1
|
Gopikrishnan M, Haryini S, C GPD. Emerging strategies and therapeutic innovations for combating drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains: A comprehensive review. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300579. [PMID: 38308076 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, antibiotic therapy has encountered significant challenges due to the rapid emergence of multidrug resistance among bacteria responsible for life-threatening illnesses, creating uncertainty about the future management of infectious diseases. The escalation of antimicrobial resistance in the post-COVID era compared to the pre-COVID era has raised global concern. The prevalence of nosocomial-related infections, especially outbreaks of drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, have been reported worldwide, with India being a notable hotspot for such occurrences. Various virulence factors and mutations characterize nosocomial infections involving S. aureus. The lack of proper alternative treatments leading to increased drug resistance emphasizes the need to investigate and examine recent research to combat future pandemics. In the current genomics era, the application of advanced technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), machine learning (ML), and quantum computing (QC) for genomic analysis and resistance prediction has significantly increased the pace of diagnosing drug-resistant pathogens and insights into genetic intricacies. Despite prompt diagnosis, the elimination of drug-resistant infections remains unattainable in the absence of effective alternative therapies. Researchers are exploring various alternative therapeutic approaches, including phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, photodynamic therapy, vaccines, host-directed therapies, and more. The proposed review mainly focuses on the resistance journey of S. aureus over the past decade, detailing its resistance mechanisms, prevalence in the subcontinent, innovations in rapid diagnosis of the drug-resistant strains, including the applicants of NGS and ML application along with QC, it helps to design alternative novel therapeutics approaches against S. aureus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Gopikrishnan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sree Haryini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu K, Wang C, Zhou X, Guo X, Yang Y, Liu W, Zhao R, Song H. Bacteriophage therapy for drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336821. [PMID: 38357445 PMCID: PMC10864608 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus stands as a prominent pathogen in nosocomial and community-acquired infections, capable of inciting various infections at different sites in patients. This includes Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SaB), which exhibits a severe infection frequently associated with significant mortality rate of approximately 25%. In the absence of better alternative therapies, antibiotics is still the main approach for treating infections. However, excessive use of antibiotics has, in turn, led to an increase in antimicrobial resistance. Hence, it is imperative that new strategies are developed to control drug-resistant S. aureus infections. Bacteriophages are viruses with the ability to infect bacteria. Bacteriophages, were used to treat bacterial infections before the advent of antibiotics, but were subsequently replaced by antibiotics due to limited theoretical understanding and inefficient preparation processes at the time. Recently, phages have attracted the attention of many researchers again because of the serious problem of antibiotic resistance. This article provides a comprehensive overview of phage biology, animal models, diverse clinical case treatments, and clinical trials in the context of drug-resistant S. aureus phage therapy. It also assesses the strengths and limitations of phage therapy and outlines the future prospects and research directions. This review is expected to offer valuable insights for researchers engaged in phage-based treatments for drug-resistant S. aureus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Zhou
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wanying Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rongtao Zhao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Villa N, Tartari E, Glicenstein S, de Villiers de la Noue H, Picard E, Marcoux PR, Zelsmann M, Resch G, Hadji E, Houdré R. Optical Trapping and Fast Discrimination of Label-Free Bacteriophages at the Single Virion Level. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2308814. [PMID: 38282203 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
There is a recent resurgence of interest in phage therapy (the therapeutic use of bacterial viruses) as an approach to eliminating difficult-to-treat infections. However, existing approaches for therapeutic phage selection and virulence testing are time-consuming, host-dependent, and facing reproducibility issues. Here, this study presents an innovative approach wherein integrated resonant photonic crystal (PhC) cavities in silicon are used as optical nanotweezers for probing and manipulating single bacteria and single virions with low optical power. This study demonstrates that these nanocavities differentiate between a bacterium and a phage without labeling or specific surface bioreceptors. Furthermore, by tailoring the spatial extent of the resonant optical mode in the low-index medium, phage distinction across phenotypically distinct phage families is demonstrated. The work paves the road to the implementation of optical nanotweezers in phage therapy protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Villa
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tartari
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Simon Glicenstein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Hugues de Villiers de la Noue
- Laboratory of Bacteriophages and Phage Therapy, Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences (CRISP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Picard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Pierre R Marcoux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTIS, L4IV, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Marc Zelsmann
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, LTM, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Grégory Resch
- Laboratory of Bacteriophages and Phage Therapy, Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences (CRISP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Hadji
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Romuald Houdré
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kornienko M, Bespiatykh D, Gorodnichev R, Abdraimova N, Shitikov E. Transcriptional Landscapes of Herelleviridae Bacteriophages and Staphylococcus aureus during Phage Infection: An Overview. Viruses 2023; 15:1427. [PMID: 37515114 PMCID: PMC10383478 DOI: 10.3390/v15071427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The issue of antibiotic resistance in healthcare worldwide has led to a pressing need to explore and develop alternative approaches to combat infectious diseases. Among these methods, phage therapy has emerged as a potential solution to tackle this growing challenge. Virulent phages of the Herelleviridae family, known for their ability to cause lysis of Staphylococcus aureus, a clinically significant pathogen frequently associated with multidrug resistance, have proven to be one of the most effective viruses utilized in phage therapy. In order to utilize phages for therapeutic purposes effectively, a thorough investigation into their physiology and mechanisms of action on infected cells is essential. The use of omics technologies, particularly total RNA sequencing, is a promising approach for analyzing the interaction between phages and their hosts, allowing for the assessment of both the behavior of the phage during infection and the cell's response. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiology of the Herelleviridae family, utilizing existing analyses of their total phage transcriptomes. Additionally, it sheds light on the changes that occur in the metabolism of S. aureus when infected with virulent bacteriophages, contributing to a deeper understanding of the phage-host interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kornienko
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Dmitry Bespiatykh
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Roman Gorodnichev
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Narina Abdraimova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Egor Shitikov
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arora P, Jain A, Kumar A. Phage design and directed evolution to evolve phage for therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 200:103-126. [PMID: 37739551 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Phage therapy or Phage treatment is the use of bacteriolysing phage in treating bacterial infections by using the viruses that infects and kills bacteria. This technique has been studied and practiced very long ago, but with the advent of antibiotics, it has been neglected. This foregone technique is now witnessing a revival due to development of bacterial resistance. Nowadays, with the awareness of genetic sequence of organisms, it is required that informed choices of phages have to be made for the most efficacious results. Furthermore, phages with the evolving genes are taken into consideration for the subsequent improvement in treating the patients for bacterial diseases. In addition, direct evolution methods are increasingly developing, since these are capable of creating new biological molecules having changed or unique activities, such as, improved target specificity, evolution of novel proteins with new catalytic properties or creation of nucleic acids that are capable of recognizing required pathogenic bacteria. This system is incorporates continuous evolution such as protein or genes are put under continuous evolution by providing continuous mutagenesis with least human intervention. Although, this system providing continuous directed evolution is very effective, it imposes some challenges due to requirement of heavy investment of time and resources. This chapter focuses on development of phage as a therapeutic agent against various bacteria causing diseases and it improvement using direct evolution of proteins and nucleic acids such that they target specific organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyancka Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avni Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu F, Luo W, Xie W, Li Y, Liu Y, Ye X, Peng T, Wang H, Huang T, Hu Z. The effects of long-term hexabromocyclododecanes contamination on microbial communities in the microcosms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138412. [PMID: 36925001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of microbial community to the long-term contamination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) has not been well studied. Our previous study found that the HBCDs contamination in the microcosms constructed of sediments from two different mangrove forests in 8 months resulted in serious acidification (pH2-3). This study reanalyzed previous sequencing data and compared them with data after 20 months to investigate the adaptive properties of microbial communities in the stress of HBCDs and acidification. It hypothesized that the reassembly was based on the fitness of taxa. The results indicated that eukaryotes and fungi might have better adaptive capacity to these deteriorated habitats. Eukaryotic taxa Eufallia and Syncystis, and fungal taxa Wickerhamomyces were only detected after 20 months of contamination. Moreover, eukaryotic taxa Caloneis and Nitzschia, and fungal taxa Talaromyces were dominant in most of microbial communities (14.467-95.941%). The functional compositions were sediment-dependent and more divergent than community reassemblies. Network and co-occurrence analysis suggested that acidophiles such as Acidisoma and Acidiphilium were gaining more positive relations in the long-term stress. The acidophilic taxa and genes involved in resistance to the acidification and toxicity of HBCDs were enriched, for example, bacteria Acidisoma and Acidiphilium, archaea Thermogymnomonas, and eukaryotes Nitzschia, and genes kdpC, odc1, polA, gst, and sod-2. These genes involved in oxidative stress response, energy metabolism, DNA damage repair, potassium transportation, and decarboxylation. It suggested that the microbial communities might cope with the stress from HBCDs and acidification via multiple pathways. The present research shed light on the evolution of microbial communities under the long-term stress of HBCDs contamination and acidification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongjin Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xueying Ye
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tongwang Huang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Samir S. Phages for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 200:275-302. [PMID: 37739558 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Combating multi-drug resistant bacterial infections should be a universal urgency. The gram- positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are generally harmless; healthy people frequently have them on their skin and nose. These bacteria, for the most part, produce no difficulties or only minor skin diseases. Antibiotics and cleansing of the affected region are usually the treatments of choice. S. aureus can become virulent causing serious infections that may lead to pustules to sepsis or death. Normally, it is thought that antibiotics may solve problems concerning bacterial infection; but unfortunately, Staphylococci have evolved mechanisms to resist drugs. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); both in hospitals and in the community, infections are evolving into dangerous pathogens. Health care practitioners may need to use antibiotics with more adverse effects to treat antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections. Amid existing efforts to resolve this problem, phage therapy proposes a hopeful alternate to face Staphylococcal infections. When the majority of antibiotics have failed to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus, phage therapy may be an option. Here, we appraise the potential efficacy, current knowledge on bacteriophages for S. aureus, experimental research and information on their clinical application, and limitations of phage therapy for S. aureus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safia Samir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kwak H, Kim J, Ryu S, Bai J. Characterization of KMSP1, a newly isolated virulent bacteriophage infecting Staphylococcus aureus, and its application to dairy products. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 390:110119. [PMID: 36764012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens causing foodborne outbreaks and severe infections worldwide. Generally, various physical and chemical treatments have been applied to control S. aureus in the food industry. However, conventional treatments usually affected food quality and often produced toxic compounds. Therefore, bacteriophage (phage), a natural antimicrobial agent, has been suggested as an alternative strategy to control foodborne pathogens including S. aureus. In this study, KMSP1, a bacteriophage infecting S. aureus was isolated from a raw milk sample and characterized. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that phage KMSP1 belongs to the Myoviridae family. Phage KMSP1 efficiently inhibited bacterial growth for >28 h post-infection. In addition, phage KMSP1 could infect a broad spectrum of S. aureus strains, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that KMSP1 is a lytic phage with the absence of genes related to lysogen formation, toxin production, and antibiotics resistance, respectively. In the genome of KMSP1, the presence of putative tail lysin containing a cysteine/histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase (CHAP) domain could be one of the reasons for the effective antimicrobial activity of KMSP1. Furthermore, high stability of phage KMSP1 at temperature ranging from 4 to 55 °C and pH ranging from 5 to 11, suggested its potential use in various food systems. Receptor analysis revealed that KMSP1 utilized cell wall teichoic acid (WTA), one of the major virulence factors of S. aureus, as a host receptor. Application of phage KMSP1 at an MOI of 104 achieved a significant reduction of log 8.8 CFU/mL of viable cell number in pasteurized milk and log 4.3 CFU/cm2 in sliced cheddar cheese after 24 h. Taken together, the strong antimicrobial activity of phage KMSP1 suggested that it could be developed as a biocontrol agent in dairy products to control S. aureus contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Kwak
- Division of Applied Food System, Major in Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Bai
- Division of Applied Food System, Major in Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abd-Allah IM, El-Housseiny GS, Al-Agamy MH, Radwan HH, Aboshanab KM, Hassouna NA. Statistical optimization of a podoviral anti-MRSA phage CCASU-L10 generated from an under sampled repository: Chicken rinse. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1149848. [PMID: 37065190 PMCID: PMC10102507 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1149848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe insurgence of antimicrobial resistance is an imminent health danger globally. A wide range of challenging diseases are attributed to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as it is weaponized with a unique array of virulence factors, and most importantly, the resistance it develops to most of the antibiotics used clinically. On that account, the present study targeted the optimization of the production of a bacteriophage active against MRSA, and evaluating some of its characters.Methods and resultsThe bacteriophage originated from a quite peculiar environmental source, raw chicken rinse and was suggested to belong to Podoviridae, order Caudovirales. It withstood a variety of extreme conditions and yield optimization was accomplished via the D-optimal design by response surface methodology (RSM). A reduced quadratic model was generated, and the ideal production conditions recommended were pH 8, glycerol 0.9% v/v, peptone 0.08% w/v, and 107 CFU/ml as the host inoculum size. These conditions led to a two-log fold increase in the phage titer (1.17x10¹² PFU/ml), as compared to the regular conditions.DiscussionTo conclude, statistical optimization successfully enhanced the output of the podoviral phage titer by two-log fold and therefore, can be regarded as a potential scale-up strategy. The produced phage was able to tolerate extreme environmental condition making it suitable for topical pharmaceutical preparations. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to ensure its suitability for use in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israa M. Abd-Allah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadir S. El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, ; Khaled M. Aboshanab,
| | - Mohamed H. Al-Agamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham H. Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, ; Khaled M. Aboshanab,
| | - Nadia A. Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Development and Evaluation of Bacteriophage Cocktail to Eradicate Biofilms Formed by an Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020427. [PMID: 36851640 PMCID: PMC9965693 DOI: 10.3390/v15020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive and multiple drug resistance in P. aeruginosa combined with the formation of biofilms is responsible for its high persistence in nosocomial infections. A sequential method to devise a suitable phage cocktail with a broad host range and high lytic efficiency against a biofilm forming XDR P. aeruginosa strain is presented here. Out of a total thirteen phages isolated against P. aeruginosa, five were selected on the basis of their high lytic spectra assessed using spot assay and productivity by efficiency of plating assay. Phages, after selection, were tested individually and in combinations of two-, three-, four-, and five-phage cocktails using liquid infection model. Out of total 22 combinations tested, the cocktail comprising four phages viz. φPA170, φPA172, φPA177, and φPA180 significantly inhibited the bacterial growth in liquid infection model (p < 0.0001). The minimal inhibitory dose of each phage in a cocktail was effectively reduced to >10 times than the individual dose in the inhibition of XDR P. aeruginosa host. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize phage cocktail mediated eradication of 4-day-old multi-layers of XDR P. aeruginosa biofilms from urinary catheters and glass cover slips, and was confirmed by absence of any viable cells. Differential bacterial inhibition was observed with different phage combinations where multiple phages were found to enhance the cocktail's lytic range, but the addition of too many phages reduced the overall inhibition. This study elaborates an effective and sequential method for the preparation of a phage cocktail and evaluates its antimicrobial potential against biofilm forming XDR strains of P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
|
11
|
Phage Therapy as an Alternative Treatment Modality for Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020286. [PMID: 36830196 PMCID: PMC9952150 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The production and use of antibiotics increased significantly after the Second World War due to their effectiveness against bacterial infections. However, bacterial resistance also emerged and has now become an important global issue. Those most in need are typically high-risk and include individuals who experience burns and other wounds, as well as those with pulmonary infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp, and Staphylococci. With investment to develop new antibiotics waning, finding and developing alternative therapeutic strategies to tackle this issue is imperative. One option remerging in popularity is bacteriophage (phage) therapy. This review focuses on Staphylococcus aureus and how it has developed resistance to antibiotics. It also discusses the potential of phage therapy in this setting and its appropriateness in high-risk people, such as those with cystic fibrosis, where it typically forms a biofilm.
Collapse
|
12
|
Effective Therapeutic Options for Melioidosis: Antibiotics versus Phage Therapy. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010011. [PMID: 36678359 PMCID: PMC9863960 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, also known as Whitmore's disease, is a potentially fatal infection caused by the Gram-negative bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei with a mortality rate of 10-50%. The condition is a "glanders-like" illness prevalent in Southeast Asian and Northern Australian regions and can affect humans, animals, and sometimes plants. Melioidosis received the epithet "the great mimicker" owing to its vast spectrum of non-specific clinical manifestations, such as localised abscesses, septicaemia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and encephalomyelitis, which often lead to misdiagnosis and ineffective treatment. To date, antibiotics remain the backbone of melioidosis treatment, which includes intravenous therapy with ceftazidime or meropenem, followed by oral therapy with TMP-SMX or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and supported by adjunctive treatment. However, bacteria have developed resistance to a series of antibiotics, including clinically significant ones, during treatment. Therefore, phage therapy has gained unprecedented interest and has been proposed as an alternative treatment. Although no effective phage therapy has been published, the findings of experimental phage therapies suggest that the concept could be feasible. This article reviews the benefits and limitations of antibiotics and phage therapy in terms of established regimens, bacterial resistance, host specificity, and biofilm degradation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Efimov AD, Golomidova AK, Kulikov EE, Belalov IS, Ivanov PA, Letarov AV. RB49-like Bacteriophages Recognize O Antigens as One of the Alternative Primary Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911329. [PMID: 36232640 PMCID: PMC9569957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of most of the enterobacterial O antigen types to provide robust protection against direct recognition of the cell surface by bacteriophage receptor-recognition proteins (RBP) has been recently recognized. The bacteriophages infecting O antigen producing strains of E. coli employ various strategies to tackle this nonspecific protection. T-even related phages, including RB49-like viruses, often have wide host ranges, being considered good candidates for use in phage therapy. However, the mechanisms by which these phages overcome the O antigen barrier remain unknown. We demonstrate here that RB49 and related phages Cognac49 and Whisky49 directly use certain types of O antigen as their primary receptors recognized by the virus long tail fibers (LTF) RBP gp38, so the O antigen becomes an attractant instead of an obstacle. Simultaneously to recognize multiple O antigen types, LTFs of each of these phages can bind to additional receptors, such as OmpA protein, enabling them to infect some rough strains of E. coli. We speculate that the mechanical force of the deployment of the short tail fibers (STF) triggered by the LTF binding to the O antigen or underneath of it, allows the receptor binding domains of STF to break through the O polysaccharide layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr D Efimov
- Laboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla K Golomidova
- Laboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene E Kulikov
- Laboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya S Belalov
- Laboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A Ivanov
- Laboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Letarov
- Laboratory of Microbial Viruses, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RC Biotechnology RAS, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chancharoenthana W, Sutnu N, Visitchanakun P, Sawaswong V, Chitcharoen S, Payungporn S, Schuetz A, Schultz MJ, Leelahavanichkul A. Critical roles of sepsis-reshaped fecal virota in attenuating sepsis severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940935. [PMID: 35983067 PMCID: PMC9380439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because studies on all fecal organisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) in sepsis are rare and bacteriophages during sepsis might have adapted against gut bacteria with possible pathogenicity, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; a sepsis mouse model) was evaluated. In fecal bacteriome, sepsis increased Bacteroides and Proteobacteria but decreased Firmicutes, while fecal virome demonstrated increased Podoviridae when compared with sham feces. There was no difference in the fungal microbiome (predominant Ascomycota in both sham and CLP mice) and the abundance of all organisms between sepsis and control groups. Interestingly, the transfers of feces from CLP mice worsened sepsis severity when compared with sham fecal transplantation, as evaluated by mortality, renal injury (serum creatinine and histology), liver damage (liver enzyme and histology), spleen apoptosis, serum cytokines, endotoxemia, and bacteremia. In contrast, the transfers of fecal viral particles from sepsis mice, but not from sham mice, attenuated inflammation in CLP sepsis possibly through the decrease in several fecal pathogenic bacteria (such as Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Prevotellaceae) as evaluated by fecal microbiome analysis. Perhaps the isolation of favorable bacteriophages in sepsis feces and increased abundance ex vivo before oral treatment in a high concentration are beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiwat Chancharoenthana
- Tropical Nephrology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Wiwat Chancharoenthana, ; Asada Leelahavanichkul,
| | - Nattawut Sutnu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammatory and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammatory and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorthon Sawaswong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwalak Chitcharoen
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda , MD, United States
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences-United States Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marcus J. Schultz
- Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammatory and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Wiwat Chancharoenthana, ; Asada Leelahavanichkul,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The resurgence of phage-based therapy in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance: from research progress to challenges and prospects. Microbiol Res 2022; 264:127155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
16
|
Liu S, Hon K, Bouras GS, Psaltis AJ, Shearwin K, Wormald PJ, Vreugde S. APTC-C-SA01: A Novel Bacteriophage Cocktail Targeting Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116116. [PMID: 35682794 PMCID: PMC9181636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high infection and mortality rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) necessitates the urgent development of new treatment strategies. Bacteriophages (phages) have several advantages compared to antibiotics for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections, and thus provide a promising alternative to antibiotics. Here, S. aureus phages were isolated from patients and environmental sources. Phages were characterized for stability, morphology and genomic sequence and their bactericidal activity against the biofilm form of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA was investigated. Four S. aureus phages were isolated and tested against 51 MSSA and MRSA clinical isolates and reference strains. The phages had a broad host range of 82−94% individually and of >98% when combined and could significantly reduce the viability of S. aureus biofilms. The phages had a latent period of ≤20 min and burst size of >11 plaque forming units (PFU)/infected cell. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified phages belonging to the family of Myoviridae. Genomic sequencing indicated the lytic nature of all four phages, with no identified resistance or virulence genes. The 4 phages showed a high complementarity with 49/51 strains (96%) sensitive to at least 2/4 phages tested. Furthermore, the frequency of bacteriophage insensitive mutant (BIM) generation was lower when the phages were combined into the phage cocktail APTC-C-SA01 than for bacteria exposed to each of the phages alone. In conclusion, APTC-C-SA01, containing four lytic S. aureus phages has the potential for further development as a treatment against MSSA and MRSA infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.L.); (K.H.); (G.S.B.); (A.J.P.); (P.-J.W.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Karen Hon
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.L.); (K.H.); (G.S.B.); (A.J.P.); (P.-J.W.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - George Spyro Bouras
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.L.); (K.H.); (G.S.B.); (A.J.P.); (P.-J.W.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Alkis James Psaltis
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.L.); (K.H.); (G.S.B.); (A.J.P.); (P.-J.W.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Keith Shearwin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.L.); (K.H.); (G.S.B.); (A.J.P.); (P.-J.W.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.L.); (K.H.); (G.S.B.); (A.J.P.); (P.-J.W.)
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8222-6928
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abd-Allah IM, El-Housseiny GS, Alshahrani MY, El-Masry SS, Aboshanab KM, Hassouna NA. An Anti-MRSA Phage From Raw Fish Rinse: Stability Evaluation and Production Optimization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:904531. [PMID: 35656033 PMCID: PMC9152141 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.904531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has denoted the danger of resistance in tenacious organisms like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA, a supple bacterium that adopts a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, is the cause of multiple life-threatening conditions. Approaching a post-antibiotic era, bacteria-specific natural predators, bacteriophages, are now given the chance to prove eligible for joining the antibacterial weaponry. Considering the foregoing, this study aimed at isolating bacteriophages with promising anti-MRSA lytic activity, followed by characterization and optimization of the production of the bacteriophage with the broadest host range. Five phages were isolated from different environmental sources including the rinse of raw chicken egg, raw milk, and, remarkably, the raw meat rinses of chicken and fish. Examined for lytic activity against a set of 23 MRSA isolates collected from various clinical specimens, all five phages showed relatively broad host ranges with the bacteriophage originally isolated from raw fish rinse showing lytic activity against all the isolates tested. This phage is suggested to be a member of Siphoviridae family, order Caudovirales, as revealed by electron microscopy. It also exhibited good thermal stability and viability at different pH grades. Moreover, it showed reasonable stability against UV light and all viricidal organic solvents tested. Optimization using D-optimal design by response surface methodology was carried out to enhance the phage yield. The optimum conditions suggested by the generated model were a pH value of 7, a carbon source of 0.5% w/v sucrose, and a nitrogen source of 0.1% w/v peptone, at a temperature of 28°C and a bacterial inoculum size of 107 CFU/ml, resulting in a 2 log-fold increase in the produced bacteriophage titer. Overall, the above findings indicate the lytic ability inflicted by this virus on MRSA. Apparently, its stability under some of the extreme conditions tested implies its potential to be a candidate for pharmaceutical formulation as an anti-MRSA therapeutic tool. We hope that bacteriophages could tip the balance in favor of the human front in their battle against multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israa M. Abd-Allah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadir S. El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar S. El-Masry
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia A. Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Understanding the Mechanisms That Drive Phage Resistance in Staphylococci to Prevent Phage Therapy Failure. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051061. [PMID: 35632803 PMCID: PMC9146914 DOI: 10.3390/v14051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite occurring at the microscopic scale, the armed race between phages and their bacterial hosts involves multiple mechanisms, some of which are just starting to be understood. On the one hand, bacteria have evolved strategies that can stop the viral infection at different stages (adsorption, DNA injection and replication, biosynthesis and assembly of the viral progeny and/or release of the newly formed virions); on the other, phages have gradually evolved counterattack strategies that allow them to continue infecting their prey. This co-evolutionary process has played a major role in the development of microbial populations in both natural and man-made environments. Notably, understanding the parameters of this microscopic war will be paramount to fully benefit from the application of phage therapy against dangerous, antibiotic-resistant human pathogens. This review gathers the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of phage resistance in the Staphylococcus genus, which includes Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most concerning microorganisms in terms of antibiotic resistance acquisition. Some of these strategies involve permanent changes to the bacterial cell via mutations, while others are transient, adaptive changes whose expression depends on certain environmental cues or the growth phase. Finally, we discuss the most plausible strategies to limit the impact of phage resistance on therapy, with a special emphasis on the importance of a rational design of phage cocktails in order to thwart therapeutic failure.
Collapse
|
19
|
Global Transcriptomic Response of Staphylococcus aureus to Virulent Bacteriophage Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030567. [PMID: 35336974 PMCID: PMC8950790 DOI: 10.3390/v14030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the ever-increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide, bacteriophages are becoming a valid alternative to antibiotics; therefore, their interactions with host bacteria must be thoroughly investigated. Here, we report genome-wide transcriptional changes in a clinical Staphylococcus aureus SA515 strain for three time points after infection with the vB_SauM-515A1 kayvirus. Using an RNA sequencing approach, we identify 263 genes that were differentially expressed (DEGs) between phage-infected and uninfected host samples. Most of the DEGs were identified at an early stage of phage infection and were mainly involved in nucleotide and amino acid metabolism, as well as in cell death prevention. At the subsequent infection stages, the vast majority of DEGs were upregulated. Interestingly, 39 upregulated DEGs were common between the 15th and 30th minutes post-infection, and a substantial number of them belonged to the prophages. Furthermore, some virulence factors were overexpressed at the late infection stage, which necessitates more stringent host strain selection requirements for further use of bacteriophages for therapeutic purposes. Thus, this work allows us to better understand the influence of kayviruses on the metabolic systems of S. aureus and contributes to a better comprehension of phage therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mateus T, Seppanen EJ, de Gier C, Clark S, Coates H, Vijayasekaran S, Prosser K, Wiertsema SP, Fuery A, Kirkham LAS, Richmond PC, Thornton RB. Sleep Disordered Breathing and Recurrent Tonsillitis Are Associated With Polymicrobial Bacterial Biofilm Infections Suggesting a Role for Anti-Biofilm Therapies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:831887. [PMID: 35295756 PMCID: PMC8918577 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.831887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe underlying pathogenesis of pediatric obstructive sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and recurrent tonsillitis (RT) are poorly understood but need to be elucidated to develop less invasive treatment and prevention strategies.MethodsChildren aged between 1- and 16-years undergoing adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy for SDB (n=40), RT alone (n=18), or both SDB and RT (SDB+RT) (n=17) were recruited with age-matched healthy controls (n=33). Total bacterial load and species-specific densities of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis were measured by qPCR in nasopharyngeal swabs, oropharyngeal swabs, adenoid and tonsillar tissue from children with SDB, SDB+RT and RT, and in naso- and oro- pharyngeal swabs from healthy children. A subset of tonsil biopsies were examined for biofilms using 16S rRNA FISH (n=3/group).ResultsThe 5 bacterial species were detected in naso- and oro- pharyngeal samples from all children. These species were frequently detected in adenotonsillar tissue (except S. aureus, which was absent in adenoids) from children with SDB, SDB+RT and RT. NTHi and S. aureus were observed in tonsils from 66.7-88.2% and 33.3-58.8% of children respectively. Similar total and species-specific bacterial densities were observed in adenotonsillar tissue from children with SDB, SDB+RT or RT. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were more likely to have multiple bacterial species co-detected than adenotonsillar tissue where one or two targeted species predominated. Polymicrobial biofilms and intracellular bacteria were observed in tonsils from children with adenotonsillar disease.ConclusionsAntimicrobials, particularly anti-biofilm therapies, may be a strategy for managing children with SDB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tulia Mateus
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elke J. Seppanen
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Camilla de Gier
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sharon Clark
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Harvey Coates
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shyan Vijayasekaran
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Selma P. Wiertsema
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Angela Fuery
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S. Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter C. Richmond
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ruth B. Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ruth B. Thornton,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hatoum-Aslan A. The phages of staphylococci: critical catalysts in health and disease. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:1117-1129. [PMID: 34030968 PMCID: PMC8578144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The phages that infect Staphylococcus species are dominant residents of the skin microbiome that play critical roles in health and disease. While temperate phages, which can integrate into the host genome, have the potential to promote staphylococcal pathogenesis, the strictly lytic variety are powerful antimicrobials that are being exploited for therapeutic applications. This article reviews recent insights into the diversity of staphylococcal phages and newly described mechanisms by which they influence host pathogenicity. The latest efforts to harness these viruses to eradicate staphylococcal infections are also highlighted. Decades of research has focused on the temperate phages of Staphylococcus aureus as model systems, thus underscoring the need to broaden basic research efforts to include diverse phages that infect other clinically relevant Staphylococcus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Hatoum-Aslan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Feng T, Leptihn S, Dong K, Loh B, Zhang Y, Stefan MI, Li M, Guo X, Cui Z. JD419, a Staphylococcus aureus Phage With a Unique Morphology and Broad Host Range. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:602902. [PMID: 33967969 PMCID: PMC8100676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.602902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy represents a possible treatment option to cure infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, including methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, to which most antibiotics have become ineffective. In the present study, we report the isolation and complete characterization of a novel phage named JD219 exhibiting a broad host range able to infect 61 of 138 clinical strains of S. aureus tested, which included MRSA strains as well. The phage JD419 exhibits a unique morphology with an elongated capsid and a flexible tail. To evaluate the potential of JD419 to be used as a therapeutic phage, we tested the ability of the phage particles to remain infectious after treatment exceeding physiological pH or temperature. The activity was retained at pH values of 6.0–8.0 and below 50°C. As phages can contain virulence genes, JD419’s complete genome was sequenced. The 45509 bp genome is predicted to contain 65 ORFs, none of which show homology to any known virulence or antibiotic resistance genes. Genome analysis indicates that JD419 is a temperate phage, despite observing rapid replication and lysis of host strains. Following the recent advances in synthetic biology, JD419 can be modified by gene engineering to remove prophage-related genes, preventing potential lysogeny, in order to be deployed as a therapeutic phage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE), Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE), Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Melanie I Stefan
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE), Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zelin Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Düzgüneş N, Sessevmez M, Yildirim M. Bacteriophage Therapy of Bacterial Infections: The Rediscovered Frontier. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:34. [PMID: 33466546 PMCID: PMC7824886 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant infections present a serious health concern worldwide. It is estimated that there are 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections and 35,000 deaths in the United States every year. Such microorganisms include Acinetobacter, Enterobacterioceae, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium. Alternative treatment methods are, thus, necessary to treat such infections. Bacteriophages are viruses of bacteria. In a lytic infection, the newly formed phage particles lyse the bacterium and continue to infect other bacteria. In the early 20th century, d'Herelle, Bruynoghe and Maisin used bacterium-specific phages to treat bacterial infections. Bacteriophages are being identified, purified and developed as pharmaceutically acceptable macromolecular "drugs," undergoing strict quality control. Phages can be applied topically or delivered by inhalation, orally or parenterally. Some of the major drug-resistant infections that are potential targets of pharmaceutically prepared phages are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Acinetobacter baumannii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nejat Düzgüneş
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Melike Sessevmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey;
| | - Metin Yildirim
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Tarsus University, Mersin 33400, Turkey;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kornienko M, Fisunov G, Bespiatykh D, Kuptsov N, Gorodnichev R, Klimina K, Kulikov E, Ilina E, Letarov A, Shitikov E. Transcriptional Landscape of Staphylococcus aureus Kayvirus Bacteriophage vB_SauM-515A1. Viruses 2020; 12:E1320. [PMID: 33213043 PMCID: PMC7698491 DOI: 10.3390/v12111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Twort-like myoviruses (Kayvirus genus) of S. aureus are promising agents for bacteriophage therapy due to a broad host range and high killing activity against clinical isolates. This work improves the current understanding of the phage infection physiology by transcriptome analysis. The expression profiles of a typical member of the Kayvirus genus (vB_SauM-515A1) were obtained at three time-points post-infection using RNA sequencing. A total of 35 transcription units comprising 238 ORFs were established. The sequences for 58 early and 12 late promoters were identified in the phage genome. The early promoters represent the strong sigma-70 promoters consensus sequence and control the host-dependent expression of 26 transcription units (81% of genes). The late promoters exclusively controlled the expression of four transcription units, while the transcription of the other five units was directed by both types of promoters. The characteristic features of late promoters were long -10 box of TGTTATATTA consensus sequence and the absence of -35 boxes. The data obtained are also of general interest, demonstrating a strategy of the phage genome expression with a broad overlap of the early and late transcription phases without any middle transcription, which is unusual for the large phage genomes (>100 kbp).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kornienko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Gleb Fisunov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Dmitry Bespiatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Nikita Kuptsov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Roman Gorodnichev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Ksenia Klimina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Eugene Kulikov
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Elena Ilina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| | - Andrey Letarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Egor Shitikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (G.F.); (D.B.); (N.K.); (R.G.); (K.K.); (E.I.); (E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|