1
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Bela-Ong DB, Kim J, Thompson KD, Jung TS. Leveraging the biotechnological promise of the hagfish variable lymphocyte receptors: tools for aquatic microbial diseases. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109565. [PMID: 38636740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The jawless vertebrates (agnathans/cyclostomes) are ancestral animals comprising lampreys and hagfishes as the only extant representatives. They possess an alternative adaptive immune system (AIS) that uses leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-based variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) instead of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-based antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). The different VLR types are expressed on agnathan lymphocytes and functionally resemble gnathostome antigen receptors. In particular, VLRB is functionally similar to the B cell receptor and is expressed and secreted by B-like lymphocytes as VLRB antibodies that bind antigens with high affinity and specificity. The potential repertoire scale of VLR-based antigen receptors is believed to be at least comparable to that of Ig-based systems. VLR proteins inherently possess characteristics that render them excellent candidates for biotechnological development, including tractability to recombinant approaches. In recent years, scientists have explored the biotechnological development and utility of VLRB proteins as alternatives to conventional mammalian antibodies. The VLRB antibody platform represents a non-traditional approach to generating a highly diverse repertoire of unique antibodies. In this review, we first describe some aspects of the biology of the AIS of the jawless vertebrates, which recognizes antigens by means of unique receptors. We then summarize reports on the development of VLRB-based antibodies and their applications, particularly those from the inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) and their potential uses to address microbial diseases in aquaculture. Hagfish VLRB antibodies (we call Ccombodies) are being developed and improved, while obstacles to the advancement of the VLRB platform are being addressed to utilize VLRBs effectively as tools in immunology. VLRB antibodies for novel antigen targets are expected to emerge to provide new opportunities to tackle various scientific questions. We anticipate a greater interest in the agnathan AIS in general and particularly in the hagfish AIS for greater elucidation of the evolution of adaptive immunity and its applications to address microbial pathogens in farmed aquatic animals and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis B Bela-Ong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Earwynbio Co., Ltd., 206 Sungjangjiwon-dong, 991 Worasan-ro, Munsan, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52839, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea; Earwynbio Co., Ltd., 206 Sungjangjiwon-dong, 991 Worasan-ro, Munsan, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52839, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Mehta AY, Tilton CA, Muerner L, von Gunten S, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Reusable glycan microarrays using a microwave assisted wet-erase (MAWE) process. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad091. [PMID: 37962922 PMCID: PMC10969520 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern studies on binding of proteins to glycans commonly involve the use of synthetic glycans and their derivatives in which a small amount of the material is covalently printed onto a functionalized slide in a glycan microarray format. While incredibly useful to explore binding interactions with many types of samples, the common techniques involve drying the slides, which leads to irreversible association of the protein to the spots on slides to which they bound, thus limiting a microarray to a single use. We have developed a new technique which we term Microwave Assisted Wet-Erase (MAWE) glycan microarrays. In this approach we image the slides under wet conditions to acquire the data, after which the slides are cleaned of binding proteins by treatment with a denaturing SDS solution along with microwave treatment. Slides cleaned in this way can be reused multiple times, and an example here shows the reuse of a single array 15 times. We also demonstrate that this method can be used for a single-array per slide or multi-array per slide platforms. Importantly, the results obtained using this technique for a variety of lectins sequentially applied to a single array, are concordant to those obtained via the classical dry approaches on multiple slides. We also demonstrate that MAWE can be used for different types of samples, such as serum for antibody binding, and whole cells, such as yeast. This technique will greatly conserve precious glycans and prolong the use of existing and new glycan microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Catherine A Tilton
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Lukas Muerner
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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3
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Notova S, Imberty A. Tuning specificity and topology of lectins through synthetic biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 73:102275. [PMID: 36796139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are non-immunoglobulin and non-catalytic glycan binding proteins that are able to decipher the structure and function of complex glycans. They are widely used as biomarkers for following alteration of glycosylation state in many diseases and have application in therapeutics. Controlling and extending lectin specificity and topology is the key for obtaining better tools. Furthermore, lectins and other glycan binding proteins can be combined with additional domains, providing novel functionalities. We provide a view on the current strategy with a focus on synthetic biology approaches yielding to novel specificity, but other novel architectures with novel application in biotechnology or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Notova
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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4
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Ward EM, Zamora CY, Schocker NS, Ghosh S, Kizer ME, Imperiali B. Engineered Glycan-Binding Proteins for Recognition of the Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen and Structurally Related Disaccharides. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:70-80. [PMID: 36525666 PMCID: PMC9868099 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) are widely used reagents for basic research and clinical applications. These reagents allow for the identification and manipulation of glycan determinants without specialized equipment or time-consuming experimental methods. Existing GBPs, mainly antibodies and lectins, are limited, and discovery or creation of reagents with novel specificities is time consuming and difficult. Here, we detail the generation of GBPs from a small, hyper-thermostable DNA-binding protein by directed evolution. Yeast surface display of a variable library of rcSso7d proteins was screened to find variants with selectivity toward the cancer-associated glycan Galβ1-3GalNAcα or Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and various relevant disaccharides. Characterization of these proteins shows them to have specificities and affinities on par with currently available lectins. The proteins can be readily functionalized with fluorophores or biotin using sortase-mediated ligation to create reagents that prove useful for glycoprotein blotting and cell staining applications. The presented methods for the development of GBPs toward specific saccharides of interest will have great impact on both biomedical and glycobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Ward
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cristina Y. Zamora
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Schocker
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Soumi Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Megan E. Kizer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author
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5
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Das KK, Brown JW. 3'-sulfated Lewis A/C: An oncofetal epitope associated with metaplastic and oncogenic plasticity of the gastrointestinal foregut. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1089028. [PMID: 36866273 PMCID: PMC9971977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1089028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer arise from normal epithelia via a plastic cellular transformation, typically in the setting of chronic inflammation. Such transformations are the focus of numerous studies that strive to identify the changes in RNA/Protein expression that drive such plasticity along with the contributions from the mesenchyme and immune cells. However, despite being widely utilized clinically as biomarkers for such transitions, the role of glycosylation epitopes is understudied in this context. Here, we explore 3'-Sulfo-Lewis A/C, a clinically validated biomarker for high-risk metaplasia and cancer throughout the gastrointestinal foregut: esophagus, stomach, and pancreas. We discuss the clinical correlation of sulfomucin expression with metaplastic and oncogenic transformation, as well as its synthesis, intracellular and extracellular receptors and suggest potential roles for 3'-Sulfo-Lewis A/C in contributing to and maintaining these malignant cellular transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik K Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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6
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Kao KS, Gupta A, Zong G, Li C, Kerschbaumer I, Borghi S, Achkar JM, Bournazos S, Wang LX, Ravetch JV. Synthetic nanobodies as tools to distinguish IgG Fc glycoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212658119. [PMID: 36409896 PMCID: PMC9860306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212658119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a crucial mediator of biological functions and is tightly regulated in health and disease. However, interrogating complex protein glycoforms is challenging, as current lectin tools are limited by cross-reactivity while mass spectrometry typically requires biochemical purification and isolation of the target protein. Here, we describe a method to identify and characterize a class of nanobodies that can distinguish glycoforms without reactivity to off-target glycoproteins or glycans. We apply this technology to immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc glycoforms and define nanobodies that specifically recognize either IgG lacking its core-fucose or IgG bearing terminal sialic acid residues. By adapting these tools to standard biochemical methods, we can clinically stratify dengue virus and SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals based on their IgG glycan profile, selectively disrupt IgG-Fcγ receptor binding both in vitro and in vivo, and interrogate the B cell receptor (BCR) glycan structure on living cells. Ultimately, we provide a strategy for the development of reagents to identify and manipulate IgG Fc glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Kao
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Aaron Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Isabell Kerschbaumer
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY10461
| | - Sara Borghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Jacqueline M. Achkar
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY10461
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY10461
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Jeffrey V. Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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7
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Bojar D, Meche L, Meng G, Eng W, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Mahal LK. A Useful Guide to Lectin Binding: Machine-Learning Directed Annotation of 57 Unique Lectin Specificities. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2993-3012. [PMID: 35084820 PMCID: PMC9679999 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are critical to every facet of biology and medicine, from viral infections to embryogenesis. Tools to study glycans are rapidly evolving; however, the majority of our knowledge is deeply dependent on binding by glycan binding proteins (e.g., lectins). The specificities of lectins, which are often naturally isolated proteins, have not been well-defined, making it difficult to leverage their full potential for glycan analysis. Herein, we use a combination of machine learning algorithms and expert annotation to define lectin specificity for this important probe set. Our analysis uses comprehensive glycan microarray analysis of commercially available lectins we obtained using version 5.0 of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics glycan microarray (CFGv5). This data set was made public in 2011. We report the creation of this data set and its use in large-scale evaluation of lectin-glycan binding behaviors. Our motif analysis was performed by integrating 68 manually defined glycan features with systematic probing of computational rules for significant binding motifs using mono- and disaccharides and linkages. Combining machine learning with manual annotation, we create a detailed interpretation of glycan-binding specificity for 57 unique lectins, categorized by their major binding motifs: mannose, complex-type N-glycan, O-glycan, fucose, sialic acid and sulfate, GlcNAc and chitin, Gal and LacNAc, and GalNAc. Our work provides fresh insights into the complex binding features of commercially available lectins in current use, providing a critical guide to these important reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bojar
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular
and Translational Medicine, University of
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 405 30
| | - Lawrence Meche
- Biomedical
Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New
York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Guanmin Meng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - William Eng
- Biomedical
Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New
York, New York 10003, United States
| | - David F. Smith
- Department
of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department
of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Biomedical
Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, Room 1001, New
York, New York 10003, United States,Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2G2,E-mail:
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8
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Computationally guided conversion of the specificity of E-selectin to mimic that of Siglec-8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117743119. [PMID: 36191232 PMCID: PMC9564326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117743119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycans have been found to be associated with various diseases and therefore have significant potential in molecular pathology as biomarkers. Although lectins are useful reagents for detecting glycans, there is a paucity of sulfate-recognizing lectins, and those that exist, such as from Maackia amurensis, display mixed specificities. Recombinant lectin engineering offers an emerging tool for creating novel glycan recognition by altering and/or enhancing endogenous specificities. The present study demonstrated the use of computational approaches in the engineering of a mutated form of E-selectin that displayed highly specific recognition of 6'-sulfo-sialyl Lewis X (6'-sulfo-sLex), with negligible binding to its endogenous nonsulfated ligand, sLex. This new specificity mimics that of the unrelated protein Siglec-8, for which 6'-sulfo-sLex is its preferred ligand. Molecular dynamics simulations and energy calculations predicted that two point mutations (E92A/E107A) would be required to stabilize binding to the sulfated oligosaccharide with E-selectin. In addition to eliminating putative repulsions between the negatively charged side chains and the sulfate moiety, the mutations also abolished favorable interactions with the endogenous ligand. Glycan microarray screening of the recombinantly expressed proteins confirmed the predicted specificity change but also identified the introduction of unexpected affinity for the unfucosylated form of 6'-sulfo-sLex (6'-sulfo-sLacNAc). Three key requirements were demonstrated in this case for engineering specificity for sulfated oligosaccharide: 1) removal of unfavorable interactions with the 6'-sulfate, 2) introduction of favorable interactions for the sulfate, and 3) removal of favorable interactions with the endogenous ligand.
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9
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Byrd-Leotis L, Jia N, Matsumoto Y, Lu D, Kawaoka Y, Steinhauer DA, Cummings RD. Sialylated and sulfated N-Glycans in MDCK and engineered MDCK cells for influenza virus studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12757. [PMID: 35882911 PMCID: PMC9325728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line is an in vitro model for influenza A virus (IAV) infection and propagation. MDCK-SIAT1 (SIAT1) and humanized MDCK (hCK) cell lines are engineered MDCK cells that express N-glycans with elevated levels of sialic acid (Sia) in α2,6-linkage (α2,6-Sia) that are recognized by many human IAVs. To characterize the N-glycan structures in these cells and the potential changes compared to the parental MDCK cell line resulting from engineering, we analyzed the N-glycans from these cells at different passages, using both mass spectrometry and specific lectin and antibody binding. We observed significant differences between the three cell lines in overall complex N-glycans and terminal galactose modifications. MDCK cells express core fucosylated, bisected complex-type N-glycans at all passage stages, in addition to expressing α2,6-Sia on short N-glycans and α2,3-Sia on larger N-glycans. By contrast, SIAT1 cells predominantly express α2,6-Sia glycans and greatly reduced level of α2,3-Sia glycans. Additionally, they express bisected, sialylated N-glycans that are scant in MDCK cells. The hCK cells exclusively express α2,6-Sia glycans. Unexpectedly, hCK glycoproteins bound robustly to the plant lectin MAL-1, indicating α2,3-Sia glycans, but such binding was not Sia-dependent and closely mirrored that of an antibody that recognizes glycans with terminal 3-O-sulfate galactose (3-O-SGal). The 3-O-SGal epitope is highly expressed in N-glycans on multiple hCK glycoproteins. These results indicate vastly different N-glycomes between MDCK cells and the engineered clones that could relate to IAV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dongli Lu
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David A Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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McKitrick TR, Hanes MS, Rosenberg CS, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cooper MD, Herrin BR, Cummings RD. Identification of Glycan-Specific Variable Lymphocyte Receptors Using Yeast Surface Display and Glycan Microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2421:73-89. [PMID: 34870812 PMCID: PMC9307140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The jawless vertebrates (lamprey and hagfish) evolved a novel adaptive immune system with many similarities to that found in the jawed vertebrates, including the production of antigen-specific circulating antibodies in response to immunization. However, the jawless vertebrates use leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-based antigen receptors termed variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) for immune recognition, instead of immunoglobulin (Ig)-based receptors. VLR genes are assembled in developing lymphocytes through a gene conversion-like process, in which hundreds of LRR gene segments are randomly selected as template donors to generate a large repertoire of distinct antigen receptors, similar to that found within the mammalian adaptive immune system. Here we describe the development of a robust platform using immunized lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) for generating libraries of anti-carbohydrate (anti-glycan) variable lymphocyte receptor B, or VLRBs. The anti-carbohydrate VLRBs are isolated using a yeast surface display (YSD) expression platform and enriched by binding to glycan microarrays through the anti-glycan VLRB. This enables both the initial identification and enrichment of individual yeast clones against hundreds of glycans simultaneously. Through this enrichment strategy a broad array of glycan-specific VLRs can be isolated from the YSD library. Subsequently, the bound yeast cells are directly removed from the microarray, the VLR antibody clone is sequenced, and the end product is expressed as a VLR-IgG-Fc fusion protein that can be used for ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunomicroscopy. Thus, by combining yeast surface display with glycan microarray technology, we have developed a rapid, efficient, and novel method for generating chimeric VLR-IgG-Fc proteins that recognize a broad array of unique glycan structures with exquisite specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R. McKitrick
- Dept. of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, U.S.A
| | - Melinda S. Hanes
- Dept. of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, U.S.A
| | - Charles S. Rosenberg
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Dept. of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, U.S.A
| | - Max D. Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Richard D. Cummings
- Dept. of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, U.S.A.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Richard D. Cummings, Ph.D., Director, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, Tel: 1-617-735-4643,
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11
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Brown JW, Das KK, Kalas V, Das KM, Mills JC. mAb Das-1 recognizes 3'-Sulfated Lewis A/C, which is aberrantly expressed during metaplastic and oncogenic transformation of several gastrointestinal Epithelia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261082. [PMID: 34910746 PMCID: PMC8673611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple previous studies have shown the monoclonal antibody Das-1 (formerly called 7E12H12) is specifically reactive towards metaplastic and carcinomatous lesions in multiple organs of the gastrointestinal system (e.g. Barrett's esophagus, intestinal-type metaplasia of the stomach, gastric adenocarcinoma, high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) as well as in other organs (bladder and lung carcinomas). Beyond being a useful biomarker in tissue, mAb Das-1 has recently proven to be more accurate than current paradigms for identifying cysts harboring advanced neoplasia. Though this antibody has been used extensively for clinical, basic science, and translational applications for decades, its epitope has remained elusive. METHODS In this study, we chemically deglycosylated a standard source of antigen, which resulted in near complete loss of the signal as measured by western blot analysis. The epitope recognized by mAb Das-1 was determined by affinity to a comprehensive glycan array and validated by inhibition of a direct ELISA. RESULTS The epitope recognized by mAb Das-1 is 3'-Sulfo-Lewis A/C (3'-Sulfo-LeA/C). 3'-Sulfo-LeA/C is broadly reexpressed across numerous GI epithelia and elsewhere during metaplastic and carcinomatous transformation. DISCUSSION 3'-Sulfo-LeA/C is a clinically important antigen that can be detected both intracellularly in tissue using immunohistochemistry and extracellularly in cyst fluid and serum by ELISA. The results open new avenues for tumorigenic risk stratification of various gastrointestinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Koushik K. Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vasilios Kalas
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Physician Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kiron M. Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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12
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McKitrick TR, Ackerman ME, Anthony RM, Bennett CS, Demetriou M, Hudalla GA, Ribbeck K, Ruhl S, Woo CM, Yang L, Zost SJ, Schnaar RL, Doering TL. The Crossroads of Glycoscience, Infection, and Immunology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:731008. [PMID: 34646251 PMCID: PMC8504252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.731008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in experimental capabilities in the glycosciences offer expanding opportunities for discovery in the broad areas of immunology and microbiology. These two disciplines overlap when microbial infection stimulates host immune responses and glycan structures are central in the processes that occur during all such encounters. Microbial glycans mediate host-pathogen interactions by acting as surface receptors or ligands, functioning as virulence factors, impeding host immune responses, or playing other roles in the struggle between host and microbe. In the context of the host, glycosylation drives cell–cell interactions that initiate and regulate the host response and modulates the effects of antibodies and soluble immune mediators. This perspective reports on a workshop organized jointly by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research in May 2020. The conference addressed the use of emerging glycoscience tools and resources to advance investigation of glycans and their roles in microbe-host interactions, immune-mediated diseases, and immune cell recognition and function. Future discoveries in these areas will increase fundamental scientific understanding and have the potential to improve diagnosis and treatment of infections and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R McKitrick
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Robert M Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Neurology, Microbiology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Gregory A Hudalla
- J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tamara L Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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