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Luo Z, Qiao L, Chen H, Mao Z, Wu S, Ma B, Xie T, Wang A, Pei X, Sheldon RA. Precision Engineering of the Co-immobilization of Enzymes for Cascade Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403539. [PMID: 38556813 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The design and orderly layered co-immobilization of multiple enzymes on resin particles remain challenging. In this study, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher binding pair was fused to the N-terminus of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and an aldo-keto reductase (AKR), respectively. A non-canonical amino acid (ncAA), p-azido-L-phenylalanine (p-AzF), as the anchor for covalent bonding enzymes, was genetically inserted into preselected sites in the AKR and ADH. Employing the two bioorthogonal counterparts of SpyTag/SpyCatcher and azide-alkyne cycloaddition for the immobilization of AKR and ADH enabled sequential dual-enzyme coating on porous microspheres. The ordered dual-enzyme reactor was subsequently used to synthesize (S)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethanol asymmetrically from the corresponding prochiral ketone, enabling the in situ regeneration of NADPH. The reactor exhibited a high catalytic conversion of 74 % and good reproducibility, retaining 80 % of its initial activity after six cycles. The product had 99.9 % ee, which that was maintained in each cycle. Additionally, the double-layer immobilization method significantly increased the enzyme loading capacity, which was approximately 1.7 times greater than that of traditional single-layer immobilization. More importantly, it simultaneously enabled both the purification and immobilization of multiple enzymes on carriers, thus providing a convenient approach to facilitate cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Haomin Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zhili Mao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Shujiao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Bianqin Ma
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand PO Wits., 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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2
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Ma H, Liu X, Nobbs AH, Mishra A, Patil AJ, Mann S. Protocell Flow Reactors for Enzyme and Whole-Cell Mediated Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404607. [PMID: 38762764 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The design and construction of continuous flow biochemical reactors comprising immobilized biocatalysts have generated great interest in the efficient synthesis of value-added chemicals. Living cells use compartmentalization and reaction-diffusion processes for spatiotemporal regulation of biocatalytic reactions, and implementing these strategies into continuous flow reactors can offer new opportunities in reactor design and application. Herein, the fabrication of protocell-based continuous flow reactors for enzyme and whole-cell mediated biocatalysis is demonstrated. Semipermeable membranized coacervate vesicles are employed as model protocells that spontaneously sequester enzymes or accumulate living bacteria to produce embodied microreactors capable of single- or multiple-step catalytic reactions. By packing millions of the enzyme/bacteria-containing coacervate vesicles in a glass column, a facile, cost-effective, and modular methodology capable of performing oxidoreductase, peroxidase and lipolytic reactions, enzyme-mediated L-DOPA synthesis, and whole-cell glycolysis under continuous flow conditions, is demonstrated. It is shown that the protocell-nested enzymes and bacterial cells exhibit enhanced activities and stability under deleterious operating conditions compared with their non-encapsulated counterparts. These results provide a step toward the engineering of continuous flow reactors based on cell-like microscale agents and offer opportunities in the development of green and sustainable industrial bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Xiayi Liu
- Bristol Dental School Research Laboratories, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School Research Laboratories, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Ananya Mishra
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Avinash J Patil
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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3
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Ledesma‐Fernandez A, Velasco‐Lozano S, Campos‐Muelas P, Madrid R, López‐Gallego F, Cortajarena AL. Engineering bio-brick protein scaffolds for organizing enzyme assemblies. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4984. [PMID: 38607190 PMCID: PMC11010954 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme scaffolding is an emerging approach for enhancing the catalytic efficiency of multi-enzymatic cascades by controlling their spatial organization and stoichiometry. This study introduces a novel family of engineered SCAffolding Bricks, named SCABs, utilizing the consensus tetratricopeptide repeat (CTPR) domain for organized multi-enzyme systems. Two SCAB systems are developed, one employing head-to-tail interactions with reversible covalent disulfide bonds, the other relying on non-covalent metal-driven assembly via engineered metal coordinating interfaces. Enzymes are directly fused to SCAB modules, triggering assembly in a non-reducing environment or by metal presence. A proof-of-concept with formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and L-alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH) shows enhanced specific productivity by 3.6-fold compared to free enzymes, with the covalent stapling outperforming the metal-driven assembly. This enhancement likely stems from higher-order supramolecular assembly and improved NADH cofactor regeneration, resulting in more efficient cascades. This study underscores the potential of protein engineering to tailor scaffolds, leveraging supramolecular spatial-organizing tools, for more efficient enzymatic cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ledesma‐Fernandez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Donostia‐San SebastiánSpain
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain
| | - Susana Velasco‐Lozano
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Donostia‐San SebastiánSpain
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH‐CSIC)University of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Aragonese Foundation for Research and Development (ARAID)ZaragozaSpain
| | | | - Ricardo Madrid
- BioAssays S.L.MadridSpain
- Complutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Fernando López‐Gallego
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Donostia‐San SebastiánSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Donostia‐San SebastiánSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
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4
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McDonough R, Williams CC, Hartley CJ, French N, Scott C, Lewis DA. Kinetic Model for the Heterogeneous Biocatalytic Reactions Using Tethered Cofactors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6685-6693. [PMID: 38525517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of interfacial enzyme kinetics is critical to the development of synthetic biological systems for the production of value-added chemicals. Here, the interfacial kinetics of the catalysis of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzymes acting on NAD+ tethered to the surface of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) has been investigated using two complementary and supporting kinetic approaches: enzyme excess and reactant (NAD+) excess. Kinetic models developed for these two approaches characterize several critical reaction steps including reversible enzyme adsorption, complexation, decomplexation, and catalysis of the surface-bound enzyme/NAD+ complex. The analysis reveals a concentrating effect resulting in a very high local concentration of enzyme and cofactor on the particle surface, in which the enzyme is saturated by surface-bound NAD, facilitating a rate enhancement of enzyme/NAD+ complexation and catalysis. This resulted in high enzyme efficiency within the tethered NAD+ system compared to that of the free enzyme/NAD+ system, which increases with decreasing enzyme concentration. The role of enzyme adsorption onto solid substrates with a tethered catalyst (such as NAD+) has potential for creating highly efficient flow biocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan McDonough
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | | | - Nigel French
- CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David A Lewis
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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5
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Bourgery C, Mendoza DJ, Garnier G, Mouterde LMM, Allais F. Immobilization of Adenosine Derivatives onto Cellulose Nanocrystals via Click Chemistry for Biocatalysis Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11315-11323. [PMID: 38394235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a central molecule of organisms and is involved in many biological processes. It is also widely used in biocatalytic processes, especially as a substrate and precursor of many cofactors─such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(H)), coenzyme A (CoA), and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Despite its great scientific interest and pivotal role, its use in industrial processes is impeded by its prohibitory cost. To overcome this limitation, we developed a greener synthesis of adenosine derivatives and efficiently selectively grafted them onto organic nanoparticles. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals were used as a model combined with click chemistry via a copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). The grafted adenosine triphosphate derivative fully retains its biocatalytic capability, enabling heterobiocatalysis for modern biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célestin Bourgery
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle 51110, France
| | - David Joram Mendoza
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle 51110, France
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Louis M M Mouterde
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle 51110, France
| | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle 51110, France
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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6
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Alfaro-Palma J, Johnston WA, Behrendorff J, Cui Z, Moradi SV, Alexandrov K. Development of Lyophilized Eukaryotic Cell-Free Protein Expression System Based on Leishmania tarentolae. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:449-456. [PMID: 38268082 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell-free protein expression systems enable rapid production of recombinant multidomain proteins in their functional form. A cell-free system based on the rapidly growing protozoan Leishmania tarentolae (LTE) has been extensively used for protein engineering and analysis of protein interaction networks. However, like other eukaryotic cell-free systems, LTE deteriorates at ambient temperatures and requires deep freezing for transport and storage. In this study, we report the development of a lyophilized version of LTE. Use of lyoprotectants such as poly(ethylene glycol) and trehalose during the drying process allows retention of 76% of protein expression activity versus nonlyophilized controls. Lyophilized LTE is capable of withstanding storage at room temperature for over 2 weeks. We demonstrated that upon reconstitution the lyophilized LTE could be used for in vitro expression of active enzymes, analysis of protein-protein interactions by AlphaLISA assay, and functional analysis of protein biosensors. Development of lyophilized LTE lowers the barriers to its distribution and opens the door to its application in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alfaro-Palma
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Wayne A Johnston
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - James Behrendorff
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Zhenling Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Shayli Varasteh Moradi
- Protein Expression Facility, AIBN Building, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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7
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Gao F, Liu G, Chen A, Hu Y, Wang H, Pan J, Feng J, Zhang H, Wang Y, Min Y, Gao C, Xiong Y. Artificial photosynthetic cells with biotic-abiotic hybrid energy modules for customized CO 2 conversion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6783. [PMID: 37880265 PMCID: PMC10600252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable artificial photosynthetic cell is the ultimate goal for mimicking natural photosynthesis, offering tunable product selectivity via reductase selection toward device integration. However, this concept is limited by the capacity of regenerating the multiple cofactors that hold the key to various reductases. Here, we report the design of artificial photosynthetic cells using biotic-abiotic thylakoid-CdTe as hybrid energy modules. The rational integration of thylakoid with CdTe quantum dots substantially enhances the regeneration of bioactive NADPH, NADH and ATP cofactors without external supplements by promoting proton-coupled electron transfer. Particularly, this approach turns thylakoid highly active for NADH regeneration, providing a more versatile platform for programming artificial photosynthetic cells. Such artificial photosynthetic cells can be programmed by coupling with diverse reductases, such as formate dehydrogenase and remodeled nitrogenase for highly selective production of formate or methane, respectively. This work opens an avenue for customizing artificial photosynthetic cells toward multifarious demands for CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Aobo Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yangguang Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiangyuan Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinglei Feng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanzeng Min
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yujie Xiong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 350 Shushanhu Rd., 230031, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, 241002, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
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8
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Wang Y, Douglas T. Tuning Multistep Biocatalysis through Enzyme and Cofactor Colocalization in Charged Porous Protein Macromolecular Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43621-43632. [PMID: 37695852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Spatial organization of biocatalytic activities is crucial to organisms to efficiently process complex metabolism. Inspired by this mechanism, artificial scaffold structures are designed to harbor functionally coupled biocatalysts, resulting in acellular materials that can complete multistep reactions at high efficiency and low cost. Substrate channeling is an approach for efficiency enhancement of multistep reactions, but fast diffusion of small molecule intermediates poses a major challenge to achieve channeling in vitro. Here, we explore how multistep biocatalysis is affected, and can be modulated, by cofactor-enzyme colocalization within a synthetic bioinspired material. In this material, a heterogeneous protein macromolecular framework (PMF) acts as a porous host matrix for colocalization of two coupled enzymes and their small molecule cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). After formation of the PMF from a higher order assembly of P22 virus-like particles (VLPs), the enzymes were partitioned into the PMF by covalent attachment and presentation on the VLP exterior. Using a collective property of the PMF (i.e., high density of negative charges in the PMF), NAD molecules were partitioned into the framework via electrostatic interactions after being conjugated to a polycationic species. This effectively controlled the localization and diffusion of NAD, resulting in substrate channeling between the enzymes. Changing ionic strength modulates the PMF-NAD interactions, tuning two properties that impact the multistep efficiency oppositely in response to ionic strength: cofactor partitioning (colocalization with the enzymes) and cofactor mobility (translocation between the enzymes). Within the range tested, we observed a maximum of 5-fold increase or 75% decrease in multistep efficiency as compared to free enzymes in solution, which suggest both the colocalization and the mobility are critical for the multistep efficiency. This work demonstrates utility of collective behaviors, exhibited by hierarchical bioassemblies, in the construction of functional materials for enzyme cascades, which possess properties such as tunable multistep biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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9
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Sahlin J, Wu C, Buscemi A, Schärer C, Nazemi SA, S K R, Herrera-Reinoza N, Jung TA, Shahgaldian P. Nanobiocatalysts with inbuilt cofactor recycling for oxidoreductase catalysis in organic solvents. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5036-5044. [PMID: 37705789 PMCID: PMC10496889 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The major stumbling block in the implementation of oxidoreductase enzymes in continuous processes is their stark dependence on costly cofactors that are insoluble in organic solvents. We describe a chemical strategy that allows producing nanobiocatalysts, based on an oxidoreductase enzyme, that performs biocatalytic reactions in hydrophobic organic solvents without external cofactors. The chemical design relies on the use of a silica-based carrier nanoparticle, of which the porosity can be exploited to create an aqueous reservoir containing the cofactor. The nanoparticle core, possessing radial-centred pore channels, serves as a cofactor reservoir. It is further covered with a layer of reduced porosity. This layer serves as a support for the immobilisation of the selected enzyme yet allowing the diffusion of the cofactor from the nanoparticle core. The immobilised enzyme is, in turn, shielded by an organosilica layer of controlled thickness fully covering the enzyme. Such produced nanobiocatalysts are shown to catalyse the reduction of a series of relevant ketones into the corresponding secondary alcohols, also in a continuous flow fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sahlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Congyu Wu
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Claude Schärer
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Seyed Amirabbas Nazemi
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
| | - Rejaul S K
- Institute of Physics, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 Basel CH-4056 Switzerland
| | - Nataly Herrera-Reinoza
- Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Jung
- Institute of Physics, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 Basel CH-4056 Switzerland
- Laboratory for X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies, Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Hofackerstrasse 30 Muttenz CH-4132 Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute Klingelbergstrasse 82 Basel CH-4056 Switzerland
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10
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Rocha RA, Esquirol L, Rolland V, Hands P, Speight RE, Scott C. Non-covalent binding tags for batch and flow biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 169:110268. [PMID: 37300919 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization offers considerable advantage for biocatalysis in batch and continuous flow reactions. However, many currently available immobilization methods require that the surface of the carrier is chemically modified to allow site specific interactions with their cognate enzymes, which requires specific processing steps and incurs associated costs. Two carriers (cellulose and silica) were investigated here, initially using fluorescent proteins as models to study binding, followed by assessment of industrially relevant enzyme performance (transaminases and an imine reductase/glucose oxidoreductase fusion). Two previously described binding tags, the 17 amino acid long silica-binding peptide from the Bacillus cereus CotB protein and the cellulose binding domain from the Clostridium thermocellum, were fused to a range of proteins without impairing their heterologous expression. When fused to a fluorescent protein both tags conferred high avidity specific binding with their respective carriers (low nanomolar Kd values). The CotB peptide (CotB1p) induced protein aggregation in the transaminase and imine reductase/glucose oxidoreductase fusions when incubated with the silica carrier. The Clostridium thermocellum cellulose binding domain (CBDclos) allowed immobilization of all the proteins tested, but immobilization led to loss of enzymatic activity in the transaminases (< 2-fold) and imine reductase/glucose oxidoreductase fusion (> 80%). A transaminase-CBDclos fusion was then successfully used to demonstrate the application of the binding tag in repetitive batch and a continuous-flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Rocha
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Vivien Rolland
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Philip Hands
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert E Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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11
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Liu J, Qin J, Li S, Yan K, Zhang J. Horseradish Peroxidase-Coupled Ag 3 PO 4 /BiVO 4 Photoanode for Biophotoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202212. [PMID: 36693800 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) is regarded as a promising and sustainable process for removal of organic contaminants from wastewater. Meanwhile, enzymatic catalysis also provides an effective way to carry out polluted environment remediation under mild conditions. In this study, a biophotoelectrocatalytic (BPEC) system is designed to remove 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) based on a combination of PEC and enzymatic catalysis. The developed BPEC system is constructed with a Ag3 PO4 /BiVO4 photoanode and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-loaded carbon cloth (CC) cathode. On the photoanode, the construction of a direct Z-scheme Ag3 PO4 /BiVO4 heterojunction enhanced the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers, which promoted the PEC degradation of 4-NP under visible light irradiation. After HRP was immobilized on the cathode, the degradation efficiency of 4-NP reached 97.1 % after 60 min PEC treatment. The result could be ascribed to the HRP-catalyzed oxidation reaction via in situ-generated H2 O2 from the CC cathode during the PEC process. Moreover, the possible degradation pathways of 4-NP in such a BPEC system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shiquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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12
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Santiago-Arcos J, Velasco-Lozano S, López-Gallego F. Multienzyme Coimmobilization on Triheterofunctional Supports. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:929-942. [PMID: 36649203 PMCID: PMC10018741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized multienzyme systems are gaining momentum in applied biocatalysis; however, the coimmobilization of several enzymes on one carrier is still challenging. In this work, we exploited a heterofunctional support activated with three different chemical functionalities to immobilize a wide variety of different enzymes. This support is based on agarose microbeads activated with aldehyde, amino, and cobalt chelate moieties that allow a fast and irreversible immobilization of enzymes, enhancing the thermostability of most of the heterogeneous biocatalysts (up to 21-fold higher than the soluble one). Furthermore, this trifunctional support serves to efficiently coimmobilize a multienzyme system composed of an alcohol dehydrogenase, a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase, and a catalase. The confined multienzymatic system demonstrates higher performance than its free counterpart, achieving a total turnover number (TTN) of 1 × 105 during five batch consecutive cycles. We envision this solid material as a platform for coimmobilizing multienzyme systems with enhanced properties to catalyze stepwise biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Santiago-Arcos
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Edificio Empresarial "C", Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Susana Velasco-Lozano
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Edificio Empresarial "C", Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia, Spain.,Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragonese Foundation for Research and Development (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Edificio Empresarial "C", Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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13
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Chen Q, Wang Y, Luo G. Recycling of Cofactors in Crude Enzyme Hydrogels as Co-immobilized Heterogeneous Biocatalysts for Continuous-Flow Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201654. [PMID: 36269055 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flow biocatalysis involving oxidoreductase is limited by the difficulty in recycling expensive cofactors. In this study, an enzyme-rich hydrogel monolithic microreactor was developed via in situ microfluidic assembly of inexpensive crude enzymes. This porous gel biocatalyst exhibited good tethering functions to nicotinamide cofactors; thus, they were retained by the hydrogel to controllably form a novel heterogeneous biocatalyst with self-sufficient cofactors. The flow asymmetric production of a chiral alcohol in this cofactor-entrapped gel microreactor achieved >99 % enantioselectivity and a high space-time yield of 46.3 g L-1 h-1 at 94.8 % conversion. Moreover, the turnover number of cofactors reached as high as 4800 after continuous operation of 160 reactor volumes, realizing significantly higher utilization of the cofactors compared with many reported strategies. Furthermore, this engineered heterogeneous biocatalyst exhibited improved performance in terms of product tolerance and storage stability, paving the way for a green, cost-effective, and sustainable continuous-flow production of enantiopure alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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14
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Jaroensuk J, Chuaboon L, Chaiyen P. Biochemical reactions for in vitro ATP production and their applications. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Teshima M, Willers VP, Sieber V. Cell-free enzyme cascades - application and transition from development to industrial implementation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102868. [PMID: 36563481 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the vision to realize a circular economy aiming for net carbon neutrality or even negativity, cell-free bioconversion of sustainable and renewable resources emerged as a promising strategy. The potential of in vitro systems is enormous, delivering technological, ecological, and ethical added values. Innovative concepts arose in cell-free enzymatic conversions to reduce process waste production and preserve fossil resources, as well as to redirect and assimilate released industrial pollutions back into the production cycle again. However, the great challenge in the near future will be the jump from a concept to an industrial application. The transition process in industrial implementation also requires economic aspects such as productivity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Here, we briefly review the latest proof-of-concept cascades using carbon dioxide and other C1 or lignocellulose-derived chemicals as blueprints to efficiently recycle greenhouse gases, as well as cutting-edge technologies to maturate these concepts to industrial pilot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Teshima
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | | | - Volker Sieber
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing, 94315 Straubing, Germany; SynBioFoundry@TUM, Technical University of Munich, 94315 Straubing, Germany; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
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16
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Swanson CB, Ford GJ, Mattey AP, Gourbeyre L, Flitsch SL. Biocatalytic Cascades toward Iminosugar Scaffolds Reveal Promiscuous Activity of Shikimate Dehydrogenases. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:103-108. [PMID: 36712485 PMCID: PMC9881201 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iminosugar scaffolds are highly sought-after pharmaceutical targets, but their chemical synthesis is lengthy and can suffer from poor scalability and purification. Here we report protecting-group-free chemoenzymatic and biocatalytic cascades to synthesize iminosugars from sugar-derived aminopolyols in two steps. Using galactose oxidase variant F2 followed by a chemical or enzymatic reduction provided an efficient one-pot route to these targets, with product formation >70%. Key to success of this strategy was the application of genome mining, which identified bacterial shikimate dehydrogenases as promiscuous iminosugar reductases. The cell-free protocols allowed for isolation of highly polar iminosugar products from biotransformations in a single step through development of a gradient-elution cation exchange purification. The two-step pathway provides a short synthetic route that can be used as a cell-free platform for broader iminosugar synthesis.
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17
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Nowak-Król A, Dydio P. The 55 th Bürgenstock Conference under the Banner of Sustainability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214722. [PMID: 36477955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nowak-Król
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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18
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Nowak‐Król A, Dydio P. The 55
th
Bürgenstock Conference under the Banner of Sustainability**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202214722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nowak‐Król
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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19
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Sharma VK, Hutchison JM, Allgeier AM. Redox Biocatalysis: Quantitative Comparisons of Nicotinamide Cofactor Regeneration Methods. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200888. [PMID: 36129761 PMCID: PMC10029092 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic processes, particularly those capable of performing redox reactions, have recently been of growing research interest. Substrate specificity, optimal activity at mild temperatures, high selectivity, and yield are among the desirable characteristics of these oxidoreductase catalyzed reactions. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) or NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases have been extensively studied for their potential applications like biosynthesis of chiral organic compounds, construction of biosensors, and pollutant degradation. One of the main challenges associated with making these processes commercially viable is the regeneration of the expensive cofactors required by the enzymes. Numerous efforts have pursued enzymatic regeneration of NAD(P)H by coupling a substrate reduction with a complementary enzyme catalyzed oxidation of a co-substrate. While offering excellent selectivity and high total turnover numbers, such processes involve complicated downstream product separation of a primary product from the coproducts and impurities. Alternative methods comprising chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical regeneration have been developed with the goal of enhanced efficiency and operational simplicity compared to enzymatic regeneration. Despite the goal, however, the literature rarely offers a meaningful comparison of the total turnover numbers for various regeneration methodologies. This comprehensive Review systematically discusses various methods of NAD(P)H cofactor regeneration and quantitatively compares performance across the numerous methods. Further, fundamental barriers to enhanced cofactor regeneration in the various methods are identified, and future opportunities are highlighted for improving the efficiency and sustainability of commercially viable oxidoreductase processes for practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Sharma
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, 66045, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Justin M Hutchison
- Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, 66045, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Alan M Allgeier
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, 66045, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
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20
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Cofactor and Process Engineering for Nicotinamide Recycling and Retention in Intensified Biocatalysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently considerable interest in the intensification of biocatalytic processes to reduce the cost of goods for biocatalytically produced chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and advanced pharmaceutical intermediates. Continuous-flow biocatalysis shows considerable promise as a method for process intensification; however, the reliance of some reactions on the use of diffusible cofactors (such as the nicotinamide cofactors) has proven to be a technical barrier for key enzyme classes. This minireview covers attempts to overcome this limitation, including the cofactor recapture and recycling retention of chemically modified cofactors. For the latter, we also consider the state of science for cofactor modification, a field reinvigorated by the current interest in continuous-flow biocatalysis.
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21
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Lee JHZ, Podgorski MN, Moir M, Gee AR, Bell SG. Selective Oxidations Using a Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Variant Driven with Surrogate Oxygen Donors and Light. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201366. [PMID: 35712785 PMCID: PMC9541349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel H. Z. Lee
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Michael Moir
- National Deuteration Facility Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) Lucas Heights Sydney NSW 2232 Australia
| | - Alecia R. Gee
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Stephen G. Bell
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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22
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Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Use of engineered cytochromes P450 for accelerating drug discovery and development. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:195-252. [PMID: 35953156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous steps in drug development, including the generation of authentic metabolites and late-stage functionalization of candidates, necessitate the modification of often complex molecules, such as natural products. While it can be challenging to make the required regio- and stereoselective alterations to a molecule using purely chemical catalysis, enzymes can introduce changes to complex molecules with a high degree of stereo- and regioselectivity. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are biocatalysts of unequalled versatility, capable of regio- and stereoselective functionalization of unactivated CH bonds by monooxygenation. Collectively they catalyze over 60 different biotransformations on structurally and functionally diverse organic molecules, including natural products, drugs, steroids, organic acids and other lipophilic molecules. This catalytic versatility and substrate range makes them likely candidates for application as potential biocatalysts for industrial chemistry. However, several aspects of the P450 catalytic cycle and other characteristics have limited their implementation to date in industry, including: their lability at elevated temperature, in the presence of solvents, and over lengthy incubation times; the typically low efficiency with which they metabolize non-natural substrates; and their lack of specificity for a single metabolic pathway. Protein engineering by rational design or directed evolution provides a way to engineer P450s for industrial use. Here we review the progress made to date toward engineering the properties of P450s, especially eukaryotic forms, for industrial application, and including the recent expansion of their catalytic repertoire to include non-natural reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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23
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Pei X, Luo Z, Qiao L, Xiao Q, Zhang P, Wang A, Sheldon RA. Putting precision and elegance in enzyme immobilisation with bio-orthogonal chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7281-7304. [PMID: 35920313 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to carriers through, for example, the free amino groups of lysine residues, on the enzyme surface. Unfortunately, such methods suffer from a lack of precision. Random formation of covalent linkages with reactive functional groups in the enzyme leads to disruption of the three dimensional structure and accompanying activity losses. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of bio-orthogonal chemistry in conjunction with rec-DNA to affect highly precise immobilisation of enzymes. In this way, cost-effective combination of production, purification and immobilisation of an enzyme is achieved, in a single unit operation with a high degree of precision. Various bio-orthogonal techniques for putting this precision and elegance into enzyme immobilisation are elaborated. These include, for example, fusing (grafting) peptide or protein tags to the target enzyme that enable its immobilisation in cell lysate or incorporating non-standard amino acids that enable the application of bio-orthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pei
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Xiao
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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24
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Chen J, Huang C, Zhao W, Ren J, Ji F, Jia L. SnoopLigase Enables Highly Efficient Generation of C-C-Linked Bispecific Nanobodies Targeting TNF-α and IL-17A. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1446-1455. [PMID: 35938675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bis-Nbs) have been extensively developed since the concept was devised over the decades. Taking advantage of the superior characteristics of nanobodies, bis-Nbs exhibit an emerging tendency to become the new generation of research and diagnostic tools. Traditional strategies to connect the homo- or heterogeneous monomers are commonly applied, but there are still technical issues to generate the bispecific molecules as efficiently as designed. Here, we utilize SnoopLigase to directly tether the C terminus (C-C) of the tagged nanobodies against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A). Under optimal conditions, the yield of C-C-linked bis-Nbs can reach as high as 70% due to the existence of SnoopLigase. The prepared bis-Nbs possessed similar or even higher affinity as the monomers and significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) induced by TNF-α and IL-17A. This study provides an innovative route for using SnoopLigase to realize a highly efficient generation of C-C-linked bis-Nbs. The approach can be applied to different and multicomponent systems for their potential applications in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chundong Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Fangling Ji
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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25
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Wan L, Kong G, Liu M, Jiang M, Cheng D, Chen F. Flow chemistry in the multi-step synthesis of natural products. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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26
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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Monterrey DT, Ayuso-Fernández I, Oroz-Guinea I, García-Junceda E. Design and biocatalytic applications of genetically fused multifunctional enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108016. [PMID: 35781046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusion proteins, understood as those created by joining two or more genes that originally encoded independent proteins, have numerous applications in biotechnology, from analytical methods to metabolic engineering. The use of fusion enzymes in biocatalysis may be even more interesting due to the physical connection of enzymes catalyzing successive reactions into covalently linked complexes. The proximity of the active sites of two enzymes in multi-enzyme complexes can make a significant contribution to the catalytic efficiency of the reaction. However, the physical proximity of the active sites does not guarantee this result. Other aspects, such as the nature and length of the linker used for the fusion or the order in which the enzymes are fused, must be considered and optimized to achieve the expected increase in catalytic efficiency. In this review, we will relate the new advances in the design, creation, and use of fused enzymes with those achieved in biocatalysis over the past 20 years. Thus, we will discuss some examples of genetically fused enzymes and their application in carbon‑carbon bond formation and oxidative reactions, generation of chiral amines, synthesis of carbohydrates, biodegradation of plant biomass and plastics, and in the preparation of other high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianelis T Monterrey
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Oroz-Guinea
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Benítez-Mateos AI, Roura Padrosa D, Paradisi F. Multistep enzyme cascades as a route towards green and sustainable pharmaceutical syntheses. Nat Chem 2022; 14:489-499. [PMID: 35513571 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme cascades are a powerful technology to develop environmentally friendly and cost-effective synthetic processes to manufacture drugs, as they couple different biotransformations in sequential reactions to synthesize the product. These biocatalytic tools can address two key parameters for the pharmaceutical industry: an improved selectivity of synthetic reactions and a reduction of potential hazards by using biocompatible catalysts, which can be produced from sustainable sources, which are biodegradable and, generally, non-toxic. Here we outline a broad variety of enzyme cascades used either in vivo (whole cells) or in vitro (purified enzymes) to specifically target pharmaceutically relevant molecules, from simple building blocks to complex drugs. We also discuss the advantages and requirements of multistep enzyme cascades and their combination with chemical catalysts through a series of reported examples. Finally, we examine the efficiency of enzyme cascades and how they can be further improved by enzyme engineering, process intensification in flow reactors and/or enzyme immobilization to meet all the industrial requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Benítez-Mateos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Roura Padrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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29
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Xu L, Wang J, Huang F, Zheng M. An efficient and robust continuous-flow bioreactor for the enzymatic preparation of phytosterol esters based on hollow lipase microarray. Food Chem 2022; 372:131256. [PMID: 34627092 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a continuous-flow bioreactor packed with well-organized lipase microarrays was developed for the sustainable synthesis of functional lipid-phytosterol esters (PEs). Hollow mesoporous silicon spheres with a suitable pore size were prepared for lipase immobilization, and the hydrophobic modification endowed the lipase with excellent catalytic activity and stability. The results showed that the condensely packed lipase microarrays offered large specific surface areas and guaranteed the thorough interaction between the lipase and substrates in the continuous-flow bioreactor. Meanwhile, the substrate could pass through the reactor at 1 mL/min with a high conversion of 93.6% due to the hollow structure of the packing spheres. Moreover, the reactors were able to produce 1564 g PEs/g catalyst in a continuous 30-day processing period, which set the highest records for PEs synthesis. This sustainable and highly-converting flow system provided a feasible path for scale-up production of PEs in the food processing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujia Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; Institute of Agro-Food Sciences and Technology, SAAS, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
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30
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Rocha RA, Speight RE, Scott C. Engineering Enzyme Properties for Improved Biocatalytic Processes in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Rocha
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert E. Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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31
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Tsubogo T. New Aspects of Immobilized Biocatalysis in Continuous-flow Syntheses. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Cosgrove S, Mattey A. Reaching new biocatalytic reactivity using continuous flow reactors. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103607. [PMID: 34882844 PMCID: PMC9303305 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow reactors in biocatalysis has increased significantly in recent years. Chemists have begun to design flow systems that even allow new biocatalytic reactions to take place. This concept article will focus on the design of flow systems that have allowed enzymes to go beyond their limits in batch. The case is made for moving towards fully continuous systems. With flow chemistry increasingly seen as an enabling technology for automated synthesis, and with advancements in AI‐assisted enzyme design, there is a real possibility to fully automate the development and implementation of a continuous biocatalytic processes. This will lead to significantly improved enzyme processes for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cosgrove
- Keele University, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Keele, UNITED KINGDOM
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33
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Brookwell A, Oza JP, Caschera F. Biotechnology Applications of Cell-Free Expression Systems. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121367. [PMID: 34947898 PMCID: PMC8705439 DOI: 10.3390/life11121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free systems are a rapidly expanding platform technology with an important role in the engineering of biological systems. The key advantages that drive their broad adoption are increased efficiency, versatility, and low cost compared to in vivo systems. Traditionally, in vivo platforms have been used to synthesize novel and industrially relevant proteins and serve as a testbed for prototyping numerous biotechnologies such as genetic circuits and biosensors. Although in vivo platforms currently have many applications within biotechnology, they are hindered by time-constraining growth cycles, homeostatic considerations, and limited adaptability in production. Conversely, cell-free platforms are not hindered by constraints for supporting life and are therefore highly adaptable to a broad range of production and testing schemes. The advantages of cell-free platforms are being leveraged more commonly by the biotechnology community, and cell-free applications are expected to grow exponentially in the next decade. In this study, new and emerging applications of cell-free platforms, with a specific focus on cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), will be examined. The current and near-future role of CFPS within metabolic engineering, prototyping, and biomanufacturing will be investigated as well as how the integration of machine learning is beneficial to these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Brookwell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science & Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Javin P. Oza
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science & Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.P.O.); (F.C.)
| | - Filippo Caschera
- Nuclera Nucleics Ltd., Cambridge CB4 0GD, UK
- Correspondence: (J.P.O.); (F.C.)
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34
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Sunoqrot S, Al-Hadid A, Manasrah A, Khnouf R, Hasan Ibrahim L. Immobilization of glucose oxidase on bioinspired polyphenol coatings as a high-throughput glucose assay platform. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39582-39592. [PMID: 35492494 PMCID: PMC9044463 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOx) is an enzyme with important industrial and biochemical applications, particularly in glucose detection. Here we leveraged the oxidative self-polymerization phenomenon of simple polyphenols (pyrogallol or catechol) in the presence of polyethylenimine (PEI) to form adhesive coatings that enabled GOx immobilization on conventional multi-well plates. Immobilization was verified and optimized by directly measuring GOx activity inside the coated wells. Our results showed that incorporating PEI in polyphenol coatings enhanced their enzyme immobilization efficiency, with pyrogallol (PG)-based coatings displaying the greatest enzyme activity. The immobilized enzyme maintained similar affinity to glucose compared to the free enzyme. GOx-immobilized PG/PEI-coated wells exhibited intermediate recycling ability but excellent resistance to urea as a denaturing agent compared to the free enzyme. GOx-immobilized 96-well plates allowed the construction of a linear glucose calibration curve upon adding glucose standards, with a detection limit of 0.4–112.6 mg dL−1, which was comparable to commercially available enzymatic glucose assay kits. The assay platform was also capable of effectively detecting glucose in rat plasma samples. Our findings present a simple enzyme immobilization technique that can be used to construct a glucose assay platform in a convenient multi-well format for high-throughput glucose quantification. Glucose oxidase was immobilized on conventional multi-well plates via bioinspired polyphenol chemistry for convenient colorimetric quantitation of glucose.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhair Sunoqrot
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman 11733 Jordan +962 64291423 +962 64291511 ext. 197
| | - Amani Al-Hadid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman 11733 Jordan +962 64291423 +962 64291511 ext. 197
| | - Ahmad Manasrah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman 11733 Jordan
| | - Ruba Khnouf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Lina Hasan Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman 11733 Jordan +962 64291423 +962 64291511 ext. 197
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35
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Gad S, Ayakar S. Protein scaffolds: A tool for multi-enzyme assembly. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 32:e00670. [PMID: 34824995 PMCID: PMC8605239 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex molecules using multiple enzymes simultaneously in one reaction vessel has rapidly emerged as a new frontier in the field of bioprocess technology. However, operating different enzymes together in a single vessel limits their operational performance which needs to be addressed. With this respect, scaffolding proteins play an immense role in bringing different enzymes together in a specific manner. The scaffolding improves the catalytic performance, enzyme stability and provides an optimal micro-environment for biochemical reactions. This review describes the components of protein scaffolds, different ways of constructing a protein scaffold-based multi-enzyme complex, and their effects on enzyme kinetics. Moreover, different conjugation strategies viz; dockerin-cohesin interaction, SpyTag-SpyCatcher system, peptide linker-based ligation, affibody, and sortase-mediated ligation are discussed in detail. Various analytical and characterization tools that have enabled the development of these scaffolding strategies are also reviewed. Such mega-enzyme complexes promise wider applications in the field of biotechnology and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada Gad
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Sonal Ayakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology - IndianOil Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
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36
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Coloma J, Guiavarc'h Y, Hagedoorn PL, Hanefeld U. Immobilisation and flow chemistry: tools for implementing biocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11416-11428. [PMID: 34636371 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04315c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The merger of enzyme immobilisation and flow chemistry has attracted the attention of the scientific community during recent years. Immobilisation enhances enzyme stability and enables recycling, flow chemistry allows process intensification. Their combination is desirable for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly biocatalytic processes. In this feature article, we aim to point out important metrics for successful enzyme immobilisation and for reporting flow biocatalytic processes. Relevant examples of immobilised enzymes used in flow systems in organic, biphasic and aqueous systems are discussed. Finally, we describe recent developments to address the cofactor recycling hurdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Coloma
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. .,Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Avenida Circunvalación s/n, P. O. Box 13-05-2732, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Yann Guiavarc'h
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Reactions and Process Engineering, University of Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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37
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Yucesoy D, Akkineni S, Tamerler C, Hinds BJ, Sarikaya M. Solid-Binding Peptide-Guided Spatially Directed Immobilization of Kinetically Matched Enzyme Cascades in Membrane Nanoreactors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27129-27139. [PMID: 34693133 PMCID: PMC8529655 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is a useful strategy for sustainable green synthesis of fine chemicals due to its high catalytic rate, reaction specificity, and operation under ambient conditions. Addressable immobilization of enzymes onto solid supports for one-pot multistep biocatalysis, however, remains a major challenge. In natural pathways, enzymes are spatially coupled to prevent side reactions, eradicate inhibitory products, and channel metabolites sequentially from one enzyme to another. Construction of a modular immobilization platform enabling spatially directed assembly of multiple biocatalysts would, therefore, not only allow the development of high-efficiency bioreactors but also provide novel synthetic routes for chemical synthesis. In this study, we developed a modular cascade flow reactor using a generalizable solid-binding peptide-directed immobilization strategy that allows selective immobilization of fusion enzymes on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) monoliths with high positional precision. Here, the lactate dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase enzymes were fused with substrate-specific peptides to facilitate their self-immobilization through the membrane channels in cascade geometry. Using this cascade model, two-step biocatalytic production of l-lactate is demonstrated with concomitant regeneration of soluble nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Both fusion enzymes retained their catalytic activity upon immobilization, suggesting their optimal display on the support surface. The 85% cascading reaction efficiency was achieved at a flow rate that kinetically matches the residence time of the slowest enzyme. In addition, 84% of initial catalytic activity was preserved after 10 days of continuous operation at room temperature. The peptide-directed modular approach described herein is a highly effective strategy to control surface orientation, spatial localization, and loading of multiple enzymes on solid supports. The implications of this work provide insight for the single-step construction of high-power cascadic devices by enabling co-expression, purification, and immobilization of a variety of engineered fusion enzymes on patterned surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz
T. Yucesoy
- Department
of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Susrut Akkineni
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Candan Tamerler
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Bruce J. Hinds
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Mehmet Sarikaya
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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38
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Tian D, Zhang X, Shi H, Liang L, Xue N, Wang JH, Yang H. Pickering-Droplet-Derived MOF Microreactors for Continuous-Flow Biocatalysis with Size Selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16641-16652. [PMID: 34606264 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic microarchitectures with spatially controlled reactivity, engineered molecular sieving ability, favorable interior environment, and industrial productivity show great potential in synthetic protocellular systems and practical biotechnology, but their construction remains a significant challenge. Here, we proposed a Pickering emulsion interface-directed synthesis method to fabricate such a microreactor, in which a robust and defect-free MOF layer was grown around silica emulsifier stabilized droplet surfaces. The compartmentalized interior droplets can provide a biomimetic microenvironment to host free enzymes, while the outer MOF layer secludes active species from the surroundings and endows the microreactor with size-selective permeability. Impressively, the thus-designed enzymatic microreactor exhibited excellent size selectivity and long-term stability, as demonstrated by a 1000 h continuous-flow reaction, while affording completely equal enantioselectivities to the free enzyme counterpart. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of such enzymatic microreactors was conveniently regulated through engineering of the type or thickness of the outer MOF layer or interior environments for the enzymes, highlighting their superior customized specialties. This study provides new opportunities in designing MOF-based artificial cellular microreactors for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Liang
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengquan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
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39
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Intasian P, Prakinee K, Phintha A, Trisrivirat D, Weeranoppanant N, Wongnate T, Chaiyen P. Enzymes, In Vivo Biocatalysis, and Metabolic Engineering for Enabling a Circular Economy and Sustainability. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10367-10451. [PMID: 34228428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, the rapid growth and development of global industries have depended largely upon the utilization of coal-derived chemicals, and more recently, the utilization of petroleum-based chemicals. These developments have followed a linear economy model (produce, consume, and dispose). As the world is facing a serious threat from the climate change crisis, a more sustainable solution for manufacturing, i.e., circular economy in which waste from the same or different industries can be used as feedstocks or resources for production offers an attractive industrial/business model. In nature, biological systems, i.e., microorganisms routinely use their enzymes and metabolic pathways to convert organic and inorganic wastes to synthesize biochemicals and energy required for their growth. Therefore, an understanding of how selected enzymes convert biobased feedstocks into special (bio)chemicals serves as an important basis from which to build on for applications in biocatalysis, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology to enable biobased processes that are greener and cleaner for the environment. This review article highlights the current state of knowledge regarding the enzymatic reactions used in converting biobased wastes (lignocellulosic biomass, sugar, phenolic acid, triglyceride, fatty acid, and glycerol) and greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) into value-added products and discusses the current progress made in their metabolic engineering. The commercial aspects and life cycle assessment of products from enzymatic and metabolic engineering are also discussed. Continued development in the field of metabolic engineering would offer diversified solutions which are sustainable and renewable for manufacturing valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawan Intasian
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Kridsadakorn Prakinee
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Aisaraphon Phintha
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Duangthip Trisrivirat
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169, Long-hard Bangsaen, Saensook, Muang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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40
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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41
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Recent advances in biocatalysis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107813. [PMID: 34450199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles (N-heterocycles) are ubiquitous in both organisms and pharmaceutical products. Biocatalysts are providing green approaches for synthesizing various N-heterocycles under mild reaction conditions. This review summarizes the recent advances in the biocatalysis of N-heterocycles through the discovery and engineering of natural N-heterocycle synthetic pathway, and the design of artificial synthetic routes, with an emphasis on biocatalysts applied in retrosynthetic design for preparing complex N-heterocycles. Furthermore, this review discusses the future prospects and challenges of biocatalysts involved in the synthesis of N-heterocycles.
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Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation pioneered by Heck in 1969 has dominated medicinal chemistry development for the ensuing fifty years. As the demand for more complex three-dimensional active pharmaceuticals continues to increase, preparative enzyme-mediated assembly, by virtue of its exquisite selectivity and sustainable nature, is poised to provide a practical and affordable alternative for accessing such compounds. In this minireview, we summarize recent state-of-the-art developments in practical enzyme-mediated assembly of carbocycles. When appropriate, background information on the enzymatic transformation is provided and challenges and/or limitations are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Douglass F Taber
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Mattey AP, Ford GJ, Citoler J, Baldwin C, Marshall JR, Palmer RB, Thompson M, Turner NJ, Cosgrove SC, Flitsch SL. Development of Continuous Flow Systems to Access Secondary Amines Through Previously Incompatible Biocatalytic Cascades. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:18808-18813. [PMID: 38505092 PMCID: PMC10947180 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A key aim of biocatalysis is to mimic the ability of eukaryotic cells to carry out multistep cascades in a controlled and selective way. As biocatalytic cascades get more complex, reactions become unattainable under typical batch conditions. Here a number of continuous flow systems were used to overcome batch incompatibility, thus allowing for successful biocatalytic cascades. As proof-of-principle, reactive carbonyl intermediates were generated in situ using alcohol oxidases, then passed directly to a series of packed-bed modules containing different aminating biocatalysts which accordingly produced a range of structurally distinct amines. The method was expanded to employ a batch incompatible sequential amination cascade via an oxidase/transaminase/imine reductase sequence, introducing different amine reagents at each step without cross-reactivity. The combined approaches allowed for the biocatalytic synthesis of the natural product 4O-methylnorbelladine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P. Mattey
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Grayson J. Ford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Joan Citoler
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Christopher Baldwin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - James R. Marshall
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Ryan B. Palmer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | | | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
- Lennard-Jones LaboratorySchool of Chemical and Physical SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleStaffordshireST5 5BGUK
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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44
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Valikhani D, Bolivar JM, Pelletier JN. An Overview of Cytochrome P450 Immobilization Strategies for Drug Metabolism Studies, Biosensing, and Biocatalytic Applications: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Valikhani
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), 1375 Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux Ave., Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec City Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), 1375 Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux Ave., Montréal, Quebec H2 V 0B3, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec City Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard-Montpetit ave, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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45
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de Martino MT, Tonin F, Bloemendal VRLJ, Hanefeld U, Rutjes FPJT, van Hest JCM. Compartmentalized cross-linked enzyme nano aggregates ( c-CLE nAs) toward pharmaceutical transformations. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21857-21861. [PMID: 35478789 PMCID: PMC9034143 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new immobilization strategy using compartmentalized nanoreactors is herein reported for two biocatalytic processes: (1) N-acetylneuraminate lyase (NAL) is internalized in NAL-c-CLEnAs and used in a continuous flow aldol condensation of N-acetyl-d-mannosamine with sodium pyruvate to N-acetylneuraminic acid; (2) two hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDH) 7α- and 7β-HSDH are incorporated in c-CLEnAs and used in a two-step cascade batch synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The versatile use of c-CLEnA demonstrates that this immobilization methodology is a valuable addition to the toolbox of synthetic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa de Martino
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Victor R L J Bloemendal
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands .,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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Mattey AP, Ford GJ, Citoler J, Baldwin C, Marshall JR, Palmer RB, Thompson M, Turner NJ, Cosgrove SC, Flitsch SL. Development of Continuous Flow Systems to Access Secondary Amines Through Previously Incompatible Biocatalytic Cascades*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18660-18665. [PMID: 33856106 PMCID: PMC8453870 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A key aim of biocatalysis is to mimic the ability of eukaryotic cells to carry out multistep cascades in a controlled and selective way. As biocatalytic cascades get more complex, reactions become unattainable under typical batch conditions. Here a number of continuous flow systems were used to overcome batch incompatibility, thus allowing for successful biocatalytic cascades. As proof-of-principle, reactive carbonyl intermediates were generated in situ using alcohol oxidases, then passed directly to a series of packed-bed modules containing different aminating biocatalysts which accordingly produced a range of structurally distinct amines. The method was expanded to employ a batch incompatible sequential amination cascade via an oxidase/transaminase/imine reductase sequence, introducing different amine reagents at each step without cross-reactivity. The combined approaches allowed for the biocatalytic synthesis of the natural product 4O-methylnorbelladine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Mattey
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Grayson J Ford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Joan Citoler
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Christopher Baldwin
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - James R Marshall
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Ryan B Palmer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Sebastian C Cosgrove
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) &, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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Jiao J, Nie W, Yu T, Yang F, Zhang Q, Aihemaiti F, Yang T, Liu X, Wang J, Li P. Multi-Step Continuous-Flow Organic Synthesis: Opportunities and Challenges. Chemistry 2021; 27:4817-4838. [PMID: 33034923 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow multi-step synthesis takes the advantages of microchannel flow chemistry and may transform the conventional multi-step organic synthesis by using integrated synthetic systems. To realize the goal, however, innovative chemical methods and techniques are urgently required to meet the significant remaining challenges. In the past few years, by using green reactions, telescoped chemical design, and/or novel in-line separation techniques, major and rapid advancement has been made in this direction. This minireview summarizes the most recent reports (2017-2020) on continuous-flow synthesis of functional molecules. Notably, several complex active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been prepared by the continuous-flow approach. Key technologies to the successes and remaining challenges are discussed. These results exemplified the feasibility of using modern continuous-flow chemistry for complex synthetic targets, and bode well for the future development of integrated, automated artificial synthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Nie
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Feierdaiweisi Aihemaiti
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tingjun Yang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xuanyu Liu
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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48
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Liu H, Tegl G, Nidetzky B. Glycosyltransferase Co‐Immobilization for Natural Product Glycosylation: Cascade Biosynthesis of the
C
‐Glucoside Nothofagin with Efficient Reuse of Enzymes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Gregor Tegl
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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49
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the use of biocatalysts in flow reactors. This merging combines the high selectivity and mild operation conditions typical of biocatalysis with enhanced mass transfer and resource efficiency associated to flow chemistry. Additionally, it provides a sound environment to emulate Nature by mimicking metabolic pathways in living cells and to produce goods through the systematic organization of enzymes towards efficient cascade reactions. Moreover, by enabling the combination of enzymes from different hosts, this approach paves the way for novel pathways. The present review aims to present recent developments within the scope of flow chemistry involving multi-enzymatic cascade reactions. The types of reactors used are briefly addressed. Immobilization methodologies and strategies for the application of the immobilized biocatalysts are presented and discussed. Key aspects related to the use of whole cells in flow chemistry are presented. The combination of chemocatalysis and biocatalysis is also addressed and relevant aspects are highlighted. Challenges faced in the transition from microscale to industrial scale are presented and discussed.
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Flow Biocatalysis: A Challenging Alternative for the Synthesis of APIs and Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030990. [PMID: 33498198 PMCID: PMC7863935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts represent an efficient, highly selective and greener alternative to metal catalysts in both industry and academia. In the last two decades, the interest in biocatalytic transformations has increased due to an urgent need for more sustainable industrial processes that comply with the principles of green chemistry. Thanks to the recent advances in biotechnologies, protein engineering and the Nobel prize awarded concept of direct enzymatic evolution, the synthetic enzymatic toolbox has expanded significantly. In particular, the implementation of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems has attracted much attention, especially from industry. The advantages of flow chemistry enable biosynthesis to overcome well-known limitations of “classic” enzymatic catalysis, such as time-consuming work-ups and enzyme inhibition, as well as difficult scale-up and process intensifications. Moreover, continuous flow biocatalysis provides access to practical, economical and more sustainable synthetic pathways, an important aspect for the future of pharmaceutical companies if they want to compete in the market while complying with European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and green chemistry requirements. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the use of flow biocatalysis for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), pharmaceuticals and natural products, and the advantages and limitations are discussed.
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