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Wu J, Li L, Qin D, Chen H, Liu Y, Shen G, Zhao P. Silkworm Hemolymph and Cocoon Metabolomics Reveals Valine Improves Feed Efficiency of Silkworm Artificial Diet. INSECTS 2024; 15:291. [PMID: 38667421 PMCID: PMC11050563 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Artificial silkworm diets significantly impact farm profitability. Sustainable cocoon production depends on the continuous improvement of feed efficiency to reduce costs and nutrient losses in the feed. This study used metabolomics to explore the differences in silkworm cocoons and hemolymph under two modes of rearing: an artificial diet and a mulberry-leaf diet. Nine metabolites of silkworm cocoons and hemolymph in the mulberry-leaf group were higher than those in the artificial-diet group. Enrichment analysis of the KEGG pathways for these metabolites revealed that they were mainly enriched in the valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis and degradation pathways. Hence, the artificial silkworm diet was supplemented various concentrations of valine were supplemented to with the aim of examining the impact of valine on their feeding and digestion of the artificial diet. The results indicated that valine addition had no significant effect on feed digestibility in the fifth-instar silkworm. Food intake in the 2% and 4% valine groups was significantly lower than that in the 0% valine group. However, the 2% and 4% valine groups showed significantly improved cocoon-production efficiency, at 11.3% and 25.1% higher, respectively. However, the cocoon-layer-production efficiencies of the 2% and 4% valine groups decreased by 7.7% and 13.9%, respectively. The research confirmed that valine is an effective substance for enhancing the feed efficiency of silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Wu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lingyi Li
- Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Daoyuan Qin
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Han Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanlin Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guanwang Shen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Zou Y, Wu W, Luo T, Tang Y, Hu H, Ye A, Xu L, Dai F, Tong X. Disruption of Zfh3 abolishes mulberry-specific monophagy in silkworm larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38622976 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Feeding behavior is critical for insect survival and fitness. Most researchers have explored the molecular basis of feeding behaviors by identifying and elucidating the function of olfactory receptors (ORs) and gustatory receptors (GRs). Other types of genes, such as transcription factors, have rarely been investigated, and little is known about their potential roles. The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a well-studied monophagic insect which primarily feeds on mulberry leaves, but the genetic basis of its monophagy is still not understood. In this report, we focused on a transcription factor encoded by the Zfh3 gene, which is highly expressed in the silkworm central and peripheral nervous systems, including brain, antenna, and maxilla. To investigate its function, Zfh3 was abrogated using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) mutagenesis. Since Zfh3 knockout homozygotes are not viable, we studied feeding behavior in heterozygotes, and found that disruption of Zfh3 affects both gustation and olfaction. Mutant larvae lose preference for mulberry leaves, acquire the ability to consume an expanded range of diets, and exhibit improved adaptation to the M0 artificial diet, which contains no mulberry leaves. These results provide the first demonstration that a transcription factor modulates feeding behaviors in an insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wentao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aijun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Wang G, Jiang G, Peng R, Wang Y, Li J, Sima Y, Xu S. Multi-omics integrative analysis revealed characteristic changes in blood cell immunity and amino acid metabolism in a silkworm model of hyperproteinemia. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128809. [PMID: 38128801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hyperproteinemia is a serious metabolic disease of both humans and animals characterized by an abnormally high plasma protein concentration (HPPC). Although hyperproteinemia can cause an imbalance in blood cell homeostasis, the functional changes to blood cells remain unclear. Here, a HPPC silkworm model was used to assess changes to the chromatin accessibility and transcript levels of genes related to blood cell metabolism and immune function. The results showed that HPPC enhanced phagocytosis of blood cells, increased chromatin accessibility and transcript levels of genes involved in cell phagocytosis, proliferation, stress, and programmed death, while genes associated with aromatic amino acid metabolism, and antibacterial peptide synthesis were inhibited in blood cells. Further analysis of the chromatin accessibility of the promoter region found that the high chromatin accessibility of genes sensitive to HPPC, was related to histone modifications, including tri-methylation of lysine residue 4 of histone H3 and acetylation of lysine residue 27 of histone H3. Changes to the chromatin accessibility and transcript levels of genes related to immune function and amino acid metabolism in the blood cells of the HPPC silkworm model provided useful references for future studies of the mechanisms underlying epigenomic regulation mediated by hyperproteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guihua Jiang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruji Peng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianglan Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanghu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shiqing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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4
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Han B, Wu J, Wei Q, Liu F, Cui L, Rueppell O, Xu S. Life-history stage determines the diet of ectoparasitic mites on their honey bee hosts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:725. [PMID: 38272866 PMCID: PMC10811344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectoparasitic mites of the genera Varroa and Tropilaelaps have evolved to exclusively exploit honey bees as food sources during alternating dispersal and reproductive life history stages. Here we show that the primary food source utilized by Varroa destructor depends on the host life history stage. While feeding on adult bees, dispersing V. destructor feed on the abdominal membranes to access to the fat body as reported previously. However, when V. destructor feed on honey bee pupae during their reproductive stage, they primarily consume hemolymph, indicated by wound analysis, preferential transfer of biostains, and a proteomic comparison between parasite and host tissues. Biostaining and proteomic results were paralleled by corresponding findings in Tropilaelaps mercedesae, a mite that only feeds on brood and has a strongly reduced dispersal stage. Metabolomic profiling of V. destructor corroborates differences between the diet of the dispersing adults and reproductive foundresses. The proteome and metabolome differences between reproductive and dispersing V. destructor suggest that the hemolymph diet coincides with amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in the foundresses while the metabolism of non-reproductive adults is tuned to lipid metabolism. Thus, we demonstrate within-host dietary specialization of ectoparasitic mites that coincides with life history of hosts and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiaohong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lihong Cui
- Cell Biology Facility, Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2L3, Canada.
| | - Shufa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Yin X, Zhang Y, Yu D, Li G, Wang X, Wei Y, He C, Liu Y, Li Y, Xu K, Zhang G. Effects of artificial diet rearing during all instars on silk secretion and gene transcription in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1379-1390. [PMID: 37300368 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silkworms (Bombyx mori) reared on artificial diets during all instars have the advantages of simplicity and efficiency, year-round production, and reduced risk of poisoning. However, low silk yield remains a challenge, limiting its industrial application. To address this issue, the spinning behavior, nutrient absorption, and transcriptomics of silkworms were investigated. Compared with silkworms reared on mulberry leaves during all instars, those fed with artificial diets showed significantly lower cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell rate, and silk gland tissue somatic index at the end of the fifth instar (P < 0.01). The spinning duration and crawling distance of silkworms reared on artificial diets were also significantly lower than those reared on mulberry leaves (P < 0.01). Regarding nutrient absorption, the dietary efficiency indexes of silkworms fed with artificial diets were significantly lower than those fed with mulberry leaves, except for the efficiency conversion of digesta to cocoon (P < 0.01). Further RNA-Seq analysis revealed 386 differentially transcribed genes between the 2 groups, with 242 upregulated and 144 downregulated genes. GO enrichment analysis showed that differential transcriptional genes were mainly enriched in organic acid metabolism, oxidation-reduction, and drug catabolism. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that differential transcriptional genes were mainly enriched in genetic information processing and metabolism pathways. Our findings provide new insights into the silk secretion and can serve as a reference for future research and application of silkworms fed with artificial diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcan Yin
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Dongliang Yu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Guoli Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xilei Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chunhui He
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Yizhe Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Kaizun Xu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Guizheng Zhang
- Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
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6
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Li Y, Wei Y, Zhang G, Zhang Y. Sericin from Fibroin-Deficient Silkworms Served as a Promising Resource for Biomedicine. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2941. [PMID: 37447586 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sericin, a fascinating natural biomaterial derived from silkworms, has received increasing interest in recent years for its unique bioactivity and high compatibility. Silkworms can be divided into wild-type or silk fibroin-deficient mutants according to whether they synthesize and secrete silk fibroin. Silk fibroin-deficient mutant silkworms and their cocoons are convenient for us to obtain diverse and high-quality sericin, which has been applicated in various fields such as cell culture, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and cosmetics. Here, we present an overview of our silkworm varieties resources, especially silk fibroin-deficient mutant silkworms. We optimized various extraction methods of sericin and summarized the characteristics and advantages of sericin. Finally, we developed and discussed a series of sericin-based biomaterials for promising applications for a diverse set of needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Li
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yongkang Wei
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Guozheng Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yeshun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Zhenjiang Zhongnong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang 212121, China
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7
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Wang M, Shen Y, Tan Z, Yasen A, Fan B, Shen X. Metabolomics analysis of dietary restriction results in a longer lifespan due to alters of amino acid levels in larval hemolymph of Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6828. [PMID: 37100857 PMCID: PMC10133320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) has been a very important discovery in modern aging biology research. Its remarkable anti-aging effect has been proved in a variety of organisms, including members of Lepidoptera, but mechanisms by which DR increases longevity are not fully understood. By using the silkworm (Bombyx mori), a model of lepidopteran insect, we established a DR model, isolated hemolymph from fifth instar larvae and employed LC-MS/MS metabolomics to analyze the effect of DR on the endogenous metabolites of silkworm, and tried to clarify the mechanism of DR to prolong lifespan. We identified the potential biomarkers by analyzing the metabolites of the DR and control groups. Then, we constructed relevant metabolic pathways and networks with MetaboAnalyst. DR significantly prolonged the lifespan of silkworm. The differential metabolites between the DR and control groups were mainly organic acids (including amino acid), and amines. These metabolites are involved in metabolic pathways such as amino acid metabolism. Further analysis showed that, the levels of 17 amino acids were significantly changed in the DR group, indicating that the prolonged lifespan was mainly due to changes in amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, we identified 41 and 28 unique differential metabolites in males and females, respectively, demonstrating sex differences in biological responses to DR. The DR group showed higher antioxidant capacity and lower lipid peroxidation and inflammatory precursors, with differences between the sexes. These results provide evidence for various DR anti-aging mechanisms at the metabolic level and novel reference for the future development of DR-simulating drugs or foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yichen Shen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhicheng Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ayinuer Yasen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingyan Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingjia Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu, China.
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Li J, Deng J, Deng X, Liu L, Zha X. Metabonomic Analysis of Silkworm Midgut Reveals Differences between the Physiological Effects of an Artificial and Mulberry Leaf Diet. INSECTS 2023; 14:347. [PMID: 37103160 PMCID: PMC10146990 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is a model lepidopteran insect of great economic value. Mulberry leaves are its only natural food source. The development of artificial diets can not only resolve the seasonal shortage of mulberry leaves but also enable changes to be made to the feed composition according to need. Metabolomic differences between the midguts of male and female silkworms fed either on fresh mulberry leaves or an artificial diet were studied using liquid chromatography-mass spectrography (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 758 differential metabolites were identified. Our analysis showed that they were mainly involved in disease resistance and immunity, silk quality, and silkworm growth and development. These experimental results provide insights into the formulation of optimized artificial feed for silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lianlian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingfu Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Hăbeanu M, Gheorghe A, Mihalcea T. Nutritional Value of Silkworm Pupae ( Bombyx mori) with Emphases on Fatty Acids Profile and Their Potential Applications for Humans and Animals. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14030254. [PMID: 36975939 PMCID: PMC10051144 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is an ideal lepidopteran species representative of many scientific studies, a model of studies for medicine and a significant insect from an ecological standpoint. This review was performed to summarize the fatty acids (FA) composition of silkworm pupae (SP) that are associated with other important compounds that could add value to SP, diversifying the ways of valorization. The proposal to complete plant-based feeds with insect-based feeds represents a viable option to beneficially impact human and animal health and the environment. The quality and quantity of fats consumed significantly impact the aetiology of certain diseases. The key compounds of fat named essential FA (EFA) substantially influence the prevention and treatment of several diseases through their nutraceutical functions. Due to its excellent profile in nutrients such as protein and fat, amino acids and fatty acids composition, SP has become an important alternative feed ingredient and source of EFA. SP is a by-product that was discarded in large quantities. Following the need to act to improve human health and reduce climate change impact, many researchers focused on studying SP applications in the medical and agricultural industries. Several authors noticed an improvement in the health markers by using SP. The feed cost for the animal was reduced with economic implications. Minimization of environmental impact was recorded. Few precautions were recommended regarding SP use, although they should not be ignored. The composition of SP and its potential for use in various industries provides us with persuasive arguments for continuing to develop the sericulture industry.
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Sericultural By-Products: The Potential for Alternative Therapy in Cancer Drug Design. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020850. [PMID: 36677907 PMCID: PMC9861160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Major progress has been made in cancer research; however, cancer remains one of the most important health-related burdens. Sericulture importance is no longer limited to the textile industry, but its by-products, such as silk fibroin or mulberry, exhibit great impact in the cancer research area. Fibroin, the pivotal compound that is found in silk, owns superior biocompatibility and biodegradability, representing one of the most important biomaterials. Numerous studies have reported its successful use as a drug delivery system, and it is currently used to develop three-dimensional tumor models that lead to a better understanding of cancer biology and play a great role in the development of novel antitumoral strategies. Moreover, sericin's cytotoxic effect on various tumoral cell lines has been reported, but also, it has been used as a nanocarrier for target therapeutic agents. On the other hand, mulberry compounds include various bioactive elements that are well known for their antitumoral activities, such as polyphenols or anthocyanins. In this review, the latest progress of using sericultural by-products in cancer therapy is discussed by highlighting their notable impact in developing novel effective drug strategies.
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Zhang X, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Fan S, Zhang L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Defense Genes and Mechanisms in Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves against Silkworms (Bombyx mori). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113519. [PMID: 36362309 PMCID: PMC9656888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of long-term coevolution and natural selection, the leaves of mulberry (Morus alba) trees have become the best food source for silkworms (Bombyx mori). Nevertheless, the molecular and genomic basis of defense response remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we assessed changes in the transcriptome changes of mulberry in response to silkworm larval feeding at 0, 3, and 6 h. A total of 4709 (up = 2971, down = 1738) and 3009 (up = 1868, down = 1141) unigenes were identified after 3 and 6 h of silkworm infestation, respectively. MapMan enrichment analysis results show structural traits such as leaf surface wax, cell wall thickness and lignification form the first physical barrier to feeding by the silkworms. Cluster analysis revealed six unique temporal patterns of transcriptome changes. We predicted that mulberry promoted rapid changes in signaling and other regulatory processes to deal with mechanical damage, photosynthesis impairment, and other injury caused by herbivores within 3–6 h. LRR-RK coding genes (THE1, FER) was predicted participated in perception of cell wall perturbation in mulberry responding to silkworm feeding. Ca2+ signal sensors (CMLs), ROS (OST1, SOS3), RBOHD/F, CDPKs, and ABA were part of the regulatory network after silkworm feeding. Jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction was predicted to act in silkworm feeding response, 10 JA signaling genes (such as OPR3, JAR1, and JAZ1) and 21 JA synthesis genes (such as LOX2, AOS, and ACX1) were upregulated after silkworm feeding for 3 h. Besides, genes of “alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism” and “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” were activated in 3 h to reprogram secondary metabolism. Collectively, these findings provided valuable insights into silkworm herbivory-induced regulatory and metabolic processes in mulberry, which might help improve the coevolution of silkworm and mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shoujin Fan
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-531-86180718 (L.Z.)
| | - Luoyan Zhang
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-531-86180718 (L.Z.)
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12
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Wu X, Chen X, Ye A, Cao J, He R, Pan M, Jin F, Ma H, Zhou W. Multi-tissue metabolomic profiling reveals potential mechanisms of cocoon yield in silkworms (Bombyx mori) fed formula feed versus mulberry leaves. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:977047. [PMID: 36060262 PMCID: PMC9428324 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.977047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of formula feed (FF) for silkworms for all instars, has promoted transformation and progress in traditional sericulture. However, the cocoon yield of FF silkworms has failed to reach that of silkworms fed mulberry leaves (ML). The biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been well described. This study aimed to identify metabolic mechanisms and potential biomarkers relating to the poor cocoon yield of FF silkworms. In this study, silkworms received treatments of either ML (ML group) or FF (FF group) for all instars. At the 3rd day of the 5th instar, the midgut (MG), hemolymph (HL) and posterior silk gland (PSG) were collected for the metabolome profiles detection. The remaining silkworms were fed ML or FF until cocooning for investigation. The whole cocoon yield (WCY) was significantly higher in the FF group than the ML group (p < 0.05), whereas the cocoon shell weight (CSW) and cocoon shell rate (CSR) were significantly lower in the FF group (p < 0.05). A total of 845, 867 and 831 metabolites were qualified and quantified in the MG, HL and PSG of the FF silkworms, respectively. Correspondingly, 789, 833 and 730 metabolites were quantified in above three tissues of the ML group. Further, 230, 249 and 304 significantly different metabolites (SDMs) were identified in the MG, HL and PSG between the FF and ML group, respectively. Eleven metabolic pathways enriched by the SDMs were mutual among the three tissues. Among them, cysteine and methionine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and arginine and proline metabolism were the top three pathways with the highest impact value in the PSG. Six biomarkers were obtained through biomarker analysis and Pearson correlation calculation. Among them, homocitrulline, glycitein, valyl-threonine, propyl gallate and 3-amino-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid were positively correlated with WCY, but negatively correlated with CSW and CSR (p < 0.05). An opposite correlation pattern was observed between 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and the three cocoon performance traits. Overall, three key metabolic pathways and six biomarkers associated with cocoon yield were interpreted, and should provide directions for formula feed optimization in factory-raised silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Wu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuedong Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aihong Ye
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinru Cao
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruimin He
- Shengzhou Mulsun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shengzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiliang Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Shengzhou Mulsun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shengzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanyan Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenlin Zhou
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wenlin Zhou,
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13
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Bu C, Zheng R, Huang G, Wu J, Liu G, Donald ML, Dong T, Xu X. The differences in cocoon and silk qualities among sex-related mulberry and silkworm feeding groups. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270021. [PMID: 35771800 PMCID: PMC9246167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is seen in many dioecious plant and animal species, which may influence their trophic interactions. The differences in trophic interactions derived from sexual dimorphism in plants may influence herbivorous performance and population dynamics. Both silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and mulberry (Morus alba L.) usually exhibit sexual dimorphism. However, few studies have been conducted on the effect of sex-related silkworm and mulberry pairings on cocoon and silk qualities, which are crucial in sericulture. Here, we compared the differences in cocoon and silk qualities under four feeding combinations (FS-FL: female silkworm fed with leaves from female mulberry trees; MS-FL: male silkworm fed with leaves from female mulberry trees; FS-ML: female silkworm fed with leaves from male mulberry trees; MS-ML: male silkworm fed with leaves from male mulberry trees). The results showed that silkworms exhibited male-biased herbivory with more male mulberry leaves digested. The FS-ML group had higher silk weight and silk ratio of fresh cocoons than the FS-FL group, and the MS-ML group had lower coarse points than the MS-FL group. Compared with groups FS-ML and FS-FL, both MS-FL and MS-ML had smaller cocoons with longer silk lengths and a higher silk ratio of the fresh cocoons. In addition, the Entropy Weight-TOPSIS method showed the cocoon quality rank as FS-ML > FS-FL > MS-FL > MS-ML, whereas silk quality rank was MS-ML > FS-FL > FS-ML > MS-FL. These results indicate that the quality of cocoon and silk is related to the interaction of silkworm and mulberry at the sex level. Furthermore, female silkworms fed with female and male tree leaves have a higher total yield in cocoon production, while male silkworms fed with male tree leaves produced higher silk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Gaiqun Huang
- Sericultural Research Institute of Sichuan, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianmei Wu
- Sericultural Research Institute of Sichuan, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Sericultural Research Institute of Sichuan, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Tingfa Dong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Plant Adaptation and Utilization in Southwest Mountain, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Plant Adaptation and Utilization in Southwest Mountain, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Qian H, Guo H, Zhang X, Liu M, Zhao G, Xu A, Li G. Metabolic characterization of hemolymph in Bombyx mori varieties after Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus infection by GC-MS-based metabolite profiling. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1637-1648. [PMID: 35650326 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The "Huakang 2" silkworm variety, bred by the Sericulture Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, is highly resistant to Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and effectively solves the issue of frequent Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis in sericultural production. The molecular mechanism of its resistance to BmNPV, however, is still unknown. The purpose of the present study was therefore to identify these anti-BmNPV mechanisms by using metabolomics in combination with transcriptomics after subcutaneous injection of budded virus (BV) with high concentrations of BmNPV from specimens of the Baiyu N variety (which is highly resistant to BmNPV) and the Baiyu variety (which is sensitive to BmNPV). A total of 375 differential metabolites were identified, which mainly included sugars, acids, amines, alcohols, glycosides, and other small molecules. KEGG enrichment analysis and functional clustering of differential metabolites identified possible metabolic pathways, including tyrosine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome analysis were annotated in KEGG. Association analysis showed that the metabolic pathways of different silkworm varieties are affected differently by BmNPV infection, triggering a series of complex physiological and biochemical changes in the organism. In particular, oxidative phosphorylation might be an essential pathway involved in regulation of disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Qian
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China. .,The key Laboratory of silkworm and mulberry genetic improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, 212018, China.
| | - Huimin Guo
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- The key Laboratory of silkworm and mulberry genetic improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.,The key Laboratory of silkworm and mulberry genetic improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Anying Xu
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.,The key Laboratory of silkworm and mulberry genetic improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Gang Li
- The Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China. .,The key Laboratory of silkworm and mulberry genetic improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, 212018, China.
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15
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Combined analysis of silk synthesis and hemolymph amino acid metabolism reveal key roles for glycine in increasing silkworm silk yields. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1760-1770. [PMID: 35490768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rearing silkworms (Bombyx mori) using formula feed has revolutionized traditional mulberry feed strategies. However, low silk production efficiencies persist and have caused bottlenecks, hindering the industrial application of formula feed sericulture. Here, we investigated the effects of formula feed amino acid composition on silk yields. We showed that imbalanced amino acids reduced DNA proliferation, decreased Fib-H, Fib-L, and P25 gene expression, and caused mild autophagy in the posterior silk gland, reducing cocoon shell weight and ratio. When compared with mulberry leaves, Gly, Ala, Ser, and Tyr percentages of total amino acids in formula feed were decreased by 5.26%, while Glu and Arg percentages increased by 9.56%. These changes increased uric acid and several amino acids levels in the hemolymph of silkworms on formula feed. Further analyses showed that Gly and Thr (important synthetic Gly sources) increased silk yields, with Gly increasing amino acid conversion efficiencies to silk protein, and reducing urea levels in hemolymph. Also, Gly promoted endomitotic DNA synthesis in silk gland cells via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. In this study, we highlighted the important role of Gly in regulating silk yields in silkworms.
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16
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Zhou J, Huo T, Sun J, Feng Y, Pan J, Zhao Y, Liu S. Response of amino acid metabolism to decreased temperatures in anammox consortia: Strong, efficient and flexible. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 352:127099. [PMID: 35367607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although amino acid (AA) metabolism is basis of bacterial activities, unique characteristics of its response to decreased temperatures are not fully understood. Achieving nitrogen removal rate of 130-150 mg N/ (L∙d), metabolic differences of anammox consortia between 35 °C and four decreased temperatures (15-30 °C) were revealed respectively. 0-11.4-fold abundance variation of marker metabolites evidenced change of key metabolism (metabolism of AA, lipid and energy production) at decreased temperatures. However, AA metabolism varied more obviously than others, implying stronger response and higher functional potential. Efficiently, network topology confirmed more cellular processes represented by growth metabolism and biofilm formation were influenced by AA metabolism. Flexibly, down-regulated biosynthesis of unfavorable AAs for psychrophilic enzyme differed from enhanced biosynthesis of costly AAs, which only matched partial decreased temperatures to save energy. This work elucidates advantages of AA metabolism over others, exogenous amino acids could significantly promote activity of anammox bacteria at decreased temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Zhou
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tangran Huo
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingqi Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiming Feng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juejun Pan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China.
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17
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Bian D, Ren Y, Ye W, Dai M, Li F, Wei J, Sun H, Li B. Evaluation of tolerance to λ-cyhalothrin and response of detoxification enzymes in silkworms reared on artificial diet. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113232. [PMID: 35085886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A representative silkworm rearing mode of Ⅰ-Ⅲ instars reared on artificial diet and Ⅳ-Ⅴ instars reared on fresh mulberry leaves has been recognized in some sericultural areas of China. Under this rearing mode, silkworms are prone to be poisoned by pesticide residues on mulberry leaves at the Ⅳ and Ⅴ instar stages. As one of the most widely applied insecticides, λ-cyhalothrin was used to study the insecticide tolerance of silkworm reared on artificial diet (referred as the AD group). Our results showed that the newly ecdysized Ⅳ instar larvae in the AD group were less tolerant to λ-cyhalothrin compared to the mulberry leaves reared group (referred as the ML group). After continuous exposure to trace λ-cyhalothrin, the weight gain and the survival rate of silkworms were significantly lower in the AD group than those in the ML group, even though compensatory growth was observed in the control of the AD group. Histopathology and ultrastructure of fat body showed that λ-cyhalothrin induced more severe cell injuries in the AD group, such as shrunken nucleus, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial swelling. The transcription levels of detoxification related genes (CYP4M5, CYP6AB4, CarE2, CarE5, GSTe1 and GSTe3) and the enzyme activities of P450s, CarEs and GSTs were inducible by trace λ-cyhalothrin in a time-specific manner, and the data showed that the response of P450 enzyme activity was retarded in the AD group, indicating a potential reason for a higher sensitivity to λ-cyhalothrin. Our results provided a new clue for the study of the relationship between feed nutrition and detoxification ability, and also provided an important reference for the development of modern silkworm rearing mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Bian
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Yuying Ren
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Wentao Ye
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Haina Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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18
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Li G, Zheng X, Zhu Y, Long Y, Xia X. Bacillus symbiont drives alterations in intestinal microbiota and circulating metabolites of lepidopteran host. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4049-4064. [PMID: 35191580 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic association between bacterial symbionts and insect hosts is a complicated process that is not completely understood. Herein, we used a silkworm model to study the association between symbiotic Bacillus and lepidopteran insect by investigating the changes in intestinal microbiota and hemolymph circulating metabolites of silkworm after symbiotic Bacillus subtilis treatment. Results showed that B. subtilis can generate a variety of primary and secondary metabolites, such as B vitamins and antimicrobial compounds, to provide micronutrients and enhance the pathogen resistance of their insect host. Shifts in the relative abundance of Enterococcus, Brevibacterium, Buttiauxella, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, and Limnobacter had significant correlations with the concentrations of differential metabolites (e.g., phospholipids and certain amino acids) in insect hemolymph. The antimicrobial compounds secreted by B. subtilis were the primary driving force for the reconstruction of intestinal microbiota. Meanwhile, the altered levels of circulating metabolites in multiple metabolic pathways were potential an adaptive mechanism of insect hosts in response to the shifts of intestinal microbiota. Our findings provided concrete evidence that bacterial intestinal symbiont can alter the physiological state of insects and highlighted the importance of the compositional alterations of intestinal microbiota as a source of variation in circulating metabolites of insect hosts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yaohang Long
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Xuejuan Xia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Qu J, Feng P, Zhu Q, Ren Y, Li B. Study on the Effect of Stretching on the Strength of Natural Silk Based on Different Feeding Methods. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 8:100-108. [PMID: 34918508 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silk is an important biological protein fiber, which has been widely developed and used in textile and biomedical fields due to its excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibility. Strength is an important indicator that determines the value and use of silk. Although investigations have been made on the mechanical properties of silkworm silks and their dependence relationship with the microstructures, the variation of silk strength formed in the process of silkworm spinning has not been reported. By feeding the same strain of silkworms with mulberry leaves, mulberry leaves + artificial feed, and artificial feed, silks with three filament sizes were obtained, respectively. The tensile test results showed that the strength and filament size of silk are inversely proportional. The structure and fibrosis process of different-strength silks were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with ordinary silk, the β-sheet and crystallinity content of high-strength silk is higher, indicating that its fibrosis process is more sufficient. We proposed that the stretched degree of silk protein determines its structure and properties. During the spinning process of individual silkworms, the secretion of silk protein is not stable, which will cause changes in the stretched degree. The measurement results of the intraindividual stretched degree and strength verified that the degree of stretch determines the strength of the silk. This study not only provides a deeper understanding of the properties of silk protein but also is of interest for the design and development of advanced biomimetic silk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Qu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Piao Feng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Ren
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.,Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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20
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Wang G, Xu D, Guo D, Zhang Y, Mai X, Zhang B, Cao H, Zhang S. Unraveling the innate immune responses of Bombyx mori hemolymph, fat body, and midgut to Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus oral infection by metabolomic analysis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21848. [PMID: 34676595 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection causes a series of physiological and pathological changes in Bombyx mori (B. mori). Here, a metabolomic study of the innate immunity organs including hemolymph, fat body, and midgut of the silkworm strain Dazao following BmNPV challenge was conducted to reveal the metabolic variations in B. mori. Compared to the control, 4964 and 4942 features with 4077 and 4327 high-quality features were generated under positive and negative modes, respectively, from BmNPV-infected larvae. The principal component analysis and supervised learning method using partial least squares discrimination analysis demonstrated good analytical stability and experimental reproducibility of the metabolic profiles. Based on database annotations, a total of 296, 108, and 215 differential expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified from BmNPV-infected group of hemolymph, fat body, and midgut, respectively, which were all mainly grouped into carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acyls, and glycerophospholipids. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Database enrichment analysis of the DEMs showed that amino acid metabolism was increased at 24 h after BmNPV infection. BmNPV induction was adopted to significantly alter a series of immune-related pathways including phospholipase D signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, melanogenesis, membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism. The different levels of expression of several DEMs including l-glutamate, naphthalene, 3-succinoylpyridine 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, and l-tyrosine which were involved in those pathways exhibited the immune responses of B. mori to BmNPV infection. Our findings are valuable for a better understanding of the antiviral mechanism of B. mori underlying the interaction between the silkworm and BmNPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobao Wang
- Department of Sericulture, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Sericulture, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Dingge Guo
- Department of Sericulture, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Yuzhuo Zhang
- Department of Sericulture, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoxi Mai
- Department of Sericulture, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Baoren Zhang
- Department of Sericulture, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Sericulture, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Department of Sericulture, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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Sardans J, Gargallo‐Garriga A, Urban O, Klem K, Holub P, Janssens IA, Walker TWN, Pesqueda A, Peñuelas J. Ecometabolomics of plant–herbivore and plant–fungi interactions: a synthesis study. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Albert Gargallo‐Garriga
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
| | - Tom W. N. Walker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zurich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Argus Pesqueda
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Bělidla 986/4a Brno CZ‐60300 Czech Republic
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22
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Liu SN, Liu Q, Lei L, Sun SJ, Li CN, Huan Y, Hou SC, Shen ZF. The Chinese patent medicine, Jin-tang-ning, ameliorates hyperglycemia through improving β cell function in pre-diabetic KKAy mice. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:827-836. [PMID: 33308603 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Jin-tang-ning (JTN), a Chinese patent medicine, mainly comprised of Bombyx moriL., has been proved to show α-glucosidase inhibitory efficacy and clinically effective for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Recently, we have reported that JTN could ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia and improved β cell function in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obese mice, suggesting that JTN might play a potential role in preventing the conversion of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to T2DM. In this study, we evaluated the effect of JTN on the progression of T2DM in the pre-diabetic KKAy mice. During the 10 weeks of treatment, blood biochemical analysis and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed to evaluate glucose and lipid profiles. The β cell function was quantified using hyperglycemic clamp at the end of the study. JTN-treated groups exhibited slowly raised fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, and also ameliorated lipid profile. JTN improved glucose intolerance after 8 weeks of treatment. Meanwhile, JTN restored glucose-stimulated first-phase of insulin secretion and induced higher maximum insulin levels in the hyperglycemic clamp. Thus, to investigate the underlying mechanisms of JTN in protecting β cell function, the morphologic changes of the pancreatic islets were observed by optical microscope and immunofluorescence of hormones (insulin and glucagon). Pancreatic protein expression levels of key factors involving in insulin secretion-related pathway and ER stress were also detected by Western blot. Pre-diabetic KKAy mice exhibited a compensatory augment in β cell mass and abnormal α cell distribution. Long-term treatment of JTN recovered islet morphology accompanied by reducing α cell area in KKAy mice. JTN upregulated expression levels of glucokinase (GCK), pyruvate carboxylase (PCB) and pancreas duodenum homeobox-1 (PDX-1), while down-regulating C/EBP homologous protein (Chop) expression in pancreas of the hyperglycemic clamp, which indicated the improvement of mitochondrial metabolism and relief of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress of β cells after JTN treatment. These results will provide a new insight into exploring a novel strategy of JTN for protecting β cell function and preventing the onset of pre-diabetes to T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Su-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cai-Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yi Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shao-Cong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhu-Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Key laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs of Beijing, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Das D, Ghosh D, Mandal P. Preservative potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: prevention of xylem occlusion and microbial proliferation at postharvest stage of preservation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22038-22063. [PMID: 33415628 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine the appropriate genotype and concentration of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles effectual in preserving mulberry leaves at the postharvest stage. The preservative effect of silver nanoparticles was determined by their potentiality to prevent xylem blockage, chlorophyll content retention and inhibition of microbial proliferation within a preservative solution. For synthesizing silver nanoparticles, a blend of 10-3 M silver nitrate and S1 genotype of the mulberry leaf was found to be most effective. Silver nanoparticles at 6 ppm were observed to be the least effective concentration for preserving mulberry leaves for at least 7 days at the postharvest stage, as evident from physical texture and retention of chlorophyll content. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed negative microbial count during the course of preservation as evident from no colony-forming unit (CFU) until the last day of preservation, while conventional preservative silver nitrate showed traces of CFU on a nutrient agar plate. Besides, these leaves preserved in nanosilver solution showed an almost negligible number of xylem blockage in the petiole, almost equivalent to the blockage nature of fresh leaves caused by the deposition of macromolecules like protein, lignin and suberin. Nanosilver- and silver nitrate-preserved leaves also displayed insignificant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and greater retention of membrane integrity than leaves preserved in normal distilled water. Nanosilver solution showed greater durability of preserving mulberry leaves than conventional floral preservative silver nitrate, useful for feeding silkworm larvae during the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Das
- Nanobiology and Phytotherapy Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India
- Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Debasmita Ghosh
- Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Palash Mandal
- Nanobiology and Phytotherapy Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India.
- Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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Hou M, Dai TM, Liang XY, Zhang SX, Cui WZ, Qiu JF, Sima YH, Cui WZ, Xu SQ. Bombyx mori can synthesize ascorbic acid through the l-gulose pathway to varying degrees depending on developmental stage. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21783. [PMID: 33719082 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC) is an essential nutrient for many animals. However, whether insects, including Bombyx mori, can synthesize VC remains unclear. In this article, the optimized HPLC method was used to determine the content of l-ascorbic acid (AsA) in silkworm eggs, larvae and pupae, and the activity of l-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase (GULO), a key enzyme in VC synthesis. The RNA interference method was used to determine the effect of the BmGulo-like gene on embryonic development and GULO activity in the pupal fat body. The AsA content increased significantly during E144 h-E168 h in the late embryonic stage and P48 h-P144 h in the middle-late pupal stage, in which exogenous VC was not ingested. Furthermore, the body AsA content in larvae fed VC-free feed also increased with larval stage. The GULO enzymatic activity was present in eggs and the fat bodies of larvae and pupae, even when the larvae were reared with fresh mulberry leaves. Moreover, the activity was higher in the later embryonic stages (E144 h-E168 h) and the early pupal stage (before P24 h). The GULO activity in the pupal fat body dramatically decreased when the screened BmGulo-like gene (BGIBMGA005735) was knocked down with small interfering RNA; in addition, the survival rate and hatching rate of eggs significantly decreased 21% and 44%, respectively, and embryonic development was delayed. Thus, Bombyx mori can synthesize AsA through the l-gulose pathway, albeit with low activity, and this synthesis ability varies with developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hou
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tai-Ming Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yin Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Zhao Cui
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Feng Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei-Zheng Cui
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Saviane A, Tassoni L, Naviglio D, Lupi D, Savoldelli S, Bianchi G, Cortellino G, Bondioli P, Folegatti L, Casartelli M, Orlandi VT, Tettamanti G, Cappellozza S. Mechanical Processing of Hermetia illucens Larvae and Bombyx mori Pupae Produces Oils with Antimicrobial Activity. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:783. [PMID: 33799904 PMCID: PMC8001418 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop processing methods that safeguard the quality and antimicrobial properties of H. illucens and B. mori oils. We adopted a vegetable diet for both insects: leftover vegetables and fruit for H. illucens and mulberry leaves for B. mori. First, alternative techniques to obtain a good oil extraction yield from the dried biomass of H. illucens larvae were tested. Traditional pressing resulted to be the best system to maximize the oil yield and it was successfully applied to B. mori pupae. Oil quality resulted comparable to that obtained with other extraction methods described in the literature. In the case of B. mori pupae, different treatments and preservation periods were investigated to evaluate their influence on the oil composition and quality. Interestingly, agar diffusion assays demonstrated the sensitivity of Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus to H. illucens and B. mori derived oils, whereas the growth of Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was not affected. This study confirms that fat and other active compounds of the oil extracted by hot pressing could represent effective antimicrobials against bacteria, a relevant result if we consider that they are by-products of the protein extraction process in the feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Saviane
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), 35143 Padova, Italy;
| | - Luca Tassoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Daniele Naviglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Daniela Lupi
- Dipartimento Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Sara Savoldelli
- Dipartimento Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Giulia Bianchi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanna Cortellino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.B.); (G.C.)
| | | | - Liliana Folegatti
- Innovhub, Laboratorio Sostanze Grasse, Derivati e Tecnologie Olearie, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (V.T.O.); (G.T.)
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), 35143 Padova, Italy;
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Wang Y, Ren J, Ye C, Pei Y, Ling S. Thermochromic Silks for Temperature Management and Dynamic Textile Displays. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:72. [PMID: 34138303 PMCID: PMC8187528 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Wearable and smart textiles are constructed by integrating embroidery technology and 5G cloud communication, showing promising applications in temperature management and real-time dynamic textile displays. Thermochromism is introduced into the natural silk to produce high-performance thermochromic silks (TCSs) through a low cost, sustainable, efficient, and scalable strategy. The interfacial bonding of the continuously produced TCSs is in situ analyzed and improved through pre-solvent treatment and is confirmed using synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. ABSTRACT Silks have various advantages compared with synthetic polymer fibers, such as sustainability, mechanical properties, luster, as well as air and humidity permeability. However, the functionalization of silks has not yet been fully developed. Functionalization techniques that retain or even improve the sustainability of silk production are required. To this end, a low-cost, effective, and scalable strategy to produce TCSs by integrating yarn-spinning and continuous dip coating technique is developed herein. TCSs with extremely long length (> 10 km), high mechanical performance (strength of 443.1 MPa, toughness of 56.0 MJ m−3, comparable with natural cocoon silk), and good interfacial bonding were developed. TCSs can be automatically woven into arbitrary fabrics, which feature super-hydrophobicity as well as rapid and programmable thermochromic responses with good cyclic performance: the response speed reached to one second and remained stable after hundreds of tests. Finally, applications of TCS fabrics in temperature management and dynamic textile displays are demonstrated, confirming their application potential in smart textiles, wearable devices, flexible displays, and human–machine interfaces. Moreover, combination of the fabrication and the demonstrated applications is expected to bridge the gap between lab research and industry and accelerate the commercialization of TCSs. [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40820-021-00591-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Pei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
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Qin D, Wang G, Dong Z, Xia Q, Zhao P. Comparative Fecal Metabolomes of Silkworms Being Fed Mulberry Leaf and Artificial Diet. INSECTS 2020; 11:E851. [PMID: 33266201 PMCID: PMC7759890 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabonomics accurately monitors the precise metabolic responses to various dietary patterns. Metabolic profiling allows simultaneous measurement of various fecal metabolites whose concentrations may be affected by food intake. In this study, we analyzed the fecal metabolomes of silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae reared on fresh mulberry leaves and artificial diets. 57 differentially expressed metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Of these, 39 were up-regulated and 18 were downregulated in the mulberry leaf meal group. Most of the amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids associated with physical development and silk protein biosynthesis were enriched in silkworms reared on mulberry leaves. In contrast, the urea, citric acid, D-pinitol, D-(+)-cellobiose and N-acetyl glucosamine levels were relatively higher in the silkworm feeding on the artificial diets. The findings of this study help clarify the association between diet and metabolic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaoYuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.Q.); (G.W.); (Z.D.); (Q.X.)
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - GenHong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.Q.); (G.W.); (Z.D.); (Q.X.)
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - ZhaoMing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.Q.); (G.W.); (Z.D.); (Q.X.)
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - QingYou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.Q.); (G.W.); (Z.D.); (Q.X.)
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (D.Q.); (G.W.); (Z.D.); (Q.X.)
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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28
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Kim JH, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Tshitenge DT, Chaudhuri S, Walker DP, Head G. Determination of Cotton as a Larval Feeding Source for Lepidopteran Moths Using a Derivative from Cotton Metabolites as a Marker by LC-MS/MS Method. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:956-966. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Paudel A, Panthee S, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K. A simple artificial diet available for research of silkworm disease models. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:177-180. [PMID: 32830169 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed with the aim of making a very simple recipe of silkworm diet for research purposes, especially screening of drug candidates. We prepared a diet containing mulberry leaves powder and soybean flour at different ratios, fed them to fifth instar silkworm larvae, and observed their growth. We selected the diet with 1:1 ratio of mulberry powder and soybean flour, named MS-11, and used for further experiments. MS-11 diet was available for oral administration of drugs in silkworm hyperglycemic model and infection model. The availability of a simple artificial diet for experiments that require feeding silkworms will enhance the use of silkworms for biological, biotechnological, and pharmacological researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atmika Paudel
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suresh Panthee
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Anuduang A, Loo YY, Jomduang S, Lim SJ, Wan Mustapha WA. Effect of Thermal Processing on Physico-Chemical and Antioxidant Properties in Mulberry Silkworm ( Bombyx mori L.) Powder. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070871. [PMID: 32635164 PMCID: PMC7404714 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) is a common edible insect in many countries. However, the impact of thermal processing, especially regarding Thai silkworm powder, is poorly known. We, therefore, determined the optimum time for treatment in hot water and subsequent drying temperatures in the production of silkworm powder. The silkworms exposed to 90 °C water for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min showed values of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPCs), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay, 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay that were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at the 5 min exposure time compared with the other times. The reduction of microorganisms based on log CFU/g counts was ≥3 log CFU/g (99%) at the 5 min treatment. To determine the optimum drying temperature, the silkworms exposed to 90 °C water for 5 min were subjected to a hot-air dryer at 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C. The TPC value was the highest (p < 0.05) at 80 °C. The silkworm powder possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and ferric ion reducing capability (FRAP assay) at 80 °C compared with other drying temperatures. This study indicates that shorter exposure times to hot water and a low drying temperature preserve the antioxidant activities. High antioxidant activities (in addition to its known protein and fat content) suggest that silkworms and silkworm powder can make a valuable contribution to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artorn Anuduang
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.J.L.)
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Yuet Ying Loo
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.J.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.A.W.M.); (Y.Y.L.); Tel.: +603-8921-3870 (ext. 5963) (W.A.W.M.)
| | - Somchai Jomduang
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Biosafe Holding Partnership Limited, 353 Moo 9, Tambol Sanklang, Sanpatong District, Chiang Mai 50120, Thailand
| | - Seng Joe Lim
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Wan Aida Wan Mustapha
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.A.); (S.J.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.A.W.M.); (Y.Y.L.); Tel.: +603-8921-3870 (ext. 5963) (W.A.W.M.)
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Metabolic Characterisation of the Midgut of Bombyx mori Varieties after BmNPV Infection Using GC-MS-Based Metabolite Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134707. [PMID: 32630275 PMCID: PMC7369710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a silkworm disease that is especially harmful to cocoon production and seriously restricts sericultural development. Our laboratory successfully cultivated a new highly BmNPV-resistant silkworm variety, Huakang 2; however, its mechanism of BmNPV resistance remains unclear. To understand its resistance mechanism, we conducted a metabolomic and transcriptomic study of the midgut of silkworm varieties, Baiyu N and Baiyu after BmNPV infection. We identified 451 differential metabolites, which were mostly comprised of small molecules, such as saccharides, acids, amines, alcohols, and glycosides. We found that the primary differences in disease resistance between the silkworm varieties are metabolic-pathways, tryptophan metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, ABC-transporters, beta-alanine metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. Combined analysis with transcriptomic data suggested that tryptophan metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation are closely related to the silkworms' BmNPV resistance. We hypothesize that the roles of the two metabolic pathways in the BmNPV resistance mechanism might be the following: Oxidative phosphorylation generates a large amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in response to BmNPV infection to provide silkworms the energy required for establishing BmNPV resistance. Tryptophan metabolism then activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) through the exogenous virus BmNPV, which activates the silkworm's immune system to defeat BmNPV infections.
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Some S, Sarkar B, Biswas K, Jana TK, Bhattacharjya D, Dam P, Mondal R, Kumar A, Deb AK, Sadat A, Saha S, Kati A, Ocsoy I, Franco OL, Mandal A, Mandal S, Mandal AK, İnce İA. Bio-molecule functionalized rapid one-pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their efficacy toward the multidrug resistant (MDR) gut bacteria of silkworms ( Bombyx mori). RSC Adv 2020; 10:22742-22757. [PMID: 35514551 PMCID: PMC9054587 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03451g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to synthesise bio-molecule functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf extract from mulberry variety S-1635 (Morus alba L.) and to explore its antibacterial efficacy against multidrug resistant (MDR) gut bacteria isolated from natural infection observed from silkworm larvae in rearing conditions. AgNPs formation was established by surface plasmon resonance at 480 nm. The crystallinity of the synthesised AgNPs was checked by HR-TEM and XRD analysis. SEM and TEM characterisation further exhibited the spherical, monodispersed, well scattered nature of the AgNPs with an average particle size of 11.8 nm ± 2.8. The presence of (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes in Bragg's reflections confirmed the face-cantered-cubic crystalline silver. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of elemental silver. FT-IR spectra revealed functional groups were responsible for the reduction of silver ions. The zeta potential value of -17.3 mV and -25.6 mV was recorded in MH and DMEM/F-12 media, respectively. The LC-QTOF/MS and HRMS spectra disclosed the presence of bioactive compounds like flavonoid, gallic acid, and stigmasterol, which are probably involved in the reduction and functionalization of AgNPs. The antibacterial efficacy of bio-molecule functionalized AgNPs and the naked AgNPs was tested on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from silkworms and characterized by using 16S rDNA and gyrB genes. The cytotoxicity of AgNPs was tested on WRL-68, HEK-293, ACHN, and HUH-7 cell lines using MTT assay. This study provides an insight into the application of bio-molecule functionalized AgNPs for combating various silkworm pathogens which severely affect the agro-rural economy of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Some
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Biraj Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, University of Calcutta 700019 India
| | - Kinkar Biswas
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Tushar K Jana
- Department of Physics, Vidyasagar University Midnapore-721102 India
| | - Debjoy Bhattacharjya
- Cytogenetics & Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Paulami Dam
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Rittick Mondal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- ANMOL Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, North Bengal University Darjeeling-734013 India
| | - Apurba K Deb
- Department of Physics, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Abdul Sadat
- Insect Ecology and Conservation Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Soumen Saha
- Cytogenetics & Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Ahmet Kati
- Department of Biotechnology, Institution of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Uskudar Istanbul 34668 Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University 34752 Ataşehir Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ismail Ocsoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University 38039 Kayseri Turkey
| | - Octavio L Franco
- S-INOVA Biotech, Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco Campo Grande Mato Grosso Do Sul Brazil
| | - Amitava Mandal
- Molecular Complexity Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, University of Calcutta 700019 India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Sericulture, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
- Centre for Nanotechnology Sciences, Raiganj University Raiganj-733134 India
| | - İkbal Agah İnce
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University 34752 Ataşehir Istanbul Turkey
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Wen C, Mai C, Wang B, Li J, Sun C, Yang N. Detrimental effects of excessive fatty acid secretion on female sperm storage in chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 32266065 PMCID: PMC7114795 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-0432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female sperm storage (FSS), the maintenance of sperm inside the female reproductive tract for an extended period of time, is pervasive among organisms with internal fertilization. Because FSS enables asynchronous mating and fertilization, it could be extremely important to reproduction. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying prolonged preservation and maintenance are poorly understood. Here, we used chicken, a typical oviparous animal, to determine the mechanisms ensuring sperm functionality in sperm storage tubules (SSTs). Results We performed an insemination experiment on over two thousand hens at two periods, and found that the FSS capabilities varied widely among individuals. Except for the differences in the SST density between the two groups with distinct FSS abilities, we quantitatively profiled small-molecule metabolites derived from SST cells, and identified 28 metabolites with differential expression. In particular, high levels of lipids, fatty acids and lipid peroxidation product were observed in hens with low FSS capability. Pathway analysis showed that these differential metabolites were significantly enriched in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, we detected the total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation level of SSTs, and found that chickens with a lower FSS ability had a significantly higher content of lipid peroxidation end-product, which was 2.4-fold greater than chickens with a higher FSS capability, and no significant difference was found in the total antioxidant capacity between these two groups. Conclusions Our findings reveal that the long-term storage of sperm and the maintenance of their function in the female reproductive tract require an adequate microenvironment. The superabundance of fatty acids secreted by SST cells had detrimental effects on sperm storage in the female reproductive tract. Lipid peroxidation produces toxic biological substances that may cause irreversible damage to resident spermatozoa, resulting in short-term sperm retention and decreased fertility. Our findings provide new avenues for studying sperm storage and sustaining fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Wen
- 1Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chunning Mai
- 1Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bin Wang
- 1Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junying Li
- 1Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Congjiao Sun
- 1Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ning Yang
- 1Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Chen X, Tao L, Ru Y, Weng S, Chen Z, Wang J, Guo L, Lin Z, Pan W, Qiu B. Antibacterial mechanism of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg's polysaccharides by metabolomics based on HPLC/MS. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:206-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Melis R, Braca A, Sanna R, Spada S, Mulas G, Fadda ML, Sassu MM, Serra G, Anedda R. Metabolic response of yellow mealworm larvae to two alternative rearing substrates. Metabolomics 2019; 15:113. [PMID: 31422484 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass insect rearing is becoming increasingly pursued by food and feed industry due to its high sustainability and low environmental impact. Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) are conventionally reared on wheat bran (WB), but alternative substrates, such as several by-products of the agri-food industry, have shown good prospects for insect rearing. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate on the metabolic and nutritional response of yellow mealworm larvae to dried brewer's spent grains (BSG) and WB used as rearing substrates. METHODS Proximate, fibre and fatty acid compositions of durum WB and dried BSG were first characterized. Mealworm larvae were fed either WB (WB-L) or BSG (BSG-L) in a trial reproducing a scale rearing condition. Feed efficiency parameters together with proximate and FA composition were determined. Metabolic pathways affected by the dietary treatments were evaluated by means of a targeted metabolomics approach. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra were acquired on lipid and polar extracts of WB-L and BSG-L and then coupled to multivariate data analysis. Absolute quantitative 1H NMR data were carried out on selected metabolites. RESULTS BSG-L exhibited better feed conversion ratio and efficiency in conversion of ingested food (P < 0.05) and almost half fat content (P < 0.001) than WB-L. BSG-L also showed higher ω-3 and ω-6 poliunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001) and lower content of monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001) than WB-L. BSG-L mobilized body fat towards methylamine accumulation and led to enhanced trehalose catabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are useful to gain knowledge on the metabolic features that finally affect growth and body composition in reared yellow mealworm larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Melis
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Angela Braca
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Roberta Sanna
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Simona Spada
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mulas
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - Maria Leonarda Fadda
- CNR - Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Traversa la Crucca, 3 Li punti, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sassu
- CNR - Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment, Traversa la Crucca, 3 Li punti, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Serra
- CNR - Institute of Biometeorology, Traversa la Crucca, 3 Li punti, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Roberto Anedda
- Porto Conte Ricerche S. r. l, S.P. 55 Porto Conte - Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy.
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Lamberti C, Gai F, Cirrincione S, Giribaldi M, Purrotti M, Manfredi M, Marengo E, Sicuro B, Saviane A, Cappellozza S, Giuffrida MG, Cavallarin L. Investigation of the protein profile of silkworm ( Bombyx mori) pupae reared on a well-calibrated artificial diet compared to mulberry leaf diet. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6723. [PMID: 31223520 PMCID: PMC6571003 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silkworm pupae is the main by-product of the sericulture industry with an interesting nutritional profile, especially in terms of proteins. In consideration of its possible use as a food or food ingredient in Western countries, a comparative proteomic experiment has been performed to investigate the differences of the protein profile of male and female silkworm pupae reared on mulberry leaves or on an artificial diet. Methods The nutritional profile of lyophilized silkworm pupae in terms of dry matter and ash was evaluated according to the AOAC procedures, the total nitrogen content was determined by a nitrogen analyzer and the silkworm pupae gross energy value was measured using an adiabatic calorimetric bomb. The comparative proteomic analysis was performed on male and female silkworm pupae reared on mulberry leaves or on the artificial diet. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and, after a multivariate statistical analysis, the differentially expressed proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. Results The comparative proteomic approach highlighted 47 silkworm pupae proteins differentially expressed comparing diet and gender. PCA analysis showed that seven proteins were more effective in discriminating the sex and five were more effective in discriminating the diet type. In spite of the above-mentioned differences in the silkworm pupae protein profile, no strong alteration of the pupa physiological traits have been demonstrated, suggesting a general silkworm pupae flexibility to adapt to a well-balanced artificial diet. Differences in lipid transport and metabolism were found among the experimental groups, that might have a relevant effect on the timing and on hormone secretion. This aspect may also affect silk production, as univoltine strains are the most productive. The proteomic data provided in this work, may offer a contribution in understanding also the influence of gender and farming strategy on the allergen profile of Bombyx mori, when used as food or as a food ingredient. Female silkworm pupae reared on mulberry leaves seemed to contain lower levels of known allergens than those reared in the other experimental conditions; these findings will have to be taken into account when farming B. mori for food production purposes. However, our results need to be supported by further characterization of the allergenic potential of B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lamberti
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marzia Giribaldi
- Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Economics, Torino, Italy
| | - Micol Purrotti
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), Novara, Italy
| | - Benedetto Sicuro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alessio Saviane
- Centre of Research for Agriculture and Environment, Sericulture Laboratory, Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Economics, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- Centre of Research for Agriculture and Environment, Sericulture Laboratory, Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Economics, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Grugliasco, Italy
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Kumar D, Sun Z, Cao G, Xue R, Hu X, Gong C. Bombyx mori bidensovirus infection alters the intestinal microflora of fifth instar silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 163:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wang X, Li Y, Liu Q, Tan X, Xie X, Xia Q, Zhao P. GC/MS-based metabolomics analysis reveals active fatty acids biosynthesis in the Filippi's gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, during silk spinning. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 105:1-9. [PMID: 30576753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Filippi's gland, also called the Lyonet's gland, is in truth a pair of tiny glands that are unique to lepidopteran insects. Although the ultrastructure of the Filippi's gland has been well-understood, the specific biological function of this gland in silk spinning is still unclear. Previous studies proposed a hypothesis that this gland might synthesize and secrete some substances into the anterior silk gland (ASG) to help silk spinning. In order to identify these metabolites, a GC/MS-based metabolomics technique was introduced. A total of 59 metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, and sugars, were identified in glands from silkworm larvae in the feeding and silk spinning stages. Abundance and pathway analyses revealed that these metabolites had different abundances during gland development and silk spinning, which may facilitate the transport of small molecules and ions. The most interesting result is that the Filippi's gland has a very active fatty acid biosynthesis process during spinning, suggesting that it may synthesize lipids or waxes and secrete them into the ASG to promote silk spinning. This data provides instructive insight into the biological functions of Filippi's gland from both silkworms and other lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science of Chongqing, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Xiaoyin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science of Chongqing, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science of Chongqing, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Abdelli N, Peng L, Keping C. Silkworm, Bombyx mori, as an alternative model organism in toxicological research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35048-35054. [PMID: 30374720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silkworms, Bombyx mori, are a promising model animal in health safety and environmental pollution assessment due to their sensitivity to chemical compounds like pesticides, drugs, and heavy metals, in addition to other features like their low cost and body characteristics and their full genome sequencing. In this review, we summarize the silkworm advantages as a model organism in toxicological research. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouara Abdelli
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Lü Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Chen Keping
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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40
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Dong HL, Zhang SX, Chen ZH, Tao H, Li X, Qiu JF, Cui WZ, Sima YH, Cui WZ, Xu SQ. Differences in gut microbiota between silkworms ( Bombyx mori) reared on fresh mulberry ( Morus alba var. multicaulis) leaves or an artificial diet. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26188-26200. [PMID: 35541943 PMCID: PMC9082819 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04627a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial diets for silkworms have many potential applications and they are important in sericulture. However, the challenges of weak larvae and low silk protein synthesis efficiency in silkworms reared on artificial diets have not been resolved. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyse the differences between the gut microbiota of 5th-instar larvae reared on mulberry leaves and larvae reared on an artificial diet. The results showed that at the phylum level, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria are the dominant bacteria in the intestines of silkworm larvae of all the strains. But the abundance of dominant bacteria in the gut microbiota differed between the silkworm strains that were reared on mulberry leaves, as well as between the silkworm strains that were reared on the artificial diet, while the gut microbiota diversity was lower in the silkworm strains that were reared on the artificial diet. Prediction of the functions of the gut microbiota in the hosts indicated that there was no significant difference between the silkworm strains that were reared on mulberry leaves, while there were significant differences between silkworm strains reared on the artificial diet. When the silkworm diet changed from mulberry leaves to the artificial diet, changes in gut microbiota in the silkworms affected host nutrient metabolism and immune resistance. These changes may be related to the adaptation of silkworms to their long evolutionary history of eating mulberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Dong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong 271018 China
| | - Zhuo-Hua Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Hui Tao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jian-Feng Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wen-Zhao Cui
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NEAER), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wei-Zheng Cui
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University Taian Shandong 271018 China
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NEAER), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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