1
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Long J, Liu Y, He Z, Tan S, Xiong F, Xu H, Wang W, Zhang G, Yang Z, An Q. Redesigning Solvation Structure toward Passivation-Free Magnesium Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38807482 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Simple magnesium (Mg) salt solutions are widely considered as promising electrolytes for next-generation rechargeable Mg metal batteries (RMBs) owing to the direct Mg2+ storage mechanism. However, the passivation layer formed on Mg metal anodes in these electrolytes is considered the key challenge that limits its applicability. Numerous complex halogenide additives have been introduced to etch away the passivation layer, nevertheless, at the expense of the electrolyte's anodic stability and cathodes' cyclability. To overcome this dilemma, here, we design an electrolyte with a weakly coordinated solvation structure which enables passivation-free Mg deposition while maintaining a high anodic stability and cathodic compatibility. In detail, we successfully introduce a hexa-fluoroisopropyloxy (HFIP-) anion into the solvation structure of Mg2+, the weakly [Mg-HFIP]+ contact ion pair facilitates Mg2+ transportation across interfaces. As a consequence, our electrolyte shows outstanding compatibility with the RMBs. The Mg||PDI-EDA and Mg||Mo6S8 full cells use this electrolyte demonstrating a decent capacity retention of ∼80% over 400 cycles and 500 cycles, respectively. This represents a leap in cyclability over simple electrolytes in RMBs while the rest can barely cycle. This work offers an electrolyte system compatible with RMBs and brings deeper understanding of modifying the solvation structure toward practical electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Long
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ze He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Fangyu Xiong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Hantao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Weixiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Qinyou An
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology (Xiangyang Demonstration Zone), Xiangyang 441000, P. R. China
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2
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Zhou X, Zhou Y, Yu L, Qi L, Oh KS, Hu P, Lee SY, Chen C. Gel polymer electrolytes for rechargeable batteries toward wide-temperature applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5291-5337. [PMID: 38634467 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries, typically represented by lithium-ion batteries, have taken a huge leap in energy density over the last two decades. However, they still face material/chemical challenges in ensuring safety and long service life at temperatures beyond the optimum range, primarily due to the chemical/electrochemical instabilities of conventional liquid electrolytes against aggressive electrode reactions and temperature variation. In this regard, a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) with its liquid components immobilized and stabilized by a solid matrix, capable of retaining almost all the advantageous natures of the liquid electrolytes and circumventing the interfacial issues that exist in the all-solid-state electrolytes, is of great significance to realize rechargeable batteries with extended working temperature range. We begin this review with the main challenges faced in the development of GPEs, based on extensive literature research and our practical experience. Then, a significant section is dedicated to the requirements and design principles of GPEs for wide-temperature applications, with special attention paid to the feasibility, cost, and environmental impact. Next, the research progress of GPEs is thoroughly reviewed according to the strategies applied. In the end, we outline some prospects of GPEs related to innovations in material sciences, advanced characterizations, artificial intelligence, and environmental impact analysis, hoping to spark new research activities that ultimately bring us a step closer to realizing wide-temperature rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
- School of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Yifang Zhou
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Le Yu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Luhe Qi
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Kyeong-Seok Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pei Hu
- School of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Sang-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chaoji Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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3
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Philippi F, Middendorf M, Shigenobu K, Matsuyama Y, Palumbo O, Pugh D, Sudoh T, Dokko K, Watanabe M, Schönhoff M, Shinoda W, Ueno K. Evolving better solvate electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7342-7358. [PMID: 38756793 PMCID: PMC11095511 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01492h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The overall performance of lithium batteries remains unmatched to this date. Decades of optimisation have resulted in long-lasting batteries with high energy density suitable for mobile applications. However, the electrolytes used at present suffer from low lithium transference numbers, which induces concentration polarisation and reduces efficiency of charging and discharging. Here we show how targeted modifications can be used to systematically evolve anion structural motifs which can yield electrolytes with high transference numbers. Using a multidisciplinary combination of theoretical and experimental approaches, we screened a large number of anions. Thus, we identified anions which reach lithium transference numbers around 0.9, surpassing conventional electrolytes. Specifically, we find that nitrile groups have a coordination tendency similar to SO2 and are capable of inducing the formation of Li+ rich clusters. In the bigger picture, we identified a balanced anion/solvent coordination tendency as one of the key design parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Shigenobu
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yuna Matsuyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | - Oriele Palumbo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - David Pugh
- Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, Kings College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Taku Sudoh
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | - Kaoru Dokko
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre, Advanced Institute of Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre, Advanced Institute of Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | | | - Wataru Shinoda
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre, Advanced Institute of Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
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4
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Innocenti A, Bresser D, Garche J, Passerini S. A critical discussion of the current availability of lithium and zinc for use in batteries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4068. [PMID: 38744859 PMCID: PMC11094038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Aqueous zinc batteries are currently being explored as potential alternatives to non-aqueous lithium-ion batteries. In this comment, the authors highlight zinc’s global supply chain resilience and lower material costs yet caution about its higher mass requirement for comparable charge storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Innocenti
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominic Bresser
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Garche
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Oberberghof 7, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstrasse 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Goswami S, Dutta D, Pandey S, Chattopadhyay P, Lalhmunsiama, Dubey R, Tiwari D. Novel fibrous Ag(NP) decorated clay-polymer composite: Implications in water purification contaminated with predominant micro-pollutants and bacteria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:121063. [PMID: 38704955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to the potential harm caused by emerging micro-pollutants to living organisms, contaminating water supplies by micro-pollutants like EDCs, pharmaceuticals, and microorganisms has become a concern in many countries. Considering both microbiological and micro-pollutant exposure risks associated with water use for agricultural/or household purposes, it is imperative to create a strategy for improving pollutant removal from treated wastewater that is both effective and affordable. Natural clay minerals efficiently remove contaminants from wastewater, though the pristine clay has less affinity to several organic pollutants. Hydrophilic polymers, viz., poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), improve the dispersion of particles, flocculation processes, and surface properties. In this study, PEG grafted with attapulgite, thereby providing a high-specific surface-area, mesoporous materials for the adsorption of micro-pollutants like ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at high rates. A gentle washing process regenerates the clay-polymer material several times with no performance loss, and the natural water implications show fair applicability of solid in decontaminating the CIP and EE2 in an aqueous medium. Further, greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles in situ disperse with the clay polymer efficiently remove the gram-positive and gram-negative bacterium viz., Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are commonly persistent in aquatic environments. The clay polymer outperformed a modified clay composite to eliminate microorganisms and organic micro-pollutants in significant quantities quickly. These results clearly show the importance of fibrous clay-polymer composite for water purification technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Dhiraj Dutta
- DRL, Post Bag No 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Shreekant Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, 825301, India
| | | | - Lalhmunsiama
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Rama Dubey
- DRL, Post Bag No 02, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Diwakar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India.
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6
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Wang T, Chen B, Liu C, Li T, Liu X. Build a High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium Battery through Introducing Competitive Coordination Induction Effect in Polymer-Based Electrolyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400960. [PMID: 38385630 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Polymer-inorganic composite electrolytes (PICE) have attracted tremendous attention in all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) due to facile processability. However, the poor Li+ conductivity at room temperature (RT) and interfacial instability severely hamper the practical application. Herein, we propose a concept of competitive coordination induction effects (CCIE) and reveal the essential correlation between the local coordination structure and the interfacial chemistry in PEO-based PICE. CCIE introduction greatly enhances the ionic conductivity and electrochemical performances of ASSLBs at 30 °C. Owing to the competitive coordination (Cs+…TFSI-…Li+, Cs+…C-O-C…Li+ and 2,4,6-TFA…Li…TFSI-) from the competitive cation (Cs+ from CsPF6) and molecule (2,4,6-TFA: 2,4,6-trifluoroaniline), a multimodal weak coordination environment of Li+ is constructed enabling a high efficient Li+ migration at 30 °C (Li+ conductivity: 6.25×10-4 S cm-1; tLi +=0.61). Since Cs+ tends to be enriched at the interface, TFSI- and PF6 - in situ form LiF-Li3N-Li2O-Li2S enriched solid electrolyte interface with electrostatic shielding effects. The assembled ASSLBs without adding interfacial wetting agent exhibit outstanding rate capability (LiFePO4: 147.44 mAh g-1@1 C and 107.41mAhg-1@2 C) and cycling stability at 30 °C (LiFePO4:94.65 %@200cycles@0.5 C; LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2: 94.31 %@200 cycles@0.3 C). This work proposes a concept of CCIE and reveals its mechanism in designing PICE with high ionic conductivity as well as high interfacial compatibility at near RT for high-performance ASSLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghui Wang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Butian Chen
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chong Liu
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Taiguang Li
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Liu
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Wang X, Lu J, Wu Y, Zheng W, Zhang H, Bai T, Liu H, Li D, Ci L. Building Stable Anodes for High-Rate Na-Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311256. [PMID: 38181436 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to low cost and high energy density, sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have attracted growing interest, with great potential to power future electric vehicles (EVs) and mobile electronics, which require rapid charge/discharge capability. However, the development of high-rate SMBs has been impeded by the sluggish Na+ ion kinetics, particularly at the sodium metal anode (SMA). The high-rate operation severely threatens the SMA stability, due to the unstable solid-electrolyte interface (SEI), the Na dendrite growth, and large volume changes during Na plating-stripping cycles, leading to rapid electrochemical performance degradations. This review surveys key challenges faced by high-rate SMAs, and highlights representative stabilization strategies, including the general modification of SMB components (including the host, Na metal surface, electrolyte, separator, and cathode), and emerging solutions with the development of solid-state SMBs and liquid metal anodes; the working principle, performance, and application of these strategies are elaborated, to reduce the Na nucleation energy barriers and promote Na+ ion transfer kinetics for stable high-rate Na metal anodes. This review will inspire further efforts to stabilize SMAs and other metal (e.g., Li, K, Mg, Zn) anodes, promoting high-rate applications of high-energy metal batteries towards a more sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingyu Lu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yehui Wu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weiran Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063, China
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tiansheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Deping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lijie Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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8
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Hu L, Deng J, Lin Y, Liang Q, Ge B, Weng Q, Bai Y, Li Y, Deng Y, Chen G, Yu X. Restructuring Electrolyte Solvation by a Versatile Diluent Toward Beyond 99.9% Coulombic Efficiency of Sodium Plating/Stripping at Ultralow Temperatures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312161. [PMID: 38191004 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The reversible and durable operation of sodium metal batteries at low temperatures (LT) is essential for cold-climate applications but is plagued by dendritic Na plating and unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Current Coulombic efficiencies of sodium plating/stripping at LT fall far below 99.9%, representing a significant performance gap yet to be filled. Here, the solvation structure of the conventional 1 m NaPF6 in diglyme electrolyte by facile cyclic ether (1,3-dioxolane, DOL) dilution is efficiently reconfigured. DOL diluents help shield the Na+-PF6 - Coulombic interaction and intermolecular forces of diglyme, leading to anomalously high Na+-ion conductivity. Besides, DOL participates in the solvation sheath and weakens the chelation of Na+ by diglyme for facilitated desolvation. More importantly, it promotes concentrated electron cloud distribution around PF6 - in the solvates and promotes their preferential decomposition. A desired inorganic-rich SEI is generated with compositional uniformity, high ionic conductivity, and high Young's modulus. Consequently, a record-high Coulombic efficiency over 99.9% is achieved at an ultralow temperature of -55 °C, and a 1 Ah capacity pouch cell of initial anode-free sodium metal battery retains 95% of the first discharge capacity over 100 cycles at -25 °C. This study thus provides new insights for formulating electrolytes toward increased Na reversibility at LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaojiao Deng
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yuxiao Lin
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221116, China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Bingcheng Ge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingsong Weng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Shenzhen XFH Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518071, P. R. China
| | - Yunsong Li
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Yonghong Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guohua Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Zhang S, Wu S, Hwang J, Matsumoto K, Hagiwara R. Unprotected Organic Cations─The Dilemma of Highly Li-Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8352-8361. [PMID: 38494762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Highly Li-concentrated electrolytes have been widely studied to harness their uniquely varying bulk and interface properties that arise from their distinctive physicochemical properties and coordination structures. Similar strategies have been applied in the realm of ionic liquid electrolytes to exploit their improved functionalities. Despite these prospects, the impact of organic cation behavior on interfacial processes remains largely underexplored compared to the widely studied anion behavior. The present study demonstrates that the weakened interactions between cations and anions engender "unprotected" organic cations in highly Li-concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes, leading to the decomposition of electrolytes during the initial charge. This decomposition behavior is manifested by the substantial irreversible capacities and inferior initial Coulombic efficiencies observed during the initial charging of graphite negative electrodes, resulting in considerable electrolyte consumption and diminished energy densities in full-cell configurations. The innate cation behavior is ascertained by examining the coordination environment of ionic liquid electrolytes with varied Li concentrations, where intricate ionic interactions between organic cations and anions are unveiled. In addition, anionic species with high Lewis basicity were introduced to reinforce the ionic interactions involving organic cations and improve the initial Coulombic efficiency. This study verifies the role of unprotected organic cations while highlighting the significance of the coordination environment in the performance of ionic liquid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoning Zhang
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shengan Wu
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jinkwang Hwang
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rika Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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10
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Tian R, Jia J, Zhai M, Wei Y, Feng X, Li R, Zhang J, Gao Y. Design advanced lithium metal anode materials in high energy density lithium batteries. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27181. [PMID: 38449603 PMCID: PMC10915576 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the ongoing electrical vehicles and energy storage devices give a great demand of high-energy-density lithium battery. The commercial graphite anode has been reached the limit of the theoretical capacity. Herein, we introduce lithium metal anode to demonstrate the promising anode which can replace graphite. Lithium metal has a high theoretical capacity and the lowest electrochemical potential. Hence, using lithium metal as the anode material of lithium batteries can reach the limit of energy and power density of lithium batteries. However, lithium metal has huge flaw such as unstable SEI layer, volume change and dendrites formation. Therefore, we give a review of the lithium metal anode on its issues and introduce the existing research to overcome these. Besides, we give the perspective that the engineering problems also restrict the commercial use of lithium metal. This review provides the reasonable method to enhance the lithium metal performance and give the development direction for the subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- Fujian Nanping Nanfu Battery co., ltd, Nanping, Fujian, 353000, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 063210, China
| | - Jingyu Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 063210, China
| | - Meixiang Zhai
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 063210, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 063210, China
| | - Xinru Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 063210, China
| | - Ruoqi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 063210, China
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler Metals and Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou,450001, China
| | - Yun Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 063210, China
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11
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Wan H, Xu J, Wang C. Designing electrolytes and interphases for high-energy lithium batteries. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:30-44. [PMID: 38097662 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
High-energy and stable lithium-ion batteries are desired for next-generation electric devices and vehicles. To achieve their development, the formation of stable interfaces on high-capacity anodes and high-voltage cathodes is crucial. However, such interphases in certain commercialized Li-ion batteries are not stable. Due to internal stresses during operation, cracks are formed in the interphase and electrodes; the presence of such cracks allows for the formation of Li dendrites and new interphases, resulting in a decay of the energy capacity. In this Review, we highlight electrolyte design strategies to form LiF-rich interphases in different battery systems. In aqueous electrolytes, the hydrophobic LiF can extend the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes. In organic liquid electrolytes, the highly lithiophobic LiF can suppress Li dendrite formation and growth. Electrolyte design aimed at forming LiF-rich interphases has substantially advanced high-energy aqueous and non-aqueous Li-ion batteries. The electrolyte and interphase design principles discussed here are also applicable to solid-state batteries, as a strategy to achieve long cycle life under low stack pressure, as well as to construct other metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Wan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jijian Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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12
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Ma H, Wang F, Shen M, Tong Y, Wang H, Hu H. Advances of LiCoO 2 in Cathode of Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300820. [PMID: 38150645 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous lithium-ion batteries offer promising advantages such as low cost, enhanced safety, high rate capability, and the ability to deliver considerable capacity at 1.8 V, making them ideal candidates for large-scale reserve power sources for renewable energy. However, the practical application of aqueous lithium-ion batteries has been hindered by the poor cycle stability of layered cathode materials, including LiCoO2 , in neutral aqueous electrolytes. This review examines the working principles, material limitations, and research progress of aqueous lithium-ion batteries. The types and characteristics of materials used in the cathode of aqueous lithium-ion batteries are summarized, with a primary focus on the attenuation mechanisms of LiCoO2 when used as the cathode material in aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, this review explores the advancements in utilizing LiCoO2 in the cathode of aqueous lithium-ion batteries, as well as the combination with machine learning. By addressing these critical aspects, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of aqueous lithium-ion batteries and shed light on future development and application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Ma
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- School of Engineering and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Fei Wang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Minghai Shen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yao Tong
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hongxu Wang
- School of Engineering and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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13
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Zhang Z, Han WQ. From Liquid to Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries: Fundamental Issues and Recent Developments. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 37985522 PMCID: PMC10661211 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries has been driven by the proliferation of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which have increasingly stringent energy density requirements. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs), with their ultralow reduction potential and high theoretical capacity, are widely regarded as the most promising technical pathway for achieving high energy density batteries. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of fundamental issues related to high reactivity and migrated interfaces in LMBs. Furthermore, we propose improved strategies involving interface engineering, 3D current collector design, electrolyte optimization, separator modification, application of alloyed anodes, and external field regulation to address these challenges. The utilization of solid-state electrolytes can significantly enhance the safety of LMBs and represents the only viable approach for advancing them. This review also encompasses the variation in fundamental issues and design strategies for the transition from liquid to solid electrolytes. Particularly noteworthy is that the introduction of SSEs will exacerbate differences in electrochemical and mechanical properties at the interface, leading to increased interface inhomogeneity-a critical factor contributing to failure in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Based on recent research works, this perspective highlights the current status of research on developing high-performance LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Yan H, Li S, Zhong J, Li B. An Electrochemical Perspective of Aqueous Zinc Metal Anode. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:15. [PMID: 37975948 PMCID: PMC10656387 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on the attributes of nonflammability, environmental benignity, and cost-effectiveness of aqueous electrolytes, as well as the favorable compatibility of zinc metal with them, aqueous zinc ions batteries (AZIBs) become the leading energy storage candidate to meet the requirements of safety and low cost. Yet, aqueous electrolytes, acting as a double-edged sword, also play a negative role by directly or indirectly causing various parasitic reactions at the zinc anode side. These reactions include hydrogen evolution reaction, passivation, and dendrites, resulting in poor Coulombic efficiency and short lifespan of AZIBs. A comprehensive review of aqueous electrolytes chemistry, zinc chemistry, mechanism and chemistry of parasitic reactions, and their relationship is lacking. Moreover, the understanding of strategies for suppressing parasitic reactions from an electrochemical perspective is not profound enough. In this review, firstly, the chemistry of electrolytes, zinc anodes, and parasitic reactions and their relationship in AZIBs are deeply disclosed. Subsequently, the strategies for suppressing parasitic reactions from the perspective of enhancing the inherent thermodynamic stability of electrolytes and anodes, and lowering the dynamics of parasitic reactions at Zn/electrolyte interfaces are reviewed. Lastly, the perspectives on the future development direction of aqueous electrolytes, zinc anodes, and Zn/electrolyte interfaces are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Songmei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Zhou T, Gui C, Sun L, Hu Y, Lyu H, Wang Z, Song Z, Yu G. Energy Applications of Ionic Liquids: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12170-12253. [PMID: 37879045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) consisting entirely of ions exhibit many fascinating and tunable properties, making them promising functional materials for a large number of energy-related applications. For example, ILs have been employed as electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, as heat transfer fluids and phase-change materials for thermal energy transfer and storage, as solvents and/or catalysts for CO2 capture, CO2 conversion, biomass treatment and biofuel extraction, and as high-energy propellants for aerospace applications. This paper provides an extensive overview on the various energy applications of ILs and offers some thinking and viewpoints on the current challenges and emerging opportunities in each area. The basic fundamentals (structures and properties) of ILs are first introduced. Then, motivations and successful applications of ILs in the energy field are concisely outlined. Later, a detailed review of recent representative works in each area is provided. For each application, the role of ILs and their associated benefits are elaborated. Research trends and insights into the selection of ILs to achieve improved performance are analyzed as well. Challenges and future opportunities are pointed out before the paper is concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhou
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Chengmin Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Longgang Sun
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department for Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Zhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gangqiang Yu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
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16
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Gao P, Zhang F, Wang X, Wu M, Xiang Q, Yang A, Sun Y, Guo J, Huang Y. Ultrastable Dendrite-Free Potassium Metal Batteries Enabled by Weakly-Solvated Electrolyte. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20325-20333. [PMID: 37830495 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) metal is considered one of the most promising anodes for potassium metal batteries (PMBs) because of its abundant and low-cost advantages but suffers from serious dendritic growth and parasitic reactions, resulting in poor cyclability, low Coulombic efficiency (CE), and safety concerns. In this work, we report a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) consisting of potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) in a cosolvent of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and 1,1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) to solve the problems of PMBs. TTE as a diluent not only endows LHCE with advantages of low viscosity, good wettability, and improved conductivity but also solves the dendrite problem pertaining to K metal anodes. Using the formulation of LHCE, a CE of 98% during 800 cycles in the K||Cu cell and extremely stable cycling of over 2000 h in the K||K symmetric cell are achieved at a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2. In addition, the LHCE shows good compatibility with a Prussian Blue cathode, allowing almost 99% CE for the K||KFeIIFeIII(CN)6 full cell during 100 cycles. This promising electrolyte design realizes high-safety and energy-dense PMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Aikai Yang
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ying Sun
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Key Laboratory of Improvised Explosive Chemicals for State Market Regulation, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region; Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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17
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Liang H, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zhao F, Cao Z, Cavallo L, Li Q, Ming J. Solvent-Solvent Interaction Mediated Lithium-Ion (De)intercalation Chemistry in Propylene Carbonate Based Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18062-18073. [PMID: 37703060 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Reversible lithium-ion (de)intercalation in the carbon-based anodes using ethylene carbonate (EC) based electrolytes has enabled the commercialization of lithium-ion batteries, allowing them to dominate the energy storage markets for hand-held electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, this issue always fails in propylene carbonate (PC) based electrolytes due to the cointercalation of Li+-PC. Herein, we report that a reversible Li+ (de)intercalation could be achieved by tuning the solvent-solvent interaction in a PC-based electrolyte containing a fluoroether. We study the existence of such previously unknown interactions mainly by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, while the analysis reveals positive effects on the solvation structure and desolvation process. We have found that the fluoroether solvents interact with PC via their δ-F and δ+H atoms, respectively, leading to a reduced Li+-PC solvent interaction and effective Li+ desolvation followed by a successful Li+ intercalation at the graphite anodes. We also propose an interfacial model to interpret the varied electrolyte stability by the differences in the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the Li+-solvent and Li+-solvent-anion complexes. Compared to the conventional strategies of tuning electrolyte concentration and/or adding additives, our discovery provides an opportunity to enhance the compatibility of PC-based electrolytes with the graphite anodes, which will enable the design of high-energy density batteries (e.g., Li-S battery) with better environmental adaptabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Materials Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Materials Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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18
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Li Z, Zheng X, Ye S, Ou C, Xie Y, Li Z, Tian F, Lei D, Wang C. The Interaction in Electrolyte Additives Accelerates Ion Transport to Achieve High-Energy Non-Aqueous Lithium Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301005. [PMID: 37246249 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte engineering is a feasible strategy to realize high energy density lithium metal batteries. However, stabilizing both lithium metal anodes and nickel-rich layered cathodes is extremely challenging. To break through this bottleneck, a dual-additives electrolyte containing fluoroethylene carbonate (10 vol.%) and 1-methoxy-2-propylamine (1 vol.%) in conventional LiPF6 -containing carbonate-based electrolyte is reported. The two additives can polymerize and thus generate dense and uniform LiF and Li3 N-containing interphases on both electrodes' surfaces. Such robust ionic conductive interphases not only prevent lithium dendrite formation in lithium metal anode but also suppress stress-corrosion cracking and phase transformation in nickel-rich layered cathode. The advanced electrolyte enables Li||LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 stably cycle for 80 cycles at 60 mA g-1 with a specific discharge capacity retention of 91.2% under harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xueying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Siyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chuan Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhenbang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Danni Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chengxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Li H, Chen Z, Zheng L, Wang J, Adenusi H, Passerini S, Zhang H. Electrolyte Strategies Facilitating Anion-Derived Solid-Electrolyte Interphases for Aqueous Zinc-Metal Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300554. [PMID: 37421218 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous zinc-metal batteries (AZBs) are a promising complimentary technology to the existing lithium-ion batteries and the re-emerging lithium-metal batteries to satisfy the increasing demands on energy storage. Despite considerable progress achieved in the past years, the fundamental understanding of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and how its composition influences the SEI properties are limited. This review highlights the functionalities of anion-tuned SEI on the reversibility of zinc-metal anode, with a specific emphasis on new structural insights obtained through advanced characterizations and computational techniques. Recent efforts in terms of key variables that govern the interfacial behaviors to improve the long-term stability of zinc anode, i.e., Coulombic efficiency, plating morphology, dendrite formation, and side-reactions, are comprehensively reviewed. Lastly, the remaining challenges and future perspectives are presented, providing insights into the rational design of practical high-performance AZBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications (Ministry of Education), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Leilei Zheng
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Henry Adenusi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Huang Zhang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing, 401135, P. R. China
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20
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Liang Z, Tian F, Yang G, Wang C. Enabling long-cycling aqueous sodium-ion batteries via Mn dissolution inhibition using sodium ferrocyanide electrolyte additive. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3591. [PMID: 37328496 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqueous sodium-ion batteries (AIBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their safe operational properties and low cost. However, AIBs have low specific energy (i.e., <80 Wh kg-1) and limited lifespans (e.g., hundreds of cycles). Mn-Fe Prussian blue analogues are considered ideal positive electrode materials for AIBs, but they show rapid capacity decay due to Jahn-Teller distortions. To circumvent these issues, here, we propose a cation-trapping method that involves the introduction of sodium ferrocyanide (Na4Fe(CN)6) as a supporting salt in a highly concentrated NaClO4-based aqueous electrolyte solution to fill the surface Mn vacancies formed in Fe-substituted Prussian blue Na1.58Fe0.07Mn0.97Fe(CN)6 · 2.65H2O (NaFeMnF) positive electrode materials during cycling. When the engineered aqueous electrolyte solution and the NaFeMnF-based positive electrode are tested in combination with a 3, 4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide-based negative electrode in a coin cell configuration, a specific energy of 94 Wh kg-1 at 0.5 A g-1 (specific energy based on the active material mass of both electrodes) and a specific discharge capacity retention of 73.4% after 15000 cycles at 2 A g-1 are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoheng Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fei Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gongzheng Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Chengxin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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21
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Abdul Ahad S, Adegoke TE, Ryan KM, Geaney H. Cu Current Collector with Binder-Free Lithiophilic Nanowire Coating for High Energy Density Lithium Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207902. [PMID: 36802164 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to fabricate high energy density (ED) lithium (Li) metal anodes, problems such as dendrite formation and the need for excess Li (leading to low N/P ratios) have hampered Li metal battery (LMB) development. Here, the use of germanium (Ge) nanowires (NWs) directly grown on copper (Cu) substrates (Cu-Ge) to induce lithiophilicity and subsequently guide Li ions for uniform Li metal deposition/stripping during electrochemical cycling is reported. The NW morphology along with the formation of the Li15 Ge4 phase promotes uniform Li-ion flux and fast charge kinetic, resulting in the Cu-Ge substrate demonstrating low nucleation overpotentials of 10 mV (four times lower than planar Cu) and high Columbic efficiency (CE) efficiency during Li plating/stripping. Within a full-cell configuration, the Cu-Ge@Li - NMC cell delivered a 63.6% weight reduction at the anode level compared to a standard graphite-based anode, with impressive capacity retention and average CE of over 86.5% and 99.2% respectively. The Cu-Ge anodes are also paired with high specific capacity sulfur (S) cathodes, further demonstrating the benefits of developing surface-modified lithiophilic Cu current collectors, which can easily be integrated at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Abdul Ahad
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Temilade Esther Adegoke
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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22
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Liang G, Liang B, Chen A, Zhu J, Li Q, Huang Z, Li X, Wang Y, Wang X, Xiong B, Jin X, Bai S, Fan J, Zhi C. Development of rechargeable high-energy hybrid zinc-iodine aqueous batteries exploiting reversible chlorine-based redox reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1856. [PMID: 37012263 PMCID: PMC10070632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chlorine-based redox reaction (ClRR) could be exploited to produce secondary high-energy aqueous batteries. However, efficient and reversible ClRR is challenging, and it is affected by parasitic reactions such as Cl2 gas evolution and electrolyte decomposition. Here, to circumvent these issues, we use iodine as positive electrode active material in a battery system comprising a Zn metal negative electrode and a concentrated (e.g., 30 molal) ZnCl2 aqueous electrolyte solution. During cell discharge, the iodine at the positive electrode interacts with the chloride ions from the electrolyte to enable interhalogen coordinating chemistry and forming ICl3-. In this way, the redox-active halogen atoms allow a reversible three-electrons transfer reaction which, at the lab-scale cell level, translates into an initial specific discharge capacity of 612.5 mAh gI2-1 at 0.5 A gI2-1 and 25 °C (corresponding to a calculated specific energy of 905 Wh kgI2-1). We also report the assembly and testing of a Zn | |Cl-I pouch cell prototype demonstrating a discharge capacity retention of about 74% after 300 cycles at 200 mA and 25 °C (final discharge capacity of about 92 mAh).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Bochun Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Jiaxiong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Zhaodong Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Xinliang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), Research Center of New Energy, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Xiong
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), Research Center of New Energy, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Jin
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), Research Center of New Energy, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengchi Bai
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), Research Center of New Energy, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China.
- Center for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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23
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Kim S, Pol VG. Tailored Solvation and Interface Structures by Tetrahydrofuran-Derived Electrolyte Facilitates Ultralow Temperature Lithium Metal Battery Operations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202143. [PMID: 36508585 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ineffectiveness of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in cold climates hinders electronics to work in various conditions including frigid environments, despite high demands. Given that intrinsic properties of LIB materials cause this problem, optimized cell chemistries ultimately are required for low-temperature usage. In this study, Li-metal batteries (LMBs) composed of a Li-metal anode (LMA) stabilized by a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) are found to significantly enhance low-temperature performance. The LHCE allows the LMA to have compact and regular deposition and excellent plating/stripping efficiency at sub-zero temperatures. The LHCE produces an inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interphase with larger amounts of Li2 O/LiF interfaces, dominance of ion aggregates in Li+ solvation, and enhanced Li+ transport, which can greatly improve the LMA stability. LMB full cells based on LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 cathodes with the tailored electrolyte show high retentions of 75 and 64 % at -20 and -40 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the LMB configuration retains its charge-discharge capability even at -60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohwan Kim
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Vilas G Pol
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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24
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Li P, Zhang H, Lu J, Li G. Low Concentration Sulfolane-Based Electrolyte for High Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216312. [PMID: 36640438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte engineering is crucial for the commercialization of lithium metal batteries. Here, lithium metal is stabilized in the highly reactive sulfolane-based electrolyte under low concentration (0.25 M) for the first time. Inorganic-polymer hybrid solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with high ionic conductivity, low bonding with lithium and high flexibility enables dense chunky lithium deposition and high plating/stripping efficiency. Low concentration electrolyte (LCE) also enables excellent cycling stability of LiNi0.5 Co0.2 Mn0.3 O2 (NCM523)/Li cells at 1 C (90.7 % retention after 500 cycles) and 0.3 C (83.3 % retention after 1000 cycles). With a low N/P ratio (≈2), the capacity retention for NCM523/Li cells can achieve 94.3 % after 100 cycles at 0.3 C. Exploring the LCE is of paramount significance because it provides more possibilities of the lithium salt selections, especially reviving some lithium salts that are excluded before due to their low solubility. More importantly, LCE has the significant advantage of commercialization due to its cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
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25
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Non-polar ether-based electrolyte solutions for stable high-voltage non-aqueous lithium metal batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:868. [PMID: 36797246 PMCID: PMC9935899 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical instability of ether-based electrolyte solutions hinders their practical applications in high-voltage Li metal batteries. To circumvent this issue, here, we propose a dilution strategy to lose the Li+/solvent interaction and use the dilute non-aqueous electrolyte solution in high-voltage lithium metal batteries. We demonstrate that in a non-polar dipropyl ether (DPE)-based electrolyte solution with lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide salt, the decomposition order of solvated species can be adjusted to promote the Li+/salt-derived anion clusters decomposition over free ether solvent molecules. This selective mechanism favors the formation of a robust cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) and a solvent-deficient electric double-layer structure at the positive electrode interface. When the DPE-based electrolyte is tested in combination with a Li metal negative electrode (50 μm thick) and a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-based positive electrode (3.3 mAh/cm2) in pouch cell configuration at 25 °C, a specific discharge capacity retention of about 74% after 150 cycles (0.33 and 1 mA/cm2 charge and discharge, respectively) is obtained.
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26
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Unusual Heating Effect of the elliptically polarized Microwave electric field on Sodium Chloride Solution: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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27
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Zhao Y, Zhou T, Mensi M, Choi JW, Coskun A. Electrolyte engineering via ether solvent fluorination for developing stable non-aqueous lithium metal batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:299. [PMID: 36653353 PMCID: PMC9849263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorination of ether solvents is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical stability of non-aqueous electrolyte solutions in lithium metal batteries. However, excessive fluorination detrimentally impacts the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, thus limiting the battery performance. Here, to maximize the electrolyte ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability, we introduce the targeted trifluoromethylation of 1,2-dimethoxyethane to produce 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,3-dimethoxypropane (TFDMP). TFDMP is used as a solvent to prepare a 2 M non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprising bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt. This electrolyte solution shows an ionic conductivity of 7.4 mS cm-1 at 25 °C, an oxidation stability up to 4.8 V and an efficient suppression of Al corrosion. When tested in a coin cell configuration at 25 °C using a 20 μm Li metal negative electrode, a high mass loading LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-based positive electrode (20 mg cm-2) with a negative/positive (N/P) capacity ratio of 1, discharge capacity retentions (calculated excluding the initial formation cycles) of 81% after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g-1 and 88% after 142 cycles at 0.2 A g-1 are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700 Switzerland
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700 Switzerland
| | - Mounir Mensi
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, 1950 Switzerland
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of materials science and engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Coskun
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700 Switzerland
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