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Wang Y, Liu P, Yang G, Shu F, Chen C. Exploring the dynamic behaviors of five pesticides in lettuce: Implications for consumer health through field and modeling experiments. Food Chem 2024; 452:139510. [PMID: 38718452 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Lettuce, a globally consumed nutritious vegetable, is often linked to concerns regarding pesticide residues. To address this issue, we conducted field trials and utilized dynamiCROP modeling to examine the uptake, distribution, translocation, and dissipation of five pesticides (λ-cyhalothrin, difenoconazole, acetamiprid, dimethomorph, and β-cypermethrin) commonly detected in lettuce. At harvest, pesticides residues were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) at 0.05, 0.39, 0.047, 0.72, and 0.072 mg kg-1, respectively. Simulation results elucidated distinct behaviors of the pesticides following application to lettuce foliage across various compartments. However, all pesticides exhibited a common dissipation trend, initially stabilizing or increasing before gradually declining. For all five pesticides, the largest contribution of residues on lettuce leaves came from the leaf surface during the early period after application, and from the soil in the long term. Health risk assessments indicated negligible risks associated with consuming lettuce containing these pesticides, both in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | | | - Fang Shu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Si W, Huo K, Wu N, Yang H, Liu H, Jin X, Chen L, Huang Z, Wang S, Bai B. HRMS analysis of pesticides in vegetables from Shanghai and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024; 17:35-45. [PMID: 38087650 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2280967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
A rapid analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 550 pesticide residues in vegetable samples was developed based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem Q/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/Orbitrap-HRMS). To investigate the risk of exposure to pesticide residues through vegetable consumption, 704 leafy vegetable samples from Shanghai were analysed for multiple residues using this method. A total of 54 pesticide residues were identified in these vegetable samples and 302 samples contained one or more pesticide residue. The levels of the detected pesticides did not pose a health risk in the long term and were acceptable according to the results of the chronic dietary risk assessment. Risk rankings displayed that most of the pesticides were low to medium risk. The findings of this study provide a reference for future pesticide monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Si
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agri-food Testing Technical Service Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixuan Huo
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agri-food Testing Technical Service Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agri-food Testing Technical Service Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agri-food Testing Technical Service Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofen Jin
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agri-food Testing Technical Service Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agri-food Testing Technical Service Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agri-food Testing Technical Service Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouying Wang
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agri-food Testing Technical Service Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Yan Z, Nie J, Cheng Y, Han L, Farooq S. Method development, validation, and risk assessment of multiple pesticide residues of fruits in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:18826-18841. [PMID: 38353823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a muti-residue analysis method of 40 pesticides in five different categories of fruits in China was developed based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Five hundred real samples were analyzed and assessed for the dietary exposure risk. The sample treatment method was optimized by comparing four clean-up methods. The matrix effects of different fruits were evaluated. The analytical method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and precision. The results showed that the optimal method was the treatment by clean up with ODS (octadecylsilane) and MgSO4. The matrix effect was the strongest in orange and weakest in apple. The LOD and LOQ of pesticides were 0.04-5.9 μg kg-1 and 0.13-19.5 μg kg-1, respectively. The recoveries at three spiked levels were ranged from 71.2 to 115.2% with the RSDs from 0.1 to 19.6%. Twenty-two pesticides were detected in 500 fruit samples from the major production regions of China, with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1930 μg kg-1. A total of 13, 10, 9, 8, and 4 pesticides were detected in peach, orange, grape, apple, and strawberry. Both the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD) for all the detected pesticides were lower than 100%, indicating that the dietary intake risks are acceptable and would not pose potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- Institute of Pomology of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), MARA, Xingcheng, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yang Cheng
- Institute of Pomology of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), MARA, Xingcheng, China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Saqib Farooq
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, China
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Song J, Chen Y, Li L, Tan M, Su W. Recent Progress in Photoelectrochemical Sensing of Pesticides in Food and Environmental Samples: Photoactive Materials and Signaling Mechanisms. Molecules 2024; 29:560. [PMID: 38338305 PMCID: PMC10856573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pesticides have become an integral part of modern agricultural practices, but their widespread use poses a significant threat to human health. As such, there is a pressing need to develop effective methods for detecting pesticides in food and environmental samples. Traditional chromatography methods and common rapid detection methods cannot satisfy accuracy, portability, long storage time, and solution stability at the same time. In recent years, photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing technology has gained attention as a promising approach for detecting various pesticides due to its salient advantages, including high sensitivity, low cost, simple operation, fast response, and easy miniaturization, thus becoming a competitive candidate for real-time and on-site monitoring of pesticide levels. This review provides an overview of the recent advancements in PEC methods for pesticide detection and their applications in ensuring food and environmental safety, with a focus on the categories of photoactive materials, from single semiconductor to semiconductor-semiconductor heterojunction, and signaling mechanisms of PEC sensing platforms, including oxidation of pesticides, steric hindrance, generation/decrease in sacrificial agents, and introduction/release of photoactive materials. Additionally, this review will offer insights into future prospects and confrontations, thereby contributing novel perspectives to this evolving domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, Qingdao 266400, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Yuqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Mingqian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (M.T.)
| | - Wentao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116034, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (M.T.)
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Choi BS, Lee DU, Kim WS, Park CW, Choe WJ, Moon MJ. Simultaneous Screening of 322 Residual Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using GC-MS/MS and Deterministic Health Risk Assessments. Foods 2023; 12:3001. [PMID: 37628000 PMCID: PMC10453053 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient methods for evaluating pesticide residues is essential in order to ensure the safety and quality of agricultural products since the Republic of Korea implemented the Positive List System (PLS). The objective of this research was to establish a method for the simultaneous analysis of 322 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables (such as coffee, potato, corn, and chili pepper), using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This study introduces a robust, high-throughput GC-MS/MS method for screening the target pesticide residues in agricultural products, achieving the PLS criterion of 0.01 mg/kg LOQ. Despite some compounds not aligning with the CODEX recovery guideline, sufficient reproducibility was confirmed, attesting to the method's applicability in qualitative analyses. A health risk assessment conducted using estimated daily intake/acceptable daily intake ratios indicated low risks associated with product consumption (<0.035391%), thereby confirming their safety. This efficient method holds significant implications for the safe distribution of agricultural products, including during import inspections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong-Sun Choi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon 38822, Republic of Korea;
| | - Woo-Seong Kim
- Center of Food & Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Busan 47537, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.K.); (C.-W.P.)
| | - Chan-Woong Park
- Center of Food & Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Busan 47537, Republic of Korea; (W.-S.K.); (C.-W.P.)
| | - Won-Jo Choe
- Pesticides & Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jun Moon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
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Jiang W, Li Z, Yang Q, Hou X. Integration of Metallic Nanomaterials and Recognition Elements for the Specifically Monitoring of Pesticides in Electrochemical Sensing. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-22. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2189955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Safety Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination and Pesticide Residues in Coix Seeds in Guizhou Province, China. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152286. [PMID: 35954054 PMCID: PMC9367953 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coix seed is a medicinal and edible plant with rich nutritional and medicinal values. With the expansion of the coix seed consumption market, the problem of coix seed safety has attracted attention worldwide. The aims of this work were to evaluate the contamination of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and 116 pesticides in coix seeds collected from 12 main producing regions of coix seeds in the Guizhou Province of China and to analyze the major contributors of heavy metal and pesticide contamination in coix seed. The results show that the average contents of Pb, Cd, As and Cr in the 123 coix seed samples were 0.0069, 0.0021, 0.0138 and 0.1107 mg/kg, respectively, while Hg was not detected in all coix seed samples. Among the five heavy metals detected, only the Cr contents of three samples were found to be higher than the contaminant limit of Chinese standard GB2762-2017 (CSGB). A total of 13 pesticides were detected in 29 samples from seven main production regions of coix seeds, accounting for 23.6% of all the samples. The detection rates of chlorpyrifos were the highest (8.13%), followed by fenpropathrin (4.06%), bifenthrin (2.43%) and phoxim (1.62%), while the detection rates of the remaining pesticides were below 1%. Moreover, the residual risk score of dichlorvos was the highest of all the pesticides detected. The pollution index and risk assessment of heavy metals and pesticide residues indicates that coix seeds were at safe levels for consumption. In the production process of coix seeds, the local government should control the soil in areas heavily polluted by heavy metals and strengthen the monitoring and guidance on the scientific and rational use of pesticides.
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On-the-Pack Voluntary Well-Being Messaging for Milks Targeting Chinese Older Adults: A Content Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152212. [PMID: 35892798 PMCID: PMC9331808 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
China is experiencing severe population aging. Given that milks targeting older adults are one of the most popular foods designed for Chinese older adults (COA), this study investigated on-the-pack (OTP) voluntary well-being messaging (VWM, ways of communicating a product's broad well-being benefits through information on food content or statements linked to favourable components, functions, or well-being outcomes) for milk targeting COA. Over 200 products identified from two sources (JD.com and Mintel's global new products database), were analysed for type, content, and VWM frequency for different brand origins and milk sources of various animal species, nutrition claim regulation compliance and alignment with nutrition facts. The results suggested: (1) different brand origins (domestic vs. international) and milk source (cow vs. goat) highlighted different well-being aspects of products, (2) three products failed to comply with government regulations made for nutrition labelling of pre-packed foods (GB 28050-2011), but (3) excepting fat, all 'contains' claims and most 'high' claims did not reflect significantly greater levels of nutrients, compared to products with no claims. The findings create a comprehensive picture of OTP VWM for milks targeting older adults in China, providing useful information for consumer, domestic, and international dairy industries, and policymakers.
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Chen L, Pan M, Hu D. An overview on the green synthesis and removal methods of pyridaben. Front Chem 2022; 10:975491. [PMID: 35910743 PMCID: PMC9329628 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.975491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridaben is an acaricide widely used around the world to control phytophagous mites, white flies, aphids, and thrips. It is highly toxic to nontarget organisms such as predatory mites, bees, and fishes. Therefore, the occurrence and removal of pyridaben in food and the environment are worthy of concern. This mini-review focuses on pyridaben residue levels in crops, aquatic systems, and soils, as well as the green synthesis and removal of pyridaben. During the period of 2010–2022, pyridaben was reported in monitoring studies on fruits, vegetables, herbs, bee products, aquatic systems, and soils. Vegetable and agricultural soil samples exhibited the highest detection rates and residue levels. One-pot synthesis offers a green chemistry and sustainable alternative for the synthesis of pyridaben. Among traditional home treatments, peeling is the most effective way to remove pyridaben from crops. Magnetic solid-phase extraction technology has emerged as a powerful tool for the adsorption and separation of pyridaben. Photocatalytic methods using TiO2 as a catalyst were developed as advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of pyridaben in aqueous solutions. Current gaps in pyridaben removal were proposed to provide future development directions for minimizing the exposure risk of pyridaben residues to human and nontarget organisms.
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Goel V, Pandey D, Shukla S. Multi-residue Analysis, Probabilistic Dietary Risk Assessment of 241 Pesticides in Wheatgrass (Triticum sp.) using LC-MS/MS in Combination with QuEChERS Extraction. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5411. [PMID: 35585480 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Wheatgrass is consumed as an important nutritious herbal food supplement across the globe; however, limited studies have been reported on analysis of multi-class pesticides in this complex nutrient rich natural product. An analytical method was developed for the estimation of 241 pesticides in random Wheatgrass samples collected from Delhi-Northern Capital Region (Delhi-NCR). Extraction was performed by QuEChERS, cleaning was performed by dispersive solid phase and the extracts were analyzed using Triple Quadrupole Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.5 μg /kg, which is well below European Union-Maximum Residue Level. The coefficient of determination was >0.991 across calibration range of 0.5-100 μg /kg. The Relative Standard Deviation values for 231 pesticides based on 10 replicates of samples spiked at 10 μg /kg were <5%. Among random samples, 54% confirmed the presence of at least one pesticide. Results indicated the presence of 8 different pesticides among 38% of total population with Metribuzin at 299.7 μg /kg and Carfentrazone-ethyl at 19.47 μg/kg exceeding the permissible limits among 6% of total estimated population. The chronic and acute risk quotients as calculated were less than 1, indicating non-significant dietary risk to consumers. However, the presence of pesticides above permissible limit is likely to result in adverse health effects to the consumers of herbal supplements from urban population and incorporating measures would be useful to ensure the quality and safety of wheatgrass consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudeep Shukla
- Environment Pollution Analysis Lab, Bhiwadi, Rajasthan, India
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Ssemugabo C, Bradman A, Ssempebwa JC, Sillé F, Guwatudde D. An assessment of health risks posed by consumption of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables among residents in the Kampala Metropolitan Area in Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2022; 9:4. [PMID: 35535174 PMCID: PMC9050770 DOI: 10.1186/s40550-022-00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Pesticide use for fruits and vegetable production in Uganda may result in presence of residues on produce which may pose health risks to consumers. Uganda does not have an established system for monitoring pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and assessing potential health risks. This research aimed to conduct a health risk assessment of presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in the Kampala Metropolitan Area in Uganda. Method Pesticides were measured in 160 fruits and vegetables samples collected at farms, markets, street vendors, restaurants and homes; and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fruit and vegetable consumption information was collected from 2177 people. Pesticide concentrations were compared with European Union maximum residual limits (MRLs). Mean values of pesticide concentration residues found in the sample of fruits and vegetables; and fruits and vegetables intake and body weight were used to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) of pesticide residues. EDI values were compared with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) to calculate the hazard quotient by age group, and stage at which consumption happens along the chain. Results Overall, 57 pesticides were detected in fruits and vegetables from farm to fork. Of the 57, 39 pesticides were detected in all the fruits and vegetables studied. Concentrations of fonofos, fenitrothion and fenhexamid were above the European Union MRLs in some samples. Hazard quotients based on dietary ingestion scenarios for 18 pesticides, including dichlorvos (444) alanycarb (314), fonofos (68), fenitrothion (62), dioxacarb (55) and benfuracarb (24) and others, were above 1, indicating the possibility of chronic health risk to consumers. Chronic health risk decreased with age but was stable for stage at which consumption happens along the food chain. The number of pesticides with EDI greater than the ADI decreased with increase in age; with 18, 13, 9, 11, 8, 9, and 9 pesticides for age groups < 5, 5-12, 13-19, 20-25, 36-49 and ≥ 50 respectively. Conclusion Chronic dietary pesticide exposures to Ugandans are likely common, and for some pesticides result in exposure exceeding health-based benchmarks. Risks were highest for younger participants. There is an urgent need to increase monitoring and regulation of pesticides in fruits and vegetables in order to protect consumers, especially the children who are vulnerable to the adverse effects of pesticides. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40550-022-00090-9.
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Wang S, Zeng X, Wang X, Chang H, Sun H, Liu Y. A survey of multiple pesticide residues on litchi: A special fruit. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Kuang L, Xu G, Tong Y, Li H, Zhang J, Shen Y, Cheng Y. Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Chinese Litchis. J Food Prot 2022; 85:98-103. [PMID: 34525192 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The presence of pesticide residues in fruit has been of extensive concern worldwide. Pesticide residues in 150 litchi samples collected in the People's Republic of China were measured, and the dietary exposure risks to consumers were evaluated. The litchi samples were screened by gas chromatography and ultraperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the possible presence of 57 pesticides. Seventeen pesticides were detected, and 70.7% of samples contained residues of one or more pesticides. The most frequently detected pesticide (36% of samples) was diflubenzuron. Carbofuran in one sample exceeded its maximum residue limit by 125%. In dietary exposure assessments, all concentrations below the limit of detection (LOD) were calculated as 0, 0.5 × the LOD, or at the LOD separately, and these assessments indicated that the chronic health risks from these dietary exposures were extremely low. For acute exposures, carbofuran was at 11.08% of the acute reference dose, and all other pesticides were <2% of the acute reference dose. The findings indicated that the presence of pesticide residues in litchis should not be considered a public health problem. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Kuang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Tong
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifei Li
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Youming Shen
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng) and Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, People's Republic of China
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