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Fischer C, Maponga TG, Yadouleton A, Abílio N, Aboce E, Adewumi P, Afonso P, Akorli J, Andriamandimby SF, Anga L, Ashong Y, Beloufa MA, Bensalem A, Birtles R, Boumba ALM, Bwanga F, Chaponda M, Chibukira P, Chico RM, Chileshe J, Chongwe G, Cissé A, D'Alessandro U, de Lamballerie XN, de Morais JFM, Derrar F, Dia N, Diarra Y, Doumbia L, Drosten C, Dussart P, Echodu R, Eggers Y, Eloualid A, Faye O, Feldt T, Frühauf A, Halatoko A, Ilouga PV, Ismael N, Jambou R, Jarju S, Kamprad A, Katowa B, Kayiwa J, King'wara L, Koita O, Lacoste V, Lagare A, Landt O, Lekana-Douki SE, Lekana-Douki JB, Iipumbu E, Loemba H, Lutwama J, Mamadou S, Maman I, Manyisa B, Martinez PA, Matoba J, Mhuulu L, Moreira-Soto A, Mwangi J, N Dilimabaka N, Nassuna CA, Ndiath MO, Nepolo E, Njouom R, Nourlil J, Nyanjom SG, Odari EO, Okeng A, Ouoba JB, Owusu M, Owusu Donkor I, Phadu KK, Phillips RO, Preiser W, Ruhanya V, Salah F, Salifou S, Sall AA, Sylverken AA, Tagnouokam-Ngoupo PA, Tarnagda Z, Tchikaya FO, Tufa TB, Drexler JF. RETRACTED: Gradual emergence followed by exponential spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Africa. Science 2022; 378:eadd8737. [PMID: 36454863 DOI: 10.1126/science.add8737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The geographic and evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1), which was first detected mid-November 2021 in Southern Africa, remain unknown. We tested 13,097 COVID-19 patients sampled between mid-2021 to early 2022 from 22 African countries for BA.1 by real-time RT-PCR. By November-December 2021, BA.1 had replaced the Delta variant in all African sub-regions following a South-North gradient, with a peak Rt of 4.1. Polymerase chain reaction and near-full genome sequencing data revealed genetically diverse Omicron ancestors already existed across Africa by August 2021. Mutations, altering viral tropism, replication and immune escape, gradually accumulated in the spike gene. Omicron ancestors were therefore present in several African countries months before Omicron dominated transmission. These data also indicate that travel bans are ineffective in the face of undetected and widespread infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fischer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tongai Gibson Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anges Yadouleton
- Laboratoire dés fievres hemorragiques virales de Cotonou, Akpakpa, Benin
| | - Nuro Abílio
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Praise Adewumi
- Laboratoire dés fievres hemorragiques virales de Cotonou, Akpakpa, Benin
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Luanda, Angola
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Latifa Anga
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yvonne Ashong
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Aicha Bensalem
- Institut Pasteur of Algeria, National Influenza Centre, Sidi-Fredj, Algeria
| | - Richard Birtles
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University, Pointe-Noire, Congo.,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory HDL, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- MBN Clinical Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mike Chaponda
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Paradzai Chibukira
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Justin Chileshe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Gershom Chongwe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Assana Cissé
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | | | | | - Fawzi Derrar
- Institut Pasteur of Algeria, National Influenza Centre, Sidi-Fredj, Algeria
| | - Ndongo Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Youssouf Diarra
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Lassina Doumbia
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated Partner Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Richard Echodu
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Yannik Eggers
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Torsten Feldt
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Frühauf
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ronan Jambou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Antje Kamprad
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ben Katowa
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Kayiwa
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Leonard King'wara
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ousmane Koita
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | - Etuhole Iipumbu
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Hugues Loemba
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory HDL, Pointe-Noire, Congo.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Santou Mamadou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Brendon Manyisa
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | - Pedro A Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Luanda, Angola
| | - Japhet Matoba
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lusia Mhuulu
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judy Mwangi
- Gulu University Multifunctional Research Laboratories, Gulu, Uganda.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Nadine N Dilimabaka
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath
- Medical Research Council Unit at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Emmanuel Nepolo
- School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | | | - Steven Ger Nyanjom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eddy Okoth Odari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Michael Owusu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Irene Owusu Donkor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Karabo Kristen Phadu
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Odame Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vurayai Ruhanya
- National Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | - Augustina Angelina Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Tafese Beyene Tufa
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Asella, Ethiopia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated Partner Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Takasaki Y, Abizaid C, Coomes OT. COVID-19 contagion across remote communities in tropical forests. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20727. [PMID: 36456613 PMCID: PMC9713114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding COVID-19 contagion among poor populations is hampered by a paucity of data, and especially so in remote rural communities with limited access to transportation, communication, and health services. We report on the first study on COVID-19 contagion across rural communities without road access. We conducted telephone surveys with over 400 riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon in the early phase of the pandemic. During the first wave (April-June, 2020), COVID-19 spread from cities to most communities through public and private river transportation according to their remoteness. The initial spread was delayed by transportation restrictions but at the same time was driven in unintended ways by government social assistance. During the second wave (August, 2020), although people's self-protective behaviors (promoted through communication access) helped to suppress the contagion, people responded to transportation restrictions and social assistance in distinct ways, leading to greater contagion among Indigenous communities than mestizo communities. As such, the spatial contagion during the early phase of the pandemic in tropical forests was shaped by river transportation and social behaviors. These novel findings have important implications for research and policies on pandemics in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Takasaki
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Economics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Abizaid
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Geography and Planning and School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Oliver T. Coomes
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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3
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Younsi FZ, Hamdadou D. Prediction System-Based Community Partition for Tuberculosis Outbreak Spread. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS APPROACH 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/ijitsa.289998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, our goal is to design and investigate a new simulation system based on detection communities for control and prediction of TB outbreak. The latter is mainly based on four subsystems, namely: Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) system, detection community system, visualization system and prediction system. The SIR including reservoir within Small World (SW) network system is applied to take better advantage of its modeling property and understanding epidemic spread. In order to characterize the influence of communities’ structure, we use Louvain method to identify communities in human complex network. Then, we propose a predictive approach for identifying the hottest outbreak communities based on communities’ detection, as well as mapping areas at risk. Current results show the performance of the proposed system and the important role of detection communities in the process of epidemic spreading and prediction.
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Nicolelis MAL, Raimundo RLG, Peixoto PS, Andreazzi CS. The impact of super-spreader cities, highways, and intensive care availability in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13001. [PMID: 34155241 PMCID: PMC8217556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although international airports served as main entry points for SARS-CoV-2, the factors driving the uneven geographic spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil remain mostly unknown. Here we show that three major factors influenced the early macro-geographical dynamics of COVID-19 in Brazil. Mathematical modeling revealed that the "super-spreading city" of São Paulo initially accounted for more than 85% of the case spread in the entire country. By adding only 16 other spreading cities, we accounted for 98-99% of the cases reported during the first 3 months of the pandemic in Brazil. Moreover, 26 federal highways accounted for about 30% of SARS-CoV-2's case spread. As cases increased in the Brazilian interior, the distribution of COVID-19 deaths began to correlate with the allocation of the country's intensive care units (ICUs), which is heavily weighted towards state capitals. Thus, severely ill patients living in the countryside had to be transported to state capitals to access ICU beds, creating a "boomerang effect" that contributed to skew the distribution of COVID-19 deaths. Therefore, if (i) a lockdown had been imposed earlier on in spreader-capitals, (ii) mandatory road traffic restrictions had been enforced, and (iii) a more equitable geographic distribution of ICU beds existed, the impact of COVID-19 in Brazil would be significantly lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A L Nicolelis
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 103905, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neurosciences, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Rafael L G Raimundo
- Department of Engineering and Environment and Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring (PPGEMA), Center for Applied Sciences and Education, Federal University of Paraíba-Campus IV, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Pedro S Peixoto
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cecilia S Andreazzi
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, IOC, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Examining the diffusion of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in a metropolis: a space syntax approach. Int J Health Geogr 2021; 20:17. [PMID: 33926460 PMCID: PMC8083925 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-021-00270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The urban built environment (BE) has been globally acknowledged as one of the main factors that affects the spread of infectious disease. However, the effect of the street network on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence has been insufficiently studied. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes COVID-19, is far more transmissible than previous respiratory viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which highlights the role of the spatial configuration of street network in COVID-19 spread, as it is where humans have contact with each other, especially in high-density areas. To fill this research gap, this study utilized space syntax theory and investigated the effect of the urban BE on the spatial diffusion of COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong. Method This study collected a comprehensive dataset including a total of 3815 confirmed cases and corresponding locations from January 18 to October 5, 2020. Based on the space syntax theory, six space syntax measures were selected as quantitative indicators for the urban BE. A linear regression model and Geographically Weighted Regression model were then applied to explore the underlying relationships between COVID-19 cases and the urban BE. In addition, we have further improved the performance of GWR model considering the spatial heterogeneity and scale effects by adopting an adaptive bandwidth. Result Our results indicated a strong correlation between the geographical distribution of COVID-19 cases and the urban BE. Areas with higher integration (a measure of the cognitive complexity required for a pedestrians to reach a street) and betweenness centrality values (a measure of spatial network accessibility) tend to have more confirmed cases. Further, the Geographically Weighted Regression model with adaptive bandwidth achieved the best performance in predicting the spread of COVID-19 cases. Conclusion In this study, we revealed a strong positive relationship between the spatial configuration of street network and the spread of COVID-19 cases. The topology, network accessibility, and centrality of an urban area were proven to be effective for use in predicting the spread of COVID-19. The findings of this study also shed light on the underlying mechanism of the spread of COVID-19, which shows significant spatial variation and scale effects. This study contributed to current literature investigating the spread of COVID-19 cases in a local scale from the space syntax perspective, which may be beneficial for epidemic and pandemic prevention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12942-021-00270-4.
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Squarzoni-Diaw C, Arsevska E, Kalthoum S, Hammami P, Cherni J, Daoudi A, Karim Laoufi M, Lezaar Y, Rachid K, Seck I, Ould Elmamy B, Yahya B, Dufour B, Hendrikx P, Cardinale E, Muñoz F, Lancelot R, Coste C. Using a participatory qualitative risk assessment to estimate the risk of introduction and spread of transboundary animal diseases in scarce-data environments: A Spatial Qualitative Risk Analysis applied to foot-and-mouth disease in Tunisia 2014-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1966-1978. [PMID: 33174371 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a participative and iterative qualitative risk assessment framework that can be used to evaluate the spatial variation of the risk of infectious animal disease introduction and spread on a national scale. The framework was developed through regional training action workshops and field activities. The active involvement of national animal health services enabled the identification, collection and hierarchization of risk factors. Quantitative data were collected in the field, and expert knowledge was integrated to adjust the available data at regional level. Experts categorized and combined the risk factors into ordinal levels of risk per epidemiological unit to ease implementation of risk-based surveillance in the field. The framework was used to perform a qualitative assessment of the risk of introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Tunisia as part of a series of workshops held between 2015 and 2018. The experts in attendance combined risk factors such as epidemiological status, transboundary movements, proximity to the borders and accessibility to assess the risk of FMD outbreaks in Tunisia. Out of the 2,075 Tunisian imadas, 23 were at a very high risk of FMD introduction, mainly at the borders; and 59 were at a very high risk of FMD spread. To validate the model, the results were compared to the FMD outbreaks notified by Tunisia during the 2014 FMD epizootic. Using a spatial Poisson model, a significant alignment between the very high and high-risk categories of spread and the occurrence of FMD outbreaks was shown. The relative risk of FMD occurrence was thus 3.2 higher for imadas in the very high and high spread risk categories than for imadas in the low and negligible spread risk categories. Our results show that the qualitative risk assessment framework can be a useful decision support tool for risk-based disease surveillance and control, in particular in scarce-data environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Squarzoni-Diaw
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Arsevska
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sana Kalthoum
- Centre national de veille zoosanitaire (CNVZ), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pachka Hammami
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamel Cherni
- Centre national de veille zoosanitaire (CNVZ), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Assia Daoudi
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Alger, Algeria
| | | | - Yassir Lezaar
- Office National, Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kechna Rachid
- Office National, Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ismaila Seck
- Food and Agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Accra, Ghana.,Ministère de l'Élevage et des Productions Animales, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Bezeid Ould Elmamy
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l'Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Regional Diseases Surveillance System Enhancement (REDISSE) in West Africa, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Barry Yahya
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l'Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Barbara Dufour
- USC EPIMAI Unit, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ENSV-France Vétérinaire International, Lyon 69, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Facundo Muñoz
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Coste
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
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7
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Tonne C, Adair L, Adlakha D, Anguelovski I, Belesova K, Berger M, Brelsford C, Dadvand P, Dimitrova A, Giles-Corti B, Heinz A, Mehran N, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Pelletier F, Ranzani O, Rodenstein M, Rybski D, Samavati S, Satterthwaite D, Schöndorf J, Schreckenberg D, Stollmann J, Taubenböck H, Tiwari G, van Wee B, Adli M. Defining pathways to healthy sustainable urban development. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106236. [PMID: 33161201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Goals and pathways to achieve sustainable urban development have multiple interlinkages with human health and wellbeing. However, these interlinkages have not been examined in depth in recent discussions on urban sustainability and global urban science. This paper fills that gap by elaborating in detail the multiple links between urban sustainability and human health and by mapping research gaps at the interface of health and urban sustainability sciences. As researchers from a broad range of disciplines, we aimed to: 1) define the process of urbanization, highlighting distinctions from related concepts to support improved conceptual rigour in health research; 2) review the evidence linking health with urbanization, urbanicity, and cities and identify cross-cutting issues; and 3) highlight new research approaches needed to study complex urban systems and their links with health. This novel, comprehensive knowledge synthesis addresses issue of interest across multiple disciplines. Our review of concepts of urban development should be of particular value to researchers and practitioners in the health sciences, while our review of the links between urban environments and health should be of particular interest to those outside of public health. We identify specific actions to promote health through sustainable urban development that leaves no one behind, including: integrated planning; evidence-informed policy-making; and monitoring the implementation of policies. We also highlight the critical role of effective governance and equity-driven planning in progress towards sustainable, healthy, and just urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Tonne
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Linda Adair
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524, USA
| | - Deepti Adlakha
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, 39-123 Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Anguelovski
- ICREA Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; IMIM Medical Research Institute, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristine Belesova
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Maximilian Berger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Brelsford
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asya Dimitrova
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Billie Giles-Corti
- RMIT University, La Trobe Street, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nassim Mehran
- Humboldt University, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Pelletier
- United Nations Population Division, 2 United Nations Plaza, Rm. DC2-1950, New York, NY 10017 USA
| | - Otavio Ranzani
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianne Rodenstein
- Goethe University, Westend Campus - PEG Building, Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 6, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Diego Rybski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate, P.O. Box 60 12 03, Potsdam 14412, Germany
| | - Sahar Samavati
- Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, 9821 Tehran, Iran
| | - David Satterthwaite
- International Institute for Environment and Development, Unit, 80-86 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK
| | - Jonas Schöndorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schreckenberg
- ZEUS GmbH, Centre for Applied Psychology, Environmental and Social Research, Sennbrink 46, D-58093 Hagen, Germany
| | - Jörg Stollmann
- Institute of Architecture, TU Berlin, Strasse des 17.Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Taubenböck
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Münchener Str. 20, 82234 Weßling, Germany
| | - Geetam Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bert van Wee
- Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5015, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mazda Adli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Carrasco-Escobar G, Manrique E, Tello-Lizarraga K, Miranda JJ. Travel Time to Health Facilities as a Marker of Geographical Accessibility Across Heterogeneous Land Coverage in Peru. Front Public Health 2020; 8:498. [PMID: 33042942 PMCID: PMC7524891 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To better estimate the travel time to the most proximate health care facility (HCF) and determine differences across heterogeneous land coverage types, this study explored the use of a novel cloud-based geospatial modeling approach. Geospatial data of 145,134 cities and villages and 8,067 HCF were gathered with land coverage types, roads and river networks, and digital elevation data to produce high-resolution (30 m) estimates of travel time to HCFs across Peru. This study estimated important variations in travel time to HCFs between urban and rural settings and major land coverage types in Peru. The median travel time to primary, secondary, and tertiary HCFs was 1.9-, 2.3-, and 2.2-fold higher in rural than urban settings, respectively. This study provides a new methodology to estimate the travel time to HCFs as a tool to enhance the understanding and characterization of the profiles of accessibility to HCFs in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Alexander von Humboldt, " Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Edgar Manrique
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Alexander von Humboldt, " Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kelly Tello-Lizarraga
- Facultad de Salud Publica y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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9
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Raman J, Gast L, Balawanth R, Tessema S, Brooke B, Maharaj R, Munhenga G, Tshikae P, Lakan V, Mwamba T, Makowa H, Sangweni L, Mkhabela M, Zondo N, Mohulatsi E, Nyawo Z, Ngxongo S, Msimang S, Dagata N, Greenhouse B, Birkholtz LM, Shirreff G, Graffy R, Qwabe B, Moonasar D. High levels of imported asymptomatic malaria but limited local transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, a South African malaria-endemic province nearing malaria elimination. Malar J 2020; 19:152. [PMID: 32295590 PMCID: PMC7161075 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KwaZulu-Natal, one of South Africa's three malaria endemic provinces, is nearing malaria elimination, reporting fewer than 100 locally-acquired cases annually since 2010. Despite sustained implementation of essential interventions, including annual indoor residual spraying, prompt case detection using malaria rapid diagnostics tests and treatment with effective artemisinin-based combination therapy, low-level focal transmission persists in the province. This malaria prevalence and entomological survey was therefore undertaken to identify the drivers of this residual transmission. METHODS Malaria prevalence as well as malaria knowledge, attitudes and practices among community members and mobile migrant populations within uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal were assessed during a community-based malaria prevalence survey. All consenting participants were tested for malaria by both conventional and highly-sensitive falciparum-specific rapid diagnostic tests. Finger-prick filter-paper blood spots were also collected from all participants for downstream parasite genotyping analysis. Entomological investigations were conducted around the surveyed households, with potential breeding sites geolocated and larvae collected for species identification and insecticide susceptibility testing. A random selection of households were assessed for indoor residual spray quality by cone bioassay. RESULTS A low malaria prevalence was confirmed in the study area, with only 2% (67/2979) of the participants found to be malaria positive by both conventional and highly-sensitive falciparum-specific rapid diagnostic tests. Malaria prevalence however differed markedly between the border market and community (p < 0001), with the majority of the detected malaria carriers (65/67) identified as asymptomatic Mozambican nationals transiting through the informal border market from Mozambique to economic hubs within South Africa. Genomic analysis of the malaria isolates revealed a high degree of heterozygosity and limited genetic relatedness between the isolates supporting the hypothesis of limited local malaria transmission within the province. New potential vector breeding sites, potential vector populations with reduced insecticide susceptibility and areas with sub-optimal vector intervention coverage were identified during the entomological investigations. CONCLUSION If KwaZulu-Natal is to successfully halt local malaria transmission and prevent the re-introduction of malaria, greater efforts need to be placed on detecting and treating malaria carriers at both formal and informal border crossings with transmission blocking anti-malarials, while ensuring optimal coverage of vector control interventions is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishree Raman
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. .,UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Laura Gast
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Ryleen Balawanth
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Sofonias Tessema
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Basil Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Power Tshikae
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Vishan Lakan
- Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Tshiama Mwamba
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Hazel Makowa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Lindi Sangweni
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Moses Mkhabela
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo Zondo
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Zuziwe Nyawo
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sifiso Ngxongo
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sipho Msimang
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Department of Health, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nicole Dagata
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - George Shirreff
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Rebecca Graffy
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bheki Qwabe
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control Programme, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Devanand Moonasar
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Malaria Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, National Department of Health, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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10
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Avtar R, Aggarwal R, Kharrazi A, Kumar P, Kurniawan TA. Utilizing geospatial information to implement SDGs and monitor their Progress. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 192:35. [PMID: 31828438 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is more than 4 years since the 2030 agenda for sustainable development was adopted by the United Nations and its member states in September 2015. Several efforts are being made by member countries to contribute towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The progress which had been made over time in achieving SDGs can be monitored by measuring a set of quantifiable indicators for each of the goals. It has been seen that geospatial information plays a significant role in measuring some of the targets, hence it is relevant in the implementation of SDGs and monitoring of their progress. Synoptic view and repetitive coverage of the Earth's features and phenomenon by different satellites is a powerful and propitious technological advancement. The paper reviews robustness of Earth Observation data for continuous planning, monitoring, and evaluation of SDGs. The scientific world has made commendable progress by providing geospatial data at various spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions enabling usage of the data for various applications. This paper also reviews the application of big data from earth observation and citizen science data to implement SDGs with a multi-disciplinary approach. It covers literature from various academic landscapes utilizing geospatial data for mapping, monitoring, and evaluating the earth's features and phenomena as it establishes the basis of its utilization for the achievement of the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Avtar
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Ridhika Aggarwal
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, Tokyo, 150-8925, Japan
| | - Ali Kharrazi
- Advanced Systems Analysis Group, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
- CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change and Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30175, Venice, Italy
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan
| | - Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, PR China
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11
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Pomeroy C, Dasandi N, Mikhaylov SJ. Multiplex communities and the emergence of international conflict. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223040. [PMID: 31618276 PMCID: PMC6795412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in community detection reveal new insights into multiplex and multilayer networks. Less work, however, investigates the relationship between these communities and outcomes in social systems. We leverage these advances to shed light on the relationship between the cooperative mesostructure of the international system and the onset of interstate conflict. We detect communities based upon weaker signals of affinity expressed in United Nations votes and speeches, as well as stronger signals observed across multiple layers of bilateral cooperation. Communities of diplomatic affinity display an expected negative relationship with conflict onset. Ties in communities based upon observed cooperation, however, display no effect under a standard model specification and a positive relationship with conflict under an alternative specification. These results align with some extant hypotheses but also point to a paucity in our understanding of the relationship between community structure and behavioral outcomes in networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Pomeroy
- Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Niheer Dasandi
- School of Government, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Lai S, Farnham A, Ruktanonchai NW, Tatem AJ. Measuring mobility, disease connectivity and individual risk: a review of using mobile phone data and mHealth for travel medicine. J Travel Med 2019; 26:taz019. [PMID: 30869148 PMCID: PMC6904325 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE FOR REVIEW The increasing mobility of populations allows pathogens to move rapidly and far, making endemic or epidemic regions more connected to the rest of the world than at any time in history. However, the ability to measure and monitor human mobility, health risk and their changing patterns across spatial and temporal scales using traditional data sources has been limited. To facilitate a better understanding of the use of emerging mobile phone technology and data in travel medicine, we reviewed relevant work aiming at measuring human mobility, disease connectivity and health risk in travellers using mobile geopositioning data. KEY FINDINGS Despite some inherent biases of mobile phone data, analysing anonymized positions from mobile users could precisely quantify the dynamical processes associated with contemporary human movements and connectivity of infectious diseases at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Moreover, recent progress in mobile health (mHealth) technology and applications, integrating with mobile positioning data, shows great potential for innovation in travel medicine to monitor and assess real-time health risk for individuals during travel. CONCLUSIONS Mobile phones and mHealth have become a novel and tremendously powerful source of information on measuring human movements and origin-destination-specific risks of infectious and non-infectious health issues. The high penetration rate of mobile phones across the globe provides an unprecedented opportunity to quantify human mobility and accurately estimate the health risks in travellers. Continued efforts are needed to establish the most promising uses of these data and technologies for travel health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Lai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, SE Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Dongan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrea Farnham
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nick W Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, SE Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, SE Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Speziale KL, di Virgilio A, Lescano MN, Pirk G, Franzese J. Synergy between roads and disturbance favour Bromus tectorum L. invasion. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5529. [PMID: 30186695 PMCID: PMC6120438 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global change produces pervasive negative impacts on biodiversity worldwide. Land use change and biological invasions are two of the major drivers of global change that often coexist; however, the effects of their interaction on natural habitats have been little investigated. In particular, we aimed to analyse whether the invasion of an introduced grass (Bromus tectorum; cheatgrass) along roads verges and the disturbance level in the natural surrounding habitat interact to influence the degree of B. tectorum invasion in the latter habitats in north-western Patagonia. Methods Along six different roads, totalling approximately 370 km, we set two 50 m × 2 m sampling plots every 5 km (73 plots in total). One plot was placed parallel to the road (on the roadside) and the other one perpendicular to it, towards the interior of the natural surrounding habitat. In each plot, we estimated the B. tectorum plant density in 1 m2 subplots placed every 5 m. In the natural habitat, we registered the vegetation type (grassy steppe, shrub-steppe, shrubland, and wet-meadow) and the disturbance level (low, intermediate, and high). Disturbance level was visually categorized according to different signs of habitat degradation by anthropogenic use. Results B. tectorum density showed an exponential decay from roadsides towards the interior of natural habitats. The degree of B. tectorum invasion inside natural habitats was positively related to B. tectorum density on roadsides only when the disturbance level was low. Shrub-steppes, grassy steppes and shrublands showed similar mean density of B. tectorum. Wet-meadows had the lowest densities of B. tectorum. Intermediate and highly disturbed environments presented higher B. tectorum density than those areas with low disturbance. Discussion Our study highlights the importance of the interaction between road verges and disturbance levels on B. tectorum invasion in natural habitats surrounding roads of north-western Patagonia, particularly evidencing its significance in the invasion onset. The importance of invasion in road verges depends on disturbance level, with better conserved environments being more resistant to invasion at low levels of B. tectorum density along road verges, but more susceptible to road verges invasion at higher levels of disturbance. All the habitats except wet-meadows were invaded at a similar degree by B. tectorum, which reflects its adaptability to multiple habitat conditions. Overall, our work showed that synergies among global change drivers impact native environments favouring the invasion of B. tectorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Speziale
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Departamento de Ecología, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCOMA), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Agustina di Virgilio
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Departamento de Ecología, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCOMA), Bariloche, Argentina.,Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA, CONICET-UNCOMA, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Maria N Lescano
- Departamento de Ecología, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCOMA), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Pirk
- Departamento de Ecología, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCOMA), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Franzese
- Departamento de Ecología, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCOMA), Bariloche, Argentina
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