1
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Izquierdo JM. Mitochondria-cGAS-STING axis is a potential therapeutic target for senescence-dependent inflammaging-associated neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:805-807. [PMID: 38886948 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José M Izquierdo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Gómez-Deza J, Nebiyou M, Alkaslasi MR, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Somasundaran P, Slavutsky AL, Ward ME, Li W, Watkins TA, Le Pichon CE. DLK-dependent axonal mitochondrial fission drives degeneration following axotomy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.30.526132. [PMID: 36778383 PMCID: PMC9915495 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently there are no effective treatments for an array of neurodegenerative disorders to a large part because cell-based models fail to recapitulate disease. Here we developed a reproducible human iPSC-based model where laser axotomy causes retrograde axon degeneration leading to neuronal cell death. Time-lapse confocal imaging revealed that damage triggers an apoptotic wave of mitochondrial fission proceeding from the site of injury to the soma. We demonstrated that this apoptotic wave is locally initiated in the axon by dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK). We found that mitochondrial fission and resultant cell death are entirely dependent on phosphorylation of dynamin related protein 1 (DRP1) downstream of DLK, revealing a new mechanism by which DLK can drive apoptosis. Importantly, we show that CRISPR mediated Drp1 depletion protected mouse retinal ganglion neurons from degeneration after optic nerve crush. Our results provide a powerful platform for studying degeneration of human neurons, pinpoint key early events in damage related neural death and new focus for therapeutic intervention.
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3
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Zhang Z, Hou L, Liu D, Luan S, Huang M, Zhao L. Directly targeting BAX for drug discovery: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2378-2401. [PMID: 38828138 PMCID: PMC11143528 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
For over two decades, the development of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family therapeutics has primarily focused on anti-apoptotic proteins, resulting in the first-in-class drugs called BH3 mimetics, especially for Bcl-2 inhibitor Venetoclax. The pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) plays a crucial role as the executioner protein of the mitochondrial regulated cell death, contributing to organismal development, tissue homeostasis, and immunity. The dysregulation of BAX is closely associated with the onset and progression of diseases characterized by pathologic cell survival or death, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and heart failure. In addition to conducting thorough investigations into the physiological modulation of BAX, research on the regulatory mechanisms of small molecules identified through biochemical screening approaches has prompted the identification of functional and potentially druggable binding sites on BAX, as well as diverse all-molecule BAX modulators. This review presents recent advancements in elucidating the physiological and pharmacological modulation of BAX and in identifying potentially druggable binding sites on BAX. Furthermore, it highlights the structural and mechanistic insights into small-molecule modulators targeting diverse binding surfaces or conformations of BAX, offering a promising avenue for developing next-generation apoptosis modulators to treat a wide range of diseases associated with dysregulated cell death by directly targeting BAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linghui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shenglin Luan
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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4
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Zhang W, Zhuang S, Guan H, Li F, Zou H, Li D. New insights into the anti-apoptotic mechanism of natural polyphenols in complex with Bax protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3081-3093. [PMID: 37184126 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive apoptosis can kill normal cells and lead to liver damage, heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants that can interact with proteins to inhibit toxins and disease-related apoptosis. Bax is the major pro-apoptotic protein that disrupts the outer mitochondrial membrane to induce apoptosis, but limited studies have focused on the interaction between polyphenols and Bax and the associated anti-apoptotic mechanisms, especially at the atomic level. In this article, we collected 69 common polyphenols for active ingredient screening targeting Bax. Polyphenols with better and worse molecular docking scores were selected, and their anti-apoptosis effects were compared using the H2O2-induced HepG2 cell model. The interactions between the selected polyphenols and Bax protein were analyzed using molecular dynamics simulation to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-apoptosis effect. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with the best affinity for Bax (-6.76 and -6.52 kcal/mol) reduced the expression of cytochrome c and caspase 3, decreasing the apoptosis rate from 52 to 11% and 12%. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that Bim unfolded the α1-α2 loop of Bax, and disrupted the non-bond interactions between the loop (Pro-43, Glu-44 and Leu-45) and surface (Ile-133, Arg-134 and Met-137) residues, with binding free energy changed from -15.0 to 0 kJ/mol. The hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions formed between polyphenols and Bax prevented the unfolding of the loop. Taken together, our results proved that polyphenols can inhibit apoptosis by maintaining the unactivated conformation of Bax to reduce outer mitochondrial membrane damage.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | | | - Hui Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Qingdao Institute for Food and Drug Control, Qingdao, China
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5
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Carling GK, Fan L, Foxe NR, Norman K, Ye P, Wong MY, Zhu D, Yu F, Xu J, Yarahmady A, Chen H, Huang Y, Amin S, Zacharioudakis E, Chen X, Holtzman DM, Mok SA, Gavathiotis E, Sinha SC, Cheng F, Luo W, Gong S, Gan L. Alzheimer's disease-linked risk alleles elevate microglial cGAS-associated senescence and neurodegeneration in a tauopathy model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577107. [PMID: 38328219 PMCID: PMC10849737 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The strongest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) include the χ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE), the R47H variant of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and female sex. Here, we combine APOE4 and TREM2R47H ( R47H ) in female P301S tauopathy mice to identify the pathways activated when AD risk is the strongest, thereby highlighting disease-causing mechanisms. We find that the R47H variant induces neurodegeneration in female APOE4 mice without impacting hippocampal tau load. The combination of APOE4 and R47H amplified tauopathy-induced cell-autonomous microglial cGAS-STING signaling and type-I interferon response, and interferon signaling converged across glial cell types in the hippocampus. APOE4-R47H microglia displayed cGAS- and BAX-dependent upregulation of senescence, showing association between neurotoxic signatures and implicating mitochondrial permeabilization in pathogenesis. By uncovering pathways enhanced by the strongest AD risk factors, our study points to cGAS-STING signaling and associated microglial senescence as potential drivers of AD risk.
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6
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McHenry MW, Shi P, Camara CM, Cohen DT, Rettenmaier TJ, Adhikary U, Gygi MA, Yang K, Gygi SP, Wales TE, Engen JR, Wells JA, Walensky LD. Covalent inhibition of pro-apoptotic BAX. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-023-01537-6. [PMID: 38233584 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) is a promising therapeutic target for activating or restraining apoptosis in diseases of pathologic cell survival or cell death, respectively. In response to cellular stress, BAX transforms from a quiescent cytosolic monomer into a toxic oligomer that permeabilizes the mitochondria, releasing key apoptogenic factors. The mitochondrial lipid trans-2-hexadecenal (t-2-hex) sensitizes BAX activation by covalent derivatization of cysteine 126 (C126). In this study, we performed a disulfide tethering screen to discover C126-reactive molecules that modulate BAX activity. We identified covalent BAX inhibitor 1 (CBI1) as a compound that selectively derivatizes BAX at C126 and inhibits BAX activation by triggering ligands or point mutagenesis. Biochemical and structural analyses revealed that CBI1 can inhibit BAX by a dual mechanism of action: conformational constraint and competitive blockade of lipidation. These data inform a pharmacologic strategy for suppressing apoptosis in diseases of unwanted cell death by covalent targeting of BAX C126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W McHenry
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peiwen Shi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina M Camara
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel T Cohen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Justin Rettenmaier
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Utsarga Adhikary
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Micah A Gygi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ka Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Johnson L, Sarosiek KA. Role of intrinsic apoptosis in environmental exposure health outcomes. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:56-73. [PMID: 38057226 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposures are linked to diseases of high public health concern, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmunity. These diseases are caused by excessive or insufficient cell death, prompting investigation of mechanistic links between environmental toxicants and dysregulation of cell death pathways, including apoptosis. This review describes how legacy and emerging environmental exposures target the intrinsic apoptosis pathway to potentially drive pathogenesis. Recent discoveries reveal that dynamic regulation of apoptosis may heighten the vulnerability of healthy tissues to exposures in children, and that apoptotic signaling can guide immune responses, tissue repair, and tumorigenesis. Understanding how environmental toxicants dysregulate apoptosis will uncover opportunities to deploy apoptosis-modulating agents for the treatment or prevention of exposure-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissah Johnson
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Kazi A, Ranjan A, Kumar M.V. V, Agianian B, Garcia Chavez M, Vudatha V, Wang R, Vangipurapu R, Chen L, Kennedy P, Subramanian K, Quirke JC, Beato F, Underwood PW, Fleming JB, Trevino J, Hergenrother PJ, Gavathiotis E, Sebti SM. Discovery of KRB-456, a KRAS G12D Switch-I/II Allosteric Pocket Binder That Inhibits the Growth of Pancreatic Cancer Patient-derived Tumors. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:2623-2639. [PMID: 38051103 PMCID: PMC10754035 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no clinically approved drugs that directly thwart mutant KRAS G12D, a major driver of human cancer. Here, we report on the discovery of a small molecule, KRB-456, that binds KRAS G12D and inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer patient-derived tumors. Protein nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that KRB-456 binds the GDP-bound and GCP-bound conformation of KRAS G12D by forming interactions with a dynamic allosteric binding pocket within the switch-I/II region. Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that KRB-456 binds potently to KRAS G12D with 1.5-, 2-, and 6-fold higher affinity than to KRAS G12V, KRAS wild-type, and KRAS G12C, respectively. KRB-456 potently inhibits the binding of KRAS G12D to the RAS-binding domain (RBD) of RAF1 as demonstrated by GST-RBD pulldown and AlphaScreen assays. Treatment of KRAS G12D-harboring human pancreatic cancer cells with KRB-456 suppresses the cellular levels of KRAS bound to GTP and inhibits the binding of KRAS to RAF1. Importantly, KRB-456 inhibits P-MEK, P-AKT, and P-S6 levels in vivo and inhibits the growth of subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts derived from patients with pancreatic cancer whose tumors harbor KRAS G12D and KRAS G12V and who relapsed after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These results warrant further development of KRB-456 for pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE There are no clinically approved drugs directly abrogating mutant KRAS G12D. Here, we discovered a small molecule, KRB-456, that binds a dynamic allosteric binding pocket within the switch-I/II region of KRAS G12D. KRB-456 inhibits P-MEK, P-AKT, and P-S6 levels in vivo and inhibits the growth of subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts derived from patients with pancreatic cancer. This discovery warrants further advanced preclinical and clinical studies in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslamuzzaman Kazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Vasantha Kumar M.V.
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Bogos Agianian
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Martin Garcia Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Vignesh Vudatha
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Liwei Chen
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Perry Kennedy
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Karthikeyan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jonathan C.K. Quirke
- Department of Chemistry, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Francisca Beato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Jason B. Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jose Trevino
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Said M. Sebti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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9
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Bose R, Paul A, Dutta R, Hazra A, Pramanik A, Mandal Biswas S. Synthesis, antimicrobial, anticancer evaluation and molecular docking with Bax and MDM2 of dibromosterculic acid. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-8. [PMID: 38148119 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2294107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Dibromosterculic acid [8-(1,2-dibromo-2-octylcyclopropyl)-octanoic acid], a new synthetic derivative was prepared by bromination of sterculic acid. This synthetic derivative showed strong fungicidal activity against two pathogenic fungal species namely Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus niger with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.007 mg/ml and good bactericidal activity against Bacillus subtilis and Xanthomonas sp. with MIC value of 0.015 mg/ml. Cytotoxic activity on both normal (MCF-10A) and cancerous (MDA-MB-468) cell lines revealed that the survivability percentage of normal cells was unaffected, whereas cancerous cells were decreased greatly by dibromosterculic acid with 50% survivability at 9 µg/ml concentration. Molecular-docking using AutoDock 4.2 with Bax exhibited strong pi-sigma interaction with PHE-93, pi-alkyl and alkyl interaction with TRP-139, ARG-89 and PHE-92 whereas MDM2 revealed strong hydrogen bond interaction with GLN-59 and pi-alkyl interaction with PHE-55. All experimental parameters suggested that this synthetic derivative would be valuable for target-specific drug development with nominal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bose
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Ayan Paul
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajashree Dutta
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Anjan Hazra
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Arindam Pramanik
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suparna Mandal Biswas
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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10
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Gitego N, Agianian B, Mak OW, Kumar Mv V, Cheng EH, Gavathiotis E. Chemical modulation of cytosolic BAX homodimer potentiates BAX activation and apoptosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8381. [PMID: 38104127 PMCID: PMC10725471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 family protein BAX is a major regulator of physiological and pathological cell death. BAX predominantly resides in the cytosol in a quiescent state and upon stress, it undergoes conformational activation and mitochondrial translocation leading to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, a critical event in apoptosis execution. Previous studies reported two inactive conformations of cytosolic BAX, a monomer and a dimer, however, it remains unclear how they regulate BAX. Here we show that, surprisingly, cancer cell lines express cytosolic inactive BAX dimers and/or monomers. Expression of inactive dimers, results in reduced BAX activation, translocation and apoptosis upon pro-apoptotic drug treatments. Using the inactive BAX dimer structure and a pharmacophore-based drug screen, we identify a small-molecule modulator, BDM19 that binds and activates cytosolic BAX dimers and prompts cells to apoptosis either alone or in combination with BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor Navitoclax. Our findings underscore the role of the cytosolic inactive BAX dimer in resistance to apoptosis and demonstrate a strategy to potentiate BAX-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Gitego
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bogos Agianian
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Oi Wei Mak
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vasantha Kumar Mv
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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11
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Chen Y, Gelles JD, Mohammed JN, Chipuk JE. An optimized protocol for expression and purification of monomeric full-length BAX protein for functional interrogations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1322816. [PMID: 38143925 PMCID: PMC10748421 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1322816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse developmental signals and pro-death stresses converge on the regulation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. BAX, a proapoptotic BCL-2 effector, directly forms proteolipid pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane to activate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. BAX is a viable pharmacological target for various human diseases, and increasing efforts have been made to study the molecular regulation of BAX while identifying small molecules selectively targeting BAX. However, generating large quantities of monomeric and functionally competent BAX has been challenging due to its aggregation-prone nature. Additionally, there is a lack of detailed and instructional protocols available for investigators who are not already familiar with recombinant BAX production. Here, we present a comprehensive protocol for expressing, purifying, and storing functional monomeric recombinant BAX protein. We use an intein-chitin binding domain-tagged BAX-expressing construct and employ a two-step chromatography strategy to capture and purify BAX. We also provide examples of standard assays to observe BAX activation, and highlight the best practices for handling and storing BAX to effectively preserve its quality, shelf life, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York,NY, United States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jesse D. Gelles
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York,NY, United States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jarvier N. Mohammed
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York,NY, United States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jerry Edward Chipuk
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York,NY, United States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Matsuyama M, Ortega JT, Fedorov Y, Scott-McKean J, Muller-Greven J, Buck M, Adams D, Jastrzebska B, Greenlee W, Matsuyama S. Development of novel cytoprotective small compounds inhibiting mitochondria-dependent cell death. iScience 2023; 26:107916. [PMID: 37841588 PMCID: PMC10568349 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified cytoprotective small molecules (CSMs) by a cell-based high-throughput screening of Bax inhibitors. Through a medicinal chemistry program, M109S was developed, which is orally bioactive and penetrates the blood-brain/retina barriers. M109S protected retinal cells in ocular disease mouse models. M109S directly interacted with Bax and inhibited the conformational change and mitochondrial translocation of Bax. M109S inhibited ABT-737-induced apoptosis both in Bax-only and Bak-only mouse embryonic fibroblasts. M109S also inhibited apoptosis induced by staurosporine, etoposide, and obatoclax. M109S decreased maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and reactive oxygen species production, whereas it increased glycolysis. These effects on cellular metabolism may contribute to the cytoprotective activity of M109S. M109S is a novel small molecule protecting cells from mitochondria-dependent apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. M109S has the potential to become a research tool for studying cell death mechanisms and to develop therapeutics targeting mitochondria-dependent cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Matsuyama
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joseph T. Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yuri Fedorov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonah Scott-McKean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeannie Muller-Greven
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Drew Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Beata Jastrzebska
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Shigemi Matsuyama
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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13
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Chen Y, Gelles JD, Mohammed JN, Chipuk JE. An optimized high-yield protocol for expression and purification of monomeric full-length BAX protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562589. [PMID: 37905126 PMCID: PMC10614868 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Diverse developmental signals and pro-death stresses converge on regulation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. BAX, a pro-apoptotic BCL-2 effector, directly forms proteolipid pores in the outer mitochondrial member to activate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. BAX is a viable pharmacological target for various human diseases, and increasing efforts have been made to study the molecular regulation of BAX and identify small molecules selectively targeting BAX. However, generating large quantities of monomeric and functionally-competent BAX has been challenging due to its aggregation-prone nature. Additionally, there is a lack of detailed and instructional protocols available for investigators who are not already familiar with recombinant BAX production. Here, we present a comprehensive high-yield protocol for expressing, purifying, and storing functional recombinant BAX protein. We utilize an intein-tagged BAX construct and employ a two-step chromatography strategy to capture and purify BAX, and provide example standard assays to observe BAX activation. We also highlight best practices for handling and storing BAX to effectively preserve its quality, shelf-life, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jesse D. Gelles
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jarvier N. Mohammed
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jerry Edward Chipuk
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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14
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Victorelli S, Salmonowicz H, Chapman J, Martini H, Vizioli MG, Riley JS, Cloix C, Hall-Younger E, Machado Espindola-Netto J, Jurk D, Lagnado AB, Sales Gomez L, Farr JN, Saul D, Reed R, Kelly G, Eppard M, Greaves LC, Dou Z, Pirius N, Szczepanowska K, Porritt RA, Huang H, Huang TY, Mann DA, Masuda CA, Khosla S, Dai H, Kaufmann SH, Zacharioudakis E, Gavathiotis E, LeBrasseur NK, Lei X, Sainz AG, Korolchuk VI, Adams PD, Shadel GS, Tait SWG, Passos JF. Apoptotic stress causes mtDNA release during senescence and drives the SASP. Nature 2023; 622:627-636. [PMID: 37821702 PMCID: PMC10584674 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells drive age-related tissue dysfunction partially through the induction of a chronic senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)1. Mitochondria are major regulators of the SASP; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated2. Mitochondria are often essential for apoptosis, a cell fate distinct from cellular senescence. During apoptosis, widespread mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) commits a cell to die3. Here we find that MOMP occurring in a subset of mitochondria is a feature of cellular senescence. This process, called minority MOMP (miMOMP), requires BAX and BAK macropores enabling the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol. Cytosolic mtDNA in turn activates the cGAS-STING pathway, a major regulator of the SASP. We find that inhibition of MOMP in vivo decreases inflammatory markers and improves healthspan in aged mice. Our results reveal that apoptosis and senescence are regulated by similar mitochondria-dependent mechanisms and that sublethal mitochondrial apoptotic stress is a major driver of the SASP. We provide proof-of-concept that inhibition of miMOMP-induced inflammation may be a therapeutic route to improve healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Victorelli
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hanna Salmonowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - James Chapman
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helene Martini
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Vizioli
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joel S Riley
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catherine Cloix
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ella Hall-Younger
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Diana Jurk
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anthony B Lagnado
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilian Sales Gomez
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joshua N Farr
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dominik Saul
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Reed
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - George Kelly
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Madeline Eppard
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura C Greaves
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zhixun Dou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Pirius
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karolina Szczepanowska
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rebecca A Porritt
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huijie Huang
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Claudio Akio Masuda
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Haiming Dai
- Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emmanouil Zacharioudakis
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Xue Lei
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alva G Sainz
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter D Adams
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - João F Passos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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15
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Czabotar PE, Garcia-Saez AJ. Mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins in mitochondrial apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:732-748. [PMID: 37438560 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The proteins of the BCL-2 family are key regulators of mitochondrial apoptosis, acting as either promoters or inhibitors of cell death. The functional interplay and balance between the opposing BCL-2 family members control permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, leading to the release of activators of the caspase cascade into the cytosol and ultimately resulting in cell death. Despite considerable research, our knowledge about the mechanisms of the BCL-2 family of proteins remains insufficient, which complicates cell fate predictions and does not allow us to fully exploit these proteins as targets for drug discovery. Detailed understanding of the formation and molecular architecture of the apoptotic pore in the outer mitochondrial membrane remains a holy grail in the field, but new studies allow us to begin constructing a structural model of its arrangement. Recent literature has also revealed unexpected activities for several BCL-2 family members that challenge established concepts of how they regulate mitochondrial permeabilization. In this Review, we revisit the most important advances in the field and integrate them into a new structure-function-based classification of the BCL-2 family members that intends to provide a comprehensive model for BCL-2 action in apoptosis. We close this Review by discussing the potential of drugging the BCL-2 family in diseases characterized by aberrant apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- Membrane Biophysics, Institute of Genetics, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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16
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He J, Qiu W, Li Y, Wei C, Bai Z, Jia J, Cai H. Advances in the Application of Apoptotic Proteins and Alternative Splicing in Tumor Therapy: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:1311-1319. [PMID: 37593500 PMCID: PMC10430389 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i7.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
An apoptosis-resistant state determined by apoptotic protein expression is commonly seen in the initiation, progression, and treatment failure stages of human cancer, and anti-tumor drugs targeting apoptotic proteins have been increasingly developed over the past three decades. However, the frequently alternative splicing of apoptotic proteins diminished the ability of targeting drugs to bind to apoptotic proteins and, consequently, limit the drug efficacy. Currently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that many alternative splicing events have been associated to apoptosis resistance in different cancers. Therefore, the intervention targeting alternative splicing for regulating tumor cell apoptosis is expected to become a new strategy and new direction of antitumor therapy. Here, we present well established alternative splicing events that occur in different apoptosis-related genes and their modification by several approaches with cancer therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weitao Qiu
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaojun Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongtian Bai
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Jia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Cai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
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17
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Deragon MA, McCaig WD, Truong PV, Metz KR, Carron KA, Hughes KJ, Knapp AR, Dougherty MJ, LaRocca TJ. Mitochondrial Trafficking of MLKL, Bak/Bax, and Drp1 Is Mediated by RIP1 and ROS which Leads to Decreased Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity during the Hyperglycemic Shift to Necroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108609. [PMID: 37239951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and necroptosis overlap in their initial signaling but diverge to produce non-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory outcomes, respectively. High glucose pushes signaling in favor of necroptosis producing a hyperglycemic shift from apoptosis to necroptosis. This shift depends on receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that RIP1, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein, Bcl-2 agonist/killer (Bak), Bcl-2 associated x (Bax) protein, and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) traffic to the mitochondria in high glucose. RIP1 and MLKL appear in the mitochondria in their activated, phosphorylated states while Drp1 appears in its activated, dephosphorylated state in high glucose. Mitochondrial trafficking is prevented in rip1 KO cells and upon treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Induction of ROS replicated the mitochondrial trafficking seen in high glucose. MLKL forms high MW oligomers in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes while Bak and Bax form high MW oligomers in the outer mitochondrial membrane in high glucose, suggesting pore formation. MLKL, Bax, and Drp1 promoted cytochrome c release from the mitochondria as well as a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in high glucose. These results indicate that mitochondrial trafficking of RIP1, MLKL, Bak, Bax, and Drp1 are key events in the hyperglycemic shift from apoptosis to necroptosis. This is also the first report to show oligomerization of MLKL in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and dependence of mitochondrial permeability on MLKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Deragon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - William D McCaig
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Phillip V Truong
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kevin R Metz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Katherine A Carron
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Keven J Hughes
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Angeleigh R Knapp
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Molly J Dougherty
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Timothy J LaRocca
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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18
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Xu F, Yao F, Ning Y. MicroRNA-202-5p-dependent inhibition of Bcl-2 contributes to macrophage apoptosis and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Gene 2023; 867:147366. [PMID: 36931409 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of microRNA (miRNA)-related molecular mechanisms has advanced the development of new therapeutics for atherosclerosis (AS). The roles of miR-202-5p- in the pathogenic mechanisms of AS have not been explored. METHODS Macrophages were transfected with a series of miR-202-5p mimic/inhibitor, and then assessed for changes in viability, apoptosis, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The regulatory mechanism of miR-202-5p was explored through dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. A mouse model of AS was developed in ApoE-/- mice fed with high-fat diet to examine the in vivo effects of miR-202-5p on atherosclerotic plaque formation, collagen synthesis, and fiber cap thickness. RESULTS Elevated miR-202-5p was found in atherosclerotic plaque tissues of the mice. miR-202-5p was able to induce macrophage apoptosis and release of pro-inflammatory factors. Besides, miR-202-5p limited Bcl-2 expression and elevated the levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9. Bcl-2 was concluded as a target gene of miR-202-5p. The pro-apoptotic effect of miR-202-5p on macrophages was achieved via limiting Bcl-2. In the mouse AS model, restoration of miR-202-5p stimulated atherosclerotic plaque formation, but reduced collagen synthesis and fiber cap thickness. CONCLUSION These data collectively suggest a pro-apoptotic action of miR-202-5p in macrophages that contributes to atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Fang Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yayuan Ning
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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19
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Li JY, Zhao Y, Gong S, Wang MM, Liu X, He QM, Li YQ, Huang SY, Qiao H, Tan XR, Ye ML, Zhu XH, He SW, Li Q, Liang YL, Chen KL, Huang SW, Li QJ, Ma J, Liu N. TRIM21 inhibits irradiation-induced mitochondrial DNA release and impairs antitumour immunity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumour models. Nat Commun 2023; 14:865. [PMID: 36797289 PMCID: PMC9935546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy can promote antitumour immunity, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, tumour cell-intrinsic tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21) in tumours, is inversely associated with the response to radiation and CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumour immunity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Knockout of TRIM21 modulates the cGAS/STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, potentiates the antigen-presenting capacity of NPC cells, and activates cytotoxic T cell-mediated antitumour immunity in response to radiation. Mechanistically, TRIM21 promotes the degradation of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (VDAC2) via K48-linked ubiquitination, which inhibits pore formation by VDAC2 oligomers for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, thereby inhibiting type-I interferon responses following radiation exposure. In patients with NPC, high TRIM21 expression was associated with poor prognosis and early tumour relapse after radiotherapy. Our findings reveal a critical role of TRIM21 in radiation-induced antitumour immunity, providing potential targets for improving the efficacy of radiotherapy in patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sha Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Miao-Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Han Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Rong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Liang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xun-Hua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sai-Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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20
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Zacharioudakis E, Gavathiotis E. Targeting protein conformations with small molecules to control protein complexes. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:1023-1037. [PMID: 35985943 PMCID: PMC9669135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic protein complexes function in all cellular processes, from signaling to transcription, using distinct conformations that regulate their activity. Conformational switching of proteins can turn on or off their activity through protein-protein interactions, catalytic function, cellular localization, or membrane interaction. Recent advances in structural, computational, and chemical methodologies have enabled the discovery of small-molecule activators and inhibitors of conformationally dynamic proteins by using a more rational design than a serendipitous screening approach. Here, we discuss such recent examples, focusing on the mechanism of protein conformational switching and its regulation by small molecules. We emphasize the rational approaches to control protein oligomerization with small molecules that offer exciting opportunities for investigation of novel biological mechanisms and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Zacharioudakis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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21
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Bussi C, Heunis T, Pellegrino E, Bernard EM, Bah N, Dos Santos MS, Santucci P, Aylan B, Rodgers A, Fearns A, Mitschke J, Moore C, MacRae JI, Greco M, Reinheckel T, Trost M, Gutierrez MG. Lysosomal damage drives mitochondrial proteome remodelling and reprograms macrophage immunometabolism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7338. [PMID: 36443305 PMCID: PMC9705561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient lysosomal damage after infection with cytosolic pathogens or silica crystals uptake results in protease leakage. Whether limited leakage of lysosomal contents into the cytosol affects the function of cytoplasmic organelles is unknown. Here, we show that sterile and non-sterile lysosomal damage triggers a cell death independent proteolytic remodelling of the mitochondrial proteome in macrophages. Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming required leakage of lysosomal cathepsins and was independent of mitophagy, mitoproteases and proteasome degradation. In an in vivo mouse model of endomembrane damage, live lung macrophages that internalised crystals displayed impaired mitochondrial function. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that lysosomal damage skewed metabolic and immune responses in alveolar macrophages subsets with increased lysosomal content. Functionally, drug modulation of macrophage metabolism impacted host responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in an endomembrane damage dependent way. This work uncovers an inter-organelle communication pathway, providing a general mechanism by which macrophages undergo mitochondrial metabolic reprograming after endomembrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bussi
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Present Address: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enrica Pellegrino
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Elliott M. Bernard
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nourdine Bah
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Pierre Santucci
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Present Address: Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Beren Aylan
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Angela Rodgers
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Antony Fearns
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Julia Mitschke
- grid.5963.9Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Moore
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James I. MacRae
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria Greco
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Present Address: Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- grid.5963.9Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Trost
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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22
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Wu R, Metternich JB, Tiwari P, Benzenberg LR, Harrison JA, Liu Q, Zenobi R. Structural Studies of a Stapled Peptide with Native Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and Transition Metal Ion Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in the Gas Phase. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14441-14445. [PMID: 35943275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry has emerged as an important tool for gas-phase structural biology. However, the conformations that a biomolecular ion adopts in the gas phase can differ from those found in solution. Herein, we report a synergistic, native ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and transition metal ion Förster resonance energy transfer (tmFRET)-based approach to probe the gas-phase ion structures of a nonstapled peptide (nsp; Ac-CAARAAHAAAHARARA-NH2) and a stapled peptide (sp; Ac-CXARAXHAAAHARARA-NH2). The stapled peptide contains a single hydrocarbon chain connecting the peptide backbone in the i and i + 4 positions via a Grubbs ring-closure metathesis. Fluorescence lifetime measurements indicated that the Cu-bound complexes of carboxyrhodamine 6g (crh6g)-labeled stapled peptide (sp-crh6g) had a shorter donor-acceptor distance (rDA) than the labeled nonstapled peptide (nsp-crh6g). Experimental collision cross-section (CCS) values were then determined by native IM-MS, which could separate the conformations of Cu-bound complexes of nsp-crh6g and sp-crh6g. Finally, the experimental CCS (i.e., shape) and rDA (i.e., distance) values were used as constraints for computational studies, which unambiguously revealed how a staple reduces the elongation of the peptide ions in the gas phase. This study demonstrates the superiority of combining native IM-MS, tmFRET, and computational studies to investigate the structure of biomolecular ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Wu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas B Metternich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Prince Tiwari
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas R Benzenberg
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julian A Harrison
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qinlei Liu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Mohammed JN, Gelles JD, Chipuk JE. FLAMBE: A kinetic fluorescence polarization assay to study activation of monomeric BAX. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101252. [PMID: 35313708 PMCID: PMC8933840 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BAX activation techniques are crucial to studying the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis- thousands of pro-apoptotic signals converge on BAX activation. Current methodologies are predominantly limited to membrane permeabilization studies, which assess endpoint functionality of oligomeric BAX, but overlook early activation steps of cytosolic BAX. Here we detail FLAMBE: a fluorescence polarization ligand assay for monitoring BAX early-activation in solution. We also describe a dual-metric parameterization strategy for distillation of kinetic data and comparative analyses when studying candidate ligands. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Gelles et al. (2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvier N. Mohammed
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jesse D. Gelles
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jerry Edward Chipuk
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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24
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Gelles JD, Mohammed JN, Chen Y, Sebastian TM, Chipuk JE. A kinetic fluorescence polarization ligand assay for monitoring BAX early activation. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100174. [PMID: 35419554 PMCID: PMC9004659 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Developmental, homeostatic, and pharmacological pro-apoptotic signals converge by activating the BCL-2 family member BAX. Studies investigating molecular regulation of BAX are commonly limited to methodologies measuring endpoint phenotypes and do not assess activation of monomeric BAX. Here, we present FLAMBE, a fluorescence polarization ligand assay for monitoring BAX early activation, that measures activation-induced release of a peptide probe in real time. Using complementary parallel and tandem biochemical techniques, we validate, corroborate, and apply FLAMBE to a contemporary repertoire of BAX modulators, characterizing their contributions within the early steps of BAX activation. Additionally, we use FLAMBE to reveal that historically "dead" BAX mutants remain responsive to activation as quasi-functional monomers. We also identify data metrics for comparative analyses and demonstrate that FLAMBE data align with downstream functional observations. Collectively, FLAMBE advances our understanding of BAX activation and fills a methodological void for studying BAX with broad applications in cell biology and therapeutic development. MOTIVATION In vitro BAX activation studies are invaluable platforms for studying cellular and pharmacological modulators of apoptosis. The gold standard for studying BAX function relies on membrane permeabilization assays, which assess the pore-forming activity of oligomeric BAX. However, there are currently no rapid or kinetic assays to interrogate real-time activation of monomeric BAX in solution, thereby limiting any molecular insights that occur upstream of mitochondrial permeabilization. Furthermore, available methods to observe the activation of monomeric BAX suffer from low throughput and static observations. To address this methodological gap, we developed FLAMBE, a kinetic fluorescence polarization-based assay to measure monomeric BAX activation in solution via concomitant displacement of a labeled peptide. This approach maintains the benefits of rapid kinetic data generation in a low-cost microplate format without requiring specialized equipment or large quantities of protein. FLAMBE compliments available experimental strategies and expands the accessibility of investigators to monitor early steps within the BAX activation continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Gelles
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jarvier N. Mohammed
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tara M. Sebastian
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jerry Edward Chipuk
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology in Human Health and Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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25
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Physiological and pharmacological modulation of BAX. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:206-220. [PMID: 34848097 PMCID: PMC8840970 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) is a critical executioner of mitochondrial regulated cell death through its lethal activity of permeabilizing the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). While the physiological function of BAX ensures tissue homeostasis, dysregulation of BAX leads to aberrant cell death. Despite BAX being a promising therapeutic target for human diseases, historically the development of drugs has focused on antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins, due to challenges in elucidating the mechanism of BAX activation and identifying druggable surfaces of BAX. Here, we discuss recent studies that have provided structure-function insights and identified regulatory surfaces that control BAX activation. Moreover, we emphasize the development of small molecule orthosteric, allosteric, and oligomerization modulators that provide novel opportunities for biological investigation and progress towards drugging BAX.
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26
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Xu J, Du W, Zhao Y, Lim K, Lu L, Zhang C, Li L. Mitochondria targeting drugs for neurodegenerative diseases—design, mechanism and application. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2778-2789. [PMID: 35755284 PMCID: PMC9214044 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of neurons. NDDs threaten the lives of millions of people worldwide and regretfully remain incurable. It is well accepted that dysfunction of mitochondria underlies the pathogenesis of NDDs. Dysfunction of mitochondria results in energy depletion, oxidative stress, calcium overloading, caspases activation, which dominates the neuronal death of NDDs. Therefore, mitochondria are the preferred target for intervention of NDDs. So far various mitochondria-targeting drugs have been developed and delightfully some of them demonstrate promising outcome, though there are still some obstacles such as targeting specificity, delivery capacity hindering the drugs development. In present review, we will elaborately address 1) the strategy to design mitochondria targeting drugs, 2) the rescue mechanism of respective mitochondria targeting drugs, 3) how to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Hopefully this review will provide comprehensive knowledge for understanding how to develop more effective drugs for the treatment of NDDs.
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27
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Administration of Iodine-125 Seeds Promotes Apoptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma through the PI3K/Akt Pathway. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6934934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. We aimed to examine the effects of 125I seeds on the gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and PI3K/Akt pathway components in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Methods. In vitro, human cholangiocarcinoma RBE cells were treated with 125I seeds (0.39 mCi or 0.85 mCi) for 72 h, 120 h, and 168 h. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was detected by RT-PCR, and Western blotting was carried out to explore changes in Akt activity. Result. 125I seeds inhibited the proliferation of RBE cells. The apoptosis rate of the RBE cells in the low-activity group was significantly higher than that in the high-activity group at 120 h and 168 h, while no difference was found between the two groups at 72 h. After 120 h of culture, the gene expression of Bcl-2 and Bax decreased in both groups, the ratio of
in the low-activity group decreased, and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was inhibited in both groups. Conclusion. 125I seeds affect the proliferation and apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The therapeutic effect of low-activity 125I seeds on cancer cells may be better. 125I seed brachytherapy may promote the apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and regulating the
ratio.
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28
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Smith NA, Wardak AZ, Cowan AD, Colman PM, Czabotar PE, Smith BJ. The Bak core dimer focuses triacylglycerides in the membrane. Biophys J 2022; 121:347-360. [PMID: 34973947 PMCID: PMC8822611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, the intrinsic programmed cell death process, is mediated by the Bcl-2 family members Bak and Bax. Activation via formation of symmetric core dimers and oligomerization on the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) leads to permeabilization and cell death. Although this process is linked to the MOM, the role of the membrane in facilitating such pores is poorly understood. We recently described Bak core domain dimers, revealing lipid binding sites and an initial role of lipids in oligomerization. Here we describe simulations that identified localized clustering and interaction of triacylglycerides (TAGs) with a minimized Bak dimer construct. Coalescence of TAGs occurred beneath this Bak dimer, mitigating dimer-induced local membrane thinning and curvature in representative coarse-grain MOM and model membrane systems. Furthermore, the effects observed as a result of coarse-grain TAG cluster formation was concentration dependent, scaling from low physiological MOM concentrations to those found in other organelles. We find that increasing the TAG concentration in liposomes mimicking the MOM decreased the ability of activated Bak to permeabilize these liposomes. These results suggest that the presence of TAGs within a Bak-lipid membrane preserves membrane integrity and is associated with reduced membrane stress, suggesting a possible role of TAGs in Bak-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahmad Z. Wardak
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angus D. Cowan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M. Colman
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter E. Czabotar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian J. Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia,Corresponding author
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29
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Sandow JJ, Tan IK, Huang AS, Masaldan S, Bernardini JP, Wardak AZ, Birkinshaw RW, Ninnis RL, Liu Z, Dalseno D, Lio D, Infusini G, Czabotar PE, Webb AI, Dewson G. Dynamic reconfiguration of pro-apoptotic BAK on membranes. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107237. [PMID: 34523147 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BAK and BAX, the effectors of intrinsic apoptosis, each undergo major reconfiguration to an activated conformer that self-associates to damage mitochondria and cause cell death. However, the dynamic structural mechanisms of this reconfiguration in the presence of a membrane have yet to be fully elucidated. To explore the metamorphosis of membrane-bound BAK, we employed hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). The HDX-MS profile of BAK on liposomes comprising mitochondrial lipids was consistent with known solution structures of inactive BAK. Following activation, HDX-MS resolved major reconfigurations in BAK. Mutagenesis guided by our HDX-MS profiling revealed that the BCL-2 homology (BH) 4 domain maintains the inactive conformation of BAK, and disrupting this domain is sufficient for constitutive BAK activation. Moreover, the entire N-terminal region preceding the BAK oligomerisation domains became disordered post-activation and remained disordered in the activated oligomer. Removal of the disordered N-terminus did not impair, but rather slightly potentiated, BAK-mediated membrane permeabilisation of liposomes and mitochondria. Together, our HDX-MS analyses reveal new insights into the dynamic nature of BAK activation on a membrane, which may provide new opportunities for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod J Sandow
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Iris Kl Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Alan S Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Shashank Masaldan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jonathan P Bernardini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ahmad Z Wardak
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Richard W Birkinshaw
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Robert L Ninnis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ziyan Liu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Destiny Dalseno
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Daisy Lio
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Giuseppi Infusini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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30
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Bloch NB, Wales TE, Prew MS, Levy HR, Engen JR, Walensky LD. The conformational stability of pro-apoptotic BAX is dictated by discrete residues of the protein core. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4932. [PMID: 34389733 PMCID: PMC8363748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BAX is a pro-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family, which regulates the balance between cellular life and death. During homeostasis, BAX predominantly resides in the cytosol as a latent monomer but, in response to stress, transforms into an oligomeric protein that permeabilizes the mitochondria, leading to apoptosis. Because renegade BAX activation poses a grave risk to the cell, the architecture of BAX must ensure monomeric stability yet enable conformational change upon stress signaling. The specific structural features that afford both stability and dynamic flexibility remain ill-defined and represent a critical control point of BAX regulation. We identify a nexus of interactions involving four residues of the BAX core α5 helix that are individually essential to maintaining the structure and latency of monomeric BAX and are collectively required for dimeric assembly. The dual yet distinct roles of these residues reveals the intricacy of BAX conformational regulation and opportunities for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Bloch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle S Prew
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah R Levy
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Fu Y, Xin Z, Ling Z, Xie H, Xiao T, Shen X, Lin J, Xu L, Jiang H. A CREB1-miR-181a-5p loop regulates the pathophysiologic features of bone marrow stromal cells in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Mol Med 2021; 27:81. [PMID: 34294046 PMCID: PMC8296714 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) disease caused by activating mutations of guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-stimulating activity polypeptide (GNAS) and is characterized by increased proliferative activity and disrupted osteogenesis of BMSCs. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating the pathophysiologic features of BMSCs in FD remain unknown. This study aimed to identify and verify the roles of the CREB1-miR-181a-5p regulatory loop in FD pathophysiology. METHODS MicroRNA (miRNA) sequencing analysis was used to identify the possible miRNAs implicated in FD. The proliferation, apoptosis, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as well as the osteoclast-induced phenotype, were measured and compared after exogenous miR-181a-5p transfection into FD BMSCs or miR-181a-5p inhibitor transfection into normal BMSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were performed to verify the interactions between CREB1 and miR-181a-5p and their effects on the FD pathological phenotype. RESULTS Compared to normal BMSCs, FD BMSCs showed decreased miR-181a-5p levels and exhibited increased proliferative activity, decreased apoptotic capacity, and impaired osteogenesis. FD BMSCs also showed a stronger osteoclast activation effect. miR-181a-5p overexpression reversed the pathophysiologic features of FD BMSCs, whereas miR-181a-5p suppression induced an FD-like phenotype in normal BMSCs. Mechanistically, miR-181a-5p was the downstream target of CREB1, and CREB1 was posttranscriptionally regulated by miR-181a-5p. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies that the interaction loop between CREB1 and miR-181a-5p plays a crucial role in regulating the pathophysiologic features of FD BMSCs. MiR-181a-5p may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Zhili Xin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ziji Ling
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hanyu Xie
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jialin Lin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No.136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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32
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Cacic D, Nordgård O, Meyer P, Hervig T. Platelet Microparticles Decrease Daunorubicin-Induced DNA Damage and Modulate Intrinsic Apoptosis in THP-1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147264. [PMID: 34298882 PMCID: PMC8304976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets can modulate cancer through budding of platelet microparticles (PMPs) that can transfer a plethora of bioactive molecules to cancer cells upon internalization. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) this can induce chemoresistance, partially through a decrease in cell activity. Here we investigated if the internalization of PMPs protected the monocytic AML cell line, THP-1, from apoptosis by decreasing the initial cellular damage inflicted by treatment with daunorubicin, or via direct modulation of the apoptotic response. We examined whether PMPs could protect against apoptosis after treatment with a selection of inducers, primarily associated with either the intrinsic or the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and protection was restricted to the agents targeting intrinsic apoptosis. Furthermore, levels of daunorubicin-induced DNA damage, assessed by measuring gH2AX, were reduced in both 2N and 4N cells after PMP co-incubation. Measuring different BCL2-family proteins before and after treatment with daunorubicin revealed that PMPs downregulated the pro-apoptotic PUMA protein. Thus, our findings indicated that PMPs may protect AML cells against apoptosis by reducing DNA damage both dependent and independent of cell cycle phase, and via direct modulation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by downregulating PUMA. These findings further support the clinical relevance of platelets and PMPs in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cacic
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Peter Meyer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Tor Hervig
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Laboratory of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
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33
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Lv F, Qi F, Zhang Z, Wen M, Kale J, Piai A, Du L, Wang S, Zhou L, Yang Y, Wu B, Liu Z, Del Rosario J, Pogmore J, Chou JJ, Andrews DW, Lin J, OuYang B. An amphipathic Bax core dimer forms part of the apoptotic pore wall in the mitochondrial␣membrane. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106438. [PMID: 34101209 PMCID: PMC8280806 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bax proteins form pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane to initiate apoptosis. This might involve their embedding in the cytosolic leaflet of the lipid bilayer, thus generating tension to induce a lipid pore with radially arranged lipids forming the wall. Alternatively, Bax proteins might comprise part of the pore wall. However, there is no unambiguous structural evidence for either hypothesis. Using NMR, we determined a high-resolution structure of the Bax core region, revealing a dimer with the nonpolar surface covering the lipid bilayer edge and the polar surface exposed to water. The dimer tilts from the bilayer normal, not only maximizing nonpolar interactions with lipid tails but also creating polar interactions between charged residues and lipid heads. Structure-guided mutations demonstrate the importance of both types of protein-lipid interactions in Bax pore assembly and core dimer configuration. Therefore, the Bax core dimer forms part of the proteolipid pore wall to permeabilize mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Maorong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Justin Kale
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alessandro Piai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lingyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liujuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Del Rosario
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Justin Pogmore
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James J Chou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David W Andrews
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jialing Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Bo OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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34
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Feng G, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang R. Analysis of the Binding Sites on BAX and the Mechanism of BAX Activators through Extensive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:5208-5222. [PMID: 34047559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The BAX protein is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, which triggers apoptosis by causing permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane. However, the activation mechanism of BAX is far from being understood. Although a few small-molecule BAX activators have been reported in the literature, their crystal structures in complex with BAX have not been resolved. So far, their binding modes were modeled at most by simple molecular docking efforts. Lack of an in-depth understanding of the activation mechanism of BAX hinders the development of more effective BAX activators. In this work, we employed cosolvent molecular dynamics simulation to detect the potential binding sites on the surface of BAX and performed a long-time molecular dynamics simulation (50 μs in total) to derive the possible binding modes of three BAX activators (i.e., BAM7, BTC-8, and BTSA1) reported in the literature. Our results indicate that the trigger, S184, and vMIA sites are the three major binding sites on the full-length BAX structure. Moreover, the canonical hydrophobic groove is clearly detected on the α9-truncated BAX structure, which is consistent with the outcomes of relevant experimental studies. Interestingly, it is observed that solvent probes bind to the trigger bottom pocket more stably than the PPI trigger site. Each activator was subjected to unbiased molecular dynamics simulations started at the three major binding sites in five parallel jobs. Our MD results indicate that all three activators tend to stay at the trigger site with favorable MM-GB/SA binding energies. BAM7 and BTSA1 can enter the trigger bottom pocket and thereby enhance the movement of the α1-α2 loop, which may be a key factor at the early stage of BAX activation. Our molecular modeling results may provide useful guidance for designing smart biological experiments to further explore BAX activation and directing structure-based efforts toward discovering more effective BAX activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangying Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Based on Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030619, People's Republic of China
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35
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Li K, van Delft MF, Dewson G. Too much death can kill you: inhibiting intrinsic apoptosis to treat disease. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107341. [PMID: 34037273 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is implicated in both physiological and pathological processes. Since many types of cancerous cells intrinsically evade apoptotic elimination, induction of apoptosis has become an attractive and often necessary cancer therapeutic approach. Conversely, some cells are extremely sensitive to apoptotic stimuli leading to neurodegenerative disease and immune pathologies. However, due to several challenges, pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis is still only a recently emerging strategy to combat pathological cell loss. Here, we describe several key steps in the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway that represent potential targets for inhibitors in disease contexts. We also discuss the mechanisms of action, advantages and limitations of small-molecule and peptide-based inhibitors that have been developed to date. These inhibitors serve as important research tools to dissect apoptotic signalling and may foster new treatments to reduce unwanted cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Li
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark F van Delft
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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36
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Pogmore JP, Uehling D, Andrews DW. Pharmacological Targeting of Executioner Proteins: Controlling Life and Death. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5276-5290. [PMID: 33939407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule mediated modulation of protein interactions of Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family proteins was clinically validated in 2015 when Venetoclax, a selective inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2, achieved breakthrough status designation by the FDA for treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Since then, substantial progress has been made in identifying inhibitors of other interactions of antiapoptosis proteins. However, targeting their pro-apoptotic counterparts, the "executioners" BAX, BAK, and BOK that both initiate and commit the cell to dying, has lagged behind. However, recent publications demonstrate that these proteins can be positively or negatively regulated using small molecule tool compounds. The results obtained with these molecules suggest that pharmaceutical regulation of apoptosis will have broad implications that extend beyond activating cell death in cancer. We review recent advances in identifying compounds and their utility in the exogenous control of life and death by regulating executioner proteins, with emphasis on the prototype BAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Pogmore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1J7, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - David Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1J7, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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37
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Fu L, Zhou X, He C. Polymeric Nanosystems for Immunogenic Cell Death-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100075. [PMID: 33885225 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has pointed out a scientific and promising direction for cancer treatment through the rouse of immunosurveillance and the decrease of possible side effects in recent years. In immunotherapy, immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) plays a critical role in regulating anti-cancer immune system in vivo via the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. ICD can not only induce in situ cancer cells apoptosis, but also arouse the immune response against metastatic tumors, which is of great clinical significance to eradicate tumors. In cancer immunotherapy, polymer nanoparticles have drawn increasing attention as an important component of ICD-based immunotherapy attributing to their controllable size, excellent biocompatibility, promising ability of protecting cargo from surrounding environment, which delivers the antigens or immune inducers to antigen-presenting cells, and further triggers sinnvoll T cell response. In this review, the recent advances in the development of polymeric material-based nanosystems for ICD-mediated cancer immunotherapy are summarized. The mechanism of ICD and some current restrictions inhibiting the efficiency of immunotherapy and future prospects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chuanglong He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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38
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Spitz AZ, Zacharioudakis E, Reyna DE, Garner TP, Gavathiotis E. Eltrombopag directly inhibits BAX and prevents cell death. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1134. [PMID: 33602934 PMCID: PMC7892824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 family protein BAX has essential activity in mitochondrial regulation of cell death. While BAX activity ensures tissue homeostasis, when dysregulated it contributes to aberrant cell death in several diseases. During cellular stress BAX is transformed from an inactive cytosolic conformation to a toxic mitochondrial oligomer. Although the BAX transformation process is not well understood, drugs that interfere with this process are useful research tools and potential therapeutics. Here, we show that Eltrombopag, an FDA-approved drug, is a direct inhibitor of BAX. Eltrombopag binds the BAX trigger site distinctly from BAX activators, preventing them from triggering BAX conformational transformation and simultaneously promoting stabilization of the inactive BAX structure. Accordingly, Eltrombopag is capable of inhibiting BAX-mediated apoptosis induced by cytotoxic stimuli. Our data demonstrate structure-function insights into a mechanism of BAX inhibition and reveal a mechanism for Eltrombopag that may expand its use in diseases of uncontrolled cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z Spitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emmanouil Zacharioudakis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Denis E Reyna
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas P Garner
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Institute of Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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39
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Szabó Z, Hornyák L, Miskei M, Székvölgyi L. Two Targets, One Hit: new Anticancer Therapeutics to Prevent Tumorigenesis Without Cardiotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:569955. [PMID: 33643029 PMCID: PMC7902874 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.569955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A serious adverse effect of cancer therapies is cardiovascular toxicity, which significantly limits the widespread use of antineoplastic agents. The promising new field of cardio-oncology offers the identification of potent anti-cancer therapeutics that effectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation without causing cardiotoxicity. Future introduction of recently identified cardio-safe compounds into clinical practice (including ERK dimerization inhibitors or BAX allosteric inhibitors) is expected to help oncologists avoid unwanted cardiological complications associated with therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lilla Hornyák
- MTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márton Miskei
- MTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Székvölgyi
- MTA-DE Momentum Genome Architecture and Recombination Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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40
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Signaling Nodes Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress during NAFLD Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020242. [PMID: 33567666 PMCID: PMC7915814 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess and sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, paired with a failure of initial adaptive responses, acts as a critical trigger of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. Unfortunately, there is no drug currently approved for treatment, and the molecular basis of pathogenesis by ER stress remains poorly understood. Classical ER stress pathway molecules have distinct but inter-connected functions and complicated effects at each phase of the disease. Identification of the specific molecular signal mediators of the ER stress-mediated pathogenesis is, therefore, a crucial step in the development of new treatments. These signaling nodes may be specific to the cell type and/or the phase of disease progression. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in knowledge concerning signaling nodes associated with ER stress and NAFLD progression in various types of liver cells.
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Gebel J, Tuppi M, Sänger N, Schumacher B, Dötsch V. DNA Damaged Induced Cell Death in Oocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235714. [PMID: 33287328 PMCID: PMC7730327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of haploid gametes through meiosis is central to the principle of sexual reproduction. The genetic diversity is further enhanced by exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes by the crossover mechanism. This mechanism not only requires correct pairing of homologous chromosomes but also efficient repair of the induced DNA double-strand breaks. Oocytes have evolved a unique quality control system that eliminates cells if chromosomes do not correctly align or if DNA repair is not possible. Central to this monitoring system that is conserved from nematodes and fruit fly to humans is the p53 protein family, and in vertebrates in particular p63. In mammals, oocytes are stored for a long time in the prophase of meiosis I which, in humans, can last more than 50 years. During the entire time of this arrest phase, the DNA damage checkpoint remains active. The treatment of female cancer patients with DNA damaging irradiation or chemotherapeutics activates this checkpoint and results in elimination of the oocyte pool causing premature menopause and infertility. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of this quality control system and discuss potential therapeutic intervention for the preservation of the oocyte pool during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicole Sänger
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53217 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-798-29631
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42
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Neuronal cell life, death, and axonal degeneration as regulated by the BCL-2 family proteins. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:108-122. [PMID: 33162554 PMCID: PMC7852532 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration and neuronal cell death are fundamental processes in development and contribute to the pathology of neurological disease in adults. Both processes are regulated by BCL-2 family proteins which orchestrate the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). MOM permeabilization (MOMP) results in the activation of pro-apoptotic molecules that commit neurons to either die or degenerate. With the success of small-molecule inhibitors targeting anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins for the treatment of lymphoma, we can now envision the use of inhibitors of apoptosis with exquisite selectivity for BCL-2 family protein regulation of neuronal apoptosis in the treatment of nervous system disease. Critical to this development is deciphering which subset of proteins is required for neuronal apoptosis and axon degeneration, and how these two different outcomes are separately regulated. Moreover, noncanonical BCL-2 family protein functions unrelated to the regulation of MOMP, including impacting necroptosis and other modes of cell death may reveal additional potential targets and/or confounders. This review highlights our current understanding of BCL-2 family mediated neuronal cell death and axon degeneration, while identifying future research questions to be resolved to enable regulating neuronal survival pharmacologically.
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Abstract
Bax and Bak, two functionally similar, pro-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, are known as the gateway to apoptosis because of their requisite roles as effectors of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a major step during mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. The mechanism of how cells turn Bax/Bak from inert molecules into fully active and lethal effectors had long been the focal point of a major debate centered around two competing, but not mutually exclusive, models: direct activation and indirect activation. After intensive research efforts for over two decades, it is now widely accepted that to initiate apoptosis, some of the BH3-only proteins, a subclass of the Bcl-2 family, directly engage Bax/Bak to trigger their conformational transformation and activation. However, a series of recent discoveries, using previously unavailable CRISPR-engineered cell systems, challenge the basic premise that undergirds the consensus and provide evidence for a novel and surprisingly simple model of Bax/Bak activation: the membrane (lipids)-mediated spontaneous model. This review will discuss the evidence, rationale, significance, and implications of this new model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
| | - Katelyn L O'Neill
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Alaska Medical Center, Omaha, ME, 68198-7696, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6805, USA
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Abstract
For over three decades, a mainstay and goal of clinical oncology has been the development of therapies promoting the effective elimination of cancer cells by apoptosis. This programmed cell death process is mediated by several signalling pathways (referred to as intrinsic and extrinsic) triggered by multiple factors, including cellular stress, DNA damage and immune surveillance. The interaction of apoptosis pathways with other signalling mechanisms can also affect cell death. The clinical translation of effective pro-apoptotic agents involves drug discovery studies (addressing the bioavailability, stability, tumour penetration, toxicity profile in non-malignant tissues, drug interactions and off-target effects) as well as an understanding of tumour biology (including heterogeneity and evolution of resistant clones). While tumour cell death can result in response to therapy, the selection, growth and dissemination of resistant cells can ultimately be fatal. In this Review, we present the main apoptosis pathways and other signalling pathways that interact with them, and discuss actionable molecular targets, therapeutic agents in clinical translation and known mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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45
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Habib SA, Abdelrahman RS, Abdel Rahim M, Suddek GM. Anti-apoptotic effect of vinpocetine on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice: The role of Annexin-V, Caspase-3, and Bax. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22555. [PMID: 32578916 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic damage is one of the most common complications related to cisplatin (Cis) use. Recently, liver protection lines are being discovered to avoid hepatic cell death as a result of oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic disturbance. Limited data reported the hepatoprotective effect of vinpocetine (Vin) in acute liver injury models. This study was designed to determine the potential protective effect of Vin (10-30 mg/kg, orally) against Cis-induced liver injury (10 mg/kg, IP) in mice. Vin administration for 1 week before Cis injection until the end of the experiment. On the 6th day after Cis injection, mice were anesthetized, blood and tissue samples were collected. Hepatic function, histological changes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic markers were investigated. Vin administration ameliorated liver injury as indicated by decreased liver injury parameters; serum aminotransferases, ALK-P, GGT, and bilirubin, restored the anti-oxidant status by decrease MDA and NOx , and increased GSH and SOD, inhibited inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, NFκB-p65, and iNOS) and apoptosis (Annexin-V, Bax, and Caspase-3) parameters. Vin confers dose-dependent protection against Cis-induced liver injury. The hepatoprotective effect of Vin involved anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Habib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rehab S Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madina Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Abdel Rahim
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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46
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Mohammed JN, Gelles JD, Rubio-Patiño C, Serasinghe MN, Trotta AP, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z, Chipuk JE. Cell death through the ages: The ICDS 25th Anniversary Meeting. FEBS J 2020; 287:2201-2211. [PMID: 32147971 PMCID: PMC7703806 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In June of 2019, the International Cell Death Society (ICDS) held its 25th anniversary meeting in New York City at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai organized by Drs. Richard A. Lockshin (St. John's University, USA), Zahra Zakeri (Queens College, USA), and Jerry Edward Chipuk (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA). The three-day event, entitled 'Cell death through the ages: The ICDS 25th anniversary meeting', hosted ninety-one delegates including thirty-four speakers and twenty-two poster presentations. Additionally, the organizers gave special recognition to the twenty-one previous ICDS Lifetime Achievement awardees-those who have significantly contributed to the field of cell death and the growth of the organization. Here, we provide a summary of the meeting and highlight trending research in the fields of cell death, autophagy, immunology, and their impact on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarvier N Mohammed
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jesse D Gelles
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camila Rubio-Patiño
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madhavika N Serasinghe
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew P Trotta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
- The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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47
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Zhang W, Yu J, Guo M, Ren B, Tian Y, Hu Q, Xie Q, Xu C, Feng Z. Dexmedetomidine Attenuates Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity by Inhibiting the Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922139. [PMID: 32419697 PMCID: PMC7251967 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamate (GLU) is the most excitatory amino acid in the central nervous system and plays an important role in maintaining the normal function of the nervous system. During cerebral ischemia, massive release of GLU leads to neuronal necrosis and apoptosis. It has been reported that dexmedetomidine (DEX) possesses anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of DEX on GLU-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Material/Methods PC12 cells were treated with 20 mM GLU to establish an ischemia-induced injury model. Cell viability was accessed by MTT assay. MDA content and SOD activity were analyzed by assay kits. Apoptosis rate, ROS production, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and MMP were evaluated by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to analyze expressions of caspase-3, caspase-9, cyt-c, bax, and bcl-2. Results PC12 cells treated with GLU exhibited reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis rates, which were ameliorated by pretreatment with DEX. DEX significantly increased SOD activity, reduced content of MDA, and decreased production of ROS in PC12 cells. In addition, DEX clearly reduced the level of intracellular Ca2+ and attenuated the decline of MMP. Moreover, DEX notably reduced expressions of caspase-3, caspase-9, cyt-c, and bax and increased expression of bcl-2. Conclusions Our findings suggest that DEX can protect PC12 cells against GLU-induced cytotoxicity, which may be attributed to its anti-oxidative property and reduction of intracellular calcium overload, as well as its ability to inhibit the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).,Anesthesia and Operation Center, The Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Mengzhuo Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changung Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Ren
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yanyan Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Qinggang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Qun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Chen Xu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zeguo Feng
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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48
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Moldoveanu T, Czabotar PE. BAX, BAK, and BOK: A Coming of Age for the BCL-2 Family Effector Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036319. [PMID: 31570337 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The BCL-2 family of proteins control a key checkpoint in apoptosis, that of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization or, simply, mitochondrial poration. The family consists of three subgroups: BH3-only initiators that respond to apoptotic stimuli; antiapoptotic guardians that protect against cell death; and the membrane permeabilizing effectors BAX, BAK, and BOK. On activation, effector proteins are converted from inert monomers into membrane permeabilizing oligomers. For many years, this process has been poorly understood at the molecular level, but a number of recent advances have provided important insights. We review the regulation of these effectors, their activation, subsequent conformational changes, and the ensuing oligomerization events that enable mitochondrial poration, which initiates apoptosis through release of key signaling factors such as cytochrome c We highlight the mysteries that remain in understanding these important proteins in an endeavor to provide a comprehensive picture of where the field currently sits and where it is moving toward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Moldoveanu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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49
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Amgalan D, Garner TP, Pekson R, Jia XF, Yanamandala M, Paulino V, Liang FG, Corbalan JJ, Lee J, Chen Y, Karagiannis GS, Sanchez LR, Liang H, Narayanagari SR, Mitchell K, Lopez A, Margulets V, Scarlata M, Santulli G, Asnani A, Peterson RT, Hazan RB, Condeelis JS, Oktay MH, Steidl U, Kirshenbaum LA, Gavathiotis E, Kitsis RN. A small-molecule allosteric inhibitor of BAX protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. NATURE CANCER 2020; 1:315-328. [PMID: 32776015 PMCID: PMC7413180 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin remains an essential component of many cancer regimens, but its use is limited by lethal cardiomyopathy, which has been difficult to target, owing to pleiotropic mechanisms leading to apoptotic and necrotic cardiac cell death. Here we show that BAX is rate-limiting in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and identify a small-molecule BAX inhibitor that blocks both apoptosis and necrosis to prevent this syndrome. By allosterically inhibiting BAX conformational activation, this compound blocks BAX translocation to mitochondria, thereby abrogating both forms of cell death. When co-administered with doxorubicin, this BAX inhibitor prevents cardiomyopathy in zebrafish and mice. Notably, cardioprotection does not compromise the efficacy of doxorubicin in reducing leukemia or breast cancer burden in vivo, primarily due to increased priming of mitochondrial death mechanisms and higher BAX levels in cancer cells. This study identifies BAX as an actionable target for doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and provides a prototype small-molecule therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulguun Amgalan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas P Garner
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Pekson
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xiaotong F Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mounica Yanamandala
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Paulino
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Felix G Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J Jose Corbalan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luis Rivera Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Huizhi Liang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Swathi-Rao Narayanagari
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Mitchell
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Lopez
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Margulets
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marco Scarlata
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aarti Asnani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rachel B Hazan
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lorrie A Kirshenbaum
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA.
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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50
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Bock FJ, Tait SWG. Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of cell death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:85-100. [PMID: 31636403 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1161] [Impact Index Per Article: 290.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Through their many and varied metabolic functions, mitochondria power life. Paradoxically, mitochondria also have a central role in apoptotic cell death. Upon induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) usually commits a cell to die. Apoptotic signalling downstream of MOMP involves cytochrome c release from mitochondria and subsequent caspase activation. As such, targeting MOMP in order to manipulate cell death holds tremendous therapeutic potential across different diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. In this Review, we discuss new insights into how mitochondria regulate apoptotic cell death. Surprisingly, recent data demonstrate that besides eliciting caspase activation, MOMP engages various pro-inflammatory signalling functions. As we highlight, together with new findings demonstrating cell survival following MOMP, this pro-inflammatory role suggests that mitochondria-derived signalling downstream of pro-apoptotic cues may also have non-lethal functions. Finally, we discuss the importance and roles of mitochondria in other forms of regulated cell death, including necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis. Collectively, these new findings offer exciting, unexplored opportunities to target mitochondrial regulation of cell death for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Bock
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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