1
|
Oswald J, Constantine M, Adegbuyi A, Omorogbe E, Dellomo AJ, Ehrlich ES. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Gammaherpesviruses and HIV: A Review of Virus Adaptation and Exploitation. Viruses 2023; 15:1935. [PMID: 37766341 PMCID: PMC10535929 DOI: 10.3390/v15091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For productive infection and replication to occur, viruses must control cellular machinery and counteract restriction factors and antiviral proteins. Viruses can accomplish this, in part, via the regulation of cellular gene expression and post-transcriptional and post-translational control. Many viruses co-opt and counteract cellular processes via modulation of the host post-translational modification machinery and encoding or hijacking kinases, SUMO ligases, deubiquitinases, and ubiquitin ligases, in addition to other modifiers. In this review, we focus on three oncoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their interactions with the ubiquitin-proteasome system via viral-encoded or cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elana S. Ehrlich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Mozaini M, Al-Rahabani T, Dirar Q, Alashgar T, Rabaan AA, Murad W, Alotaibi J, Alrajhi A. Human immunodeficiency virus in Saudi Arabia: Current and future challenges. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1500-1509. [PMID: 37353430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the pathophysiology of HIV infection has been crucial to the design of effective anti-viral strategies. HIV infection is declining worldwide due to early diagnosis and the effective long-term use of anti-retroviral therapy. New infections decreased from 3.3 million in 2002-2.3 million in 2012. However, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), an estimated 83,000 individuals still acquired the virus, with 37,000 morbidities reported. The first incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was reported in 1984. By the end of 2013, around 1509 patients had been diagnosed with HIV infection. HIV surveillance has improved in KSA with advances in medical care, counseling, family planning, diagnostic evaluation, and anti-retroviral therapy, but challenges remain. Patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy still show significant morbidity and mortality. Further targeted treatment regimens and preventive strategies are required to control HIV infection in KSA. Progress towards meeting the 90-90-90 goals for HIV in the MENA has also not been systematically monitored. METHOD In this review, we examine current screening programs, therapeutic modalities, the emergence of drug resistance, and future perspectives for HIV-associated health care in KSA. CONCLUSION The aim is to offer insight for healthcare policymakers to comply with the UNAIDS 2020 vision program and help establish the prevailing paradigms in the HIV community for an AIDS-free generation and the 90-90-90 goals for diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Mozaini
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Qais Dirar
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tala Alashgar
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, JohnsHopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Murad
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alotaibi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alrajhi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang XF, Zhang X, Ma W, Li J, Wang X. Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus. Virol Sin 2023; 38:485-496. [PMID: 37419416 PMCID: PMC10436108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research. An attenuated EIAV vaccine, which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques, is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date. Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle. However, viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation. The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process, which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses, making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV. The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions. In addition, we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An N, Ge Q, Shao H, Li Q, Guo F, Liang C, Li X, Yi D, Yang L, Cen S. Interferon-inducible SAMHD1 restricts viral replication through downregulation of lipid synthesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007718. [PMID: 36532074 PMCID: PMC9755837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type I interferon (IFN) inhibits virus infection through multiple processes. Recent evidence indicates that IFN carries out its antiviral activity through readjusting of the cellular metabolism. The sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), has been reported to inhibit a number of retroviruses and DNA viruses, by depleting dNTPs indispensable for viral DNA replication. Here we report a new antiviral activity of SAMHD1 against RNA viruses including HCV and some other flaviviruses infection. Methods Multiple cellular and molecular biological technologies have been used to detect virus infection, replication and variation of intracellular proteins, including western blotting, qRT-PCR, Gene silencing, immunofluorescence, etc. Besides, microarray gene chip technology was applied to analyze the effects of SAMHD1 overexpression on total expressed genes. Results Our data show that SAMHD1 down-regulates the expression of genes related to lipid bio-metabolic pathway, accompanied with impaired lipid droplets (LDs) formation, two events important for flaviviruses infection. Mechanic study reveals that SAMHD1 mainly targets on HCV RNA replication, resulting in a broad inhibitory effect on the infectivity of flaviviruses. The C-terminal domain of SAMHD1 is showed to determine its antiviral function, which is regulated by the phosphorylation of T592. Restored lipid level by overexpression of SREBP1 or supplement with LDs counteracts with the antiviral activity of SAMHD1, providing evidence supporting the role of SAMHD1-mediated down-regulation of lipid synthesis in its function to inhibit viral infection. Conclusion SAMHD1 plays an important role in IFN-mediated blockade of flaviviruses infection through targeting lipid bio-metabolic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni An
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Ge
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Huihan Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Dongrong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Dongrong Yi, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Dongrong Yi, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Dongrong Yi, ; Long Yang, ; Shan Cen,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bowen NE, Oo A, Kim B. Mechanistic Interplay between HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme Kinetics and Host SAMHD1 Protein: Viral Myeloid-Cell Tropism and Genomic Mutagenesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081622. [PMID: 35893688 PMCID: PMC9331428 DOI: 10.3390/v14081622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) has been the primary interest among studies on antiviral discovery, viral replication kinetics, drug resistance, and viral evolution. Following infection and entry into target cells, the HIV-1 core disassembles, and the viral RT concomitantly converts the viral RNA into double-stranded proviral DNA, which is integrated into the host genome. The successful completion of the viral life cycle highly depends on the enzymatic DNA polymerase activity of RT. Furthermore, HIV-1 RT has long been known as an error-prone DNA polymerase due to its lack of proofreading exonuclease properties. Indeed, the low fidelity of HIV-1 RT has been considered as one of the key factors in the uniquely high rate of mutagenesis of HIV-1, which leads to efficient viral escape from immune and therapeutic antiviral selective pressures. Interestingly, a series of studies on the replication kinetics of HIV-1 in non-dividing myeloid cells and myeloid specific host restriction factor, SAM domain, and HD domain-containing protein, SAMHD1, suggest that the myeloid cell tropism and high rate of mutagenesis of HIV-1 are mechanistically connected. Here, we review not only HIV-1 RT as a key antiviral target, but also potential evolutionary and mechanistic crosstalk among the unique enzymatic features of HIV-1 RT, the replication kinetics of HIV-1, cell tropism, viral genetic mutation, and host SAMHD1 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.E.B.); (A.O.)
| | - Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.E.B.); (A.O.)
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.E.B.); (A.O.)
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|