The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer

The role of MicroRNAs as early biomarkers of asbestos-related lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Asbestos is still the leading cause of occupational cancer mortality worldwide. Asbestos-related lung cancer (LC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) prognosis is still poor especially at advanced stage, so early diagnosis biomarkers are needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as potential early diagnostic biomarkers of asbestos-related LC and MPM.

AIM

To evaluate the role of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of asbestos-related LC and MPM by performing a literature systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE via Ovid, PUBMED and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched up to April 2023 to identify relevant articles. A grey literature search was also conducted using the Google Scholar platform. MeSH and free text terms for 'asbestos', 'occupational exposure', 'lung cancer', 'mesothelioma' and 'miRNAs' were used to search the literature. Our systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database. Study quality was assessed via the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

RESULTS

From the search, 331 articles were retrieved, and, after applying our selection criteria, and exclusion of one study for poor quality, 27 studies were included in the review. Most of the studies were hospital-based case-control, conducted in Europe, and evaluated MPM among men only. MiRNAs expression was measured mainly in plasma or serum. MiR-126, miR-132-3p, and miR-103a-3p were the most promising diagnostic biomarkers for MPM, and we estimated a pooled area under the curve (AUC) of 85 %, 73 %, and 50 %, respectively. In relation to MPM prognosis, miR-197‑3p resulted associated with increased survival time. MiR-126, alone and combined with miR-222, was confirmed associated also to LC diagnosis, together with miR-1254 and miR-574-5p; no miRNA was found associated to LC prognosis.

CONCLUSION

Based on our systematic literature review there is suggestive evidence that the expression of specific miRNAs in the blood serum or plasma are associated with asbestos-related LC and MPM diagnosis and prognosis. Further large longitudinal studies are urgently needed to validate these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms given the potential important implications for patients' survival.

MicroRNA-122 overexpression suppresses the colon cancer cell proliferation by downregulating the astrocyte elevated gene-1/metadherin oncoprotein

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate essential cellular functions, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion, and programmed cell death, and therefore, alterations in miRNAs can contribute to carcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown that miRNA-122 is abundant in the liver and regulates cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. However, the expression pattern and mechanism of actions of miR-122 remain primarily unknown in colon cancer.

METHODS

In this study, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas Colon Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-COAD) database to assess the clinical significance of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1)/metadherin (MTDH) and miR-122 in colon cancer. MiR-122 overexpression studies were performed in HCT116, SW480, and SW620 cell lines. Dual-luciferase assay was carried out to confirm the interaction between AEG-1 and miR-122. In vivo-JetPEI-transfection reagent was used for in-vivo transient transfection of miR-122 in the AOM/DSS-induced colon tumor mouse model.

RESULTS

Our results demonstrate that miR-122 was downregulated in colon cancer cells, and it influences the expressions of apoptotic factors and inflammatory cytokines. MiR-122 overexpression in HCT116, SW480, and SW620 cells showed upregulation of Caspase 3, Caspase 9, and BAX and decreased expression of BCL2, which are pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members that maintain a ratio between cellular survival and cell death. In vivo transient transfection of miR-122 mimic in AOM/DSS induced colon tumor mouse model showed less inflammation and disease activity. The TCGA-COAD data indicated that AEG-1 expression was higher in patients with low expression of miR-122 and lower AEG-1 expression in patients with higher expression miR-122.

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlight the key role of miR-122 in the high grade of colonic inflammation, and possibly in colon cancer, and the use of miR-122 mimic might be a therapeutic option.

Magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering for biomedical detection

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful spectroscopic technique that enables rapid, non-destructive, and susceptible detection of biological samples. The magnetic-plasmonic composite materials composed of magnetic and plasmonic nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention as SERS substrates in the biomedical field because of their ability to enrich, separate, and selectively identify biomolecules. In this review, the state-of-art progress of magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticle (MPNP)-based SERS substrates for biomedical detection is highlighted, covering the design and construction of MPNPs with different morphologies, organic and inorganic surface functionalization strategies adopted to improve the adaptability and applicability in biological systems for MPNPs, application development of MPNPs in biomedical detection, as well as the future challenges and issues to be addressed. It is highly expected that this review will help to fully understand the research status of MPNP-based SERS substrates and facilitate their further development and wider application in biological systems.

A Bioligical Perspective on the role of miR-206 in Colorectal cancer

MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as pivotal regulators in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), and MicroRNA-206 (miR-206) has garnered attention as a potentially influential factor. However, the specific biological functions and complete mechanistic understanding of miR-206 in CRC remain largely uncharacterized. This study aims to bridge this research gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of miR-206's role in CRC. An exploration of the molecular mechanisms regulated by miR-206, its intricate interplay with target genes, and its significant impact on cellular processes highlights its potential utility as both a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target. The significance of this research lies in potentially enabling the development of innovative therapeutic approaches, ultimately aiming to improve prognosis and survival rates in CRC patients by elucidating the functions of miR-206. Critical pathways, such as c-Met and PTEN/AKT, play crucial roles within the regulatory network of miR-206 in CRC and impact various cellular processes involved in CRC pathogenesis, metastasis, and treatment response. Understanding the complex interactions between miR-206 and key signaling pathways like c-Met and PTEN/AKT is crucial for understanding the underlying mechanisms driving CRC initiation and progression. This knowledge can inform the development of targeted therapeutic interventions, potentially leading to improved patient outcomes and advances in CRC management.

Unravelling the role of extracellular vesicles in cervical cancer: Mechanisms of progression, resistance, and emerging therapeutic strategies

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in its advanced stages, where treatment resistance complicates effective management. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of tumor progression and resistance, primarily through the transfer of miRNA cargo. In cervical cancer, specific miRNAs, including oncogenic miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-221-3p, miR-486-5p, and miR-92a-3p are upregulated in both cells and EVs, promoting proliferation, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune evasion-all of which contribute to therapy resistance and an aggressive tumor phenotype. Conversely, tumor-suppressive miRNAs, such as miR-122-5p, miR-100, and miR-142-3p, are selectively exported from cancer cells via EVs, suggesting a protective mechanism by which cancer cells eliminate these tumor suppressors. This review focuses on the role of oncogenic and tumor-suppressive miRNAs within EVs and their implications for cervical cancer progression and treatment resistance. Additionally, it examines the dynamic interactions between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and EV cargo, as well as emerging EV-based therapeutic strategies. These include the encapsulation of chemotherapeutic agents within EVs, the use of anti-miRs to silence oncogenic miRNAs, the delivery of tumor-suppressive miRNAs, the inhibition of EV release, and the targeting of downstream miRNA-regulated proteins. While miRNA-based therapies remain in the early stages, they hold significant promise for overcoming treatment resistance and improving cervical cancer outcomes.

hsa-miR-5688 inhibits FOXC1-OCT4/SOX2 feedforward loop that drives chemoresistance in breast cancer stem cells

Inherently chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and relapse. CSCs "acquire" more resistance and stemness upon chemotherapy, thereby making relapse-free survival extremely challenging. Here, we describe a novel role of FOXC1 in "acquired resistance" of breast CSCs during chemotherapy. Putative binding sites of pluripotency factors OCT4 and SOX2, but not NANOG, on FOXC1 promoter, were demonstrated by JASPAR and validated by a docking experiment. Significant decline in FOXC1 expression was noticed after OCT4 or SOX2 ablation in breast CSCs. Contrastingly, presence of putative FOXC1 binding sites on the promoters of stemness genes and drug-resistance marker ABCG2, along with downregulation of OCT4 and SOX2 in FOXC1-ablated CSCs, indicated the existence of a feedforward FOXC1-OCT4/SOX2 transactivation loop in CSCs. Chemotherapy-induced upregulation of FOXC1, stemness, as well as drug resistance in CSCs, and downregulation of the same by prior FOXC1-ablation in in-vitro and in-vivo models, endorsed the contribution of this loop in chemo-induced acquisition of stemness and drug resistance. Finally, over-expression of hsa-miR-5688 sensitized CSCs toward chemotherapy and decelerated recurrence. Accordingly, we demonstrate a hitherto unknown mechanism underpinning chemotherapy-induced resistance in breast CSCs, causing relapse and identified hsa-miR-5688 as a potential therapeutic candidate for relapse-free survival of breast cancer patients.

High-throughput 3D spheroid screens identify microRNA sensitizers for improved thermoradiotherapy in locally advanced cancers

Chemoradiotherapy is the standard of care for many locally advanced cancers, including cervical and head and neck cancers, but many patients cannot tolerate chemotherapy. Clinical trials have shown that radiotherapy combined with hyperthermia (thermoradiotherapy) may be equally effective, yet it yields a suboptimal overall survival of patients, emphasizing the need for improvement. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding RNA sequences, are often dysregulated in cancer and exhibit significant potential as radiosensitizers by targeting genes associated with the DNA damage response. In this study, high-throughput miRNA screening of four cervical cancer cell lines identified 55 miRNAs with significant sensitizing potential, with 18 validated across 10 additional cancer cell lines (6 cervical and 4 head and neck). Functional studies of 6 miRNAs, including miR-16, miR-27a, miR-181c, miR-221, miR-224, and miR-1293, showed that they reduced DNA damage repair by downregulating ATM, DNA-PKcs, Ku70/80, and RAD51. Additionally, differential expression of miR-27a, miR-221, and miR-224 in treatment-sensitive versus treatment-resistant patients indicated their predictive biomarker potential for treatment response of cervical cancer patients. Conclusively, this study has identified 18 promising miRNAs for the development of sensitizers for thermoradiotherapy and may provide potential biomarkers for predicting treatment response in locally advanced cancers.

Current updates regarding biogenesis, functions and dysregulation of microRNAs in cancer: Innovative approaches for detection using CRISPR/Cas13‑based platforms (Review)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non‑coding RNAs, which perform a key role in cellular differentiation and development. Most human diseases, particularly cancer, are linked to miRNA functional dysregulation implicated in the expression of tumor‑suppressive or oncogenic targets. Cancer hallmarks such as continued proliferative signaling, dodging growth suppressors, invasion and metastasis, triggering angiogenesis, and avoiding cell death have all been demonstrated to be affected by dysregulated miRNAs. Thus, for the treatment of different cancer types, the detection and quantification of this type of RNA is significant. The classical and current methods of RNA detection, including northern blotting, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, rolling circle amplification and next‑generation sequencing, may be effective but differ in efficiency and accuracy. Furthermore, these approaches are expensive, and require special instrumentation and expertise. Thus, researchers are constantly looking for more innovative approaches for miRNA detection, which can be advantageous in all aspects. In this regard, an RNA manipulation tool known as the CRISPR and CRISPR‑associated sequence 13 (CRISPR/Cas13) system has been found to be more advantageous in miRNA detection. The Cas13‑based miRNA detection approach is cost effective and requires no special instrumentation or expertise. However, more research and validation are required to confirm the growing body of CRISPR/Cas13‑based research that has identified miRNAs as possible cancer biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, and as targets for treatment. In the present review, current updates regarding miRNA biogenesis, structural and functional aspects, and miRNA dysregulation during cancer are described. In addition, novel approaches using the CRISPR/Cas13 system as a next‑generation tool for miRNA detection are discussed. Furthermore, challenges and prospects of CRISPR/Cas13‑based miRNA detection approaches are described.

miR-223-3p Targets KIF4A and Promotes the Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells

Background: The abnormal expression of kinase family member 4A (KIF4A) is linked to breast cancer progression, with numerous miRNAs exhibiting abnormal expression. Thus, there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms of action of miRNAs and their target genes for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to screen for KIF4A, a key gene involved in oxidative stress in breast cancer cells. Using CCK8, EdU, cell healing, and Transwell assays, the knockdown of KIF4A was found to effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Dual-luciferase assay and Western blotting confirmed that miR-223-3p targets and regulates KIF4A expression. The impact of miR-223-3p and KIF4A on oxidative stress in breast cancer cells was assessed through reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) measurements. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate tumor cell apoptosis. Results: Our results suggest that KIF4A is a downstream target of miR-223-3p. miR-223-3p inhibits the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells by directly targeting and downregulating KIF4A. Importantly, we found that miR-223-3p and KIF4A play important roles in regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Specifically, miR-223-3p promoted apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of KIF4A, increasing the accumulation level of ROS and MDA, and inhibiting the activity of SOD while KIF4A was overexpressed.

MiR-326: Role and significance in brain cancers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that act as critical regulators of gene expression by repressing mRNA translation. The role of miRNAs in cell physiology spans from cell cycle control to cell proliferation and differentiation, both during development and in adult tissues. Accordingly, dysregulated expression of miRNAs has been reported in several diseases, including cancer, where miRNAs can act as oncogenes or oncosuppressors. Of note, miRNA signatures are also under investigation for classification, diagnosis, and prognosis of cancer patients. Brain tumours are primarily associated with poor prognosis and high mortality, highlighting an urgent need for novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. Among miRNAs investigated in brain tumours, miR-326 has been shown to act as a tumour suppressor in adult and paediatric brain cancers. In this review, we describe the role of miR-326 in malignant as well as benign cancers originating from brain tissue. In addition, since miR-326 expression can be regulated by other non-coding RNA species, adding a further layer of regulation in the cancer-promoting axis, we discuss this miRNA's role in targeted therapy for brain cancers.

Autophagy signaling mediated by non-coding RNAs: Impact on breast cancer progression and treatment

Autophagy, a conserved cellular mechanism which detoxifies and degrades intracellular structures or biomolecules, has been identified as an important factor in the progression of human breast cancer and the development of treatment resistance. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a broad family of RNA, have the ability to influence various processes, including autophagy, due to their diverse downstream targets. ncRNAs play an important role in suppressing or activating autophagy by targeting autophagy-triggering components such as the ULK1 complex, Beclin1, and ATGs. Recent research has uncovered the intricate regulatory networks that govern autophagy dynamics, with ncRNAs emerging as key participants in this network. miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs are the three subfamilies of ncRNAs that have the most well-known interactions with autophagy, particularly macroautophagy. The high prevalence of breast cancer necessitates research into finding new biological processes that can help in early detection as well as enhance the effectiveness of treatment. The positive/negative link between autophagy and ncRNAs can be exploited as a supplementary therapy to improve sensitivity to treatment in breast cancer. This review investigates the regulatory roles of ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), in modifying autophagy pathways in human breast cancer progression and treatment. However, future studies and clinical practice are needed to determine the most relevant microRNAs as biomarkers and also to better understand their role in breast cancer progression or treatment through modifying autophagy.

Bifunctional MXene quantum dots-coated bimetallic Prussian blue analogues for sensitive sensing and accurate localization imaging of miRNAs in living cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in multiple cellular processes and play a critical role in clinical diagnosis. In-situ spatiotemporal imaging of miRNAs in living cells is tightly linked to the carcinogenesis and development of malignant tumors. Herein, we proposed a bifunctional nanosystem-based MXene quantum dots-coated bimetallic Prussian blue analogues (Co-Mn PBA@MQDs) to execute in-vitro sensing and intracellular imaging of miRNA in living cells. The 3D nanostructures of Co-Mn PBAs were regulated to slow down the coordination reaction rate by controlling the diffusion of metal clusters and ligand precursors, thereby anchoring MQDs as the carriers of DNA probes. The resulting Co-Mn PBA@MQDs nanoparticles with miRNA recognition ability exhibit excellent electrocatalytic and photoluminescence properties for target miRNA analysis. It reached miRNA detection limit of 0.37 fM (S/N = 3) with a wide linear range of 1 fM to 1 nM, and allowed distinguish family members without additional complex modifications. Meanwhile, DNA probe adsorbed on Co-Mn PBA@MQDs can provide delivery capacity for intracellular miRNA location, resulting in the in-situ monitoring and imaging of miRNA with deregulated expression levels in cancer cells. With these advantages, the developed strategy provides a paradigm for the rational design of the miRNA analysis system, which is expected to be widely applied to disease diagnosis and further theragnostic fields.

Discovery of miRNAs unique to actively transcribed erythroparvovirus infection in heart failure patients

AIMS

miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, play key roles in gene regulation, cell differentiation and tissue development. They influence viral infection outcomes by directly interacting with viral genomes or modifying the host microenvironment. This study demonstrates miRNAs' ability to selectively suppress transcriptionally active erythroparvovirus, highlighting their potential in antiviral therapies.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Seventy-five endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) specimens from patients with unexplained heart failure were analysed. The samples included 19 with dilated cardiomyopathy and inflammation (DCMi), 12 with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 25 with inflammation and active erythroparvovirus infection, 13 with active erythroparvovirus infection only and 6 from undiagnosed patients as controls. miRNA expression was measured using TaqMan assays. miR-98, miR-222, miR-106b and miR-197 were significantly upregulated in patients with transcriptionally active erythroparvovirus infection, independent of inflammation (P < 0.005). These miRNAs differentiated these patients from all other groups with over 90% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

These specific miRNAs offer a novel diagnostic tool for active erythroparvovirus infections and hold promise as therapeutic targets, providing safer alternatives to traditional antiviral treatments.

MicroRNA-371-373 cluster and methylome analysis suggests that a subset of 'somatic-type' malignancies arising in germ cell tumors may originate in yolk sac tumor components

Somatic-type malignancies (SMs) arising in germ cell tumors (GCTs) are aggressive neoplasms resistant to systemic treatment. Most are diagnosed in metastatic sites after chemotherapy; however, they have also been well-documented in primary testicular GCTs. Historically, SMs were thought to originate in components of teratoma that acquire molecular alterations equivalent to those that characterize their true somatic counterparts. However, recent studies have shown that SMs typically lack the hallmark molecular alterations seen in similar somatic tumors. Additionally, clinicopathologic and molecular data suggest that a subset may derive from yolk sac tumor (YST) rather than teratoma. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between conventional histological types of GCTs and SMs by comparing expression of microRNA (miR)-371-373 and genomic methylation profiles. A total of 96 samples (including multiple paired conventional GCT-SM samples from individual tumors) were assessed for miR-371-373 expression by RT-qPCR and genomic DNA methylation using a clinically validated assay. Expression of miR-371-373 was higher in conventional GCTs than in SMs (considered as a single category encompassing all histological subtypes). However, miR-371-373 expression was heterogeneous among SMs, with significantly higher levels in sarcomatoid YST (SYST) and glandular neoplasms than in other SMs. Genomic DNA methylation analysis showed that SMs (considered as a single category) did not form a distinct cluster. Instead, they grouped into multiple clusters that did not show perfect correspondence with histology and often included conventional GCTs. Genome-wide methylation assessment showed a higher abundance of hypermethylated regions in SMs than in conventional GCTs. Analysis of paired conventional GCT and 'somatic-type' components that did not meet size criteria for SMs dissected from individual tumors demonstrated separation according to histology, suggesting that epigenetic processes play a role in the transition from conventional GCT to 'somatic-type' phenotypes. Gene-level and pathway-level analyses identified MAPK/RAS signaling, mitosis/proliferation, differentiation towards neural tissue/neuroectoderm, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and DNA repair as key differentially regulated processes in components with somatic-type histology, suggesting mechanisms of progression from conventional to 'somatic' phenotypes in GCT. These results support the hypothesis that a subset of SMs derive from YST and suggest that some subtypes (such as SYST) may represent 'intermediate' phenotypes. Additionally, analysis of differentially methylated promoter regions in SM identified genes and biologic processess that may underlie 'somatic tranformation' in GCTs. © 2025 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

MicroRNA-371-373 cluster extracellular vesicle-based communication in testicular germ cell tumors

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent the most common type of cancer in young adults. The cluster of microRNAs 371-373 is highly upregulated in TGCTs, and detection of miR-371a-3p specifically is currently being developed for clinical implementation as a sensitive and specific biomarker for TGCT, except for teratoma. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles used for cell communication, being increasingly regarded as potential sources of cancer biomarkers. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize EVs from a wide range of TGCT samples, including cell lines, tissue explants and matched plasma samples from patients and healthy donors, and then use these samples to assess microRNA expression (miR-371-373 cluster and let-7e). TGCT-derived EVs were successfully isolated and characterized according to MISEV guidelines. TGCT cell lines showed different levels of EV-derived miR-371-373 cluster and let-7e. Upon differentiation of NT2 cells with ATRA, both cellular and EV-derived miR-371-373 cluster were downregulated, whereas let-7e was upregulated. TGCT patient samples presented high levels of EV-derived miR-371-373, except for the teratoma samples. We conclude that a significant portion of the circulating miR-371-373 cluster used as a TGCT biomarker in the clinic is secreted into EVs, and that this cluster and the let-7 family of microRNAs may be related with TGCT intercellular communication and differentiation.

MicroRNAs involved in colorectal cancer, a rapid mini-systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Colorectal cancer (CRC) involves the uncontrolled proliferation of glandular epithelial cells in the colon or rectum. The high mortality rate associated with CRC has driven extensive research into innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Among these, microRNAs (miRNA) have gained attention for their crucial role in regulating various cellular processes that contribute to the initiation, progression, and metastasis of CRC.

METHOD

This systematic review aimed to assess the roles of various miRNAs in CRC by analyzing multiple studies. The PICO framework was followed to structure the study regarding miRNA involved in CRC development and progression compared to normal cases. The outcomes were measured according miRNAs impact on CRC progression, survival rates, and treatment response. Systematic review of studies published from 2000 to November 2023 were included. Data were collected from prominent databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Irandoc, SID, and Magiran, covering studies from 2000 to November 2023. Studies were managed using EndNote for citation management, and duplicates were removed. The remaining studies were evaluated based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.

RESULTS

In our review, we categorized 28 miRNAs based on their potential tumor suppressor or oncogenic effects in CRC progression. Among them, 14 miRNAs were highlighted as important based on the assessment using TCGA data, with miR-200a also showing a significant effect on patient survival.

CONCLUSION

This study compiled and analyzed validated miRNAs associated with CRC progression. The findings suggest the potential of these miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers, which may be used alone or in combination with traditional tumor markers for improved diagnostic and prognostic applications in CRC. This review contributes novel insights by updating the current understanding and offering a comprehensive evaluation of miRNAs in CRC.

MAPK signaling mediates tamoxifen resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

Tamoxifen is a cornerstone in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, yet resistance to this therapy remains a significant clinical challenge. In most cases, the resistance phenotype is not caused by loss or mutation of the ER, but by changes in multiple proliferative and survival pathways. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways regulate various cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of molecular mechanisms that sustain MAPK activation and promote tamoxifen resistance. We evaluated molecular factors that promote the survival of tamoxifen-resistant cells through the regulation of MAPK signaling, including growth factors, RNA-binding proteins, non-genomic ER variants, and microRNAs. Mitochondrial dynamics and their regulation by MAPK highlight novel adaptive mechanisms employed by resistant cells to survive. Furthermore, MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of ERα enhances resistance through ligand-independent activation and sustained cellular proliferation. MAPK and parallel oncogenic pathways, including PI3K/AKT and receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, IGF-1R, and FGFR), function synergistically to enhance signaling redundancy and compensatory survival mechanisms. Therapeutic interventions targeting MAPK signaling-ranging from small-molecule inhibitors to RNA-based therapies-offer promising avenues for overcoming tamoxifen resistance.

MicroRNA-196a increases apoptosis in B cells through downregulation of FOXO1

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of cancer pathogenesis, and their expression is often dysregulated in cancer cells. The role of miR-196a-5p has been investigated in various types of cancers, however it is relatively less understood in B-cell malignancies. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-196a-5p in B cells by using a human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line, SU-DHL-6 and mouse B lymphocytes. The enforced expression of miR-196a in SU-DHL-6 cells increased daunorubicin-mediated apoptosis. Luciferase assay revealed that FOXO1 was a direct target of miR-196a-5p in SU-DHL-6 cells. The mRNA and protein expression of FOXO1 was downregulated in miR-196a-overexpressing SU-DHL-6 cells. In addition, miR-196a-5p was highly expressed in mouse bone marrow (BM) cells, compared with that of splenic (SP) B cells, and FOXO1 expression was negatively correlated with miR-196a-5p level. miR-196a-5p was upregulated by B cell receptor (BCR)-stimulation, which was inversely correlated with FOXO1 expression in SP B cells. Apoptosis was increased when miR-196a-5p was upregulated in murine primary B cells. These results identify miR-196a-5p as a post-transcriptional regulator of FOXO1 and indicate its importance in regulating B cell malignancies and activation.

Suppression of breast cancer metastatic behavior by microRNAs targeting EMT transcription factors. A relevant participation of miR-196a-5p and miR-22-3p in ZEB1 expression

PURPOSE

Metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths, is promoted by transcription factors SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1 and TWIST through the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). MicroRNAs can suppress EMT, emerging as candidate molecular biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. Herein, we evaluated microRNAs downregulated in breast cancer (BC) tissues expressing EMT transcription factors, to find new potential regulators of EMT.

METHODS

Candidate microRNAs were selected from microarray data by their inversely correlated expression with SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1 and TWIST, evaluated in BC tissues through immunohistochemistry. We selected eight microRNAs predicted in silico as probable modulators of SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1 and TWIST, and validate their interaction through the 3'UTR region in luciferase reporter gene assays. MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with selected microRNAs to perform migration, invasion and cell proliferation assays, and western blot was used to evaluate protein levels.

RESULTS

MiR-30a-5p, miR-1271-5p, miR-196a-5p, miR-202-3p, miR-210-3p, miR-22-3p and miR-331-3p decreased luciferase activity through SNAIL, SLUG, ZEB1 and/or TWIST 3'UTR. These microRNAs, including miR-34b-3p, decreased migration, invasion and cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 cells. MiR-30a-5p, miR-202-3p and miR-22-3p decreased vimentin expression, whereas miR-196a-5p and miR-22-3p decreased endogenous ZEB1 levels. MiR-196a-5p, miR-202-3p and miR-30a-5p also decreased CCR7 expression, a chemokine receptor involved in lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSION

microRNAs selected in this work can regulate gene expression trough 3'UTR region of EMT-transcription factors. In BC cells, miR-196a-5p and miR-22-3p decrease ZEB1 levels, being novel modulators of EMT. Also, the eight evaluated microRNAs, reduced the metastatic hallmarks in BC cells.

Role of microRNAs in lung oncogenesis: Diagnostic implications, resistance mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies

Lung cancer continues to pose a significant global health concern, presenting a formidable challenge on a worldwide scale, necessitating a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and treatment responses. microRNA (miRNA) modulation in the context of lung cancer therapeutics aims to unravel the complexities of miRNA-mediated regulatory networks. This comprehensive review elucidates microRNA's diverse roles in lung cancer, encompassing their involvement in key signaling pathways, cellular processes, the regulation of oncogenic or tumor-suppressive targets, and drug sensitivity. Moreover, this review critically examines the potential of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and their implications in therapeutic interventions for lung cancer. microRNAs are effective in making lung cancer therapy more efficient. They can make tumor cells more responsive to chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies. microRNAs can target the drug efflux mechanism, increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy agents and decreasing resistance. Furthermore, microRNAs play a crucial role in developing and inhibiting the resistance mechanisms against conventional treatments; improving the dysregulated expression of microRNAs enhances the therapeutic efficacy of existing therapies. By compiling knowledge on miRNA-mediated processes related to lung cancer, this review offers a comprehensive resource for researchers to understand and address the complexities of oncogenesis, diagnostics, resistance mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies.

Novel small non-coding RNAs of Epstein-Barr virus upregulated upon lytic reactivation aid in viral genomic replication and virion production

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) employs various strategies for long-term survival, including the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This study uncovers and characterizes two novel EBV-encoded ncRNAs, p7 and p8, which are upregulated during lytic reactivation and interact with both viral and host genomes. These ncRNAs bind to cellular RNA transcripts, significantly reducing ARMCX3 mRNA levels, while p8 also influences PTPN6 and RPL24 expressions. Although p7 does not directly bind to LMP1 RNA but both ncRNAs found to downregulate LMP1 expression. Furthermore, these ncRNAs interact with the OriLyt region of EBV genome, promoting viral DNA replication. Functional assays indicate that p7 and p8 enhance cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis by modulating the p53 pathway and suppressing pro-apoptotic proteins. These findings highlight the role of p7 and p8 in supporting EBV persistence by regulating viral replication, cell survival, and immune evasion, making them promising targets for therapeutic strategies in EBV-related diseases.IMPORTANCEEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) employs diverse strategies for long-term persistence in the host, including the expression of viral non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that manipulate key cellular pathways to promote viral replication and immune evasion. This study identifies two novel EBV-encoded ncRNAs, p7 and p8, which are upregulated during lytic reactivation and interact with both viral and host genes to regulate viral DNA replication and promote host cellular survival. By modulating apoptotic and proliferative pathways, p7 and p8 facilitate viral reactivation while promoting host cell survival, highlighting their potential as critical regulators in EBV-driven oncogenesis. This discovery expands our understanding of EBV-host interactions, suggesting p7 and p8 as targets for novel therapeutic strategies in EBV-associated malignancies.

MiR- 223 alleviates the heat-stress-induced inhibition of cell proliferation by targeting PRDM1

BACKGROUND

Heat stress, exacerbated by global warming, has emerged as a significant concern for both the health of dairy cattle and the quality of milk production. In vitro investigations suggest that primary bovine mammary epithelial cells exhibit enhanced levels of programmed cell death when subjected to elevated ambient temperatures, potentially resulting in a reduction in the total number of mammary epithelial cells within the mammary gland, thereby partially elucidating the diminished milk yield in lactating cows under heat stress. In vivo, heat stress affects both milk synthesis and secretion by directly acting on mammary epithelial cells and by altering hormonal levels and metabolic pathways, which can lead to long-term effects on mammary growth. Future research should focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which heat stress regulates mammary development. Previous studies have demonstrated that heat stress induction results in a significant downregulation of miR- 223 in MAC-T cells; therefore, miR- 223 may play a crucial role in the response to heat stress. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which miR- 223 confers resistance to heat stress in MAC-T remains unclear.

METHODS

Here, to investigate how miR- 223 regulates the proliferation of MAC-T cells, we performed a combination of miRNA- 223 overexpression and inhibition strategies. We transfected MAC-T cells with miR- 223 mimics or inhibitors and evaluated the impact on cell proliferation using CCK- 8 assay, EdU assay, and RT-qPCR. Additionally, MAC-T cells subjected to heat stress were used to investigate how miR- 223 and its target gene regulate cell proliferation under heat stress, either by promoting or alleviating the inhibition of cell proliferation, as assessed by EdU assay, CCK- 8 assay, and RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

In this study, we investigated the effects of heat stress on MAC-T cell proliferation and gene expression. Bioinformatics analysis identified PRDM1 as a key regulator of proliferation, and it was selected for further investigation. RT-qPCR validated the upregulation of PRDM1 under heat stress, confirming its role in regulating cell proliferation. The results revealed that miR- 223 mimic promoted cell proliferation, with PRDM1 identified as its target gene. Importantly, after heat stress, the miR- 223 mimic or the knockdown of PRDM1 in MAC-T was proven to partially reverse the inhibition of proliferation.

CONCLUSION

Consequently, the miR- 223 targeting PRDM1 might be important in alleviating heat-stress-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. This would potentially alleviate heat stress-induced damage to the mammary gland, thereby improving milk production in dairy cows.

Machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence reveals the MicroRNAs associated with survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients

Dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in cancer development and metastasis. In literature, miRNAs have been used for the survival prediction of different types of cancers using AI. Although AI is useful for diagnosis and prognosis prediction of cancer, however, a major criticism of incorporating it into medical fields is that it is essentially a mechanistically uninterpretable opaque "black box", and hence it may not have the required level of accountability, transparency, and reliability in decisions of cancer diagnosis and prognosis for their adoption in clinical settings. Therefore, there is need to develop intelligent models which may explain their prediction so that they may be reliably used by the clinicians. As dysregulated miRNAs are reported to cause cancer metastasis hence, they can play role in survival of patient. Therefore, there is needed to develop ML based techniques which may automatically indicate specific miRNAs involved in survival of patients. In this research, Machine Learning and Explainable AI (XAI) based models have been developed for survival prediction of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC) patients using miRNA sequences and clinical datasets. miRNAs dataset contains the data of 485 HNSC patients and clinical dataset contains data of 528 patients. The proposed XAI based model explains its prediction by showing the specific miRNA sequences involved in survival of the patients to demonstrate its reliability to be used by clinicians for therapeutic decisions. In this study, it has been shown that explainable ML can provide explicit knowledge of how models make their predictions, which is necessary for increasing the trust and adoption of innovative ML techniques in oncology and healthcare.

Liquid biopsy in gynecological cancers: a translational framework from molecular insights to precision oncology and clinical practice

Liquid biopsy offers a noninvasive method to identify and monitor tumor-derived biomarkers, including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, microRNAs, and tumor-educated platelets, that provide real-time insights into the biological behavior of gynecological cancers. The detection of these markers has the potential to revolutionize cancer management by enabling earlier detection, providing novel data to personalize treatments, and predicting disease recurrence before clinical imaging and predicting disease recurrence before clinical imaging can confirm progression, thereby also guiding complex clinical decision-making. However, because this new "omics" layer introduces additional complexity, it must be fully understood, from its biological rationale to technical development and clinical integration, to prevent confusion or misapplication. That is why, focusing on 14 critical fields of inquiry, our goal is to map the current state of liquid biopsy from bench to bedside while highlighting practical considerations for clinical integration. Each topic integrates recent advances in assay sensitivity, biomarker variability, and data interpretation, underscoring how standardized protocols and robust analytical methods are pivotal for reliable results. We then translate these findings into disease-specific insights, examining how liquid biopsy could refine early detection, minimal residual disease assessment, and therapy guidance in endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancers. Although several FDA-approved assays and promising commercial tests illustrate the field's rapid evolution, many translational hurdles remain, including the need for harmonized protocols, larger prospective clinical trials, and cost-effectiveness analyses. Crucially, our synthesis clarifies the pivotal role of interdisciplinary collaboration. Oncologists, laboratory scientists, and industry partners must align on standardized procedures and clinically relevant endpoints. Without such coordination, promising biomarkers may remain confined to research settings, limiting their practical benefit. Taken together, our review offers a translational view designed to contextualize liquid biopsy in gynecological oncology.

microRNAs as Biomarkers of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer found in women. Detection of this cancer at an early stage is essential for effective treatment and a favorable prognosis. Potential early breast cancer biomarkers useful for diagnosing these tumors are microRNAs. These are small single-stranded RNA chains that can regulate the post-transcriptional expression of many different oncogenes. Cancer cells contain miRNAs that play a special role in the etiology of cancer development. The role of microRNAs in the initiation and development of breast cancer gives us great hope for the creation of molecular tools for early cancer detection. MicroRNAs are characterized by a high stability due to RNase, which protects them from degradation and enables their detection in various biological fluids. Researchers have described multiple serum microRNA signatures useful for detecting breast cancer. This review discusses the importance and potential usefulness of microRNAs in detecting breast cancer at an early stage, predicting the course of the disease, and assessing the effectiveness of treatment.

Role of noncoding RNA and protein interaction in pancreatic cancer

ABSTRACT

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules with little or no protein-coding potential. Emerging evidence indicates that ncRNAs are frequently dysregulated and play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Their aberrant expression can arise from chromosomal abnormalities, dysregulated transcriptional control, and epigenetic modifications. ncRNAs function as protein scaffolds or molecular decoys to modulate interactions between proteins and other biomolecules, thereby regulating gene expression and contributing to pancreatic cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying ncRNA dysregulation in pancreatic cancer, emphasize the biological significance of ncRNA-protein interactions, and highlight their clinical relevance. A deeper understanding of ncRNA-protein interactions is essential to elucidate molecular mechanisms and advance translational research in pancreatic cancer.

A Multimodal Therapeutic Strategy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using MicroRNA-146a Mimic Encapsulated in Lipid Nanoparticles

Dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have significant potential as diagnostic tools for various chronic diseases; however, their therapeutic applications remain largely unexplored. Given their capacity to regulate multiple pathways, miRNAs are promising candidates for treating pleiotropic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In our study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature of miRNA-146 levels in the inflamed tissues of IBD patients and murine colitis models. Initially, we quantified the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-146b in the colons of mice using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-inducedacute model of IBD. We selected miRNA-146a for further study due to its anti-inflammatory properties and potential relevance in IBD treatment. We hypothesized that a macrophage model of inflammation would be well-suited to studying the effects of this miRNA. Subsequently, we investigated the use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for the targeted delivery of miRNA-146a to macrophages, which play a key role in IBD. Our results indicated that miRNA-146a levels increased in the DSS model and LNP-mediated delivery effectively downregulated genes associated with inflammation. These findings highlight the critical role of miRNA-146a in modulating IBD and suggest that LNP-based delivery could be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing inflammatory responses.

The Pre-metastatic Niche: How Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal MicroRNA Fit into the Puzzle

Cancer metastasis is a complicated biological process that critically affects cancer progression, patient outcomes, and treatment plans. A significant step in metastasis is the formation of a pre-metastatic niche (PMN). A small subset of cells within tumors, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), possess unique characteristics including, differentiation into different cell types within the tumor, self-renewal, and resistance to conventional therapies, that enable them to initiate tumors and drive metastasis. PMN plays an important role in preparing secondary organs for the arrival and proliferation of CSCs, thereby facilitating metastasis. CSC-derived exosomes are crucial components in the complex interplay between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment. These exosomes function as transporters of various substances that can promote cancer progression, metastasis, and modulation of pre-metastatic environments by delivering microRNA (miRNA, miR) cargo. This review aims to illustrate how exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRs) secreted by CSCs can predispose PMN and promote angiogenesis and metastasis.

Network-Based Integrative Analysis to Identify Key Genes and Corresponding Reporter Biomolecules for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

The malignant neoplasm of the TNBC is the leading cause of death among Indian women. Recent studies identified the global burden of TNBC affecting approximately more than 40 percent of all BC cases in women worldwide. The absence of expression of receptors such as ER, PR, and HER2 characterizes TNBC.

OBJECTIVES

Due to the lack of specific targets, standard treatment options for TNBC are limited. This integrative study aims to identify key genes and provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of TNBC, which can potentially lead to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

This study integrates PPI and WGCNA analysis of TNBC-related datasets (GSE52194 and GSE58135) to identify key genes. Subsequently, downstream analysis is conducted to explore potential therapeutic targets for TNBC.

RESULTS

The present study renders the potential 13 key genes (PLCG2, CXCL10, CDK1, STAT1, IL6, PLK1, CCNB1, AURKA, NDC80, EGFR, 1L1B, FN1, BUB1B), along with their associated 6 TFs and 20 miRNAs, as reporter biomolecules around which the most significant changes occur. There were some miRNAs hsa-mir-449b-5p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-mir-26a-5p, hsa-mir-155-5p, hsa-mir-24-3p, hsa-mir-212-3p, hsa-mir-21-5p, hsa-mir-210-3p and hsa-mir-20a-5p whose association with other cancers and other BC subtypes have been reported but their association with TNBC need to be explored. Further, enrichment and cumulative survival analysis support the disease association of identified key genes with TNBC.

CONCLUSION

This integrative analysis could be regarded for experimental inspection as it provides the platform for future researchers in drug designing and biomarker discovery for TNBC diagnosis and treatment.

Biomimetic fluorescence-enhanced platform based on photonic crystals and DNAzyme walker for visualization and quantification of miRNA-21

Developing a fluorescence sensing platform for point-of-care detection of low abundance biomarkers is highly valuable for early diagnosis of disease. Herein, a biomimetic fluorescence-enhanced platform based on photonic crystals and DNAzyme walker was constructed and further applied to visualize and quantify the miRNA-21 in biological samples. The DNAzyme walker was orthogonally activated by the target miRNA-21, which enabled the unlocking of the DNAzyme walker strand and the subsequently repeated substrate cleavage, thus generating enhanced fluorescence signals. Meanwhile, a biomimetic photonic crystals substrate was employed to physically boost the emitted fluorescence signals again, enabling visual detection by naked eyes and quantitative analysis by smartphone. A limit of detection as low as 84.8 pM was obtained and the single base variation in miRNA-21 could also be discriminated. Furthermore, the potential application of this platform was demonstrated in spiked-urine sample and total RNA extracts, showing good agreement with RT-qPCR results. Therefore, the multiple signal amplification strategy-based fluorescent platform has the advantages of high sensitivity, good specificity, good portability and high-throughput analysis, providing a powerful tool for convenient disease diagnosis and health assessment.

A distinct alternative mRNA splicing profile identifies the oncogenic CD44 transcript variant 3 in KMT2A-rearranged pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), which constitutes of 10-15% of all pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, is known for its complex pathology due to pervasive genetic and chromosomal abnormalities. Although most children are successfully cured, chromosomal rearrangements involving the KMT2A gene is considered a poor prognostic factor. In a cohort of 171 pediatric T-ALL samples, we have studied differences in gene and splice variant patterns in KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-r) T-ALL compared with KMT2A-negative (KMT2A-wt) T-ALL samples. Our results have identified a distinct gene expression and splice variant expression pattern in pediatric KMT2A-r patient samples including significant expression of splicing regulatory markers ESRP1 and MBNL3. Additionally, the prosurvival long transcript variant of BCL2 were upregulated in KMT2A-r compared with KMT2A-wt T-ALL samples. Lastly, increased levels of activating methylation in the promoter region of CD44 were identified followed by an upregulation of the oncogenic transcript variant CD44v3 in KMT2A-r T-ALL. Together, this suggests that CD44v3 could play a potential role as gene expression-based risk stratification of KMT2A-r T-ALL and could possibly serve as a therapeutic target using splicing modulators.

Emerging Trends in Neuroblastoma Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Research

This review explores the current understanding and recent advancements in neuroblastoma, one of the most common extracranial solid pediatric cancers, accounting for ~ 15% of childhood cancer-related mortality. The hallmarks of NBL, including angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis resistance, cell cycle dysregulation, drug resistance, and responses to hypoxia and ROS, underscore its complex biology. The tumor microenvironment's significance in disease progression is acknowledged in this study, along with the pivotal role of cancer stem cells in sustaining tumor growth and heterogeneity. A number of molecular signatures are being studied in order to better understand the disease, with many of them serving as targets for the development of new therapeutics. This includes inhibitor therapies for NBL patients, which notably concentrate on ALK signaling, MDM2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt, and RAS-MAPK pathways, along with regulators of epigenetic mechanisms. Additionally, this study offers an extensive understanding of the molecular therapies used, such as monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T therapy, focused on both preclinical and clinical studies. Radiation therapy's evolving role and the promise of stem cell transplantation-mediated interventions underscore the dynamic landscape of NBL treatment. This study has also emphasized the recent progress in the field of diagnosis, encompassing the adoption of artificial intelligence and liquid biopsy as a non-intrusive approach for early detection and ongoing monitoring of NBL. Furthermore, the integration of innovative treatment approaches such as CRISPR-Cas9, and cancer stem cell therapy has also been emphasized in this review.

Identification of a Growth-Promoting Gene Cluster in the Region 2q24 as a Driver of Tumorigenesis in Childhood Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma (HB) represents the most common primary malignancy of the liver in childhood. Cytogenetic studies uncovered characteristic copy number alterations in HB. The frequent gain of chromosome 2q and particularly the recurrent 2q24 amplification suggest the presence of a so far unidentified oncogenic driver within this amplicon. High-resolution copy number profiles from 76 patients with HB were generated by using molecular inversion probe array technology. 2q gain was present in 63.2%, and 2q24 high-gain/amplification was present in 14.5% of patients analyzed. In the smallest overlapping region at 2q24.2q24.3, spanning >5.2 Mbp, 22 protein-coding genes, 2 long noncoding RNA genes, and one miRNA gene were mapped. RNA expression analysis of these smallest overlapping region genes identified RBMS1, BAZ2B, MARCH7, DPP4, FIGN, and TANK as overexpressed in 2q24 high-gain/amplified HB cases. Accordingly, these six genes were selected for further investigation. In situ, immunohistochemical staining showed higher protein expression of these genes in 2q24 high-gain HB tissue sections. In vitro, functional analyses were performed in established human HB cell lines carrying a 2q (high-)gain. Knockdown of these genes by specific siRNAs resulted in reduced proliferation and marked reduction of Wnt pathway activity. These genes located within the 2q24 amplicon might collaborate in driving cellular growth by interaction with the Wnt pathway that is known to be activated pathologically in HB.

The role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in lung cancer progression and therapy: a comprehensive review

Most instances of lung cancer (LC), which is the primary cause of cancer-related death worldwide, are non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and smoking are risk factors that lead to the development of LC, and the ineffectiveness of existing treatments emphasizes the need for innovative approaches to therapy. Through its regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cell maintenance, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling system is essential to advancing LC. This study offers a thorough examination of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in LC, emphasizing how miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), protein-coding genes, enzymes, and both natural and synthetic drugs affect this signaling. Recent research supports the dual function of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in tumor development and repression, which we describe. We also emphasize the therapeutic potential of Wnt/β-catenin inhibitors despite issues including off-target effects and bioavailability. This study highlights the potential of focusing on Wnt/β-catenin signaling to enhance LC patient outcomes by combining computational studies with molecular insights. It also lays the groundwork for further research and treatment development.

A thematic analysis of prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic of circulating miRNA biomarkers in bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma

Objective

The increasing demand for precision medicine has spurred molecular diagnostic investigations to emphasize the utility of miRNA as significant biomarkers. Recent studies have underscored miRNA's role as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in managing and monitoring multiple myeloma patients. This review aims to present the latest insights on the potential of circulating miRNA as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma.

Methods

For this purpose, a comprehensive thematic literature review from January 2014 and August 2024 was conducted utilizing the databases CINAHL, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. Twenty pertinent studies were meticulously analyzed and categorized into the following sections: Bortezomib (BTZ) resistance in multiple myeloma, the predictive role of miRNAs in BTZ resistance, the impact of circulating miRNAs in multiple myeloma, and the potential of circulating miRNA as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers.

Results

Of note, eight studies identified circulating miRNAs as diagnostic miRNA biomarkers (i.e., miR-744, miR-130a, let-7d, let-7e, miR-34a, etc.). In comparison, nine studies identified several circulating miRNAs that can be used as prognostic biomarkers (i.e., miR-20a, miR-483-5p, mir-1246, let-7a, let-7e, etc.). Moreover, five studies identified circulating miRNAs as promising therapeutic biomarkers (i.e., mir-15a, mir-92a, mir-19a, etc.). This discovery can significantly enhance early detection, accurate diagnosis, prognosis, overall survival rates, and quality of life for patients with multiple myeloma.

Conclusion

Based on this evidence, exploring circulating miRNAs as a potential noninvasive biomarker for multiple myeloma represents a noteworthy advancement. This is attributed to the abundance of miRNAs in plasma or serum, which exhibits remarkable stability against enzymatic degradation.

Direct Fluorescence Anisotropy Detection of miRNA Based on Duplex-Specific Nuclease Signal Amplification

The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is associated with various diseases, including cancer, so miRNAs are considered a potential biomarker candidate for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, the direct, rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of miRNAs remains quite challenging due to their short length, sequence homology, and low abundance. Herein, we propose a simple and homogeneous fluorescence anisotropy (FA) strategy for the direct and rapid (∼35 min) quantification of miRNA-21 based on duplex-specific nuclease (DSN)-assisted signal amplification. In the presence of target miRNA-21, the complementary single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes labeled with a single fluorophore, tetramethylrhodamine (TMR), are specifically hydrolyzed into small fragments by endonuclease DSN upon formation of the DNA/RNA hybrid, which leads to a reduction in FA due to the decrease in molecular size. However, the target miRNA remains intact during the enzymatic digestion process and is released in solution for the next round of binding, hydrolysis, and release for recycling. It is observed that the ssDNA probe labeled with TMR at the 5'-end, in which the fluorophore is nine nucleotides away from the nearest dG base to eliminate/reduce photoinduced electron transfer interaction between TMR and the dG base, exhibits the maximum FA change in response to the target miRNA-21. The change in FA enables the sensitive detection of miRNA-21 ranging from 0.050 to 2.0 nM, with a detection limit of 40 pM. In addition, this amplification strategy exhibits high selectivity and can even discriminate single-base mutations between miRNA family members. We further applied this method to detect miRNA-21 in the extract of various cancer cell lines. Therefore, this method holds great potential for miRNA analysis in tissues or cells, providing valuable information for biomedical research, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications.

Reprogramming liver metastasis-associated macrophages toward an anti-tumoral phenotype through enforced miR-342 expression

Upon metastatic seeding in the liver, liver macrophages, including Kupffer cells, acquire a transcriptional profile typical of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which support tumor progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) fine-tune TAM pro-tumoral functions, making their modulation a promising strategy for macrophage reprogramming into an anti-tumoral phenotype. Here, we analyze the transcriptomic profiles of liver and splenic macrophages, identifying miR-342-3p as a key regulator of liver macrophage function. miR-342-3p is highly active in healthy liver macrophages but significantly downregulated in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLMs). Lentiviral vector-engineered liver macrophages enforcing miR-342-3p expression acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype and reduce CRLM growth. We identify Slc7a11, a cysteine-glutamate antiporter linked to pro-tumoral activity, as a direct miR-342-3p target, which may be at least partially responsible for TAM phenotypic reprogramming. Our findings highlight the potential of in vivo miRNA modulation as a therapeutic strategy for TAM reprogramming, offering an approach to enhance cancer immunotherapy.

hsa-miR-330-5p regulates serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 1 and augments host protective immune response against Leishmania donovani infection

Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, poses a significant global health challenge, particularly in the resource-limited regions where it causes high mortality. Regardless in the progress of treatment strategies, the emergence of drug resistance and limited efficacy requires the search of novel therapy and therapeutic targets. MicroRNAs, the crucial post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, play critical roles in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we screened the miRNAs dysregulated during Leishmania donovani infection through literature search. hsa-miR-330-5p, one of the miRNAs which through human KEGG 2021 and Human Cyc 2016 analysis was found to be involved in multiple pathways including sphingolipid signaling pathway. Sphingolipids are important class of lipids involved in different cellular processes and therefore are the targets of many pathogens including Leishmania. hsa-miR-330-5p was found downregulated after 24 h of Leishmania donovani infection in THP-1 derived human macrophages. Target prediction of sphingolipid biosynthetic genes through in silico prediction tools showed 3/ UTR of serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 1 to be a target of hsa-miR-330-5p. The in silico target prediction of hsa-miR-330-5p was validated by cloning the 3/ UTR target sequence of gene, transfecting and performing luciferase assay in HEK 293 T cell line. Transfection of mimic of hsa-miR-330-5p reduced the luciferase activity which validated the in silico target prediction. Further, mimic of hsa-miR-330-5p inhibited the expression of the target gene, serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 1 and augmented the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in L. donovani infected THP-1 derived macrophages. Mimic of hsa-miR-330-5p also led to a significant reduction in the intracellular parasite burden in both THP-1 derived as well as primary human macrophages. This study has not only identified the sphingolipid biosynthesis regulatory miRNA but will also help in the development of novel and effective treatment strategy against leishmaniasis in future.

Cu2+-encapsulated DNA nanosphere and filter enable sensitive and rapid analysis of miRNA-155

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression, with aberrant levels linked to diseases such as breast cancer. Notably, they are challenging to detect due to their low abundance in complex sample matrices. In this study, a Cu2⁺-encapsulated DNA nanosphere system capable of homogeneous, enzyme-free, one-pot detection of microRNA-155 (miRNA-155) in human plasma was developed. The system employed self-assembled DNA nanospheres loaded with copper ions as specific recognizers, coupled with a filter membrane-assisted reaction to separate free-Cu2+ from residual components. Moreover, dual quantum dots (QDs) were utilized for signal output, using competitive binding to enhance sensitivity for detecting ultra-low and subtle changes in miRNA levels in complex samples. The method achieved an excellent detection performance, with a limit of detection (LOD) at the low-aM level. Additionally, it demonstrated high specificity in distinguishing between different miRNAs and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Validation using 38 clinical plasma samples achieved over 95% accuracy in identifying breast cancer patients, demonstrating 100% sensitivity and approximately 90% clinical consistency compared to imaging, pathology, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The method required minimal sample pre-treatment and was completed within 1 h. Overall, the developed method offers a reliable tool for breast cancer diagnosis and establishes a mode for extending its application to other biomarkers in the clinical setting.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Human Endoderm Differentiation

The human genome sequencing revealed a vast complexity of transcripts, with over 80% of the genome being transcribed into non-coding RNAs. In particular, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of various cellular processes, including embryonic development and stem cell differentiation. Despite extensive efforts to identify and characterize lncRNAs, defining their mechanisms of action in state-specific cellular contexts remains a significant challenge. Only recently has the involvement of lncRNAs in human endoderm differentiation of pluripotent stem cells begun to be addressed, creating an opportunity to explore the mechanisms by which lncRNAs exert their functions in germ layer formation, lineage specification, and commitment. This review summarizes current findings on the roles of lncRNAs in endoderm differentiation, highlighting the functional mechanisms and regulatory aspects underlying their involvement in cell fate decisions leading to endoderm development. The key lncRNAs implicated in endoderm differentiation are discussed, along with their interaction with transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins and modulation of signaling pathways essential for endoderm development. Gaining insight into the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in endoderm differentiation enhances the understanding of developmental biology and provides a foundation for discovering novel lncRNAs involved in cell fate determination.

Circulating microRNAs demonstrate limited diagnostic potential for diabetic retinopathy in the population of Kazakhstan

Background

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes, leading to blindness. The asymptomatic onset and the existing difficulties in diagnosing warrant the search for biomarkers that can facilitate the early diagnosis of DR. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of plasma microRNAs (miRNAs), which have previously been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of DR and differentially expressed in plasma/serum of patients, as biomarkers for DR in the Kazakhstani population.

Materials and Methods

Using quantitative RT-PCR, we compared the levels of ten candidate miRNAs in plasma among three groups: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with DR (DR patients, N = 100), T2DM patients without DR (noDR patients, N = 98), and healthy controls (N = 30).

Results

Level of miR-423-3p was significantly reduced in DR patients compared to noDR patients (pFDR = 5.4 × 10-3). Levels of miR-423-3p and miR-221-3p were significantly reduced in DR patients compared to controls (pFDR = 5.4 × 10-3 and 0.024, respectively ), level of miR-23a-3p was significantly reduced in noDR patients compared to controls (pFDR = 0.047), levels of miR-221-3p and miR-23a-3p were significantly reduced in T2DM patients (combined group) compared to controls (pFDR = 0.047, and 0.049, respectively). Also, there were several significant differences between groups formed based on clinical-pathological characteristics, but none of these results remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Correlation analysis revealed weak associations between the levels of miR-423 and miR-221-3p and DR staging (pFDR = 1.3 × 10-3 and 0.026, respectively), and fair associations between the levels of miR-29b-3p and miR-328-3p and diabetes duration in noDR patients (pFDR = 8.8 × 10-3 and 0.016, respectively). According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, only miR-23a-3p can be considered a potential biomarker with moderate informativeness for diagnosing proliferative DR (PDR); however, a larger sample size is needed to verify this finding. Furthermore, the small magnitude of observed changes in miRNA levels between groups significantly complicates classification.

Conclusions

Due to the low specificity and small magnitude of deviations from the norm, the studied miRNAs have low potential in the diagnosis of DR.

Role of MicroRNAs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

MicroRNA (miRNA), a significant class of regulatory non-coding RNA (ncRNA), can regulate the expression of numerous protein-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs). miRNA plays an important part in shaping the human transcriptome. So far, in the human genome, about 2500 miRNAs have been found. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) belongs to a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells and is characterized by the uncontrolled clonal proliferation of abnormal progenitor cells in the bone marrow and blood. For the past several years, significant scientific attention has been attracted to the role of miRNAs in AML, since alterations in the expression levels of miRNAs may contribute to AML development. This review describes the main functions of non-coding RNA classes and presents miRNA biogenesis. This study aims to review recent reports about altered microRNA expression and their influence on AML cell survival, cell cycle, and apoptotic potential. Additionally, it summarizes the correlations between miRNAs and their target mRNAs in AML and outlines the role of particular miRNAs in AML subtypes according to ELN recommendations.

Ovarian cancer and the heart: pathophysiology, chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, and new therapeutic strategies

Ovarian Cancer (OC) is recognized as the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, characterized by numerous genetic mutations that trigger uncontrolled cellular growth and replication. Emerging evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs including miRNAs and lncRNAs significantly influence OC through their multiple roles including tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and chemoresistance, making them promising diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. The primary approach to treating OC typically involves cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy. However, the chemotherapeutic agents, particularly the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (DOX), are known for their cardiotoxic effects, which can range from acute to chronic, potentially leading to heart failure and death. To enhance the overall treatment response and to minimize cardiotoxicity, alternative strategies have been explored. These include the use of liposomal doxorubicin (DOXIL) as a substitute for DOX, various radiotherapies, immunotherapies, and the co-administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or beta-blockers. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) have also demonstrated efficacy in reducing cardiotoxicity linked to cancer treatments and in promoting apoptosis in cancer cells across multiple cancer types. Although there is no current clinical trial directly examining the impact of PDE5i on reducing cardiotoxicity in OC, however emerging therapies such as Withaferin A, PARP inhibitors, and nanoparticle combination therapy show promise. Additional research is essential to develop treatments that are both effective against OC and less harmful to the heart.

Emerging Role of the p53 Pathway in Modulating NK Cell-Mediated Immunity

The p53 pathway plays an important role in role in cancer immunity. Mutation or downregulation of the proteins in the p53 pathway are prevalent in many cancers, contributing to tumor progression and immune dysregulation. Recent findings suggest that the activity of p53 within tumor cells, immune cells, and the tumor microenvironment can play an important role in modulating NK cell-mediated immunity. Consequently, efforts to restore p53 pathway activity are being actively pursued to modulate this form of immunity. This review focuses on p53 activity regulating the infiltration and activation of NK cells in the tumor immune microenvironment. Furthermore, the impact of p53 and its regulation of NK cells on immunogenic cell death within solid tumors and the abscopal effect are reviewed. Finally, future avenues for therapeutically restoring p53 activity to improve NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity and optimize the effectiveness of cancer therapies are discussed.

The tumor suppressor role and epigenetic regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in cancer and tumor microenvironment (TME)

Oxidative stress and inflammation may initiate carcinogenesis and facilitate metastasis via activation of pro-inflammatory signaling network. The side product of arachidonic acid processing by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), plays a key role in various metabolic disorders and during inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis. It has been demonstrated that PGE2 increases the proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis and other forms of programmed cell death. The expression level of PGE2 metabolizing enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is often decreased in various malignancies. However, the role of 15-PGDH and PGE2 in the regulation of carcinogenesis remains controversial. Numerous cancer cell lines and mouse models have demonstrated the role of 15-PGDH as a tumor suppressor. Downregulation of 15-PGDH increased cancer cell proliferation, migration, anchorage independent growth, colony formation while overexpression reversed these effects, by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo. The expression of 15-PGDH is regulated by various mechanisms, including (a) epigenetic alterations (methylation of promoter region, histone deacetylases, microRNAs (miR-21, miR-26a/b, miR-106b-5p, miR-146b-3p, miR-155, miR-218-5p, and miR-620)); and (b) dysregulated oxidative stress and associated mediators (elevated levels of growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL1β and TNFα)). Several transcription factors, such as HNF3β, β-catenin, Snail, Slug, can bind to 15-PGDH promoter region and downregulate the enzyme expression. In contrast, the expression of 15-PGDH can be upregulated by several anti-inflammatory cytokines and anti-cancer agents, such as IL10 and vitamin D. The functional activity of 15-PGDH protein can be modulated by signaling effectors and oxidative stress, including increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the role of oxidative stress regulator protein, i.e., nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), in the control of 15-PGDH expression remains unclear. This article provides insights and comprehensive overview of the tumor suppressor role of 15-PGDH in various cancers. Epigenetic and post-translational mechanisms regulating 15-PGDH expression and the role of novel ROS-Nrf2-15-PGDH axis were discussed and accented as potential drug targets.

MicroRNA Signatures: Illuminating Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring in Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia - A Review

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is an aggressive pediatric myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by RAS pathway mutations and significant heterogeneity. Minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring is crucial for evaluating treatment response and predicting relapse risk. MicroRNA (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs with pivotal roles in gene regulation, have emerged as promising biomarkers for JMML MRD detection. This review explores the mechanistic role of miRNAs in JMML pathogenesis, emphasizing their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential. Dysregulated miRNA profiles correlate with distinct JMML subgroups and disease progression, suggesting utility in non-invasive MRD monitoring. Emerging evidence highlights miR-150-5p as a tumor suppressor targeting STAT5b and its therapeutic potential in ameliorating JMML's aberrant signaling pathways. We compare traditional MRD methods, such as flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with miRNA-based techniques, underscoring the latter's superior sensitivity, specificity, and non-invasiveness. Recent advances in miRNA profiling technologies, including next-generation sequencing and digital PCR, enable precise detection of residual leukemic cells and support personalized treatment approaches. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in standardizing miRNA-based assays and validating their clinical utility. Ethical considerations, including patient privacy and informed consent, remain critical for integrating miRNA diagnostics into routine care. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on miRNA signatures in JMML, illuminating their transformative potential in MRD monitoring and paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies.

MicroRNAs' Significance in Retinoblastoma Diagnosis and Treatment: The Little Heroes

One in 16, 000 live births is affected by the retinal tumor RB (retinoblastoma), which is frequently found in a child's early years. Both of the RB1 alleles that have been locally mutated in the affected retina are present in 60 percent of cases. Retinoblastoma (RB) can be detected using a variety of techniques, including imaging of the brain and orbits, eye examinations under anesthesia (EUAs), and the discovery of cell-free tumor DNA in samples of aqueous humor or plasma. In addition to the conventional surgical, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy approaches to treating retinoblastoma, new approaches have also been developed. Oncogenes, genes of tumor suppressors, and other molecular elements involved in cell growth and division interact complexly during the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma. The development of new therapies depends on comprehending the function of these molecular components. As a small class of non-coding RNAs capable of altering gene expression, microRNAs (miRNA) are understood to represent potential targets for the treatment of cancer. This study aimed to describe the changes in microRNA expression in some types of cancer, with a particular focus on retinoblastoma.

Non-coding RNAs, a double-edged sword in breast cancer prognosis

Cancer is a rising issue worldwide, and numerous studies have focused on understanding the underlying reasons for its occurrence and finding proper ways to defeat it. By applying technological advances, researchers are continuously uncovering and updating treatments in cancer therapy. Their vast functions in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation and their significant role in the progression of diseases, including cancer. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ncRNAs in breast cancer, focusing on long non-coding RNAs such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, and NEAT1, as well as microRNAs such as miR-21, miR-221/222, and miR-155. These ncRNAs are pivotal in regulating cell proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and apoptosis. Additionally, we discuss experimental approaches that are useful for studying them and highlight the advantages and challenges of each method. We then explain the results of these clinical trials and offer insights for future studies by discussing major existing gaps. On the basis of an extensive number of studies, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of ncRNAs in cancer therapy. Key findings show that even though the functions of ncRNAs are vast and undeniable in cancer, there are still complications associated with their therapeutic use. Moreover, there is an absence of sufficient experiments regarding their application in mouse models, which is an area to work on. By emphasizing the crucial role of ncRNAs, this review underscores the need for innovative approaches and further studies to explore their potential in cancer therapy.

Circulating MicroRNAs: functional biomarkers for melanoma prognosis and treatment

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) hold significant promise as circulating cancer biomarkers and unlike many other molecular markers, they can provide valuable insights that extend beyond tumour biology. The expression of circulating miRNAs may parallel the cellular composition and dynamic activity within the tumour microenvironment and reveal systemic immune responses. The functional complexity of miRNAs-where a single miRNA can regulate multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to fine tune fundamental processes, and a single mRNA can be targeted by multiple miRNAs-underscores their broad significance and impact. However, this complexity poses significant challenges for translating miRNA research into clinical practice. In melanoma, specific miRNA signatures have shown notable diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value, with lineage-specific and immune-related miRNAs frequently identified as valuable markers. In this review, we explore the role of circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers in melanoma, and highlight the current status and advances required to translate miRNA research into therapeutic opportunities.