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Ghosh MK, Kumar S, Begam S, Ghosh S, Basu M. GBM immunotherapy: Exploring molecular and clinical frontiers. Life Sci 2024; 356:123018. [PMID: 39214286 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
GBM is the most common, aggressive, and intracranial primary brain tumor; it originates from the glial progenitor cells, has poor overall survival (OS), and has limited treatment options. In this decade, GBM immunotherapy is in trend and preferred over several conventional therapies, due to their better patient survival outcome. This review explores the clinical trials of several immunotherapeutic approaches (immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), CAR T-cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy) with their efficacy and safety. Despite significant progress, several challenges (viz., immunosuppressive microenvironment, heterogeneity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB)) were experienced that hamper their immunotherapeutic potential. Furthermore, these challenges were clinically studied to be resolved by multiple combinatorial approaches, discussed in the later part of the review. Thus, this review suggests the clinical use and potential of immunotherapy in GBM and provides the holistic recent knowledge and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sabana Begam
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sayani Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Parganas, PIN-743372, India
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2
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Nguyen YTM, Sibley L, Przanowski P, Zhao XY, Kovacs M, Wang S, Jones MK, Cowan M, Liu W, Merchak AR, Gaultier A, Janes K, Zang C, Harris T, Ewald SE, Zong H. Toxoplasma gondii infection supports the infiltration of T cells into brain tumors. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 393:578402. [PMID: 38996717 PMCID: PMC11318612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Few T cells infiltrate into primary brain tumors, fundamentally hampering the effectiveness of immunotherapy. We hypothesized that Toxoplasma gondii, a microorganism that naturally elicits a Th1 response in the brain, can promote T cell infiltration into brain tumors despite their immune suppressive microenvironment. Using a mouse genetic model for medulloblastoma, we found that T. gondii infection induced the infiltration of activatable T cells into the tumor mass and led to myeloid cell reprogramming toward a T cell-supportive state, without causing severe health issues in mice. The study provides a concrete foundation for future studies to take advantage of the immune modulatory capacity of T. gondii to facilitate brain tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen T M Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lydia Sibley
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Piotr Przanowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael Kovacs
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shengyuan Wang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marieke K Jones
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maureen Cowan
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrea R Merchak
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kevin Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chongzhi Zang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tajie Harris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah E Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Hui Zong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Zhuang Z, Zhang C, Tan Y, Zhang J, Zhong C. ELF4 was a prognostic biomarker and related to immune infiltrates in glioma. J Cancer 2024; 15:5101-5117. [PMID: 39132148 PMCID: PMC11310870 DOI: 10.7150/jca.96886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
ELF4 (E74-like factor 4) is a transcription factor, dysregulation of which has been associated with carcinogenesis and cancer development. Nevertheless, the precise role of ELF4 in glioma pathology and its impact on clinical outcomes remains to be investigated. In the present research, comprehensive analyses demonstrated that elevated expression of ELF4 in glioma tissues correlates with malignant phenotypes and adverse clinical outcomes. Multivariate Cox regression analysis determined that ELF4 expression could serve as a reliable predictor of glioma outcomes. (CGGA, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.34, p<0.001; TCGA, HR: 1.19, 95%CI: 1.01-1.41, p=0.043; and Gravendeel, HR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.15-1.80, p=0.002). Knockdown of ELF4 reduced the cell viability and migration capacity of glioma cells in vitro. In addition to the tumor invasive role, enrichment analysis revealed the overexpressed ELF4 was involved in the immune regulation, characterized by the elevated activity of Il6/Jak/Stat3 signaling, interferon alpha (IFN-α) response, and IL2/Stat5 signaling. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA)-seq and spatial transcriptome (ST)-seq analyses revealed that ELF4 could induce reprogramming of tumor-associated monocytes/macrophages (TAMMs). Molecular docking analysis revealed ELF4 might be targeted by drugs/compounds, including Veliparib (ABT-888), Motesanib (AMG 706), and EHT 1864. Genomic analysis revealed that, in LGG, in the low ELF4 expression subgroup, IDH1 demonstrated a higher mutation rate, and TP53 and ATRX Chromatin Remodeler (ATRX) displayed the lower mutation rates, than the high ELF4 expression group. Conclusion: Our research suggests that ELF4 may contribute to the prognostic assessment of glioma and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinqiu Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Song Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Lin Y, Cao X, Han X, Li G, Hou A, Han S. CCL2 mediated IKZF1 expression promotes M2 polarization of glioma-associated macrophages through CD84-SHP2 pathway. Oncogene 2024; 43:2737-2749. [PMID: 39112517 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The proneural-mesenchymal (PN-MES) transformation of glioma stem cells (GSCs) can significantly increase proliferation, invasion, chemotherapy tolerance, and recurrence. M2-like polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) has a strong immunosuppressive effect, promoting tumor malignancy and angiogenesis. There is limited understanding on the interactions between GSCs and TAMs as well as their associated molecular mechanisms. In the present study, bioinformatics analysis, GSC and TAM co-culture, determination of TAM polarization phenotypes, and other in vitro experiments confirmed that CCL2 secreted by MES-GSCs promotes TAM-M2 polarization via the IKZF1-CD84-SHP2 pathway and PN-MES transformation of GSCs via the IKZF1-LRG1 pathway in TAMs. IKZF1 inhibitors could significantly reduce tumor volumes in animal glioma models and improve survival, as well as suppress TAM-M2 polarization and the GSC malignant phenotype. The results of this study indicate the important interaction between TAMs and GSCs in the glioma microenvironment as well as its role in tumor progression. The findings also suggest a novel target for follow-up clinical transformation research on the regulation of TAM function and GSCs malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yaochuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zixun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yibin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaodi Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ana Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Sheng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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5
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Hu W, Li D, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Zeng J, Sai K. TIM-3/CD68 double-high expression in Glioma: Prognostic characteristics and potential therapeutic approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112665. [PMID: 39002523 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of various types of tumors, but there has been no breakthrough in the treatment of gliomas. The aim of this study is to discover valuable immunotherapy target in glioma, analyze its expression in glioma and the related microenvironment, explore potential immunotherapy strategies, and propose new possibilities for the treatment of gliomas. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry (mIHC) were used to analyze the expression of common immune markers and checkpoints in 187 glioma patients from Sun Yat-sen University Caner Center (SYSUCC). Bioinformatics analysis was used to examine the expression of TIM-3 in different macrophages using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) single-cell sequencing database. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to predict the prognostic value of samples with high TIM-3 and CD68 expression. The R package was used to analyze the somatic mutation status and the sensitivity of small molecule inhibitors in TIM-3/CD68 double-high expression samples. RESULTS TIM-3 is a relatively highly expressed immune checkpoint in glioma. Unlike other tumors, TIM-3 is mainly expressed on macrophages in the glioma microenvironment. TIM-3/CD68 double-high expression suggests poor survival in glioma and may be a new upgrade marker in both IDH-mutant glioma and IDH-wildtype low-grade glioma (LGG) glioma (P < 0.01). Exploring the combination of TIM-3 inhibitors and p38 MAPK inhibitor may be a potential treatment direction for TIM-3/CD68 double high expression gliomas in the future. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TIM-3 and CD68 holds significant importance as a potential target for both prognosis and therapeutic intervention in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanming Hu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Depei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuanzhong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Ke Sai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Yang Y, Jin X, Xie Y, Ning C, Ai Y, Wei H, Xu X, Ge X, Yi T, Huang Q, Yang X, Jiang T, Wang X, Piao Y, Jin X. The CEBPB + glioblastoma subcluster specifically drives the formation of M2 tumor-associated macrophages to promote malignancy growth. Theranostics 2024; 14:4107-4126. [PMID: 38994023 PMCID: PMC11234274 DOI: 10.7150/thno.93473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The heterogeneity of tumor cells within the glioblastoma (GBM) microenvironment presents a complex challenge in curbing GBM progression. Understanding the specific mechanisms of interaction between different GBM cell subclusters and non-tumor cells is crucial. Methods: In this study, we utilized a comprehensive approach integrating glioma single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. This allowed us to examine the molecular interactions and spatial localization within GBM, focusing on a specific tumor cell subcluster, GBM subcluster 6, and M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (M2 TAMs). Results: Our analysis revealed a significant correlation between a specific tumor cell subcluster, GBM cluster 6, and M2-type TAMs. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the specific regulatory role of the CEBPB transcriptional network in GBM subcluster 6, which governs its tumorigenicity, recruitment of M2 TAMs, and polarization. This regulation involves molecules such as MCP1 for macrophage recruitment and the SPP1-Integrin αvβ1-Akt signaling pathway for M2 polarization. Conclusion: Our findings not only deepen our understanding of the formation of M2 TAMs, particularly highlighting the differential roles played by heterogeneous cells within GBM in this process, but also provided new insights for effectively controlling the malignant progression of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xingyu Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Chunlan Ning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yiding Ai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Haotian Wei
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xianglian Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Tailong Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin China
| | - Yingzhe Piao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin China
| | - Xun Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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Xu H, Zhao X, Luo J. Combination of tumor antigen drainage and immune activation to promote a cancer-immunity cycle against glioblastoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:275. [PMID: 38907858 PMCID: PMC11335198 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
While conventional cancer modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, act through direct killing of tumor cells, cancer immunotherapy elicits potent anti-tumor immune responses thereby eliminating tumors. Nevertheless, promising outcomes have not been reported in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) likely due to the immune privileged status of the central nervous system and immunosuppressive micro-environment within GBM. In the past years, several exciting findings, such as the re-discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs), three-dimensional anatomical reconstruction of MLV networks, and the demonstration of the promotion of GBM immunosurveillance by lymphatic drainage enhancement, have revealed an intricate communication between the nervous and immune systems, and brought hope for the development of new GBM treatment. Based on conceptual framework of the updated cancer-immunity (CI) cycle, here we focus on GBM antigen drainage and immune activation, the early events in driving the CI cycle. We also discuss the implications of these findings for developing new therapeutic approaches in tackling fatal GBM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jincai Luo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Liu CC, Yang WB, Chien CH, Wu CL, Chuang JY, Chen PY, Chu JM, Cheng SM, Qiu LY, Chang YC, Hwang DY, Huang CY, Lee JS, Chang KY. CXCR7 activation evokes the anti-PD-L1 antibody against glioblastoma by remodeling CXCL12-mediated immunity. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:434. [PMID: 38898023 PMCID: PMC11187218 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma-associated macrophages (GAMs) influences the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, leading to ineffective immunotherapies. We hypothesized that disrupting the communication between tumors and macrophages would enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies. Transcriptomic analysis of recurrent glioblastoma specimens indicated an enhanced neuroinflammatory pathway, with CXCL12 emerging as the top-ranked gene in secretory molecules. Single-cell transcriptome profiling of naïve glioblastoma specimens revealed CXCL12 expression in tumor and myeloid clusters. An analysis of public glioblastoma datasets has confirmed the association of CXCL12 with disease and PD-L1 expression. In vitro studies have demonstrated that exogenous CXCL12 induces pro-tumorigenic characteristics in macrophage-like cells and upregulated PD-L1 expression through NF-κB signaling. We identified CXCR7, an atypical receptor for CXCL12 predominantly present in tumor cells, as a negative regulator of CXCL12 expression by interfering with extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. CXCR7 knockdown in a glioblastoma mouse model resulted in worse survival outcomes, increased PD-L1 expression in GAMs, and reduced CD8+ T-cell infiltration compared with the control group. Ex vivo T-cell experiments demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells with a selective CXCR7 agonist, VUF11207, reversing GAM-induced immunosuppression in a glioblastoma cell-macrophage-T-cell co-culture system. Notably, VUF11207 prolonged survival and potentiated the anti-tumor effect of the anti-PD-L1 antibody in glioblastoma-bearing mice. This effect was mitigated by an anti-CD8β antibody, indicating the synergistic effect of VUF11207. In conclusion, CXCL12 conferred immunosuppression mediated by pro-tumorigenic and PD-L1-expressing GAMs in glioblastoma. Targeted activation of glioblastoma-derived CXCR7 inhibits CXCL12, thereby eliciting anti-tumor immunity and enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Chuan Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chien
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lin Wu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Mei Chu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Siao Muk Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ying Qiu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chieh Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine; Taipei Cancer Center; Taipei Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Huang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Shun Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Center of Cell Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Hu P, Yan T, Lv S, Ye M, Wu M, Fang H, Xiao B. Exosomal HMGB3 released by glioma cells confers the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in tumor-associated macrophages. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102406. [PMID: 38761792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evidences has highlighted the pivotal role of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-mediated inflammasomes and pyroptosis activation in driving tumor malignancy and shaping the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the impact of high-mobility group box 3 (HMGB3) released in glioma-derived exosomes on macrophage infiltration in gliomas, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and polarization. METHODS Transcripts and protein levels of HMGB3, and cytokines associated with macrophage phenotypes and pyroptosis were assessed in glioma tissues and cell lines (U251, LN229, T98G, A172) using qRT-PCR and/or Western blot analysis. Exosomes secreted from LN229 and NHA cells were isolated via differential ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and analysis of exosome-related markers. PKH67 staining was employed to examine exosomes uptake by THP-1 differentiated macrophages. Flow cytometry was utilized to assess macrophage pyroptotic rates and polarization-related markers. RESULTS HMGB3 expression was elevated in glioma tissues, serum samples and tumor cell lines. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed a positive correlation between higher HMGB3 expression and poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Moreover, glioma tissues with increased HMGB3 expression exhibited significant upregulation of M2 macrophages markers (CD68, CD206, Arg1) and NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, IL-1β, ASC), suggesting that HMGB3 was closely associated with macrophage infiltration and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Notably, HMGB3 was found to be enriched in glioma cell- secreted exosomes and could be internalized by macrophages. Knockdown of HMGB3 in glioma cell exosomes could restrain M2 macrophage polarization, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that glioma cells secreted exosomal HMGB3 could facilitate macrophage M2 polarization, pyroptosis and inflammatory infiltration, indicating HMGB3 might be a poor prognosis factor for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, PR China
| | - Tengfeng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, PR China
| | - Shigang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, PR China
| | - Minhua Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, PR China
| | - Miaojing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, PR China
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, PR China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, PR China.
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10
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Montoya M, Gallus M, Phyu S, Haegelin J, de Groot J, Okada H. A Roadmap of CAR-T-Cell Therapy in Glioblastoma: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Cells 2024; 13:726. [PMID: 38727262 PMCID: PMC11083543 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor, with a median overall survival of less than 2 years and a nearly 100% mortality rate under standard therapy that consists of surgery followed by combined radiochemotherapy. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in hematological cancers has prompted preclinical and clinical investigations into CAR-T-cell treatment for GBM. However, recent trials have not demonstrated any major success. Here, we delineate existing challenges impeding the effectiveness of CAR-T-cell therapy for GBM, encompassing the cold (immunosuppressive) microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, T-cell exhaustion, local and systemic immunosuppression, and the immune privilege inherent to the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Additionally, we deliberate on the progress made in developing next-generation CAR-T cells and novel innovative approaches, such as low-intensity pulsed focused ultrasound, aimed at surmounting current roadblocks in GBM CAR-T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Montoya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marco Gallus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Su Phyu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haegelin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
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11
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Jiang S, Li W, Yang J, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Xu L, Hu B, Li Z, Gao H, Huang Y, Ruan S. Cathepsin B-Responsive Programmed Brain Targeted Delivery System for Chemo-Immunotherapy Combination Therapy of Glioblastoma. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6445-6462. [PMID: 38358804 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are closely related to the progression of glioblastoma multiform (GBM) and its development of therapeutic resistance to conventional chemotherapy. TAM-targeted therapy combined with conventional chemotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to combat GBM. However, the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely limits the therapeutic efficacy. Meanwhile, the lack of ability to distinguish different targeted cells also poses a challenge for precise therapy. Herein, we propose a cathepsin B (CTSB)-responsive programmed brain-targeted delivery system (D&R-HM-MCA) for simultaneous TAM-targeted and GBM-targeted delivery. D&R-HM-MCA could cross the BBB via low density lipoprotein receptor-associated protein 1 (LRP1)-mediated transcytosis. Upon reaching the GBM site, the outer angiopep-2 modification could be detached from D&R-HM-MCA via cleavage of the CTSB-responsive peptide, which could circumvent abluminal LRP1-mediated efflux. The exposed p-aminophenyl-α-d-mannopyranoside (MAN) modification could further recognize glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) on GBM and macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) on TAMs. D&R-HM-MCA could achieve chemotherapeutic killing of GBM and simultaneously induce TAM polarization from anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype to pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, thus resensitizing the chemotherapeutic response and improving anti-GBM immune response. This CTSB-responsive brain-targeted delivery system not only can improve brain delivery efficiency, but also can enable the combination of chemo-immunotherapy against GBM. The effectiveness of this strategy may provide thinking for designing more functional brain-targeted delivery systems and more effective therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Jiang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenpei Li
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuquan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huile Gao
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaobo Ruan
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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12
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Yue H. Two-dimensional nanomaterials induced nano-bio interfacial effects and biomedical applications in cancer treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:67. [PMID: 38369468 PMCID: PMC10874567 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D NMs), characterized by a large number of atoms or molecules arranged in one dimension (typically thickness) while having tiny dimensions in the other two dimensions, have emerged as a pivotal class of materials with unique properties. Their flat and sheet-like structure imparts distinctive physical, chemical, and electronic attributes, which offers several advantages in biomedical applications, including enhanced surface area for efficient drug loading, surface-exposed atoms allowing precise chemical modifications, and the ability to form hierarchical multilayer structures for synergistic functionality. Exploring their nano-bio interfacial interactions with biological components holds significant importance in comprehensively and systematically guiding safe applications. However, the current lack of in-depth analysis and comprehensive understanding of interfacial effects on cancer treatment motivates our ongoing efforts in this field. This study provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances in utilizing 2D NMs for cancer treatment. It offers insights into the structural characteristics, synthesis methods, and surface modifications of diverse 2D NMs. The investigation further delves into the formation of nano-bio interfaces during their in vivo utilization. Notably, the study discusses a wide array of biomedical applications in cancer treatment. With their potential to revolutionize therapeutic strategies and outcomes, 2D NMs are poised at the forefront of cancer treatment, holding the promise of transformative advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hua Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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13
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Ye F, Wang L, Li Y, Dong C, Zhou L, Xu J. IL4I1 in M2-like macrophage promotes glioma progression and is a promising target for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1338244. [PMID: 38250074 PMCID: PMC10799346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1338244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the prevailing malignant intracranial tumor, characterized by an abundance of macrophages. Specifically, the infiltrating macrophages often display the M2 subtype and are known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). They have a critical role in promoting the oncogenic properties of tumor cells. Interleukin-4-induced-1 (IL4I1) functions as an L-phenylalanine oxidase, playing a key part in regulating immune responses and the progression of various tumors. However, there is limited understanding of the IL4I1-mediated cross-talk function between TAMs and glioma cell in the glioma microenvironment. Methods TCGA, GTEx, and HPA databases were applied to assess the IL4I1 expression, clinical characteristics, and prognostic value of pan-cancer. The link between IL4I1 levels and the prognosis, methylation, and immune checkpoints (ICs) in gliomas were explored through Kaplan-Meier curve, Cox regression, and Spearman correlation analyses. The IL4I1 levels and their distribution were investigated by single-cell analysis and the TIMER 2 database. Additionally, validation of IL4I1 expression was performed by WB, RT-qPCR, IHC, and IF. Co-culture models between glioma cells and M2-like macrophages were used to explore the IL4I1-mediated effects on tumor growth, invasion, and migration of glioma cells. Moreover, the function of IL4I1 on macrophage polarization was evaluated by ELISA, RT-qPCR, WB, and siRNA transfection. Results Both transcriptome and protein levels of IL4I1 were increased obviously in various tumor types, and correlated with a dismal prognosis. Specifically, IL4I1 was implicated in aggressive progression and a dismal prognosis for patients with glioma. A negative association was noticed between the glioma grade and DNA promoter methylation of IL4I1. Enrichment analyses in glioma patients suggested that IL4I1 was linked to cytokine and immune responses, and was positively correlated with ICs. Single-cell analysis, molecular experiments, and in vitro assays showed that IL4I1 was significantly expressed in TAMs. Importantly, co-culture models proved that IL4I1 significantly promoted the invasion and migration of glioma cells, and induced the polarization of M2-like macrophages. Conclusion IL4I1 could be a promising immunotherapy target for selective modulation of TAMs and stands as a novel macrophage-related prognostic biomarker in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Gao L, Ye Z, Peng S, Lei P, Song P, Li Z, Zhou L, Hua Q, Cheng L, Wei H, Liu J, Cai Q. BCL2A1 is associated with tumor-associated macrophages and unfavorable prognosis in human gliomas. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:11611-11638. [PMID: 37889551 PMCID: PMC10637801 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 2-related protein A1 (BCL2A1) is a member of the BCL-2 family. Previous studies have shown that BCL2A1 is closely related to the tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy of multiple solid tumors, such as breast cancer. However, the expression pattern and potential biological function of BCL2A1 in glioma remain unknown. For the first time, we found that the expression of BCL2A1 was higher in human glioma tissues than in normal brain tissues (NBTs) in both public datasets and an in-house cohort. High BCL2A1 expression was associated with advanced WHO grade, IDH 1/2 wild type and the mesenchymal (ME) subtype, and its overexpression in glioma predicted resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy and unfavorable prognosis. In addition, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that BCL2A1 was significantly correlated with the immune response and immune-related pathways, and BCL2A1 expression was positively correlated with microenvironmental parameters (immune, stromal, and ESTIMATE scores) and macrophage infiltration. Interestingly, bioinformatic prediction and immunohistochemical/immunofluorescence staining analysis revealed that BCL2A1 expression was obviously associated with the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) markers CD68 and CCL2. Notably, knockdown of BCL2A1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation of U87 and U251 in vitro, induced smaller tumor size and prolonged survival time of mice in vivo. Co-culture experiments of macrophages and GBM cells showed that BCL2A1 knockdown inhibited macrophage migration. Meanwhile, knockdown of BCL2A1 was associated with low expression of CD68 and CCL2 in intracranial xenograft model. This may suggest that BCL2A1 promotes the progression of glioma and influences the prognosis of patients by participating in TAMs infiltration. In conclusion, these findings suggest that BCL2A1 could serve as a promising prognostic indicator and immunotherapy target in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Peng
- School of Nursing, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Pan Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuwei Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hangyu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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