1
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Zheng X, Yang R, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yuan G, Li W, Xiao Z, Dong X, Ma M, Guo Y, Wang W, Zhao X, Yang H, Qiu S, Peng Z, Liu A, Yu S, Zhang Y. Alum/CpG adjuvant promotes immunogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron vaccine through enhanced humoral and cellular immunity. Virology 2024; 594:110050. [PMID: 38479071 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which was classified as a variant of concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization on 26 November 2021, has attracted worldwide attention for its high transmissibility and immune evasion ability. The existing COVID-19 vaccine has been shown to be less effective in preventing Omicron variant infection and symptomatic infection, which brings new challenges to vaccine development and application. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of an Omicron variant COVID-19 inactivated vaccine containing aluminum and CpG adjuvants in a variety of animal models. The results showed that the vaccine candidate could induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant virus and binding antibodies, and significantly promoted cellular immune response. Meanwhile, the vaccine candidate was safe. Therefore, it provided more foundation for the development of aluminum and CpG as a combination adjuvant in human vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Yadan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Guangying Yuan
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Dong
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Ma
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Yancen Guo
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoting Qiu
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Ankang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Shouzhi Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China; China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China.
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2
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Montoya B, Melo-Silva CR, Tang L, Kafle S, Lidskiy P, Bajusz C, Vadovics M, Muramatsu H, Abraham E, Lipinszki Z, Chatterjee D, Scher G, Benitez J, Sung MMH, Tam YK, Catanzaro NJ, Schäfer A, Andino R, Baric RS, Martinez DR, Pardi N, Sigal LJ. mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced CD8 + T cells protect mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of specific antibodies. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00236-3. [PMID: 38605519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of CD8+ T cells in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis or mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced protection from lethal COVID-19 is unclear. Using mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus (MA30) in C57BL/6 mice, we show that CD8+ T cells are unnecessary for the intrinsic resistance of female or the susceptibility of male mice to lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also, mice immunized with a di-proline prefusion-stabilized full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S-2P) mRNA-LNP vaccine, which induces Spike-specific antibodies and CD8+ T cells specific for the Spike-derived VNFNFNGL peptide, are protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced lethality and weight loss, while mice vaccinated with mRNA-LNPs encoding only VNFNFNGL are protected from lethality but not weight loss. CD8+ T cell depletion ablates protection in VNFNFNGL but not in S-2P mRNA-LNP-vaccinated mice. Therefore, mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells are dispensable when protective antibodies are present but essential for survival in their absence. Hence, vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells may be critical to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants that mutate epitopes targeted by protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Samita Kafle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peter Lidskiy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Csaba Bajusz
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Vadovics
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edit Abraham
- National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Lipinszki
- National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Debotri Chatterjee
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Juliana Benitez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Immunobiology, Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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3
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Yan J, Bangalore CR, Nikouyan N, Appelberg S, Silva DN, Yao H, Pasetto A, Weber F, Weber S, Larsson O, Höglund U, Bogdanovic G, Grabbe M, Aleman S, Szekely L, Szakos A, Tuvesson O, Gidlund EK, Cadossi M, Salati S, Tegel H, Hober S, Frelin L, Mirazimi A, Ahlén G, Sällberg M. Distinct roles of vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies and T cells in protection and disease. Mol Ther 2024; 32:540-555. [PMID: 38213030 PMCID: PMC10862018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) lack cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV species and variants and fail to mediate long-term protection against infection. The maintained protection against severe disease and death by vaccination suggests a role for cross-reactive T cells. We generated vaccines containing sequences from the spike or receptor binding domain, the membrane and/or nucleoprotein that induced only T cells, or T cells and NAbs, to understand their individual roles. In three models with homologous or heterologous challenge, high levels of vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 NAbs protected against neither infection nor mild histological disease but conferred rapid viral control limiting the histological damage. With no or low levels of NAbs, vaccine-primed T cells, in mice mainly CD8+ T cells, partially controlled viral replication and promoted NAb recall responses. T cells failed to protect against histological damage, presumably because of viral spread and subsequent T cell-mediated killing. Neither vaccine- nor infection-induced NAbs seem to provide long-lasting protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, a more realistic approach for universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines should be to aim for broadly cross-reactive NAbs in combination with long-lasting highly cross-reactive T cells. Long-lived cross-reactive T cells are likely key to prevent severe disease and fatalities during current and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska ATMP Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Negin Nikouyan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Daniela Nacimento Silva
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska ATMP Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haidong Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska ATMP Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Pasetto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska ATMP Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gordana Bogdanovic
- Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Grabbe
- Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laszlo Szekely
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Attila Szakos
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Hanna Tegel
- Department of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Frelin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska ATMP Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Ahlén
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska ATMP Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matti Sällberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska ATMP Center, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Chen Z, Yuan Y, Hu Q, Zhu A, Chen F, Li S, Guan X, Lv C, Tang T, He Y, Cheng J, Zheng J, Hu X, Zhao J, Zhao J, Sun J. SARS-CoV-2 immunity in animal models. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:119-133. [PMID: 38238440 PMCID: PMC10806257 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a worldwide health crisis due to its transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in severe respiratory illness and can lead to significant complications in affected individuals. These complications encompass symptoms such as coughing, respiratory distress, fever, infectious shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even multiple-organ failure. Animal models serve as crucial tools for investigating pathogenic mechanisms, immune responses, immune escape mechanisms, antiviral drug development, and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Currently, various animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as nonhuman primates (NHPs), ferrets, hamsters, and many different mouse models, have been developed. Each model possesses distinctive features and applications. In this review, we elucidate the immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients and provide an overview of the characteristics of various animal models mainly used for SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the corresponding immune responses and applications of these models. A comparative analysis of transcriptomic alterations in the lungs from different animal models revealed that the K18-hACE2 and mouse-adapted virus mouse models exhibited the highest similarity with the deceased COVID-19 patients. Finally, we highlighted the current gaps in related research between animal model studies and clinical investigations, underscoring lingering scientific questions that demand further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Qingtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Shu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Chao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Yiyun He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518005, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
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5
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Ratishvili T, Quach HQ, Haralambieva IH, Suryawanshi YR, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. A multifaceted approach for identification, validation, and immunogenicity of naturally processed and in silico-predicted highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Vaccine 2024; 42:162-174. [PMID: 38105139 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 remains a major global public health concern. Antibody waning and immune escape variant emergence necessitate the development of next generation vaccines that induce cross-reactive durable immune responses. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 demonstrate higher conservation, antigenic breadth, and longevity than antibody responses. Therefore, we sought to identify pathogen-derived T cell epitopes for a potential peptide-based vaccine. We pursued an approach leveraging: 1) liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based identification of peptides from ancestral SARS-CoV-2-infected cell lines, 2) epitope prediction algorithms, and 3) overlapping peptide libraries. From this strategy, we identified 380 unique SARS-CoV-2-derived peptide sequences, including 53 antigenic HLA class I and class II peptides from multiple structural and non-structural/accessory viral proteins. These peptide sequences were highly conserved across variants of concern/interest (VoC/VoIs), and are estimated to achieve coverage of >96% of the world population. Our findings validate this discovery pipeline for peptide identification and immunogenicity testing, and are a crucial step toward the development of a next-generation multi-epitope SARS-CoV-2 peptide vaccine, and a novel vaccine platform methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ratishvili
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Huy Quang Quach
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Iana H Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yogesh R Suryawanshi
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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6
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van Bergen J, Camps MG, Pardieck IN, Veerkamp D, Leung WY, Leijs AA, Myeni SK, Kikkert M, Arens R, Zondag GC, Ossendorp F. Multiantigen pan-sarbecovirus DNA vaccines generate protective T cell immune responses. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172488. [PMID: 37707962 PMCID: PMC10721273 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the third zoonotic coronavirus to cause a major outbreak in humans in recent years, and many more SARS-like coronaviruses with pandemic potential are circulating in several animal species. Vaccines inducing T cell immunity against broadly conserved viral antigens may protect against hospitalization and death caused by outbreaks of such viruses. We report the design and preclinical testing of 2 T cell-based pan-sarbecovirus vaccines, based on conserved regions within viral proteins of sarbecovirus isolates of human and other carrier animals, like bats and pangolins. One vaccine (CoVAX_ORF1ab) encoded antigens derived from nonstructural proteins, and the other (CoVAX_MNS) encoded antigens from structural proteins. Both multiantigen DNA vaccines contained a large set of antigens shared across sarbecoviruses and were rich in predicted and experimentally validated human T cell epitopes. In mice, the multiantigen vaccines generated both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to shared epitopes. Upon encounter of full-length spike antigen, CoVAX_MNS-induced CD4+ T cells were responsible for accelerated CD8+ T cell and IgG Ab responses specific to the incoming spike, irrespective of its sarbecovirus origin. Finally, both vaccines elicited partial protection against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice. These results support clinical testing of these universal sarbecovirus vaccines for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel G.M. Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Iris N. Pardieck
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dominique Veerkamp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wing Yan Leung
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anouk A. Leijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gerben C. Zondag
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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7
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Yajima Y, Kosaka A, Ohkuri T, Hirohashi Y, Li D, Nagasaki T, Nagato T, Torigoe T, Kobayashi H. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived immunogenic peptides that are promiscuously presented by several HLA-class II molecules and their potential for inducing acquired immunity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20192. [PMID: 37809871 PMCID: PMC10559948 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a significant threat to public health. Although vaccines based on the mRNA of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been developed to induce both cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2, there have been some concerns raised about their high cost, particularly in developing countries. In the present study, we aim to identify an immunogenic peptide in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to activate cellular immunity, particularly CD4+ helper T lymphocytes (Th cells), which are a commander of immune system. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived peptides Spike448-477 and Spike489-513(N501Y)-specific CD4+ Th cell lines were generated by repetitive stimulation of healthy donor-derived CD4+T-cells with each peptide. Their HLA-restrictions were addressed by using blocking antibodies against HLA and HLA-transfected L-cells. The epitopes of Spike448-477-specific CD4+ Th cell lines were defined using a series of 7-14-mer overlapping truncated peptides and alanine-substituted epitope peptides. To address responsiveness of these CD4+ Th cell lines to several SARS-CoV-2 variants, we stimulated the CD4+ Th cell lines with mutated peptides. We addressed whether these identified peptides were useful for monitoring T-cell-based immune responses in vaccinated donors using the IFN-γ ELISpot assay. The Spike448-477 peptide was found to be a promiscuous peptide presented by HLA- DRB1*08:02, DR53, and DPB1*02:02. Although HLA-DPB1*02:02-restricted CD4+ Th cells did not response to some peptides with the L452R and L452Q mutations, the other CD4+ Th cells were not affected by any mutant peptides. We developed two tetramers to detect HLA-DRB1*08:02/Spike449-463- and Spike449-463(L452R/Y453F)-recognizing CD4+ Th cells. Spike489-513(N501Y) peptide was also a promiscuously presented to HLA-DRB1*09:01 and DRB1*15:02. The T-cell responses specific to both peptides Spike448-477 and Spike489-513 were detected in PBMCs after vaccinations. In addition, we observed that the Spike448-477 peptide activated both CD8+ T-cells and CD4+ Th cells in individuals receiving mRNA vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived peptides, Spike448-477 and Spike489-513, include several epitopes that are presented by multiple HLA-class II alleles to activate CD4+ Th cells, which are considered useful for monitoring the establishment of acquired immunity after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yajima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dongliang Li
- Tsukuba Laboratory, Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Ina, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagasaki
- Tsukuba Laboratory, Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., Ina, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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8
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Zhang X, Wu S, Liu J, Chen R, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Xi Z, Deng J, Pu Z, Liang C, Feng J, Li R, Lin K, Zhou M, Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu B, Zhang Y, He X, Zhang H. A Mosaic Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicits Potent Mucosal Immune Response with Significant Cross-Protection Activity against Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Sublineages. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301034. [PMID: 37526323 PMCID: PMC10520630 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Because of the rapid mutation and high airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, a universal vaccine preventing the infection in the upper respiratory tract is particularly urgent. Here, a mosaic receptor-binding domain (RBD) nanoparticle (NP) vaccine is developed, which induces more RBD-targeted type IV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and exhibits broad cross-protective activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 sublineages including the newly-emerged BF.7, BQ.1, XBB. As several T-cell-reactive epitopes, which are highly conserved in sarbecoviruses, are displayed on the NP surface, it also provokes potent and cross-reactive cellular immune responses in the respiratory tissue. Through intranasal delivery, it elicits robust mucosal immune responses and full protection without any adjuvants. Therefore, this intranasal mosaic NP vaccine can be further developed as a pan-sarbecovirus vaccine to block the viral entrance from the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiantao Zhang
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Shijian Wu
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Ran Chen
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yingtong Lin
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Zhihui Xi
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Jieyi Deng
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Zeyu Pu
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Chaofeng Liang
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Jinzhu Feng
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Keming Lin
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human VirologyDepartment of Pathogen Biology and BiosecurityKey Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of EducationZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou National LaboratoryBio‐IslandGuangzhou510320China
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9
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Corleis B, Bastian M, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Dorhoi A. Animal models for COVID-19 and tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223260. [PMID: 37638020 PMCID: PMC10451089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections cause tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide. Amongst these diseases, tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which often affects the lung, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), stand out as major drivers of epidemics of global concern. Despite their unrelated etiology and distinct pathology, these infections affect the same vital organ and share immunopathogenesis traits and an imperative demand to model the diseases at their various progression stages and localizations. Due to the clinical spectrum and heterogeneity of both diseases experimental infections were pursued in a variety of animal models. We summarize mammalian models employed in TB and COVID-19 experimental investigations, highlighting the diversity of rodent models and species peculiarities for each infection. We discuss the utility of non-human primates for translational research and emphasize on the benefits of non-conventional experimental models such as livestock. We epitomize advances facilitated by animal models with regard to understanding disease pathophysiology and immune responses. Finally, we highlight research areas necessitating optimized models and advocate that research of pulmonary infectious diseases could benefit from cross-fertilization between studies of apparently unrelated diseases, such as TB and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corleis
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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10
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Guldberg SM, Okholm TLH, McCarthy EE, Spitzer MH. Computational Methods for Single-Cell Proteomics. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2023; 6:47-71. [PMID: 37040735 PMCID: PMC10621466 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020422-050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell proteomics technologies have resulted in high-dimensional datasets comprising millions of cells that are capable of answering key questions about biology and disease. The advent of these technologies has prompted the development of computational tools to process and visualize the complex data. In this review, we outline the steps of single-cell and spatial proteomics analysis pipelines. In addition to describing available methods, we highlight benchmarking studies that have identified advantages and pitfalls of the currently available computational toolkits. As these technologies continue to advance, robust analysis tools should be developed in tandem to take full advantage of the potential biological insights provided by these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Guldberg
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute for Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Trine Line Hauge Okholm
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute for Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth E McCarthy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; Medical Scientist Training Program; and Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute for Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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11
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da Silva Antunes R, Grifoni A, Frazier A, Weiskopf D, Sette A. An update on studies characterizing adaptive immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. Int Immunol 2023; 35:353-359. [PMID: 37148294 PMCID: PMC10406159 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this brief opinion piece, we highlight our studies characterizing adaptive SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in infection and vaccination, and the ability of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells to recognize emerging variants of concern, and the role of pre-existing cross-reactive T cells. In the context of the debate on correlates of protection, the pandemic's progression in the past 3 years underlined the need to consider how different adaptive immune responses might differentially contribute to protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection versus COVID-19 disease. Lastly, we discuss how cross-reactive T cell responses may be useful in generating a broad adaptive immunity, recognizing different variants and viral families. Considering vaccines with broadly conserved antigens could improve preparedness for future infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Chen M, Venturi V, Munier CML. Dissecting the Protective Effect of CD8 + T Cells in Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination and the Potential Link with Lymph Node CD8 + T Cells. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1035. [PMID: 37508464 PMCID: PMC10376827 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have played a crucial role in effectively reducing COVID-19 disease severity, with a new generation of vaccines that use messenger RNA (mRNA) technology being administered globally. Neutralizing antibodies have featured as the heroes of vaccine-induced immunity. However, vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells may have a significant impact on the early protective effects of the mRNA vaccine, which are evident 12 days after initial vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells have been shown to respond to multiple epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and exhibit polyfunctionality in the periphery at the early stage, even when neutralizing antibodies are scarce. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce diverse subsets of memory CD8+ T cells that persist for more than six months following vaccination. However, the protective role of CD8+ T cells in response to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines remains a topic of debate. In addition, our understanding of CD8+ T cells in response to vaccination in the lymph nodes, where they first encounter antigen, is still limited. This review delves into the current knowledge regarding the protective role of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in controlling the virus, the response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, and the contribution to supporting B cell activity and promoting immune protection in the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Chen
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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13
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Abdelaziz MO, Raftery MJ, Weihs J, Bielawski O, Edel R, Köppke J, Vladimirova D, Adler JM, Firsching T, Voß A, Gruber AD, Hummel LV, Fernandez Munoz I, Müller-Marquardt F, Willimsky G, Elleboudy NS, Trimpert J, Schönrich G. Early protective effect of a ("pan") coronavirus vaccine (PanCoVac) in Roborovski dwarf hamsters after single-low dose intranasal administration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166765. [PMID: 37520530 PMCID: PMC10372429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the danger posed by human coronaviruses. Rapid emergence of immunoevasive variants and waning antiviral immunity decrease the effect of the currently available vaccines, which aim at induction of neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, T cells are marginally affected by antigen evolution although they represent the major mediators of virus control and vaccine protection against virus-induced disease. Materials and methods We generated a multi-epitope vaccine (PanCoVac) that encodes the conserved T cell epitopes from all structural proteins of coronaviruses. PanCoVac contains elements that facilitate efficient processing and presentation of PanCoVac-encoded T cell epitopes and can be uploaded to any available vaccine platform. For proof of principle, we cloned PanCoVac into a non-integrating lentivirus vector (NILV-PanCoVac). We chose Roborovski dwarf hamsters for a first step in evaluating PanCoVac in vivo. Unlike mice, they are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, Roborovski dwarf hamsters develop COVID-19-like disease after infection with SARS-CoV-2 enabling us to look at pathology and clinical symptoms. Results Using HLA-A*0201-restricted reporter T cells and U251 cells expressing a tagged version of PanCoVac, we confirmed in vitro that PanCoVac is processed and presented by HLA-A*0201. As mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is crucial for protection against respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, we tested the protective effect of single-low dose of NILV-PanCoVac administered via the intranasal (i.n.) route in the Roborovski dwarf hamster model of COVID-19. After infection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2, animals immunized with a single-low dose of NILV-PanCoVac i.n. did not show symptoms and had significantly decreased viral loads in the lung tissue. This protective effect was observed in the early phase (2 days post infection) after challenge and was not dependent on neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion PanCoVac, a multi-epitope vaccine covering conserved T cell epitopes from all structural proteins of coronaviruses, might protect from severe disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants and future pathogenic coronaviruses. The use of (HLA-) humanized animal models will allow for further efficacy studies of PanCoVac-based vaccines in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O. Abdelaziz
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J. Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Weihs
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivia Bielawski
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Edel
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Köppke
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julia M. Adler
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Firsching
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Voß
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca V. Hummel
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Fernandez Munoz
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Müller-Marquardt
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nooran S. Elleboudy
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Manfredi F, Chiozzini C, Ferrantelli F, Leone P, Pugliese K, Spada M, Di Virgilio A, Giovannelli A, Valeri M, Cara A, Michelini Z, Andreotti M, Federico M. Antiviral effect of SARS-CoV-2 N-specific CD8 + T cells induced in lungs by engineered extracellular vesicles. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:83. [PMID: 37268624 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of effective immunity in the lungs should be a requisite for any vaccine designed to control the severe pathogenic effects generated by respiratory infectious agents. We recently provided evidence that the generation of endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) engineered for the incorporation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein induced immunity in the lungs of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, which then can survive the lethal virus infection. However, nothing is known about the ability of the N-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in controlling viral replication in the lungs, a major pathogenic signature of severe disease in humans. To fill the gap, we investigated the immunity generated in the lungs by N-engineered EVs in terms of induction of N-specific effectors and resident memory CD8+ T lymphocytes before and after virus challenge carried out three weeks and three months after boosting. At the same time points, viral replication extents in the lungs were evaluated. Three weeks after the second immunization, virus replication was reduced in mice best responding to vaccination by more than 3-logs compared to the control group. The impaired viral replication matched with a reduced induction of Spike-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. The antiviral effect appeared similarly strong when the viral challenge was carried out 3 months after boosting, and associated with the persistence of N-specific CD8+ T-resident memory lymphocytes. In view of the quite low mutation rate of the N protein, the present vaccine strategy has the potential to control the replication of all emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Manfredi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Katherina Pugliese
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Spada
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Virgilio
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giovannelli
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Valeri
- National Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuleika Michelini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Tada T, Peng JY, Dcosta BM, Landau NR. Single-epitope T cell-based vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a preclinical animal model. JCI Insight 2023; 8:167306. [PMID: 37036004 PMCID: PMC10132166 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines induce humoral and cellular responses to epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, though the relative roles of antibodies and T cells in protection are not well understood. To understand the role of vaccine-elicited T cell responses in protection, we established a T cell-only vaccine using a DC-targeted lentiviral vector expressing single CD8+ T cell epitopes of the viral nucleocapsid, spike, and ORF1. Immunization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice with ex vivo lentiviral vector-transduced DCs or by direct injection of the vector induced the proliferation of functional antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, resulting in a 3-log decrease in virus load upon live virus challenge that was effective against the ancestral virus and Omicron variants. The Pfizer/BNT162b2 vaccine was also protective in mice, but the antibodies elicited did not cross-react on the Omicron variants, suggesting that the protection was mediated by T cells. The studies suggest that the T cell response plays an important role in vaccine protection. The findings suggest that the incorporation of additional T cell epitopes into current vaccines would increase their effectiveness and broaden protection.
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16
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Wang Y, Wang B, Zhao Z, Xu J, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Song X, Zheng W, Hou L, Wu S, Chen W. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 Spike Mutations on T-Cell Epitopes in Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:763. [PMID: 36992472 PMCID: PMC10056712 DOI: 10.3390/v15030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunity plays an important role in the control of SARS-CoV-2 and has a great cross-protective effect on the variants. The Omicron BA.1 variant contains more than 30 mutations in the spike and severely evades humoral immunity. To understand how Omicron BA.1 spike mutations affect cellular immunity, the T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and Omicron BA.1 spike in BALB/c (H-2d) and C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) were mapped through IFNγ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining assays. The epitopes were identified and verified in splenocytes from mice vaccinated with the adenovirus type 5 vector encoding the homologous spike, and the positive peptides involved in spike mutations were tested against wide-type and Omicron BA.1 vaccines. A total of eleven T-cell epitopes of wild-type and Omicron BA.1 spike were identified in BALB/c mice, and nine were identified in C57BL/6 mice, only two of which were CD4+ T-cell epitopes and most of which were CD8+ T-cell epitopes. The A67V and Del 69-70 mutations in Omicron BA.1 spike abolished one epitope in wild-type spike, and the T478K, E484A, Q493R, G496S and H655Y mutations resulted in three new epitopes in Omicron BA.1 spike, while the Y505H mutation did not affect the epitope. These data describe the difference of T-cell epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and Omicron BA.1 spike in H-2b and H-2d mice, providing a better understanding of the effects of Omicron BA.1 spike mutations on cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shipo Wu
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-10-66948692 (S.W.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (W.C.); Tel.: +86-10-66948692 (S.W.)
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17
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Song Y, Hu H, Xiao K, Huang X, Guo H, Shi Y, Zhao J, Zhu S, Ji T, Xia B, Jiang J, Cao L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu W. A Synthetic SARS-CoV-2-Derived T-Cell and B-Cell Peptide Cocktail Elicits Full Protection against Lethal Omicron BA.1 Infection in H11-K18-hACE2 Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0419422. [PMID: 36912685 PMCID: PMC10100915 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04194-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developing the capacity for immune evasion and resistance to existing vaccines and drugs. To address this, development of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has focused on universality, strong T cell immunity, and rapid production. Synthetic peptide vaccines, which are inexpensive and quick to produce, show low toxicity, and can be selected from the conserved SARS-CoV-2 proteome, are promising candidates. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a synthetic peptide cocktail containing three murine CD4+ T-cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 nonspike proteome and one B-cell epitope from the Omicron BA.1 receptor-binding domain (RBD), along with aluminum phosphate (Al) adjuvant and 5' cytosine-phosphate-guanine 3' oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) adjuvant in mice. The peptide cocktail induced good Th1-biased T-cell responses and effective neutralizing-antibody titers against the Omicron BA.1 variant. Additionally, H11-K18-hACE2 transgenic mice were fully protected against lethal challenge with the BA.1 strain, with a 100% survival rate and reduced pulmonary viral load and pathological lesions. Subcutaneous administration was found to be the superior route for synthetic peptide vaccine delivery. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the peptide cocktail in mice, suggesting the feasibility of synthetic peptide vaccines for humans. IMPORTANCE Current vaccines based on production of neutralizing antibodies fail to prevent the infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and its subvariants. Understanding the critical factors and avoiding the disadvantages of vaccine strategies are essential for developing a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, which would include a more effective and durable cellular response, minimal effects of viral mutations, rapid production against emerging variants, and good safety. Peptide-based vaccines are an excellent alternative because they are inexpensive, quick to produce, and very safe. In addition, human leukocyte antigen T-cell epitopes could be targeted at robust T-cell immunity and selected in the conserved region of the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our study showed that a synthetic SARS-CoV-2-derived peptide cocktail induced full protection against lethal infection with Omicron BA.1 in H11-K18-hACE2 mice for the first time. This could have implications for the development of effective COVID-19 peptide vaccines for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqiao Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghu Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baicheng Xia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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18
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Yang G, Wang J, Sun P, Qin J, Yang X, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhong N, Wang Z. SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific T cells: Immunity response feature, TCR repertoire characteristics and cross-reactivity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146196. [PMID: 36969254 PMCID: PMC10036809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The devastating COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 and multiple variants or subvariants remains an ongoing global challenge. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses play a critical role in early virus clearance, disease severity control, limiting the viral transmission and underpinning COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. Studies estimated broad and robust T cell responses in each individual recognized at least 30 to 40 SARS-CoV-2 antigen epitopes and associated with COVID-19 clinical outcome. Several key immunodominant viral proteome epitopes, including S protein- and non-S protein-derived epitopes, may primarily induce potent and long-lasting antiviral protective effects. In this review, we summarized the immune response features of immunodominant epitope-specific T cells targeting different SRAS-CoV-2 proteome structures after infection and vaccination, including abundance, magnitude, frequency, phenotypic features and response kinetics. Further, we analyzed the epitopes immunodominance hierarchy in combination with multiple epitope-specific T cell attributes and TCR repertoires characteristics, and discussed the significant implications of cross-reactive T cells toward HCoVs, SRAS-CoV-2 and variants of concern, especially Omicron. This review may be essential for mapping the landscape of T cell responses toward SARS-CoV-2 and optimizing the current vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daxiang Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongfang Wang, ; Nanshan Zhong, ; Yunhui Zhang,
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongfang Wang, ; Nanshan Zhong, ; Yunhui Zhang,
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongfang Wang, ; Nanshan Zhong, ; Yunhui Zhang,
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19
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Carter B, Huang P, Liu G, Liang Y, Lin PJC, Peng BH, McKay LGA, Dimitrakakis A, Hsu J, Tat V, Saenkham-Huntsinger P, Chen J, Kaseke C, Gaiha GD, Xu Q, Griffiths A, Tam YK, Tseng CTK, Gifford DK. A pan-variant mRNA-LNP T cell vaccine protects HLA transgenic mice from mortality after infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135815. [PMID: 36969239 PMCID: PMC10033589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Licensed COVID-19 vaccines ameliorate viral infection by inducing production of neutralizing antibodies that bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and inhibit viral cellular entry. However, the clinical effectiveness of these vaccines is transitory as viral variants escape antibody neutralization. Effective vaccines that solely rely upon a T cell response to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection could be transformational because they can utilize highly conserved short pan-variant peptide epitopes, but a mRNA-LNP T cell vaccine has not been shown to provide effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis. Here we show a mRNA-LNP vaccine (MIT-T-COVID) based on highly conserved short peptide epitopes activates CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses that attenuate morbidity and prevent mortality in HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta (B.1.351). We found CD8+ T cells in mice immunized with MIT-T-COVID vaccine significantly increased from 1.1% to 24.0% of total pulmonary nucleated cells prior to and at 7 days post infection (dpi), respectively, indicating dynamic recruitment of circulating specific T cells into the infected lungs. Mice immunized with MIT-T-COVID had 2.8 (2 dpi) and 3.3 (7 dpi) times more lung infiltrating CD8+ T cells than unimmunized mice. Mice immunized with MIT-T-COVID had 17.4 times more lung infiltrating CD4+ T cells than unimmunized mice (7 dpi). The undetectable specific antibody response in MIT-T-COVID-immunized mice demonstrates specific T cell responses alone can effectively attenuate the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results suggest further study is merited for pan-variant T cell vaccines, including for individuals that cannot produce neutralizing antibodies or to help mitigate Long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Carter
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Pinghan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ge Liu
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | | | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander Dimitrakakis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Panatda Saenkham-Huntsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Clarety Kaseke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Gaurav D. Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Chien-Te K. Tseng, ; David K. Gifford,
| | - David K. Gifford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chien-Te K. Tseng, ; David K. Gifford,
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20
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Azevedo PO, Hojo-Souza NS, Faustino LP, Fumagalli MJ, Hirako IC, Oliveira ER, Figueiredo MM, Carvalho AF, Doro D, Benevides L, Durigon E, Fonseca F, Machado AM, Fernandes AP, Teixeira SR, Silva JS, Gazzinelli RT. Differential requirement of neutralizing antibodies and T cells on protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:15. [PMID: 36781862 PMCID: PMC9923671 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 vaccines protect against severe disease, but are not effective in controlling replication of the Variants of Concern (VOCs). Here, we used the existing pre-clinical models of severe and moderate COVID-19 to evaluate the efficacy of a Spike-based DNA vaccine (pCTV-WS) for protection against different VOCs. Immunization of transgenic (K18-hACE2) mice and hamsters induced significant levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to Wuhan and Delta isolates, but not to the Gamma and Omicron variants. Nevertheless, the pCTV-WS vaccine offered significant protection to all VOCs. Consistently, protection against lung pathology and viral load to Wuhan or Delta was mediated by nAbs, whereas in the absence of nAbs, T cells controlled viral replication, disease and lethality in mice infected with either the Gamma or Omicron variants. Hence, considering the conserved nature of CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes, we corroborate the hypothesis that induction of effector T-cells should be a main goal for new vaccines against the emergent SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O. Azevedo
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natália S. Hojo-Souza
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lídia P. Faustino
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcílio J. Fumagalli
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella C. Hirako
- grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Emiliano R. Oliveira
- grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria M. Figueiredo
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alex F. Carvalho
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Doro
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana Benevides
- Plataforma Bi-Institucional de Pesquisa em Medicina Translacional - Fiocruz/SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Durigon
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fonseca
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M. Machado
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Fernandes
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Santuza R. Teixeira
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Plataforma Bi-Institucional de Pesquisa em Medicina Translacional - Fiocruz/SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,Plataforma Bi-Institucional de Pesquisa em Medicina Translacional - Fiocruz/SP, São Paulo, Brazil ,grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil ,grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Somogyi E, Kremlitzka M, Csiszovszki Z, Molnár L, Lőrincz O, Tóth J, de Waal L, Pattijn S, Reineking W, Beineke A, Tőke ER. T cell immunity ameliorates COVID-19 disease severity and provides post-exposure prophylaxis after peptide-vaccination, in Syrian hamsters. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111629. [PMID: 36761759 PMCID: PMC9902696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants that resist neutralizing antibodies drew the attention to cellular immunity and calls for the development of alternative vaccination strategies to combat the pandemic. Here, we have assessed the kinetics of T cell responses and protective efficacy against severe COVID-19 in pre- and post-exposure settings, elicited by PolyPEPI-SCoV-2, a peptide based T cell vaccine. Methods 75 Syrian hamsters were immunized subcutaneously with PolyPEPI-SCoV-2 on D0 and D14. On D42, hamsters were intranasally challenged with 102 TCID50 of the virus. To analyze immunogenicity by IFN-γ ELISPOT and antibody secretion, lymphoid tissues were collected both before (D0, D14, D28, D42) and after challenge (D44, D46, D49). To measure vaccine efficacy, lung tissue, throat swabs and nasal turbinate samples were assessed for viral load and histopathological changes. Further, body weight was monitored on D0, D28, D42 and every day after challenge. Results The vaccine induced robust activation of T cells against all SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins that were rapidly boosted after virus challenge compared to control animals (~4-fold, p<0.05). A single dose of PolyPEPI-SCoV-2 administered one day after challenge also resulted in elevated T cell response (p<0.01). The vaccination did not induce virus-specific antibodies and viral load reduction. Still, peptide vaccination significantly reduced body weight loss (p<0.001), relative lung weight (p<0.05) and lung lesions (p<0.05), in both settings. Conclusion Our study provides first proof of concept data on the contribution of T cell immunity on disease course and provide rationale for the use of T cell-based peptide vaccines against both novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and supports post-exposure prophylaxis as alternative vaccination strategy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Somogyi
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariann Kremlitzka
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Csiszovszki
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Levente Molnár
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Orsolya Lőrincz
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - József Tóth
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, Netherlands
| | - Sofie Pattijn
- ImmunXperts Société Anonyme, Q2 Solutions Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Wencke Reineking
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Enikő R. Tőke
- Treos Bio Ltd, London, United Kingdom,Treos Bio Zrt, Veszprém, Hungary,PepTC Vaccines Ltd, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Enikő R. Tőke,
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22
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Bigenwald C, Haddad Y, Thelemaque C, Carrier A, Birebent R, Ly P, Flament C, Lahmar I, de Sousa E, Maeurer M, Miyara M, Assi T, Castilla-Llorente C, Willekens C, Fayemi C, Lazarovici J, Marabelle A, Derosa L, Ribrag V, Zitvogel L. RBD- specific Th1 responses are associated with vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with hematological malignancies. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2163785. [PMID: 36632566 PMCID: PMC9828759 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2163785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still represents a threat for immunosuppressed and hematological malignancy (HM) bearing patients, causing increased morbidity and mortality. Given the low anti-SARSCoV-2 IgG titers post-vaccination, the COVID-19 threat prompted the prophylactic use of engineered anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies. In addition, potential clinical significance of T cell responses has been overlooked during the first waves of the pandemic, calling for additional in-depth studies. We reported that the polarity and the repertoire of T cell immune responses govern the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care workers and solid cancer patients. Here, we longitudinally analyzed humoral and cellular immune responses at each BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine injection in 47 HM patients under therapy. Only one-third of HM, mostly multiple myeloma (MM) bearing patients, could mount S1-RBD-specific IgG responses following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines. This vaccine elicited a S1-RBD-specific Th1 immune response in about 20% patients, mostly in MM and Hodgkin lymphoma, while exacerbating Th2 responses in the 10% cases that presented this recognition pattern at baseline (mostly rituximab-treated patients). Performing a third booster barely improved the percentage of patients developing an S1-RBD-specific Th1 immunity and failed to seroconvert additional HM patients. Finally, 16 patients were infected with SARS-CoV-2, of whom 6 developed a severe infection. Only S1-RBD-specific Th1 responses were associated with protection against SARS-CoV2 infection, while Th2 responses or anti-S1-RBD IgG titers failed to correlate with protection. These findings herald the paramount relevance of vaccine-induced Th1 immune responses in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bigenwald
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Hematology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France,CONTACT Camille Bigenwald Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94810 Villejuif, France
| | - Yacine Haddad
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Cassandra Thelemaque
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Agathe Carrier
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Roxanne Birebent
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre Ly
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline Flament
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Imran Lahmar
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric de Sousa
- ImmunoTherapy/ ImmunoSurgery, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoTherapy/ ImmunoSurgery, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal,Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Assi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Hematology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Cristina Castilla-Llorente
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Hematology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Willekens
- Hematology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Céline Fayemi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Hematology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Lazarovici
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Hematology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (BIOTHERIS), Villejuif, France,Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique (DITEP), Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Lisa Derosa
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (BIOTHERIS), Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent Ribrag
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Hematology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif Cedex, France,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France,Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (BIOTHERIS), Villejuif, France
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23
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Mucosal immunization with a delta-inulin adjuvanted recombinant spike vaccine elicits lung-resident immune memory and protects mice against SARS-CoV-2. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1405-1415. [PMID: 36411332 PMCID: PMC9676795 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have been approved for use and have had a major impact on the COVID-19 pandemic. There remains, however, a significant need for vaccines that are safe, easily transportable and protective against infection, as well as disease. Mucosal vaccination is favored for its ability to induce immune memory at the site of infection, making it appealing for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies. In this study we performed in-depth analysis of the immune responses in mice to a subunit recombinant spike protein vaccine formulated with the delta-inulin adjuvant Advax when administered intratracheally (IT), versus intramuscular delivery (IM). Both routes produced robust neutralizing antibody titers (NAb) and generated sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2. IT delivery, however, produced significantly higher systemic and lung-local NAb that resisted waning up to six months post vaccination, and only IT delivery generated inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT), a site of lymphocyte antigen presentation and proliferation. This was coupled with robust and long-lasting lung tissue-resident memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were not observed in IM-vaccinated mice. This study provides a detailed view of the lung-resident cellular response to IT vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrates the importance of delivery site selection in the development of vaccine candidates.
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24
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Murphy RL, Paramithiotis E, Sugden S, Chermak T, Lambert B, Montamat-Sicotte D, Mattison J, Steinhubl S. The need for more holistic immune profiling in next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trials. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923106. [PMID: 36211354 PMCID: PMC9533322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation anit-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were highly successful. They rapidly met an unforeseen emergency need, saved millions of lives, and simultaneously eased the burden on healthcare systems worldwide. The first-generation vaccines, however, focused too narrowly on antibody-based immunity as the sole marker of vaccine trial success, resulting in large knowledge gaps about waning vaccine protection, lack of vaccine robustness to viral mutation, and lack of efficacy in immunocompromised populations. Detailed reviews of first-generation vaccines, including their mode of action and geographical distribution, have been published elsewhere. Second-generation clinical trials must address these gaps by evaluating a broader range of immune markers, including those representing cell-mediated immunity, to ensure the most protective and long-lasting vaccines are brought to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Murphy
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert L. Murphy,
| | | | | | | | - Bruce Lambert
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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25
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Appelberg S, Ahlén G, Yan J, Nikouyan N, Weber S, Larsson O, Höglund U, Aleman S, Weber F, Perlhamre E, Apro J, Gidlund E, Tuvesson O, Salati S, Cadossi M, Tegel H, Hober S, Frelin L, Mirazimi A, Sallberg M. A universal
SARS‐CoV DNA
vaccine inducing highly crossreactive neutralizing antibodies and T cells. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15821. [PMID: 35986481 PMCID: PMC9538582 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New variants in the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic are more contagious (Alpha/Delta), evade neutralizing antibodies (Beta), or both (Omicron). This poses a challenge in vaccine development according to WHO. We designed a more universal SARS‐CoV‐2 DNA vaccine containing receptor‐binding domain loops from the huCoV‐19/WH01, the Alpha, and the Beta variants, combined with the membrane and nucleoproteins. The vaccine induced spike antibodies crossreactive between huCoV‐19/WH01, Beta, and Delta spike proteins that neutralized huCoV‐19/WH01, Beta, Delta, and Omicron virus in vitro. The vaccine primed nucleoprotein‐specific T cells, unlike spike‐specific T cells, recognized Bat‐CoV sequences. The vaccine protected mice carrying the human ACE2 receptor against lethal infection with the SARS‐CoV‐2 Beta variant. Interestingly, priming of cross‐reactive nucleoprotein‐specific T cells alone was 60% protective, verifying observations from humans that T cells protect against lethal disease. This SARS‐CoV vaccine induces a uniquely broad and functional immunity that adds to currently used vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustaf Ahlén
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Sweden
| | - Jingyi Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Sweden
| | - Negin Nikouyan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Disease Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Sweden
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology FB10‐Veterinary Medicine, Justus‐Liebing University Giessen Germany
| | - Emma Perlhamre
- Karolinska Trial Alliance Karolinska University Hospital Sweden
| | - Johanna Apro
- Karolinska Trial Alliance Karolinska University Hospital Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Hanna Tegel
- Department of Protein Science Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lars Frelin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Sweden
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Public Health Agency of Sweden Solna Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Sweden
| | - Matti Sallberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Sweden
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