidence has grown that a domain-general inhibitory control mechanism supported by the right lateral prefrontal cortex achieves these functions. However, current views of the neural mechanisms of inhibitory control derive largely from research into the stopping of action. Whereas action stopping is a convenient empirical model, it does not invoke thought inhibition and cannot be used to identify the unique features of this process. Here, we review research that addresses how organisms stop a key process that drives thoughts: memory retrieval. This work has shown that retrieval stopping shares right dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal mechanisms with action stopping, consistent with a domain-general inhibitory control mechanism, but also recruits a distinct fronto-temporal pathway that determines the success of mental control. As part of this pathway, GABAergic inhibition within the hippocampus influences the efficacy of prefrontal control over thought. These unique elements of mental control suggest that hippocampal disinhibition is a transdiagnostic factor underlying intrusive thinking, linking the fronto-temporal control pathway to preclinical models of psychiatric disorders and fear extinction. We suggest that retrieval-stopping deficits may underlie the intrusive thinking that is common across many psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Anderson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Maite Crespo-Garcia
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Subbulakshmi
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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2
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Freelin A, Wolfe C, Lega B. Models of human hippocampal specialization: a look at the electrophysiological evidence. Trends Cogn Sci 2024:S1364-6613(24)00318-8. [PMID: 39668062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
From an anatomical perspective, the concept that the anterior and posterior hippocampus fulfill distinct cognitive roles may seem unsurprising. When compared with the posterior hippocampus, the anterior region is proportionally larger, with visible expansion of the CA1 subfield and intimate continuity with adjacent medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures such as the uncus and amygdala. However, the functional relevance emerging from these anatomical differences remains to be established in humans. Drawing on both rodent and human data, several models of hippocampal longitudinal specialization have been proposed. For the brevity and clarity of this review, we focus on human electrophysiological evidence supporting and contravening these models with limited inclusion of noninvasive data. We then synthesize these data to propose a novel longitudinal model based on the amount of contextual information, drawing on previous conceptions described within the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Freelin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Cody Wolfe
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bradley Lega
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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3
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Mackay S, Reber TP, Bausch M, Boström J, Elger CE, Mormann F. Concept and location neurons in the human brain provide the 'what' and 'where' in memory formation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7926. [PMID: 39256373 PMCID: PMC11387663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Our brains create new memories by capturing the 'who/what', 'where' and 'when' of everyday experiences. On a neuronal level, mechanisms facilitating a successful transfer into episodic memory are still unclear. We investigated this by measuring single neuron activity in the human medial temporal lobe during encoding of item-location associations. While previous research has found predictive effects in population activity in human MTL structures, we could attribute such effects to two specialized sub-groups of neurons: concept cells in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex (EC), and a second group of parahippocampal location-selective neurons. In both item- and location-selective populations, firing rates were significantly higher during successfully encoded trials. These findings are in line with theories of hippocampal indexing, since selective index neurons may act as pointers to neocortical representations. Overall, activation of distinct populations of neurons could directly support the connection of the 'what' and 'where' of episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mackay
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas P Reber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Bausch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Boström
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Florian Mormann
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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4
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Rolls ET, Treves A. A theory of hippocampal function: New developments. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 238:102636. [PMID: 38834132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
We develop further here the only quantitative theory of the storage of information in the hippocampal episodic memory system and its recall back to the neocortex. The theory is upgraded to account for a revolution in understanding of spatial representations in the primate, including human, hippocampus, that go beyond the place where the individual is located, to the location being viewed in a scene. This is fundamental to much primate episodic memory and navigation: functions supported in humans by pathways that build 'where' spatial view representations by feature combinations in a ventromedial visual cortical stream, separate from those for 'what' object and face information to the inferior temporal visual cortex, and for reward information from the orbitofrontal cortex. Key new computational developments include the capacity of the CA3 attractor network for storing whole charts of space; how the correlations inherent in self-organizing continuous spatial representations impact the storage capacity; how the CA3 network can combine continuous spatial and discrete object and reward representations; the roles of the rewards that reach the hippocampus in the later consolidation into long-term memory in part via cholinergic pathways from the orbitofrontal cortex; and new ways of analysing neocortical information storage using Potts networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK; Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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5
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Lin X, Chen D, Liu J, Yao Z, Xie H, Anderson MC, Hu X. Observing the suppression of individual aversive memories from conscious awareness. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae080. [PMID: 38863114 PMCID: PMC11166503 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
When reminded of an unpleasant experience, people often try to exclude the unwanted memory from awareness, a process known as retrieval suppression. Here we used multivariate decoding (MVPA) and representational similarity analyses on EEG data to track how suppression unfolds in time and to reveal its impact on item-specific cortical patterns. We presented reminders to aversive scenes and asked people to either suppress or to retrieve the scene. During suppression, mid-frontal theta power within the first 500 ms distinguished suppression from passive viewing of the reminder, indicating that suppression rapidly recruited control. During retrieval, we could discern EEG cortical patterns relating to individual memories-initially, based on theta-driven visual perception of the reminders (0 to 500 ms) and later, based on alpha-driven reinstatement of the aversive scene (500 to 3000 ms). Critically, suppressing retrieval weakened (during 360 to 600 ms) and eventually abolished item-specific cortical patterns, a robust effect that persisted until the reminder disappeared (780 to 3000 ms). Representational similarity analyses provided converging evidence that retrieval suppression weakened the representation of target scenes during the 500 to 3000 ms reinstatement window. Together, rapid top-down control during retrieval suppression abolished cortical patterns of individual memories, and precipitated later forgetting. These findings reveal a precise chronometry on the voluntary suppression of individual memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyi Lin
- Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danni Chen
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziqing Yao
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C Anderson
- MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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6
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Ding R, Ten Oever S, Martin AE. Delta-band Activity Underlies Referential Meaning Representation during Pronoun Resolution. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1472-1492. [PMID: 38652108 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Human language offers a variety of ways to create meaning, one of which is referring to entities, objects, or events in the world. One such meaning maker is understanding to whom or to what a pronoun in a discourse refers to. To understand a pronoun, the brain must access matching entities or concepts that have been encoded in memory from previous linguistic context. Models of language processing propose that internally stored linguistic concepts, accessed via exogenous cues such as phonological input of a word, are represented as (a)synchronous activities across a population of neurons active at specific frequency bands. Converging evidence suggests that delta band activity (1-3 Hz) is involved in temporal and representational integration during sentence processing. Moreover, recent advances in the neurobiology of memory suggest that recollection engages neural dynamics similar to those which occurred during memory encoding. Integrating from these two research lines, we here tested the hypothesis that neural dynamic patterns, especially in delta frequency range, underlying referential meaning representation, would be reinstated during pronoun resolution. By leveraging neural decoding techniques (i.e., representational similarity analysis) on a magnetoencephalogram data set acquired during a naturalistic story-listening task, we provide evidence that delta-band activity underlies referential meaning representation. Our findings suggest that, during spoken language comprehension, endogenous linguistic representations such as referential concepts may be proactively retrieved and represented via activation of their underlying dynamic neural patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ding
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Ten Oever
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea E Martin
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Staresina BP. Coupled sleep rhythms for memory consolidation. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:339-351. [PMID: 38443198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
How do passing moments turn into lasting memories? Sheltered from external tasks and distractions, sleep constitutes an optimal state for the brain to reprocess and consolidate previous experiences. Recent work suggests that consolidation is governed by the intricate interaction of slow oscillations (SOs), spindles, and ripples - electrophysiological sleep rhythms that orchestrate neuronal processing and communication within and across memory circuits. This review describes how sequential SO-spindle-ripple coupling provides a temporally and spatially fine-tuned mechanism to selectively strengthen target memories across hippocampal and cortical networks. Coupled sleep rhythms might be harnessed not only to enhance overnight memory retention, but also to combat memory decline associated with healthy ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard P Staresina
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Nascimento MA, Biagiotti S, Herranz-Pérez V, Santiago S, Bueno R, Ye CJ, Abel TJ, Zhang Z, Rubio-Moll JS, Kriegstein AR, Yang Z, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Huang EJ, Alvarez-Buylla A, Sorrells SF. Protracted neuronal recruitment in the temporal lobes of young children. Nature 2024; 626:1056-1065. [PMID: 38122823 PMCID: PMC10901738 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The temporal lobe of the human brain contains the entorhinal cortex (EC). This region of the brain is a highly interconnected integrative hub for sensory and spatial information; it also has a key role in episodic memory formation and is the main source of cortical hippocampal inputs1-4. The human EC continues to develop during childhood5, but neurogenesis and neuronal migration to the EC are widely considered to be complete by birth. Here we show that the human temporal lobe contains many young neurons migrating into the postnatal EC and adjacent regions, with a large tangential stream persisting until the age of around one year and radial dispersal continuing until around two to three years of age. By contrast, we found no equivalent postnatal migration in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Immunostaining and single-nucleus RNA sequencing of ganglionic eminence germinal zones, the EC stream and the postnatal EC revealed that most migrating cells in the EC stream are derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence and become LAMP5+RELN+ inhibitory interneurons. These late-arriving interneurons could continue to shape the processing of sensory and spatial information well into postnatal life, when children are actively interacting with their environment. The EC is one of the first regions of the brain to be affected in Alzheimer's disease, and previous work has linked cognitive decline to the loss of LAMP5+RELN+ cells6,7. Our investigation reveals that many of these cells arrive in the EC through a major postnatal migratory stream in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Assis Nascimento
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sean Biagiotti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Samara Santiago
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raymund Bueno
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chun J Ye
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute of Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taylor J Abel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan S Rubio-Moll
- Servicio de Obstetricia, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles, University of Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience Graduate Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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9
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van Schalkwijk FJ, Weber J, Hahn MA, Lendner JD, Inostroza M, Lin JJ, Helfrich RF. An evolutionary conserved division-of-labor between archicortical and neocortical ripples organizes information transfer during sleep. Prog Neurobiol 2023:102485. [PMID: 37353109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Systems-level memory consolidation during sleep depends on the temporally precise interplay between cardinal sleep oscillations. Specifically, hippocampal ripples constitute a key substrate of the hippocampal-neocortical dialogue underlying memory formation. Recently, it became evident that ripples are not unique to archicortex, but constitute a wide-spread neocortical phenomenon. To date, little is known about the morphological similarities between archi- and neocortical ripples. Moreover, it remains undetermined if neocortical ripples fulfill distinct functional roles. Leveraging intracranial recordings from the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) and neocortex during sleep, our results reveal region-specific functional specializations, albeit a near-uniform morphology. While MTL ripples synchronize the memory network to trigger directional MTL-to-neocortical information flow, neocortical ripples reduce information flow to minimize interference. At the population level, MTL ripples confined population dynamics to a low-dimensional subspace, while neocortical ripples diversified the population response; thus, constituting an effective mechanism to functionally uncouple the MTL-neocortical network. Critically, we replicated the key findings in rodents, where the same division-of-labor between archi- and neocortical ripples was evident. In sum, these results uncover an evolutionary preserved mechanism where the precisely coordinated interplay between MTL and neocortical ripples temporally segregates MTL information transfer from subsequent neocortical processing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J van Schalkwijk
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jan Weber
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for the Mechanisms of Mental Function and Dysfunction, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michael A Hahn
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Janna D Lendner
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Tübingen; Hoppe-Seyler-Str 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Marion Inostroza
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jack J Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; The Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
| | - Randolph F Helfrich
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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10
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Chen ZS, Wilson MA. How our understanding of memory replay evolves. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:552-580. [PMID: 36752404 PMCID: PMC9988534 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00454.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory reactivations and replay, widely reported in the hippocampus and cortex across species, have been implicated in memory consolidation, planning, and spatial and skill learning. Technological advances in electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and human neuroimaging techniques have enabled neuroscientists to measure large-scale neural activity with increasing spatiotemporal resolution and have provided opportunities for developing robust analytic methods to identify memory replay. In this article, we first review a large body of historically important and representative memory replay studies from the animal and human literature. We then discuss our current understanding of memory replay functions in learning, planning, and memory consolidation and further discuss the progress in computational modeling that has contributed to these improvements. Next, we review past and present analytic methods for replay analyses and discuss their limitations and challenges. Finally, looking ahead, we discuss some promising analytic methods for detecting nonstereotypical, behaviorally nondecodable structures from large-scale neural recordings. We argue that seamless integration of multisite recordings, real-time replay decoding, and closed-loop manipulation experiments will be essential for delineating the role of memory replay in a wide range of cognitive and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sage Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Matthew A Wilson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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11
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Jun S, Kim JS, Chung CK. Hippocampal Neuronal Activity Preceding Stimulus Predicts Later Memory Success. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0252-22.2023. [PMID: 36720645 PMCID: PMC9933931 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0252-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neuronal activity at a time preceding stimulus onset affects episodic memory performance. We hypothesized that neuronal activity preceding an event supports successful memory formation; therefore, we explored whether a characterized encoding-associated brain activity, viz. the neuronal activity preceding a stimulus, predicts subsequent memory formation. To address this issue, we assessed the activity of single neurons recorded from the hippocampus in humans, while participants performed word memory tasks. Human hippocampal single-unit activity elicited by a fixation cue preceding words increased the firing rates (FRs) and predicted whether the words are recalled in a subsequent memory test; this indicated that successful memory formation in humans can be predicted by a preceding stimulus activity during encoding. However, the predictive effect of preceding stimulus activity did not occur during retrieval. These findings suggest that the preparative arrangement of brain activity before stimulus encoding improves subsequent memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Jun
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, 03080
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, 03080
| | - June Sic Kim
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, 03080
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, 08826
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, 03080
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12
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Gellersen HM, Trelle AN, Farrar BG, Coughlan G, Korkki SM, Henson RN, Simons JS. Medial temporal lobe structure, mnemonic and perceptual discrimination in healthy older adults and those at risk for mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 122:88-106. [PMID: 36516558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive tests sensitive to the integrity of the medial temporal lobe (MTL), such as mnemonic discrimination of perceptually similar stimuli, may be useful early markers of risk for cognitive decline in older populations. Perceptual discrimination of stimuli with overlapping features also relies on MTL but remains relatively unexplored in this context. We assessed mnemonic discrimination in two test formats (Forced Choice, Yes/No) and perceptual discrimination of objects and scenes in 111 community-dwelling older adults at different risk status for cognitive impairment based on neuropsychological screening. We also investigated associations between performance and MTL sub-region volume and thickness. The at-risk group exhibited reduced entorhinal thickness and impaired perceptual and mnemonic discrimination. Perceptual discrimination impairment partially explained group differences in mnemonic discrimination and correlated with entorhinal thickness. Executive dysfunction accounted for Yes/No deficits in at-risk adults, demonstrating the importance of test format for the interpretation of memory decline. These results suggest that perceptual discrimination tasks may be useful tools for detecting incipient cognitive impairment related to reduced MTL integrity in nonclinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Gellersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gillian Coughlan
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saana M Korkki
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard N Henson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Lee SM, Shin J, Lee I. Significance of visual scene-based learning in the hippocampal systems across mammalian species. Hippocampus 2022; 33:505-521. [PMID: 36458555 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus and its associated cortical regions in the medial temporal lobe play essential roles when animals form a cognitive map and use it to achieve their goals. As the nature of map-making involves sampling different local views of the environment and putting them together in a spatially cohesive way, visual scenes are essential ingredients in the formative process of cognitive maps. Visual scenes also serve as important cues during information retrieval from the cognitive map. Research in humans has shown that there are regions in the brain that selectively process scenes and that the hippocampus is involved in scene-based memory tasks. The neurophysiological correlates of scene-based information processing in the hippocampus have been reported as "spatial view cells" in nonhuman primates. Like primates, it is widely accepted that rodents also use visual scenes in their background for spatial navigation and other kinds of problems. However, in rodents, it is not until recently that researchers examined the neural correlates of the hippocampus from the perspective of visual scene-based information processing. With the advent of virtual reality (VR) systems, it has been demonstrated that place cells in the hippocampus exhibit remarkably similar firing correlates in the VR environment compared with that of the real-world environment. Despite some limitations, the new trend of studying hippocampal functions in a visually controlled environment has the potential to allow investigation of the input-output relationships of network functions and experimental testing of traditional computational predictions more rigorously by providing well-defined visual stimuli. As scenes are essential for navigation and episodic memory in humans, further investigation of the rodents' hippocampal systems in scene-based tasks will provide a critical functional link across different mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jhoseph Shin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Aitken F, Kok P. Hippocampal representations switch from errors to predictions during acquisition of predictive associations. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3294. [PMID: 35676285 PMCID: PMC9178037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe constantly exploit the statistical regularities in our environment to help guide our perception. The hippocampus has been suggested to play a pivotal role in both learning environmental statistics, as well as exploiting them to generate perceptual predictions. However, it is unclear how the hippocampus balances encoding new predictive associations with the retrieval of existing ones. Here, we present the results of two high resolution human fMRI studies (N = 24 for both experiments) directly investigating this. Participants were exposed to auditory cues that predicted the identity of an upcoming visual shape (with 75% validity). Using multivoxel decoding analysis, we find that the hippocampus initially preferentially represents unexpected shapes (i.e., those that violate the cue regularities), but later switches to representing the cue-predicted shape regardless of which was actually presented. These findings demonstrate that the hippocampus is involved both acquiring and exploiting predictive associations, and is dominated by either errors or predictions depending on whether learning is ongoing or complete.
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15
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Lee K, Mirjalili S, Quadri A, Corbett B, Duarte A. Neural Reinstatement of Overlapping Memories in Young and Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1376-1396. [PMID: 35604351 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
When we update our episodic memories with new information, mnemonic competition between old and new memories may result because of the presence of shared features. Behavioral studies suggest that this competition can lead to proactive interference, resulting in unsuccessful memory updating, particularly for older adults. It is difficult with behavioral data alone to measure the reactivation of old, overlapping memories during retrieval and its impact on memory for new memories. Here, we applied encoding-retrieval representational similarity (ERS) analysis to EEG data to estimate event-specific encoding-related neural reinstatement of old associations during the retrieval of new ones and its impact on memory for new associations in young and older adults. Our results showed that older adults' new associative memory performance was more negatively impacted by proactive interference from old memories than that of young adults. In both age groups, ERS for old associative memories was greater for trials for which new associative memories were forgotten than remembered. In contrast, ERS for new associative memories was greater when they were remembered than forgotten. In addition, older adults showed relatively attenuated target (i.e., new associates) and lure (i.e., old associates) ERS effects compared to younger adults. Collectively, these results suggest that the neural reinstatement of interfering memories during retrieval contributes to proactive interference across age, whereas overall attenuated ERS effect in older adults might reflect their reduced memory fidelity.
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16
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Zeng T, Si B, Li X. Entorhinal-hippocampal interactions lead to globally coherent representations of space. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100035. [PMID: 36685760 PMCID: PMC9846457 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The firing maps of grid cells in the entorhinal cortex are thought to provide an efficient metric system capable of supporting spatial inference in all environments. However, whether spatial representations of grid cells are determined by local environment cues or are organized into globally coherent patterns remains undetermined. We propose a navigation model containing a path integration system in the entorhinal cortex and a cognitive map system in the hippocampus. In the path integration system, grid cell network and head direction (HD) cell network integrate movement and visual information, and form attractor states to represent the positions and head directions of the animal. In the cognitive map system, a topological map is constructed capturing the attractor states of the path integration system as nodes and the transitions between attractor states as links. On loop closure, when the animal revisits a familiar place, the topological map is calibrated to minimize odometry errors. The change of the topological map is mapped back to the path integration system, to correct the states of the grid cells and the HD cells. The proposed model was tested on iRat, a rat-like miniature robot, in a realistic maze. Experimental results showed that, after familiarization of the environment, both grid cells and HD cells develop globally coherent firing maps by map calibration and activity correction. These results demonstrate that the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex work together to form globally coherent metric representations of the environment. The underlying mechanisms of the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit in capturing the structure of the environment from sequences of experience are critical for understanding episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiping Zeng
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bailu Si
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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17
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Lehongre K, Lambrecq V, Whitmarsh S, Frazzini V, Cousyn L, Soleil D, Fernandez-Vidal S, Mathon B, Houot M, Lemarechal JD, Clemenceau S, Hasboun D, Adam C, Navarro V. Long-term deep intracerebral microelectrode recordings in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: proposed guidelines based on 10-year experience. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119116. [PMID: 35318150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human neuronal activity, recorded in vivo from microelectrodes, may offer valuable insights into physiological mechanisms underlying human cognition and pathophysiological mechanisms of brain diseases, in particular epilepsy. Continuous and long-term recordings are necessary to monitor non predictable pathological and physiological activities like seizures or sleep. Because of their high impedance, microelectrodes are more sensitive to noise than macroelectrodes. Low noise levels are crucial to detect action potentials from background noise, and to further isolate single neuron activities. Therefore, long-term recordings of multi-unit activity remains a challenge. We shared here our experience with microelectrode recordings and our efforts to reduce noise levels in order to improve signal quality. We also provided detailed technical guidelines for the connection, recording, imaging and signal analysis of microelectrode recordings. RESULTS During the last 10 years, we implanted 122 bundles of Behnke-Fried hybrid macro-microelectrodes, in 56 patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. Microbundles were implanted in the temporal lobe (74%), as well as frontal (15%), parietal (6%) and occipital (5%) lobes. Low noise levels depended on our technical setup. The noise reduction was mainly obtained after electrical insulation of the patient's recording room and the use of a reinforced microelectrode model, reaching median root mean square values of 5.8 µV. Seventy percent of the bundles could record multi-units activities (MUA), on around 3 out of 8 wires per bundle and for an average of 12 days. Seizures were recorded by microelectrodes in 91% of patients, when recorded continuously, and MUA were recorded during seizures for 75 % of the patients after the insulation of the room. Technical guidelines are proposed for (i) electrode tails manipulation and protection during surgical bandage and connection to both clinical and research amplifiers, (ii) electrical insulation of the patient's recording room and shielding, (iii) data acquisition and storage, and (iv) single-units activities analysis. CONCLUSIONS We progressively improved our recording setup and are now able to record (i) microelectrode signals with low noise level up to 3 weeks duration, and (ii) MUA from an increased number of wires . We built a step by step procedure from electrode trajectory planning to recordings. All these delicate steps are essential for continuous long-term recording of units in order to advance in our understanding of both the pathophysiology of ictogenesis and the neuronal coding of cognitive and physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Lehongre
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France; AP-HP, Département de Neurophysiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France; AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Whitmarsh
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France
| | - Valerio Frazzini
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France; AP-HP, Département de Neurophysiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France; AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Louis Cousyn
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France; AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Soleil
- Bureau d'Etudes CEMS, 801 Route d'Eyguieres, 13 560 Senas, France
| | - Sara Fernandez-Vidal
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France
| | - Bertrand Mathon
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France; AP-HP, Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marion Houot
- Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.; Clinical Investigation Centre, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Paris, France
| | - Jean-Didier Lemarechal
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France; Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Dominique Hasboun
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France; AP-HP, Service de Neuroradiologie, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Claude Adam
- AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris France; AP-HP, Département de Neurophysiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France; AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France; AP-HP, Center of Reference for Rare Epilepsies, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
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18
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Lin C, Oh MM, Disterhoft JF. Aging-Related Alterations to Persistent Firing in the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Contribute to Deficits in Temporal Associative Memory. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:838513. [PMID: 35360205 PMCID: PMC8963507 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.838513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With aging comes a myriad of different disorders, and cognitive decline is one of them. Studies have consistently shown a decline amongst aged subjects in their ability to acquire and maintain temporal associative memory. Defined as the memory of the association between two objects that are separated in time, temporal associative memory is dependent on neocortical structures such as the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe structures. For this memory to be acquired, a mental trace of the first stimulus is necessary to bridge the temporal gap so the two stimuli can be properly associated. Persistent firing, the ability of the neuron to continue to fire action potentials even after the termination of a triggering stimulus, is one mechanism that is posited to support this mental trace. A recent study demonstrated a decline in persistent firing ability in pyramidal neurons of layer III of the lateral entorhinal cortex with aging, contributing to learning impairments in temporal associative memory acquisition. In this work, we explore the potential ways persistent firing in lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) III supports temporal associative memory, and how aging may disrupt this mechanism within the temporal lobe system, resulting in impairment in this crucial behavior.
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19
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Treder MS, Charest I, Michelmann S, Martín-Buro MC, Roux F, Carceller-Benito F, Ugalde-Canitrot A, Rollings DT, Sawlani V, Chelvarajah R, Wimber M, Hanslmayr S, Staresina BP. The hippocampus as the switchboard between perception and memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2114171118. [PMID: 34880133 PMCID: PMC8685930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114171118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive memory recall requires a rapid and flexible switch from external perceptual reminders to internal mnemonic representations. However, owing to the limited temporal or spatial resolution of brain imaging modalities used in isolation, the hippocampal-cortical dynamics supporting this process remain unknown. We thus employed an object-scene cued recall paradigm across two studies, including intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) and high-density scalp EEG. First, a sustained increase in hippocampal high gamma power (55 to 110 Hz) emerged 500 ms after cue onset and distinguished successful vs. unsuccessful recall. This increase in gamma power for successful recall was followed by a decrease in hippocampal alpha power (8 to 12 Hz). Intriguingly, the hippocampal gamma power increase marked the moment at which extrahippocampal activation patterns shifted from perceptual cue toward mnemonic target representations. In parallel, source-localized EEG alpha power revealed that the recall signal progresses from hippocampus to posterior parietal cortex and then to medial prefrontal cortex. Together, these results identify the hippocampus as the switchboard between perception and memory and elucidate the ensuing hippocampal-cortical dynamics supporting the recall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Treder
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Charest
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- cerebrUM, Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 259, Canada
| | - Sebastian Michelmann
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - María Carmen Martín-Buro
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, King Juan Carlos University 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frédéric Roux
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Arturo Ugalde-Canitrot
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz 28046 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - David T Rollings
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Complex Epilepsy and Surgery Service, Neurophysiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Sawlani
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Complex Epilepsy and Surgery Service, Neuroradiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Chelvarajah
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Complex Epilepsy and Surgery Service, Neurosurgery Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Wimber
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hanslmayr
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard P Staresina
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
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20
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Xu X, Song L, Kringel R, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Developmental decrease of entorhinal-hippocampal communication in immune-challenged DISC1 knockdown mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6810. [PMID: 34815409 PMCID: PMC8611076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal-hippocampal dysfunction that underlies cognitive deficits in mental disorders emerges during early development. The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) is tightly interconnected with both prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HP), yet its contribution to the early dysfunction is fully unknown. Here we show that mice that mimic the dual genetic (G) -environmental (E) etiology (GE mice) of psychiatric risk have poor LEC-dependent recognition memory at pre-juvenile age and abnormal communication within LEC-HP-PFC networks throughout development. These functional and behavioral deficits relate to sparser projections from LEC to CA1 and decreased efficiency of axonal terminals to activate the hippocampal circuits in neonatal GE mice. In contrast, the direct entorhinal drive to PFC is not affected, yet the PFC is indirectly compromised, as target of the under-activated HP. Thus, the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit is already impaired from neonatal age on in GE mice. The authors show that mice that mimic the dual genetic-environmental etiology of psychiatric risk have poor lateral entorhinal cortex-dependent recognition memory already at pre-juvenile age and abnormal communication within LECHP-PFC networks throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Xu
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lingzhen Song
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kringel
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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Ten Oever S, Sack AT, Oehrn CR, Axmacher N. An engram of intentionally forgotten information. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6443. [PMID: 34750407 PMCID: PMC8575985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful forgetting of unwanted memories is crucial for goal-directed behavior and mental wellbeing. While memory retention strengthens memory traces, it is unclear what happens to memory traces of events that are actively forgotten. Using intracranial EEG recordings from lateral temporal cortex, we find that memory traces for actively forgotten information are partially preserved and exhibit unique neural signatures. Memory traces of successfully remembered items show stronger encoding-retrieval similarity in gamma frequency patterns. By contrast, encoding-retrieval similarity of item-specific memory traces of actively forgotten items depend on activity at alpha/beta frequencies commonly associated with functional inhibition. Additional analyses revealed selective modification of item-specific patterns of connectivity and top-down information flow from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to lateral temporal cortex in memory traces of intentionally forgotten items. These results suggest that intentional forgetting relies more on inhibitory top-down connections than intentional remembering, resulting in inhibitory memory traces with unique neural signatures and representational formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Ten Oever
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525XD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, 6525EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229EV, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Brain and Nerve Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Debyelaan 25, 6229HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carina R Oehrn
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Biegenstraße 10, 35037, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University Marburg, Biegenstraße 10, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Axmacher
- Department of Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Outer St, Beijing, 100875, China.
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22
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Yoo HB, Umbach G, Lega B. Neurons in the human medial temporal lobe track multiple temporal contexts during episodic memory processing. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118689. [PMID: 34742943 PMCID: PMC8802214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory requires associating items with temporal context, a process for which the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is critical. This study uses recordings from 27 human subjects who were undergoing surgical intervention for intractable epilepsy. These same data were also utilized in Umbach et al. (2020). We identify 103 memory-sensitive neurons in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, whose firing rates predicted successful episodic memory encoding as subjects performed a verbal free recall task. These neurons exhibit important properties. First, as predicted from the temporal context model, they demonstrate reinstatement of firing patterns observed during encoding at the time of retrieval. The magnitude of reinstatement predicted the tendency of subjects to cluster retrieved memory items according to input serial position. Also, we found that spiking activity of these neurons was locked to the phase of hippocampal theta oscillations, but that the mean phase of spiking shifted between memory encoding versus retrieval. This unique observation is consistent with predictions of the “Separate Phases at Encoding And Retrieval (SPEAR)” model. Together, the properties we identify for memory-sensitive neurons characterize direct electrophysiological mechanisms for the representation of contextual information in the human MTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Bin Yoo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gray Umbach
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bradley Lega
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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23
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Concept neurons in the human medial temporal lobe flexibly represent abstract relations between concepts. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6164. [PMID: 34697305 PMCID: PMC8545952 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Concept neurons in the medial temporal lobe respond to semantic features of presented stimuli. Analyzing 61 concept neurons recorded from twelve patients who underwent surgery to treat epilepsy, we show that firing patterns of concept neurons encode relations between concepts during a picture comparison task. Thirty-three of these responded to non-preferred stimuli with a delayed but well-defined onset whenever the task required a comparison to a response-eliciting concept, but not otherwise. Supporting recent theories of working memory, concept neurons increased firing whenever attention was directed towards this concept and could be reactivated after complete activity silence. Population cross-correlations of pairs of concept neurons exhibited order-dependent asymmetric peaks specifically when their response-eliciting concepts were to be compared. Our data are consistent with synaptic mechanisms that support reinstatement of concepts and their relations after activity silence, flexibly induced through task-specific sequential activation. This way arbitrary contents of experience could become interconnected in both working and long-term memory. It is unclear how distinct concepts are processed in the brain. Here, the authors recorded from concept cells in human subjects with epilepsy and found that a subset of concept cells responded to non-preferred concepts if those non-preferred concepts required comparison to a preferred concept.
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24
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Norman Y, Raccah O, Liu S, Parvizi J, Malach R. Hippocampal ripples and their coordinated dialogue with the default mode network during recent and remote recollection. Neuron 2021; 109:2767-2780.e5. [PMID: 34297916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal ripples are prominent synchronization events generated by hippocampal neuronal assemblies. To date, ripples have been primarily associated with navigational memory in rodents and short-term episodic recollections in humans. Here, we uncover different profiles of ripple activity in the human hippocampus during the retrieval of recent and remote autobiographical events and semantic facts. We found that the ripple rate increased significantly before reported recall compared to control conditions. Patterns of ripple activity across multiple hippocampal sites demonstrated remarkable specificity for memory type. Intriguingly, these ripple patterns revealed a semantization dimension, in which patterns associated with autobiographical contents become similar to those of semantic memory as a function of memory age. Finally, widely distributed sites across the neocortex exhibited ripple-coupled activations during recollection, with the strongest activation found within the default mode network. Our results thus reveal a key role for hippocampal ripples in orchestrating hippocampal-cortical communication across large-scale networks involved in conscious recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitzhak Norman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Omri Raccah
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Su Liu
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rafael Malach
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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25
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Duplicate Detection of Spike Events: A Relevant Problem in Human Single-Unit Recordings. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060761. [PMID: 34201115 PMCID: PMC8228483 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-unit recordings in the brain of behaving human subjects provide a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of neural mechanisms of cognition. These recordings are exclusively performed in medical centers during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The presence of medical instruments along with other aspects of the hospital environment limit the control of electrical noise compared to animal laboratory environments. Here, we highlight the problem of an increased occurrence of simultaneous spike events on different recording channels in human single-unit recordings. Most of these simultaneous events were detected in clusters previously labeled as artifacts and showed similar waveforms. These events may result from common external noise sources or from different micro-electrodes recording activity from the same neuron. To address the problem of duplicate recorded events, we introduce an open-source algorithm to identify these artificial spike events based on their synchronicity and waveform similarity. Applying our method to a comprehensive dataset of human single-unit recordings, we demonstrate that our algorithm can substantially increase the data quality of these recordings. Given our findings, we argue that future studies of single-unit activity recorded under noisy conditions should employ algorithms of this kind to improve data quality.
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26
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Derner M, Chaieb L, Dehnen G, Reber TP, Borger V, Surges R, Staresina BP, Mormann F, Fell J. Auditory Beat Stimulation Modulates Memory-Related Single-Neuron Activity in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030364. [PMID: 33809386 PMCID: PMC8000797 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory beats are amplitude-modulated signals (monaural beats) or signals that subjectively cause the perception of an amplitude modulation (binaural beats). We investigated the effects of monaural and binaural 5 Hz beat stimulation on neural activity and memory performance in neurosurgical patients performing an associative recognition task. Previously, we had reported that these beat stimulation conditions modulated memory performance in opposite directions. Here, we analyzed data from a patient subgroup, in which microwires were implanted in the amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex. We identified neurons responding with firing rate changes to binaural versus monaural 5 Hz beat stimulation. In these neurons, we correlated the differences in firing rates for binaural versus monaural beats to the memory-related differences for remembered versus forgotten items and associations. In the left hemisphere, we detected statistically significant negative correlations between firing rate differences for binaural versus monaural beats and remembered versus forgotten items/associations. Importantly, such negative correlations were also observed between beat stimulation-related firing rate differences in the pre-stimulus window and memory-related firing rate differences in the post-stimulus windows. In line with concepts of homeostatic plasticity, our findings suggest that beat stimulation is linked to memory performance via shifting baseline firing levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Derner
- Department of Epileptology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (M.D.); (L.C.); (G.D.); (T.P.R.); (R.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Leila Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (M.D.); (L.C.); (G.D.); (T.P.R.); (R.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Gert Dehnen
- Department of Epileptology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (M.D.); (L.C.); (G.D.); (T.P.R.); (R.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Thomas P. Reber
- Department of Epileptology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (M.D.); (L.C.); (G.D.); (T.P.R.); (R.S.); (F.M.)
- Faculty of Psychology, Swiss Distance University Institute, Ueberlandstr. 12, 3900 Brig, Switzerland
| | - Valeri Borger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (M.D.); (L.C.); (G.D.); (T.P.R.); (R.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Bernhard P. Staresina
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Florian Mormann
- Department of Epileptology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (M.D.); (L.C.); (G.D.); (T.P.R.); (R.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (M.D.); (L.C.); (G.D.); (T.P.R.); (R.S.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Findlay G, Tononi G, Cirelli C. The evolving view of replay and its functions in wake and sleep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:zpab002. [PMID: 33644760 PMCID: PMC7898724 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The term hippocampal replay originally referred to the temporally compressed reinstantiation, during rest, of sequential neural activity observed during prior active wake. Since its description in the 1990s, hippocampal replay has often been viewed as the key mechanism by which a memory trace is repeatedly rehearsed at high speeds during sleep and gradually transferred to neocortical circuits. However, the methods used to measure the occurrence of replay remain debated, and it is now clear that the underlying neural events are considerably more complicated than the traditional narratives had suggested. “Replay-like” activity happens during wake, can play out in reverse order, may represent trajectories never taken by the animal, and may have additional functions beyond memory consolidation, from learning values and solving the problem of credit assignment to decision-making and planning. Still, we know little about the role of replay in cognition, and to what extent it differs between wake and sleep. This may soon change, however, because decades-long efforts to explain replay in terms of reinforcement learning (RL) have started to yield testable predictions and possible explanations for a diverse set of observations. Here, we (1) survey the diverse features of replay, focusing especially on the latest findings; (2) discuss recent attempts at unifying disparate experimental results and putatively different cognitive functions under the banner of RL; (3) discuss methodological issues and theoretical biases that impede progress or may warrant a partial revaluation of the current literature, and finally; (4) highlight areas of considerable uncertainty and promising avenues of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Findlay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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28
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Favila SE, Lee H, Kuhl BA. Transforming the Concept of Memory Reactivation. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:939-950. [PMID: 33041061 PMCID: PMC7688497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation refers to the phenomenon wherein patterns of neural activity expressed during perceptual experience are re-expressed at a later time, a putative neural marker of memory. Reactivation of perceptual content has been observed across many cortical areas and correlates with objective and subjective expressions of memory in humans. However, because reactivation emphasizes similarities between perceptual and memory-based representations, it obscures differences in how perceptual events and memories are represented. Here, we highlight recent evidence of systematic differences in how (and where) perceptual events and memories are represented in the brain. We argue that neural representations of memories are best thought of as spatially transformed versions of perceptual representations. We consider why spatial transformations occur and identify critical questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra E Favila
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hongmi Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Brice A Kuhl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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29
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The Architecture of Human Memory: Insights from Human Single-Neuron Recordings. J Neurosci 2020; 41:883-890. [PMID: 33257323 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1648-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms of human memory is a central goal of neuroscience, both from the point of view of the fundamental biology of memory and for its translational relevance. Here, we review some contributions that recordings from neurons in humans implanted with electrodes for clinical purposes have made toward this goal. Recordings from the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, reveal the existence of two classes of cells: those encoding highly selective and invariant representations of abstract concepts, and memory-selective cells whose activity is related to familiarity and episodic retrieval. Insights derived from observing these cells in behaving humans include that semantic representations are activated before episodic representations, that memory content and memory strength are segregated, and that the activity of both types of cells is related to subjective awareness as expected from a substrate for declarative memory. Visually selective cells can remain persistently active for several seconds, thereby revealing a cellular substrate for working memory in humans. An overarching insight is that the neural code of human memory is interpretable at the single-neuron level. Jointly, intracranial recording studies are starting to reveal aspects of the building blocks of human memory at the single-cell level. This work establishes a bridge to cellular-level work in animals on the one hand, and the extensive literature on noninvasive imaging in humans on the other hand. More broadly, this work is a step toward a detailed mechanistic understanding of human memory that is needed to develop therapies for human memory disorders.
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30
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Goode TD, Tanaka KZ, Sahay A, McHugh TJ. An Integrated Index: Engrams, Place Cells, and Hippocampal Memory. Neuron 2020; 107:805-820. [PMID: 32763146 PMCID: PMC7486247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus and its extended network contribute to encoding and recall of episodic experiences. Drawing from recent anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies, we propose that hippocampal engrams function as indices to mediate memory recall. We broaden this idea to discuss potential relationships between engrams and hippocampal place cells, as well as the molecular, cellular, physiological, and circuit determinants of engrams that permit flexible routing of information to intra- and extrahippocampal circuits for reinstatement, a feature critical to memory indexing. Incorporating indexing into frameworks of memory function opens new avenues of study and even therapies for hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Goode
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kazumasa Z Tanaka
- Memory Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Amar Sahay
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan.
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31
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Derner M, Dehnen G, Chaieb L, Reber TP, Borger V, Surges R, Staresina BP, Mormann F, Fell J. Patterns of single-neuron activity during associative recognition memory in the human medial temporal lobe. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117214. [PMID: 32755669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological activity in medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures is pivotal for declarative long-term memory. Single-neuron and microcircuit findings capitalizing on human microwire recordings from the medial temporal lobe are still fragmentary. In particular, it is an open question whether identical or different groups of neurons participate in different memory functions. Here, we investigated category-specific responses in the human MTL based on single-neuron recordings in presurgical epilepsy patients performing an associative long-term memory task. Additionally, auditory beat stimuli were presented during encoding and retrieval to modulate memory performance. We describe the proportion of neurons in amygdala, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex belonging to different response classes. These entail neurons coding stimulus-familiarity, neurons coding successful item memory, and neurons coding associated source memory, as well as the overlap between these classes. As major results we demonstrate that neurons responding to stimulus familiarity (old/new effect) can be identified in the MTL even when using previously known rather than entirely novel stimulus material (words). We observed a significant overlap between familiarity-related neurons and neurons coding item retrieval (remembered/forgotten effect). The largest fraction of familiarity-related neurons was found in the parahippocampal cortex, and a considerable fraction of all parahippocampal neurons was related to successful item retrieval. Neurons related to successful source retrieval were different from the neurons coding the associated information. Most importantly, there was no overlap between neurons coding item memory and those coding associated source memory strongly suggesting that these functions are facilitated by different sets of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Derner
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - G Dehnen
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - L Chaieb
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - T P Reber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Faculty of Psychology, Swiss Distance University Institute, Ueberlandstr. 12, 3900 Brig, Switzerland
| | - V Borger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - R Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - B P Staresina
- School of Psychology & Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - F Mormann
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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32
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Xie S, Kaiser D, Cichy RM. Visual Imagery and Perception Share Neural Representations in the Alpha Frequency Band. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2621-2627.e5. [PMID: 32531274 PMCID: PMC7342016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To behave adaptively with sufficient flexibility, biological organisms must cognize beyond immediate reaction to a physically present stimulus. For this, humans use visual mental imagery [1, 2], the ability to conjure up a vivid internal experience from memory that stands in for the percept of the stimulus. Visually imagined contents subjectively mimic perceived contents, suggesting that imagery and perception share common neural mechanisms. Using multivariate pattern analysis on human electroencephalography (EEG) data, we compared the oscillatory time courses of mental imagery and perception of objects. We found that representations shared between imagery and perception emerged specifically in the alpha frequency band. These representations were present in posterior, but not anterior, electrodes, suggesting an origin in parieto-occipital cortex. Comparison of the shared representations to computational models using representational similarity analysis revealed a relationship to later layers of deep neural networks trained on object representations, but not auditory or semantic models, suggesting representations of complex visual features as the basis of commonality. Together, our results identify and characterize alpha oscillations as a cortical signature of representations shared between visual mental imagery and perception. Perception and imagery share neural representations in the alpha frequency band Shared representations stem from parieto-occipital sources Modeling suggests contents of shared representations are complex visual features
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Xie
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Radoslaw M Cichy
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin 14195, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin 10099, Germany; Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin 10099, Germany.
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33
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Trelle AN, Carr VA, Guerin SA, Thieu MK, Jayakumar M, Guo W, Nadiadwala A, Corso NK, Hunt MP, Litovsky CP, Tanner NJ, Deutsch GK, Bernstein JD, Harrison MB, Khazenzon AM, Jiang J, Sha SJ, Fredericks CA, Rutt BK, Mormino EC, Kerchner GA, Wagner AD. Hippocampal and cortical mechanisms at retrieval explain variability in episodic remembering in older adults. eLife 2020; 9:55335. [PMID: 32469308 PMCID: PMC7259949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related episodic memory decline is characterized by striking heterogeneity across individuals. Hippocampal pattern completion is a fundamental process supporting episodic memory. Yet, the degree to which this mechanism is impaired with age, and contributes to variability in episodic memory, remains unclear. We combine univariate and multivariate analyses of fMRI data from a large cohort of cognitively normal older adults (N=100) to measure hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement during retrieval of trial-unique associations. Trial-wise analyses revealed that (a) hippocampal activity scaled with reinstatement strength, (b) cortical reinstatement partially mediated the relationship between hippocampal activity and associative retrieval, (c) older age weakened cortical reinstatement and its relationship to memory behaviour. Moreover, individual differences in the strength of hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement explained unique variance in performance across multiple assays of episodic memory. These results indicate that fMRI indices of hippocampal pattern completion explain within- and across-individual memory variability in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie A Carr
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Scott A Guerin
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Monica K Thieu
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Manasi Jayakumar
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Wanjia Guo
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Ayesha Nadiadwala
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Nicole K Corso
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Madison P Hunt
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Celia P Litovsky
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Natalie J Tanner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Gayle K Deutsch
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | | | - Marc B Harrison
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Anna M Khazenzon
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Sharon J Sha
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Carolyn A Fredericks
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Brian K Rutt
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Mormino
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Kerchner
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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34
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Despouy E, Curot J, Reddy L, Nowak LG, Deudon M, Sol JC, Lotterie JA, Denuelle M, Maziz A, Bergaud C, Thorpe SJ, Valton L, Barbeau EJ. Recording local field potential and neuronal activity with tetrodes in epileptic patients. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108759. [PMID: 32389603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recordings with tetrodes have proven to be more effective in isolating single neuron spiking activity than with single microwires. However, tetrodes have never been used in humans. We report on the characteristics, safety, compatibility with clinical intracranial recordings in epileptic patients, and performance, of a new type of hybrid electrode equipped with tetrodes. NEW METHOD 240 standard clinical macroelectrodes and 102 hybrid electrodes were implanted in 28 patients. Hybrids (diameter 800 μm) are made of 6 or 9 macro-contacts and 2 or 3 tetrodes (diameter 70-80 μm). RESULTS No clinical complication or adverse event was associated with the hybrids. Impedance and noise of recordings were stable over time. The design enabled multiscale spatial analyses that revealed physiopathological events which were sometimes specific to one tetrode, but could not be recorded on the macro-contacts. After spike sorting, the single-unit yield was similar to other hybrid electrodes and was sometimes as high as >10 neurons per tetrode. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) This new hybrid electrode has a smaller diameter than other available hybrid electrodes. It provides novel spatial information due to the configuration of the tetrodes. The single-unit yield appears promising. CONCLUSIONS This new hybrid electrode is safe, easy to use, and works satisfactorily for conducting multi-scale seizure and physiological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Despouy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France; DIXI Medical, Chaudefontaine F-25640 France
| | - Jonathan Curot
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France; Explorations Neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Leila Reddy
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France
| | - Lionel G Nowak
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France
| | - Martin Deudon
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sol
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse F-31052, France; Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Jean-Albert Lotterie
- INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse F-31052, France; Radiochirurgie Stéréotaxique, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Marie Denuelle
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France; Explorations Neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Ali Maziz
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse F-31400, France
| | | | - Simon J Thorpe
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France
| | - Luc Valton
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France; Explorations Neurophysiologiques, Hôpital Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse F-31330, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CerCo, Toulouse F-31052, France.
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Schreiner T, Staudigl T. Electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190293. [PMID: 32248789 PMCID: PMC7209925 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of neural activity that was present during the encoding of an event is assumed to be essential for human episodic memory retrieval and the consolidation of memories during sleep. Pioneering animal work has already established a crucial role of memory reactivation to prepare and guide behaviour. Research in humans is now delineating the neural processes involved in memory reactivation during both wakefulness and sleep as well as their functional significance. Focusing on the electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans during both memory retrieval and sleep-related consolidation, this review provides an overview of the state of the art in the field. We outline recent advances, methodological developments and open questions and specifically highlight commonalities and differences in the neuronal signatures of memory reactivation during the states of wakefulness and sleep. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schreiner
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Jun S, Lee SA, Kim JS, Jeong W, Chung CK. Task-dependent effects of intracranial hippocampal stimulation on human memory and hippocampal theta power. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:603-613. [PMID: 32289685 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its potential to revolutionize the treatment of memory dysfunction, the efficacy of direct electrical hippocampal stimulation for memory performance has not yet been well characterized. One of the main challenges to cross-study comparison in this area of research is the diversity of the cognitive tasks used to measure memory performance. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the tasks that differentially engage the hippocampus may be differentially influenced by hippocampal stimulation and the behavioral effects would be related to the underlying hippocampal activity. METHODS To investigate this issue, we recorded intracranial EEG from and directly applied stimulation to the hippocampus of 10 epilepsy patients while they performed two different verbal memory tasks - a word pair associative memory task and a single item memory task. RESULTS Hippocampal stimulation modulated memory performance in a task-dependent manner, improving associative memory performance, while impairing item memory performance. In addition, subjects with poorer baseline cognitive function improved much more with stimulation. iEEG recordings from the hippocampus during non-stimulation encoding blocks revealed that the associative memory task elicited stronger theta oscillations than did item memory and that stronger theta power was related to memory performance. CONCLUSIONS We show here for the first time that stimulation-induced associative memory enhancement was linked to increased theta power during retrieval. These results suggest that hippocampal stimulation enhances associative memory but not item memory because it engages more hippocampal theta activity and that, in general, increasing hippocampal theta may provide a neural mechanism for successful memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Jun
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Bio & Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - June Sic Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woorim Jeong
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Reactivated Spatial Context Guides Episodic Recall. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2119-2128. [PMID: 31974207 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1640-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is known as the locus of spatial coding and episodic memory, but the interaction between these cognitive domains as well as the extent to which they rely on common neurophysiological mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we use intracranial electroencephalography and a hybrid spatial-episodic memory task (29 subjects, 15 female) to determine how spatial information is dynamically reactivated in subregions of the human MTL and how this reactivation guides recall of episodic information. Our results implicate theta oscillations across the MTL as a common neurophysiological substrate for spatial coding in navigation and episodic recall. We further show that our index of retrieved spatial context is high in the hippocampus (HC) in an early time window preceding recall. Closer to recall, it decreases in the HC and increases in the parahippocampal gyrus. Finally, we demonstrate that hippocampal theta phase modulates parahippocampal gamma amplitude during retrieval of spatial context, suggesting a role for cross-frequency coupling in coding and transmitting retrieved spatial information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT By recording from the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) while subjects recall items experienced in a virtual environment, we establish a direct relation between the strength of theta activity during memory search and the extent to which memories are organized by their spatial locations. We thereby pinpoint a role for theta oscillations in accessing the "cognitive map" during episodic retrieval and further highlight the dynamic interplay of hippocampus and extrahippocampal MTL in representing retrieved spatial context. Our results provide an important step toward a unified theory of MTL function encompassing its role in spatial navigation and episodic memory.
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A Neural Chronometry of Memory Recall. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:1071-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Improving the integrative memory model by integrating the temporal dynamics of memory. Behav Brain Sci 2019; 42:e286. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x19001973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite highlighting the role of the attribution system and proposing a coherent large-scale architecture of declarative memory, the integrative memory model would be more “integrative” if the temporal dynamics of the interactions between its components was clarified. This is necessary to make predictions in patients with brain injury and hypothesize dissociations.
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