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Willig JJ, Guarneri N, van Loon T, Wahyuni S, Astudillo-Estévez IE, Xu L, Willemsen V, Goverse A, Sterken MG, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Smant G. Transcription factor WOX11 modulates tolerance to cyst nematodes via adventitious lateral root formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:799-811. [PMID: 38330218 PMCID: PMC11060680 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 11 (WOX11) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) initiates the formation of adventitious lateral roots upon mechanical injury in primary roots. Root-invading nematodes also induce de novo root organogenesis leading to excessive root branching, but it is not known if this symptom of disease involves mediation by WOX11 and if it benefits the plant. Here, we show with targeted transcriptional repression and reporter gene analyses in Arabidopsis that the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii activates WOX11-mediated adventitious lateral rooting from primary roots close to infection sites. The activation of WOX11 in nematode-infected roots occurs downstream of jasmonic acid-dependent damage signaling via ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR109, linking adventitious lateral root formation to nematode damage to host tissues. By measuring different root system components, we found that WOX11-mediated formation of adventitious lateral roots compensates for nematode-induced inhibition of primary root growth. Our observations further demonstrate that WOX11-mediated rooting reduces the impact of nematode infections on aboveground plant development and growth. Altogether, we conclude that the transcriptional regulation by WOX11 modulates root system plasticity under biotic stress, which is one of the key mechanisms underlying the tolerance of Arabidopsis to cyst nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap-Jan Willig
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Guarneri
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Loon
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Mark G Sterken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - José L Lozano-Torres
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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Guarneri N, Schwelm A, Goverse A, Smant G. Switching perspectives: The roles of plant cellular reprogramming during nematode parasitism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38393297 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Summary statementWe propose exploring plant biotrophic parasitism from both a pathogen‐centred and a plant‐centred perspective. This can generate novel research questions and reveal common plant mitigation strategies in response to biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Guarneri
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Schwelm
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Environment, Soils and Landuse, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Oosterbeek M, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A. Sedentary Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Alter Auxin Homeostasis via Multiple Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668548. [PMID: 34122488 PMCID: PMC8193132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasites such as cyst and root-knot nematodes infect many important food crops and are major agro-economical pests worldwide. These plant-parasitic nematodes exploit endogenous molecular and physiological pathways in the roots of their host to establish unique feeding structures. These structures function as highly active transfer cells and metabolic sinks and are essential for the parasites' growth and reproduction. Plant hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are a fundamental component in the formation of these feeding complexes. However, their underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are still elusive despite recent advances in the field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of known functions of various auxins in plant-parasitic nematode infection sites, based on a systematic analysis of current literature. We evaluate multiple aspects involved in auxin homeostasis in plants, including anabolism, catabolism, transport, and signalling. From these analyses, a picture emerges that plant-parasitic nematodes have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate auxin homeostasis to establish a successful parasitic relationship with their host. Additionally, there appears to be a potential role for auxins other than IAA in plant-parasitic nematode infections that might be of interest to be further elucidated.
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Levin KA, Tucker MR, Strock CF, Lynch JP, Mather DE. Three-dimensional imaging reveals that positions of cyst nematode feeding sites relative to xylem vessels differ between susceptible and resistant wheat. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:393-403. [PMID: 33388893 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistance conferred by the Cre8 locus of wheat prevents cereal cyst nematode feeding sites from reaching and invading root metaxylem vessels. Cyst nematodes develop syncytial feeding sites within plant roots. The success of these sites is affected by host plant resistance. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 'Cre' loci affect resistance against the cereal cyst nematode (CCN) Heterodera avenae. To investigate how one of these loci (Cre8, on chromosome 6B) confers resistance, CCN-infected root tissue from susceptible (-Cre8) and resistant (+Cre8) wheat plants was examined using confocal microscopy and laser ablation tomography. Confocal analysis of transverse sections showed that feeding sites in the roots of -Cre8 plants were always adjacent to metaxylem vessels, contained many intricate 'web-like' cell walls, and sometimes 'invaded' metaxylem vessels. In contrast, feeding sites in the roots of +Cre8 plants were usually not directly adjacent to metaxylem vessels, had few inner cell walls and did not 'invade' metaxylem vessels. Models based on data from laser ablation tomography confirmed these observations. Confocal analysis of longitudinal sections revealed that CCN-induced xylem modification that had previously been reported for susceptible (-Cre8) wheat plants is less extreme in resistant (+Cre8) plants. Application of a lignin-specific stain revealed that secondary thickening around xylem vessels in CCN-infected roots was greater in +Cre8 plants than in -Cre8 plants. Collectively, these results indicate that Cre8 resistance in wheat acts by preventing cyst nematode feeding sites from reaching and invading root metaxylem vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Levin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher F Strock
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Diane E Mather
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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