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Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, Sousa MJ, Vlieghe H, Yang J, León-Félix CM, Amorim CA. Extracellular vesicles in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine: A review over the last decade. Bioact Mater 2024; 36:126-156. [PMID: 38450204 PMCID: PMC10915394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are known to be secreted by a vast majority of cells. These sEVs, specifically exosomes, induce specific cell-to-cell interactions and can activate signaling pathways in recipient cells through fusion or interaction. These nanovesicles possess several desirable properties, making them ideal for regenerative medicine and nanomedicine applications. These properties include exceptional stability, biocompatibility, wide biodistribution, and minimal immunogenicity. However, the practical utilization of sEVs, particularly in clinical settings and at a large scale, is hindered by the expensive procedures required for their isolation, limited circulation lifetime, and suboptimal targeting capacity. Despite these challenges, sEVs have demonstrated a remarkable ability to accommodate various cargoes and have found extensive applications in the biomedical sciences. To overcome the limitations of sEVs and broaden their potential applications, researchers should strive to deepen their understanding of current isolation, loading, and characterization techniques. Additionally, acquiring fundamental knowledge about sEVs origins and employing state-of-the-art methodologies in nanomedicine and regenerative medicine can expand the sEVs research scope. This review provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art exosome-based strategies in diverse nanomedicine domains, encompassing cancer therapy, immunotherapy, and biomarker applications. Furthermore, we emphasize the immense potential of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Moghassemi
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arezoo Dadashzadeh
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vlieghe
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Yang
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecibel María León-Félix
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiani A. Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de La Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Madaan P, Sharma U, Tyagi N, Brar BK, Bansal S, Kushwaha HR, Kapoor HS, Jain A, Jain M. A panel of blood-based circulatory miRNAs with diagnostic potential in patients with psoriasis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1207993. [PMID: 37700769 PMCID: PMC10493330 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1207993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with keratinocyte hyperproliferation and T cells as key mediators of lesional and systemic inflammatory changes. To date, no suitable differential biomarkers are available for the disease diagnosis. More recently, microRNAs have been identified as critical regulators of lesional and systemic immune changes in psoriasis with diagnostic potential. We have performed expression profiling of T cell-specific miRNAs in 38 plasma samples from psoriasis vulgaris patients and an equal number of age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. Our findings have identified a panel of five blood-based circulatory miRNAs with a significant change in their expression levels, comprising miR-215, miR-148a, miR-125b-5p, miR-223, and miR-142-3p, which can differentiate psoriasis vulgaris patients from healthy individuals. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for all five miRNAs individually and in combination exhibited a significant disease discriminatory area under the curve with an AUC of 0.762 and a p < 0.0001 for all the miRNAs together. Statistically, all five miRNAs in combination depicted the best-fit model in relation to disease severity (PASI) compared with individual miRNAs, with the highest R2 value of 0.94 and the lowest AIC score of 131.8. Each of the miRNAs also exhibited a significant association with at least one of the other miRNAs in the panel. Importantly, the five miRNAs in the panel regulate one or more immune-inflammation pathways based on target prediction, pathway network analysis, and validated roles in the literature. The miRNA panel provides a rationalized combination of biomarkers that can be tested further on an expanded cohort of patients for their diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Madaan
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Uttam Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Nipanshi Tyagi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Balvinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Skin and VD, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Shivani Bansal
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | | | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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3
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Todorova VK, Byrum SD, Mackintosh SG, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Gies AJ, Washam CL, Jenkins SV, Spiva T, Bowman E, Reyna NS, Griffin RJ, Makhoul I. Exosomal MicroRNA and Protein Profiles of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13098. [PMID: 37685904 PMCID: PMC10487651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a main risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, play an important role in tumor development and metastasis, including regulation of HBV-related HCC. In this study, we have characterized exosome microRNA and proteins released in vitro from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC cell lines SNU-423 and SNU-182 and immortalized normal hepatocyte cell lines (THLE2 and THLE3) using microRNA sequencing and mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics, including functional enrichment and network analysis, combined with survival analysis using data related to HCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, were applied to examine the prognostic significance of the results. More than 40 microRNAs and 200 proteins were significantly dysregulated (p < 0.05) in the exosomes released from HCC cells in comparison with the normal liver cells. The functional analysis of the differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs (i.e., mir-483, mir-133a, mir-34a, mir-155, mir-183, mir-182), their predicted targets, and exosomal differentially expressed proteins (i.e., POSTN, STAM, EXOC8, SNX9, COL1A2, IDH1, FN1) showed correlation with pathways associated with HBV, virus activity and invasion, exosome formation and adhesion, and exogenous protein binding. The results from this study may help in our understanding of the role of HBV infection in the development of HCC and in the development of new targets for treatment or non-invasive predictive biomarkers of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina K. Todorova
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Stephanie D. Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.D.B.); (S.G.M.); (A.J.G.); (C.L.W.)
| | - Samuel G. Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.D.B.); (S.G.M.); (A.J.G.); (C.L.W.)
| | - Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (A.J.-P.); (S.V.J.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Allen J. Gies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.D.B.); (S.G.M.); (A.J.G.); (C.L.W.)
| | - Charity L. Washam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.D.B.); (S.G.M.); (A.J.G.); (C.L.W.)
| | - Samir V. Jenkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (A.J.-P.); (S.V.J.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Timothy Spiva
- Biology Department, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, AR 71998, USA; (T.S.); (E.B.); (N.S.R.)
| | - Emily Bowman
- Biology Department, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, AR 71998, USA; (T.S.); (E.B.); (N.S.R.)
| | - Nathan S. Reyna
- Biology Department, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, AR 71998, USA; (T.S.); (E.B.); (N.S.R.)
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (A.J.-P.); (S.V.J.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Issam Makhoul
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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4
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Peng Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Shi T, Luan Y, Yin C. Exosome and virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154217. [PMID: 37063897 PMCID: PMC10098074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are messengers of intercellular communication in monolayer vesicles derived from cells. It affects the pathophysiological process of the body in various diseases, such as tumors, inflammation, and infection. It has been confirmed that exosomes are similar to viruses in biogenesis, and exosome cargo is widely involved in many viruses’ replication, transmission, and infection. Simultaneously, virus-associated exosomes can promote immune escape and activate the antiviral immune response of the body, which bidirectionally modulates the immune response. This review focuses on the role of exosomes in HIV, HBV, HCV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection and explores the prospects of exosome development. These insights may be translated into therapeutic measures for viral infections and reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yingyi Luan
- *Correspondence: Yingyi Luan, ; Chenghong Yin,
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5
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Li F, Deng Y, Zhang S, Zhu B, Wang J, Wang J, Wang X, Zhao Z, Deng W, Mao R, Shen Z, Chen J, Broering R, Lin Y, Lu M, Zhang J. Human hepatocyte-enriched miRNA-192-3p promotes HBV replication through inhibiting Akt/mTOR signalling by targeting ZNF143 in hepatic cell lines. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:616-628. [PMID: 35109781 PMCID: PMC8865105 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2037393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed multiple tissue- or cell-specific or enriched miRNA profiles. However, miRNA profiles enriched in hepatic cell types and their effect on HBV replication have not been well elucidated. In this study, primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), Kupffer cells (KCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were prepared from liver specimens of non-HBV-infected patients. Four hepatic cell type-enriched miRNA profiles were identified from purified liver cells miRNA microarray assay. The results revealed that 12 miRNAs, including miR-122-5p and miR-192-3p were PHH-enriched; 9 miRNAs, including miR-142-5p and miR-155-5p were KC-enriched; 6 miRNAs, including miR-126-3p and miR-222-3p were LSEC-enriched; and 14 miRNAs, including miR-214-3p and miR-199a-3p were HSC-enriched. By testing the effect of 11 PHH-enriched miRNAs on HBV production, we observed that miR-192-3p had the greatest pro-virus effect in hepatic cell lines. Moreover, we further found that miR-192-3p promoted HBV replication and gene expression through inhibiting Akt/mTOR signalling by direct targeting of ZNF143 in HepG2.2.15 cells. Additionally, the serum and hepatic miR-192-3p expression levels were significantly higher in chronic hepatitis B patients than in healthy controls and serum miR-192-3p positively correlated with the serum levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg. Collectively, we identified miRNA profiles enriched in four hepatic cell types and revealed that PHH-enriched miR-192-3p promoted HBV replication through inhibiting Akt/mTOR signalling by direct targeting of ZNF143 in hepatic cell lines. Our study provides a specific perspective for the role of hepatic cell type-enriched miRNA in interaction with viral replication and various liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yingying Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shenyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beidi Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanyu Deng
- Department of Biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Richeng Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Jing'An Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Zhang Q, Qu Y, Zhang Q, Li F, Li B, Li Z, Dong Y, Lu L, Cai X. Exosomes derived from hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes promote liver fibrosis via miR-222/TFRC axis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022:10.1007/s10565-021-09684-z. [PMID: 34978008 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Exosomal miRNAs activates hepatic stellate cell (HSC) and promote fibrosis. miR-222 was found to be increased in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected hepatocytes, and ferroptosis was reported to ameliorate liver fibrosis (LF). Although miR-222 and ferroptosis have been implicated in LF, the association between miR-222 and ferroptosis and how they coordinate to regulate LF are still not explicit. This study investigates the roles of miR-222 and transferrin receptor (TFRC) in LF. Lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was analyzed by flow cytometry. FerroOrange staining was used to measure intracellular iron level. Luciferase reporter assay was adopted to confirm the binding of miR-222 and TFRC. Real-time quantitative PCR and immunoblots were applied to analyze gene and protein expression. The results showed that supplementation of exosomes derived from HBV-infected LO2 cells remarkably enhanced LX-2 cell activation, evidenced by elevated hydroxyprolin (Hyp) secretion and α-SMA and COL1A2 expression. miR-222 was significantly increased in HBV-Exo. Overexpressing miR-222 upregulated cell viability, secretion of Hpy, and expression of α-SMA and COL1A2, which were all blocked by overexpression of TFRC. Further study showed that TFRC was a target of miR-222, and miR-222 promoted LX-2 cell activation through suppressing TFRC-induced ferroptosis in LX-2 cells. Exosomal miR-222 derived from HBV-infected hepatocytes promoted LF through inhibiting TFRC and TFRC-induced ferroptosis. This study emphasizes the significance of miR-222/TFRC axis in LF and suggests new insights in clinical decision making while treating LF. Exosomes derived from HBV-infected LO2 cells promote LX-2 cell activation and liver fibrosis in mouse Exosomal miR-222 derived from HBV-infected LO2 cells promotes LX-2 cell activation TFRC is a target of miR-222 and inhibits LX-2 cell activation induced by miR-222 miR-222 promotes LX-2 cell activation through inhibiting TFRC-induced ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruian People's Hospital, No. 108 Wansong Road, Ruian, 325200, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Binghang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuwei Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lungen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 650 New Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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7
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McDonald JT, Enguita FJ, Taylor D, Griffin RJ, Priebe W, Emmett MR, Sajadi MM, Harris AD, Clement J, Dybas JM, Aykin-Burns N, Guarnieri JW, Singh LN, Grabham P, Baylin SB, Yousey A, Pearson AN, Corry PM, Saravia-Butler A, Aunins TR, Sharma S, Nagpal P, Meydan C, Foox J, Mozsary C, Cerqueira B, Zaksas V, Singh U, Wurtele ES, Costes SV, Davanzo GG, Galeano D, Paccanaro A, Meinig SL, Hagan RS, Bowman NM, Wolfgang MC, Altinok S, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, Moraes-Vieira PM, Vanderburg C, Wallace DC, Schisler JC, Mason CE, Chatterjee A, Meller R, Beheshti A. Role of miR-2392 in driving SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109839. [PMID: 34624208 PMCID: PMC8481092 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provide an exciting avenue toward antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we determined that a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, is directly involved with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia, as well as promoting many symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. We demonstrate that miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of patients positive for COVID-19 but is not present in patients negative for COVID-19. These findings indicate the potential for developing a minimally invasive COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we design a miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters, and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tyson McDonald
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deanne Taylor
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK 72211, USA
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark R Emmett
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Anthony D Harris
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean Clement
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph M Dybas
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Joseph W Guarnieri
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Larry N Singh
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Grabham
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Aliza Yousey
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | | | - Peter M Corry
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK 72211, USA
| | - Amanda Saravia-Butler
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Logyx LLC, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Sadhana Sharma
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Quantum Biology Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Bianca Cerqueira
- COVID-19 International Research Team; KBR Space & Science, San Antonio, TX 78235, USA; United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX 78236, USA
| | - Viktorija Zaksas
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Urminder Singh
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | - Diego Galeano
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Alberto Paccanaro
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, UK
| | - Suzanne L Meinig
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert S Hagan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie M Bowman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Selin Altinok
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas C Wallace
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Robert Meller
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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McDonald JT, Enguita FJ, Taylor D, Griffin RJ, Priebe W, Emmett MR, Sajadi MM, Harris AD, Clement J, Dybas JM, Aykin-Burns N, Guarnieri JW, Singh LN, Grabham P, Baylin SB, Yousey A, Pearson AN, Corry PM, Saravia-Butler A, Aunins TR, Sharma S, Nagpal P, Meydan C, Foox J, Mozsary C, Cerqueira B, Zaksas V, Singh U, Wurtele ES, Costes SV, Davanzo GG, Galeano D, Paccanaro A, Meinig SL, Hagan RS, Bowman NM, Wolfgang MC, Altinok S, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, Moraes-Vieira PM, Vanderburg C, Wallace DC, Schisler J, Mason CE, Chatterjee A, Meller R, Beheshti A. The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33948587 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.23.441024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provides an exciting avenue towards antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we have discovered a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, that is directly involved with SARS-CoV-2 machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia as well as promoting many symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. We demonstrate miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of COVID-19 positive patients, but not detected in COVID-19 negative patients. These findings indicate the potential for developing a novel, minimally invasive, COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we have developed a novel miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
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Lee YT, Tran BV, Wang JJ, Liang IY, You S, Zhu Y, Agopian VG, Tseng HR, Yang JD. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Disease Progression and Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3076. [PMID: 34203086 PMCID: PMC8233859 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite the improvements in surveillance and treatment, the prognosis of HCC remains poor. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of phospholipid bilayer-enclosed particles circulating in the bloodstream and mediating intercellular communication. Emerging studies have shown that EVs play a crucial role in regulating the proliferation, immune escape, and metastasis of HCC. In addition, because EVs are present in the circulation at relatively early stages of disease, they are getting attention as an attractive biomarker for HCC detection. Over the past decade, dedicated efforts have been made to isolate EVs more efficiently and make them useful tools in different clinical settings. In this review article, we provide an overview of the EVs isolation methods and highlight the role of EVs as mediators in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications of EVs in early-stage HCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Te Lee
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Benjamin V. Tran
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.V.T.); (V.G.A.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jasmine J. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Icy Y. Liang
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
| | - Sungyong You
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yazhen Zhu
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Vatche G. Agopian
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.V.T.); (V.G.A.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Aishwarya S, Gunasekaran K, Margret AA. Computational gene expression profiling in the exploration of biomarkers, non-coding functional RNAs and drug perturbagens for COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3681-3696. [PMID: 33228475 PMCID: PMC7754930 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1850360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global health crisis that is being endured with an increased alarm of transmission each day. Though the pandemic has activated innumerable research attention to decipher an antidote, fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms is necessary to halt the disease progression. The study focused on comparison of the COVID-19 infected lung tissue gene expression datasets -GSE155241 and GSE150316 with the GEO2R-limma package. The significant up- and downregulated genes were annotated. Further evaluation of the enriched pathways, transcription factors, kinases, noncoding RNAs and drug perturbations revealed the significant molecular mechanisms of the host response. The results revealed a surge in mitochondrial respiration, cytokines, neurodegenerative mechanisms and deprived oxygen, iron, copper, and glucose transport. Hijack of ubiquitination by SARS-CoV-2, hox gene differentiation, histone modification, and miRNA biogenesis were the notable molecular mechanisms inferred. Long non-coding RNAs such as C058791.1, TTTY15 and TPTEP1 were predicted to be efficient in regulating the disease mechanisms. Drugs-F-1566-0341, Digoxin, Proscillaridin and Linifanib that reverse the gene expression signatures were predicted from drug perturbations analysis. The binding efficiency and interaction of proscillaridin and digoxin as obtained from the molecular docking studies confirmed their therapeutic potential. Two overlapping upregulated genes MDH1, SGCE and one downregulated gene PFKFB3 were appraised as potential biomarkers candidates. The upregulation of PGM5, ISLR and ANK2 as measured from their expressions in normal lungs affirmed their possible prognostic biomarker competence. The study explored significant insights for better diagnosis, and therapeutic options for COVID-19. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aishwarya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Stella Maris College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Gunasekaran
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Anita Margret
- Department of Biotechnology, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wu W, Wu D, Yan W, Wang Y, You J, Wan X, Xi D, Luo X, Han M, Ning Q. Interferon-Induced Macrophage-Derived Exosomes Mediate Antiviral Activity Against Hepatitis B Virus Through miR-574-5p. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:686-698. [PMID: 32663850 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon alfa (IFN-α) has been proved effective in treating chronic hepatitis B (CHB), owing to its ability to suppress hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS We investigated the antiviral activities of exosomes from responders and nonresponders to pegylated IFN-α (PegIFN-α) as well as the supernatants of IFN-α-treated macrophages derived from THP-1 (the human leukemia monocyte cell line). Then the expression profiles of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) were analyzed using miRNA sequencing. The luciferase reporter assay was used to locate the binding position of HBV genomic sequence targeted by the identified miRNA. RESULTS Exosomes from PegIFN-α-treated patients, particularly responders, as well as the supernatants of IFN-α-treated macrophages exhibited anti-HBV activities, as manifested by the suppression of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e antigen, HBV DNA, and covalently closed circular DNA levels in HBV-related cell lines. PegIFN-α treatment up-regulated exosomal hsa-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-25-5p, and hsa-miR-574-5p, which could partially inhibit HBV replication and transcription, and hsa-miR-574-5p reduced pregenomic RNA and polymerase messenger RNA levels by binding to the 2750-2757 position of the HBV genomic sequence. CONCLUSIONS Exosomes can transfer IFN-α-related miRNAs from macrophages to HBV-infected hepatocytes, and they exhibit antiviral activities against HBV replication and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wu
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie You
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wan
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Xi
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meifang Han
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Li Q, Xu J. [miR-34a-5p regulates viability, invasion and apoptosis of placental trophoblastic cells via modulating CDK6 and PI3K/AKT pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:79-86. [PMID: 32376568 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of microRNA (miR)-34a-5p and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 6 in the regulation of cell viability, apoptosis and invasion of human placental trophoblastic cells and the relationship between miR-34a-5p and CDK6. METHODS We examined the expression of miR-34a-5p using RT-qPCR in cultured human trophoblast HTR-8/Svneo cells and human choriocarcinoma cell lines BeWo and JEG-3HTR-8/Svneo. HTR-8/Svneo cells transfected with a miR-34a-5p-mimic, the miR-34a-5p-inhibitor, or pcDNA-CDK6 along with the mimic group were analyzed for changes in cell proliferation using MTT assay; the apoptosis of the cells were assessed by detecting caspase 3 activity and cleaved caspase 3 protein expression, and the cell invasion was evaluated using Transwell assay. Western blotting was used to determine the protein levels of CDK6, cleaved caspase 3, and MMP-9 in the cells. The interaction between CDK6 and miR-34a-5p analyzed using a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Transfection with the miR-34a-5p mimic significantly reduced the viability (P=0.000), suppressed the invasion (P=0.049), enhanced the cell apoptosis (P=0.018), down-regulated the expressions of MMP-9 (P=0.004) and CDK6 (P=0.014), and up-regulated caspase 3 activity (P=0.018) and cleaved caspase 3 expression (P=0.003) in cultured HTR-8/Svneo cells. CDK6 was confirmed as one of the target gene of miR-34a-5p. Transfection with pcDNA-CDK6 significantly reversed the effects of miR- 34a-5p overexpression on the cell viability (P=0.000), apoptosis (P=0.015), and invasion (P=0.046). Treatment of the cells with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), an activator of the PI3K/AKT pathway, also significantly attenuated the effects of miR-34a- 5p overexpression on the cell viability (P=0.011), apoptosis (P=0.004), and invasion (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS miR-34a-5p promotes apoptosis and inhibits the viability and invasion of human placental trophoblastic cells by down-regulating CDK6 and inactivating the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Jiangxi Maternal and Children's Health Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Juanxiu Xu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Maternal and Children's Health Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China
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13
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Wang H, Lu Z, Zhao X. Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:133. [PMID: 31815633 PMCID: PMC6902437 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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14
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Wang H, Lu Z, Zhao X. Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:133. [DOI: doi10.1186/s13045-019-0806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective treatment methods, the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor, and the 5-year average survival rate is less than 10%. Exosomes are nano-sized microvesicle and contain various components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes are important carriers for signal transmission or transportation of material from cell to cell or between cells and tissues. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic targets of HCC. A large number of reports indicate that exosomes play a key role in the establishment of an HCC microenvironment, as well as the development, progression, invasion, metastasis, and even the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of exosomes in these processes remain unclear. We believe that elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of HCC-related exosomes and its signaling pathway and analysis of its clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC can provide useful clues for future treatment regimens for HCC. This article discusses and summarizes the research progress of HCC-related exosomes and their potential clinical applications.
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Delivery of microRNAs by Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Could the News be Packaged? Cells 2019; 8:cells8060611. [PMID: 31216738 PMCID: PMC6627707 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by various cells and recently have attracted attention because they constitute a refined system of cell-cell communication. EVs deliver a diverse array of biomolecules including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids, and they can be used as potential biomarkers in normal and pathological conditions. The cargo of EVs is a snapshot of the donor cell profile; thus, in viral infections, EVs produced by infected cells could be a central player in disease pathogenesis. In this context, miRNAs incorporated into EVs can affect the immune recognition of viruses and promote or restrict their replication in target cells. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the roles played by EV-delivered miRNAs in viral infections and discuss the potential consequences for the host response. The full understanding of the functions of EVs and miRNAs can turn into useful biomarkers for infection detection and monitoring and/or uncover potential therapeutic targets.
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16
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The immunological function of extracellular vesicles in hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205886. [PMID: 30596665 PMCID: PMC6312312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) generates large amounts of complete and incomplete viral particles. Except for the virion, which acts as infectious particles, the function of those particles remains elusive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been revealed to have biological functions. The EVs which size are less than 100 nm in diameter, were collected from HBV infected-patients. These vesicles contain, complete and incomplete virions, and exosomes, which have been recently shown to be critical as intercellular communicators. Here, the effects of the exosome, the complete, and the incomplete particles on the target cells were investigated. These particles are endocytosed by monocyte/macrophages and function primarily to upregulate PD-L1. The functions and composition of the EVs were affected by nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), suggesting that the EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of HBV hepatitis and clinical course of those patients treated by NRTIs.
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The functional role of exosome in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:2085-2095. [PMID: 30062486 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide with limited therapeutic options. Exosome is a member of extracellular vesicles that can be released by different cells in liver to communicate with other cells. HCC development has been characterized by a dysfunction of exosome regulation through many molecular mechanisms. The aim of the present review is to summarize the literature on exosomes in HCC, their roles in hepatocarcinogenesis from liver disease, molecules exchange between tumor cells and neighboring cells, metastasis, chemoresistant, immunosuppression, early diagnose and therapy application. METHODS Literatures about HCC and exosomes from PubMed databases were reviewed in this article. RESULTS As our review described, exosomes can induce malignant transformation of liver disease via promoting viral diffusion and inflammation, exchange oncogenic factors between tumor cells, sustain tumor growth by neighboring stromal cells, play a important role in metastasis, trigger chemoresistance through transmitting long noncoding RNAs, stimulate immune activation as well as immune evasion, be utilized in biomarkers discovery and therapeutic options. CONCLUSIONS Available data suggested that exosomes may play an important role in HCC development. More studies on the way that exosomes mediated the HCC progression are needed to promote the clinical utilization of exosomes.
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Zhang LL, Zhang LF, Shi YB. miR-24 inhibited the killing effect of natural killer cells to colorectal cancer cells by downregulating Paxillin. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:257-263. [PMID: 29494963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the molecular mechanism that modulates the killing effect of natural killer (NK) cells to colorectal cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expressions of miR-24 and Paxillin were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Secretions of IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. The killing effect of NK cells was detected by CytoTox 96 non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to confirm the regulation of miR-24 on Paxillin. RESULTS miR-24 was overexpressed in NK cells from patients with colorectal cancer than healthy volunteers. Secretions of IFN-γ and TNF-α in activated NK cells were significantly increased, indicating the enhancement of the killing effect of NK cells. Paxillin expression was overexpressed in activated NK cells. Interference of Paxillin significantly decreased Paxillin expression, secretions of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and the killing effect of NK cells to colorectal cancer cells. In addition, we confirmed that Paxillin was a direct target of miR-24, and miR-24 was negatively correlated with Paxillin. Moreover, overexpression of miR-24 inhibited secretions of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and decreased cytotoxicity by downregulating Paxillin expression. Finally, we observed that overexpression of Paxillin significantly decreased tumor volume of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION Overexpression of miR-24 supressed the killing effect of NK cells to colorectal cancer cells by downregulating Paxillin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lian-Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Pacholewska A, Kraft MF, Gerber V, Jagannathan V. Differential Expression of Serum MicroRNAs Supports CD4⁺ T Cell Differentiation into Th2/Th17 Cells in Severe Equine Asthma. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E383. [PMID: 29231896 PMCID: PMC5748701 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate post-transcriptional gene expression and may be exported from cells via exosomes or in partnership with RNA-binding proteins. MiRNAs in body fluids can act in a hormone-like manner and play important roles in disease initiation and progression. Hence, miRNAs are promising candidates as biomarkers. To identify serum miRNA biomarkers in the equine model of asthma we investigated small RNA derived from the serum of 34 control and 37 asthmatic horses. These samples were used for next generation sequencing, novel miRNA identification and differential miRNA expression analysis. We identified 11 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs between case and control horses: eca-miR-128, eca-miR-744, eca-miR-197, eca-miR-103, eca-miR-107a, eca-miR-30d, eca-miR-140-3p, eca-miR-7, eca-miR-361-3p, eca-miR-148b-3p and eca-miR-215. Pathway enrichment using experimentally validated target genes of the human homologous miRNAs showed a significant enrichment in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (key player in airway remodeling in asthma) and the phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3) signaling pathway (modulator of CD4⁺ T cell maturation and function). Downregulated miR-128 and miR-744 supports a Th2/Th17 type immune response in severe equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pacholewska
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias F Kraft
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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