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Gomatou G, Masaoutis C, Vamvakaris I, Kotteas E, Bouros E, Tzilas V, Bouros D. Differential immunohistochemical expression of hTERT in lung cancer patients with and without idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonology 2024; 30:214-221. [PMID: 35153179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase enzyme, which adds nucleotides to telomeres and counteracts their length shortening. The development of a telomere maintenance mechanism represents a hallmark of cancer. On the other hand, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is associated with mutations in telomerase genes and shorter telomeres. IPF is frequently complicated with lung cancer. AIM To investigate the expression of hTERT in lung cancer with co-existing IPF and to compare with lung cancer without fibrosis. METHODS Diagnostic lung cancerous biopsies were retrieved from 18 patients with lung cancer and concomitant IPF, as well as 18 age and gender matched controls with lung cancer without pulmonary fibrosis. The expression of hTERT was studied with immunohistochemistry. ImajeJ software was used to quantitate subcellular stain intensity. Immunohistochemical investigation of two senescence-associated markers, p16 and p21, was also performed in all 36 cases. RESULTS Both groups highly expressed hTERT, without significant difference (100% vs 95%, p = 0.521). Evaluation of p16 and p21 immunostaining revealed negative to minimal immunoreactivity in both groups. hTERT localization exhibited higher median nuclear intensity in the group of lung cancer with IPF (0.62 vs 0.45, p = 0.016), while cytoplasmic intensity did not differ significantly (0.17 vs 0.15, p = 0.463). Higher median nuclear intensity was also correlated with small cell lung cancer subtype in the whole study sample (0.69 vs 0.45, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION hTERT is highly expressed in lung cancer with concomitant IPF, but with differential localization compared to lung cancer without IPF, implying differences in pathogenicity and requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gomatou
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - C Masaoutis
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I Vamvakaris
- Department of Pathology, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, Athens, Greece
| | - E Kotteas
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Bouros
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - V Tzilas
- Center for Diseases of the Chest, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece
| | - D Bouros
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, "Sotiria" Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Center for Diseases of the Chest, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece
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Pyreddy S, Poddar A, Carraro F, Polash SA, Dekiwadia C, Murdoch B, Nasa Z, Reddy TS, Falcaro P, Shukla R. Targeting telomerase utilizing zeolitic imidazole frameworks as non-viral gene delivery agents across different cancer cell types. Biomater Adv 2023; 149:213420. [PMID: 37062125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein coded by the hTERT gene, plays an important role in cellular immortalization and carcinogenesis. hTERT is a suitable target for cancer therapeutics as its activity is highly upregulated in most of cancer cells but absent in normal somatic cells. Here, by employing the two Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), viz. ZIF-C and ZIF-8, based biomineralization we encapsulate Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 plasmid system that targets hTERT gene (CrhTERT) in cancer cells. When comparing the two biocomposites, ZIF-C shows the better loading capacity and cell viability. The loaded plasmid in ZIF-C is highly protected against enzymatic degradation. CrhTERT@ZIF-C is efficiently endocytosed by cancer cells and the subcellular release of CrhTERT leads to telomerase knockdown. The resultant inhibition of hTERT expression decreases cellular proliferation and causing cancer cell death. Furthermore, hTERT knockdown shows a significant reduction in tumour metastasis and alters protein expression. Collectively we show the high potential of ZIF-C-based biocomposites as a promising general tool for gene therapy of different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneela Pyreddy
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Arpita Poddar
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria 3350, Australia
| | - Francesco Carraro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Shakil Ahmed Polash
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | - Billy Murdoch
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Zeyad Nasa
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - T Srinivasa Reddy
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Ravi Shukla
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Materials & Industrial Chemistry, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Maggadóttir SM, Kvalheim G, Wernhoff P, Sæbøe-Larssen S, Revheim ME, Josefsen D, Wälchli S, Helland Å, Inderberg EM. A phase I/II escalation trial design T-RAD: Treatment of metastatic lung cancer with mRNA-engineered T cells expressing a T cell receptor targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Front Oncol 2022; 12:1031232. [PMID: 36439452 PMCID: PMC9685610 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1031232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with genetically modified T cells aims to redirect T cells against resistant cancers through introduction of a T cell receptor (TCR). The Radium-4 TCR was isolated from a responding patient in a cancer vaccination study and recognizes the enzymatic component of human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) presented on MHC class II (HLA-DP04). hTERT is a constitutively overexpressed tumor-associated antigen present in most human cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the second most common type of cancer worldwide. Treatment alternatives for relapsing NSCLC are limited and survival is poor. To improve patient outcome we designed a TCR-based ACT study targeting hTERT. Methods T-RAD is a phase I/II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Radium-4 mRNA electroporated autologous T cells in the treatment of metastatic NSCLC with no other treatment option. Transient TCR expression is applied for safety considerations. Participants receive two intravenous injections with escalating doses of redirected T cells weekly for 6 consecutive weeks. Primary objectives are safety and tolerability. Secondary objectives include progression-free survival, time to progression, overall survival, patient reported outcomes and overall radiological response. Discussion Treatment for metastatic NSCLC is scarce and new personalized treatment options are in high demand. hTERT is a tumor target applicable to numerous cancer types. This proof-of-concept study will explore for the first time the safety and efficacy of TCR mRNA electroporated autologous T cells targeting hTERT. The T-RAD study will thus evaluate an attractive candidate for future immunotherapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sólrún Melkorka Maggadóttir
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrik Wernhoff
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Sæbøe-Larssen
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dag Josefsen
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Section for Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Else Marit Inderberg,
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Yang L, Li N, Wang M, Zhang YH, Yan LD, Zhou W, Yu ZQ, Peng XC, Cai J. Tumorigenic effect of TERT and its potential therapeutic target in NSCLC (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:182. [PMID: 34278503 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases, is commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a high patient mortality rate. Despite the increasing availability of treatment strategies, the prognosis of patients with NSCLC remains poor, with a low 5‑year survival rate. This poor prognosis may be associated with the tumor heterogeneity of NSCLC, as well as its acquisition and intrinsic resistance to therapeutic drugs. It has been suggested that combination therapy with telomerase inhibition may be an effective strategy for the treatment of drug‑sensitive and drug‑resistant types of cancer. Telomerase is the key enzyme for cell survival, and ~90% of human cancers maintain telomeres by activating telomerase, which is driven by the upregulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Several mechanisms of telomerase reactivation have been described in a variety of cancer types, including TERT promoter mutation, epigenetic modifications via a TERT promoter, TERT amplification, and TERT rearrangement. The aim of the present study was to comprehensively review telomerase activity and its association with the clinical characteristics and prognosis of NSCLC, as well as analyze the potential mechanism via which TERT activates telomerase and determine its potential clinical application in NSCLC. More importantly, current treatment strategies targeting TERT in NSCLC have been summarized with the aim to promote discovery of novel strategies for the future treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Da Yan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiong Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
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Heaphy CM, Haffner MC, Graham MK, Lim D, Davis C, Corey E, Epstein JI, Eisenberger MA, Wang H, De Marzo AM, Meeker AK, Lotan TL. Telomere lengths differ significantly between small-cell neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Hum Pathol 2020; 101:70-9. [PMID: 32389660 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) of the prostate is an aggressive subtype with frequent TP53 mutation and RB1 inactivation; however, the molecular phenotype remains an area of investigation. Here, we compared telomere lengths in prostatic SCNC and usual-type prostatic adenocarcinoma (AdCa). We studied 32 cases of prostatic SCNC (including 11 cases with concurrent AdCa) and 347 cases of usual-type AdCa on tissue microarrays. Telomere lengths in tumor cells were qualitatively compared with those in normal cells using a telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. ERG, PTEN, and TP53 status were assessed in a proportion of cases using genetically validated immunohistochemistry protocols. Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of cases were compared between the telomere groups using the chi-square test.A significantly higher proportion of prostatic SCNC cases (50%, 16/32) showed normal/long telomeres compared with AdCa cases (11%, 39/347; P < 0.0001). In 82% (9/11) of cases with concurrent SCNC and AdCa, the paired components were concordant for telomere length status. Among AdCa cases, the proportion of cases with normal/long telomeres significantly increased with increasing tumor grade group (P = 0.01) and pathologic stage (P = 0.02). Cases with normal/long telomeres were more likely to be ERG positive (P = 0.04) and to have TP53 missense mutation (P = 0.01) than cases with short telomeres.Normal or long telomere lengths are significantly more common in prostatic SCNC than in AdCa and are similar between concurrent SCNC and AdCa tumors, supporting a common origin. Among AdCa cases, longer telomere lengths are significantly associated with high-risk pathologic and molecular features.
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Potharaju M, Mathavan A, Mangaleswaran B, Patil S, John R, Ghosh S, Kalavakonda C, Ghosh M, Verma RS. Clinicopathological Analysis of HIF-1alpha and TERT on Survival Outcome in Glioblastoma Patients: A Prospective, Single Institution Study. J Cancer 2019; 10:2397-2406. [PMID: 31258744 PMCID: PMC6584346 DOI: 10.7150/jca.32909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a highly malignant and aggressive primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis. We studied the association of immunohistochemical expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and tumor protein p53 with overall survival (OS) in glioblastoma patients uniformly treated by standard of care, with adequate follow-up. In 87 patient samples studied, 59 were male and 28 were female. The median age was 55 years. The median follow-up was 27.7 months and the median overall survival was 14.9 months. Nuclear staining of HIF-1α was expressed in all samples and scored as strong in 42 (48%) and weak in 45 (52%). Multivariable Cox regression revealed strong HIF-1α expression as an independent poor prognostic factor (Hazard Ratio 2.12, 95% CI 1.20 - 3.74, P = 0.01). There was a statistically significant difference in OS (9.8 months vs. 16.3 months) between the “HIF-1α - strong and TERT - strong” and the “HIF-1α - weak and TERT - weak” patient subgroups, as evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis (P = 0.005). In our study, HIF-1α expression was an independent predictor of OS. The subgroup of patients with strong expression of both HIF-1α and TERT had the poorest prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadev Potharaju
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Chennai - 600035, India
| | - Anugraha Mathavan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Chennai - 600035, India
| | | | - Sushama Patil
- Department of Pathology, Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Chennai - 600035, India
| | - Reginald John
- Department of Neurosurgery, Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Chennai - 600035, India
| | - Siddhartha Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Chennai - 600035, India
| | | | - Mitra Ghosh
- Department of Pathology, Apollo Speciality Hospitals, Chennai - 600035, India
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Chen E, Bao Z, Zhen H, Chen Y, Wu C, Zhang J, Xu H, Ding Y, Wang Y, Yu F, Lu G, Chen J, Zhang P, Yao Y, Liu S, Xuan J, Xia F, Chen R, Su B, Zhou J. Template-ready PCR method for detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA in sputum. Anal Biochem 2019; 577:34-41. [PMID: 30991019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in tissue is a biomarker of lung cancer, but hTERT mRNA in sputum had not been successfully detected with conventional reverse transcription PCR methods. Here, we developed a novel PCR protocol: Template-Ready PCR (TRPCR), to detect sputum hTERT mRNA, in which probes serve as templates of amplification. While free probes and dsDNA were removed in template preparation through aspiration and restriction digestion, probes that formed into heterocomplex with target RNA remained intact for PCR amplification. By fishing out the heterocomplex and amplifying the probes, TRPCR achieved sensitivity higher than reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). ROC curve of sputum hTERT mRNA by TRPCR assay showed the discrimination in high sensitivity and specificity between patients with lung cancer and lung cancer-free donors at the PCR Ct cutoff of 33. We further validated this approach through TRPCR assay of sputum from 858 lung cancer patients and 480 non-malignant pulmonary disease patients. 722 (84.2%) cases from 858 with lung cancer patients were detected as positive, whereas 461 (96.0%) cases from 480 non-malignant pulmonary disease patients were detected as negative, suggesting that TRPCR assay of sputum hTERT mRNA can serve as a non-invasive molecular diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Koslow M, Shitrit D, Israeli-Shani L, Uziel O, Beery E, Osadchy A, Refaely Y, Shochet GE, Amiel A. Peripheral blood telomere alterations in ground glass opacity (GGO) lesions may suggest malignancy. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:1009-1015. [PMID: 30864244 PMCID: PMC6449235 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A ground glass opacity (GGO) lung lesion may represent early stage adenocarcinoma, which has an excellent prognosis upon prompt surgical resection. However, GGO lesions have broad differential diagnoses, including both benign and malignant lesions. Our objective was to study telomere length and telomerase activity in patients with suspected lung cancer in which GGO was the predominant radiographic feature. Knowledge of telomere biology may help distinguish malignant from benign radiographic lesions and guide risk assessment of these lesions. Peripheral blood samples were taken from 22 patients with suspected adenocarcinoma with the GGO radiographic presentation. Multidisciplinary discussion confirmed the need for surgery in all cases. We used an age and gender‐matched group without known lung disease as a control. Telomere length and aggregates were assessed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (QFISH) and quantitative PCR. Cell senescence was evaluated by senescence‐associated heterochromatin foci. Subjects with GGO lesions had a higher percentage of lymphocytes with shorter telomeres (Q‐FISH, P = 0.003). Furthermore, relative telomere length was also reduced among the GGO cases (qPCR, P < 0.05). Increased senescence was observed in the GGO group compared to controls (P < 0.001), with significant correlation between the senescence‐associated heterochromatin foci and aggregate formation (r = −0.7 and r = −0.44 for cases and controls, respectively). In conclusion, patients with resectable early adenocarcinoma demonstrate abnormal telomere length and cell senescence in peripheral blood leukocytes compared to control subjects. Abnormal telomere biology in the peripheral blood may increase suspicion of early adenocarcinoma among patients with GGO lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Koslow
- Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, INOVA Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia USA
| | - David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lilach Israeli-Shani
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Uziel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Einat Beery
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Alexandra Osadchy
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Yael Refaely
- Surgical Department, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gali Epstein Shochet
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aliza Amiel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Genetic Institute, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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Li Y, Xiang C, Shen N, Deng L, Luo X, Yuan P, Ji Z, Li J, Cheng L. Functional polymorphisms on chromosome 5p15.33 disturb telomere biology and confer the risk of non‐small cell lung cancer in Chinese population. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:913-921. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Lingyan Deng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xia Luo
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Peihong Yuan
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhi Ji
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Torén W, Ansari D, Andersson R. Immunohistochemical investigation of prognostic biomarkers in resected colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 30602942 PMCID: PMC6307223 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have investigated the prognostic role of biomarkers in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). However, no biomarker has been established in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to scrutinize the current literature for biomarkers evaluated by immunohistochemistry as prognostic markers in patients with resected CRLM. Methods A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Articles were identified in the PubMed database with selected search terms and by cross-references search. The REMARK quality criteria were applied. Markers were included if they reported the prognostic impact of immunohistochemical markers in a multivariable setting in relation to overall survival (OS). A meta-analysis was conducted when more than one original article provided survival data of a marker. Results In total, 26 biomarkers were identified as independent significant markers for OS in resected CRLM. These biomarkers were found to be involved in multiple oncogenic signalling pathways that control cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis and evasion of immune detection. Among these biomarker candidates were Ki-67, EGFR, p53, hTERT, CD34, TSP-1, KISS1, Aurora kinase A and CDX2. CD34 and TSP-1 were reported as significantly associated with survival by more than one study and where therefore pooled in a meta-analysis. Conclusion A number of independent prognostic biomarkers for resected CRLM were identified. However, most markers were evaluated in a retrospective setting with small patient cohorts, without external validation. Large, prospective, multicentre studies with standardised methods are needed before biomarkers can translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Torén
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Gray JE, Chiappori A, Williams CC, Tanvetyanon T, Haura EB, Creelan BC, Kim J, Boyle TA, Pinder-Schenck M, Khalil F, Altiok S, Devane R, Noyes D, Mediavilla-Varela M, Smilee R, Hopewell EL, Kelley L, Antonia SJ. A phase I/randomized phase II study of GM.CD40L vaccine in combination with CCL21 in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1853-1862. [PMID: 30209589 PMCID: PMC6244998 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The GM.CD40L vaccine, which recruits and activates dendritic cells, migrates to lymph nodes, activating T cells and leading to systemic tumor cell killing. When combined with the CCL21 chemokine, which recruits T cells and enhances T-cell responses, additive effects have been demonstrated in non-small cell lung cancer mouse models. Here, we compared GM.CD40L versus GM.CD40L plus CCL21 (GM.CD40L.CCL21) in lung adenocarcinoma patients with ≥ 1 line of treatment. In this phase I/II randomized trial (NCT01433172), patients received intradermal vaccines every 14 days (3 doses) and then monthly (3 doses). A two-stage minimax design was used. During phase I, no dose-limiting toxicities were shown in three patients who received GM.CD40L.CCL21. During phase II, of evaluable patients, 5/33 patients (15.2%) randomized for GM.DCD40L (p = .023) and 3/32 patients (9.4%) randomized for GM.DCD40L.CCL21 (p = .20) showed 6-month progression-free survival. Median overall survival was 9.3 versus 9.5 months with GM.DCD40L versus GM.DCD40L.CCL21 (95% CI 0.70–2.25; p = .44). For GM.CD40L versus GM.CD40L.CCL21, the most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were grade 1/2 injection site reaction (51.4% versus 61.1%) and grade 1/2 fatigue (35.1% versus 47.2%). Grade 1 immune-mediated TRAEs were isolated to skin. No patients showed evidence of pseudo-progression or immune-related TRAEs of grade 1 or greater of pneumonitis, endocrinopathy, or colitis, and none discontinued treatment due to toxicity. Although we found no significant associations between vaccine immunogenicity and outcomes, in limited biopsies, one patient treated with GMCD40L.CCL21 displayed abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This possible effectiveness warrants further investigation of GM.CD40L in combination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhanelle E Gray
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB1, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Alberto Chiappori
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB1, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Charlie C Williams
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB1, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Tawee Tanvetyanon
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB1, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB1, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Ben C Creelan
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB1, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Theresa A Boyle
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Farah Khalil
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Soner Altiok
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca Devane
- Clinical Trials Office, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David Noyes
- Clinical Science Lab (Antonia Lab), H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Melanie Mediavilla-Varela
- Clinical Science Lab (Antonia Lab), H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Renee Smilee
- Cell Therapy Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Emily L Hopewell
- Cell Therapy Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Linda Kelley
- Cell Therapy Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Scott J Antonia
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB1, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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12
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Li X, Xu X, Fang J, Wang L, Mu Y, Zhang P, Yao Z, Ma Z, Liu Z. Rs2853677 modulates Snail1 binding to the TERT enhancer and affects lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37825-37838. [PMID: 27191258 PMCID: PMC5122352 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that SNPs in non-coding regions are associated with inherited susceptibility to cancer. The effect of one single SNP, however, is weak. To identify potential co-factors of SNPs, we investigated the underlying mechanism by which SNPs affect lung cancer susceptibility. We found that rs2853677 is located within the Snail1 binding site in a TERT enhancer. This enhancer increases TERT transcription when juxtaposed to the TERT promoter. The binding of Snail1 to the enhancer disrupts enhancer-promoter colocalization and silences TERT transcription. The high risk variant of rs2853677 disrupts the Snail1 binding site and derepresses TERT expression in response to Snail1 upregulation, thus increasing lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility. Our data suggest that Snail1 may be a co-factor of rs2853677 for predicting lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Li
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Fang
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanchao Mu
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Ma
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Sasai K, Takao-Rikitsu E, Sukezane T, Yanagita E, Nakagawa H, Itoh-Yagi M, Izumi Y, Itoh T, Akagi T. Engineering cancer stem-like cells from normal human lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175147. [PMID: 28380052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that a subpopulation of tumour cells with stem cell-like characteristics, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), drives tumour initiation and generates tumour heterogeneity, thus leading to cancer metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance. Although there has been substantial progress in CSC research into many solid tumour types, an understanding of the biology of CSCs in lung cancer remains elusive, mainly because of their heterogeneous origins and high plasticity. Here, we demonstrate that engineered lung cancer cells derived from normal human airway basal epithelial cells possessed CSC-like characteristics in terms of multilineage differentiation potential and strong tumour-initiating ability. Moreover, we established an in vitro 3D culture system that allowed the in vivo differentiation process of the CSC-like cells to be recapitulated. This engineered CSC model provides valuable opportunities for studying the biology of CSCs and for exploring and evaluating novel therapeutic approaches and targets in lung CSCs.
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14
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Chen Z, Wang J, Bai Y, Wang S, Yin X, Xiang J, Li X, He M, Zhang X, Wu T, Xu P, Guo H. The associations of TERT-CLPTM1L variants and TERT mRNA expression with the prognosis of early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 24:20-27. [PMID: 27982019 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified TERT-CLPTM1L as plausible causative locus for lung cancer development. This study aimed to investigate the associations of genetic variations in TERT-CLPTM1L and the expression level of TERT with the survival of early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We selected three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of TERT-CLPTM1L (rs2853669, rs2736108 and rs31490) and genotyped in 140 early stage NSCLC patients by TaqMan assay. Associations between these variations and survival outcome of early stage NSCLC patients were further investigated. We also used TCGA data to evaluate the associations of TERT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and survival outcome of early stage NSCLC patients. Survival analysis showed that, compared with early NSCLC patients carrying TERT rs2853669 TT+TC genotypes, patients with rs2853669 CC genotype had significantly longer median survival time (MST=102.2 vs 52.4 months; log-rank P=0.028) and lower death risk [hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI))=0.38(0.17-0.82), P=0.014]. Early NSCLC patients carrying TERT rs2736108 AA genotype had significantly shorter MST (MST=29.0 vs 63.3 months; log-rank P=0.020) and increased death risk [HR (95% CI)=2.22(1.01-5.80), P=0.046], when compared with patients carrying rs2736108 GG genotypes. TCGA data revealed that early NSCLC patients with higher expression level of TERT mRNA in lung tumor tissues had a longer MST and decreased death risk than those with low expression level of TERT mRNA [MST=54.4 vs 49.0 months; log-rank P=0.041; adjusted HR (95% CI)=0.68(0.50-0.94)]. These findings may add potential evidence to understand the prognostic value of TERT and provide a new prospect of individualized prevention and treatment for early stage NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation Staff-Worker Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Bai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Yin
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation Staff-Worker Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - J Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation Staff-Worker Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - T Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - P Xu
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation Staff-Worker Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - H Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Park SM, Wong DJ, Ooi CC, Kurtz DM, Vermesh O, Aalipour A, Suh S, Pian KL, Chabon JJ, Lee SH, Jamali M, Say C, Carter JN, Lee LP, Kuschner WG, Schwartz EJ, Shrager JB, Neal JW, Wakelee HA, Diehn M, Nair VS, Wang SX, Gambhir SS. Molecular profiling of single circulating tumor cells from lung cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8379-86. [PMID: 27956614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608461113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are established cancer biomarkers for the "liquid biopsy" of tumors. Molecular analysis of single CTCs, which recapitulate primary and metastatic tumor biology, remains challenging because current platforms have limited throughput, are expensive, and are not easily translatable to the clinic. Here, we report a massively parallel, multigene-profiling nanoplatform to compartmentalize and analyze hundreds of single CTCs. After high-efficiency magnetic collection of CTC from blood, a single-cell nanowell array performs CTC mutation profiling using modular gene panels. Using this approach, we demonstrated multigene expression profiling of individual CTCs from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with remarkable sensitivity. Thus, we report a high-throughput, multiplexed strategy for single-cell mutation profiling of individual lung cancer CTCs toward minimally invasive cancer therapy prediction and disease monitoring.
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16
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Liu L, Huang J, Wang K, Li L, Li Y, Yuan J, Wei S. Identification of hallmarks of lung adenocarcinoma prognosis using whole genome sequencing. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38016-28. [PMID: 26497366 PMCID: PMC4741981 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with clinical characteristics, prognostic biomarkers are essential for choosing optimal therapies to lower the mortality of lung adenocarcinoma. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 7 cancerous-noncancerous tissue pairs was performed to explore the comparative copy number variations (CNVs) associated with lung adenocarcinoma. The frequencies of top ranked CNVs were verified in an independent set of 114 patients and then the roles of target CNVs in disease prognosis were assessed in 313 patients. The WGS yielded 2604 CNVs. After frequency validation and biological function screening of top 10 CNVs, 9 mutant driver genes from 7 CNVs were further analyzed for an association with survival. Compared with the PBXIP1 amplified copy number, unamplified carriers had a 0.62-fold (95%CI = 0.43–0.91) decreased risk of death. Compared with an amplified TERT, those with an unamplified TERT had a 35% reduction (95% CI = 3%–56%) in risk of lung adenocarcinoma progression. Cases with both unamplified PBXIP1 and TERT had a median 34.32-month extension of overall survival and 34.55-month delay in disease progression when compared with both amplified CNVs. This study demonstrates that CNVs of TERT and PBXIP1 have the potential to translate into the clinic and be used to improve outcomes for patients with this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yangkai Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jingsong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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17
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Niwa O, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Globus RK, Harrison JD, Hendry JH, Jacob P, Martin MT, Seed TM, Shay JW, Story MD, Suzuki K, Yamashita S. ICRP Publication 131: Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2016; 44:7-357. [PMID: 26637346 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315595585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a review of stem cells/progenitor cells and their responses to ionising radiation in relation to issues relevant to stochastic effects of radiation that form a major part of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's system of radiological protection. Current information on stem cell characteristics, maintenance and renewal, evolution with age, location in stem cell 'niches', and radiosensitivity to acute and protracted exposures is presented in a series of substantial reviews as annexes concerning haematopoietic tissue, mammary gland, thyroid, digestive tract, lung, skin, and bone. This foundation of knowledge of stem cells is used in the main text of the report to provide a biological insight into issues such as the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model, cancer risk among tissues, dose-rate effects, and changes in the risk of radiation carcinogenesis by age at exposure and attained age. Knowledge of the biology and associated radiation biology of stem cells and progenitor cells is more developed in tissues that renew fairly rapidly, such as haematopoietic tissue, intestinal mucosa, and epidermis, although all the tissues considered here possess stem cell populations. Important features of stem cell maintenance, renewal, and response are the microenvironmental signals operating in the niche residence, for which a well-defined spatial location has been identified in some tissues. The identity of the target cell for carcinogenesis continues to point to the more primitive stem cell population that is mostly quiescent, and hence able to accumulate the protracted sequence of mutations necessary to result in malignancy. In addition, there is some potential for daughter progenitor cells to be target cells in particular cases, such as in haematopoietic tissue and in skin. Several biological processes could contribute to protecting stem cells from mutation accumulation: (a) accurate DNA repair; (b) rapidly induced death of injured stem cells; (c) retention of the DNA parental template strand during divisions in some tissue systems, so that mutations are passed to the daughter differentiating cells and not retained in the parental cell; and (d) stem cell competition, whereby undamaged stem cells outcompete damaged stem cells for residence in the niche. DNA repair mainly occurs within a few days of irradiation, while stem cell competition requires weeks or many months depending on the tissue type. The aforementioned processes may contribute to the differences in carcinogenic radiation risk values between tissues, and may help to explain why a rapidly replicating tissue such as small intestine is less prone to such risk. The processes also provide a mechanistic insight relevant to the LNT model, and the relative and absolute risk models. The radiobiological knowledge also provides a scientific insight into discussions of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor currently used in radiological protection guidelines. In addition, the biological information contributes potential reasons for the age-dependent sensitivity to radiation carcinogenesis, including the effects of in-utero exposure.
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18
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Kachuri L, Amos CI, McKay JD, Johansson M, Vineis P, Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Boutron-Ruault MC, Johansson M, Quirós J, Sieri S, Travis RC, Weiderpass E, Le Marchand L, Henderson BE, Wilkens L, Goodman GE, Chen C, Doherty JA, Christiani DC, Wei Y, Su L, Tworoger S, Zhang X, Kraft P, Zaridze D, Field JK, Marcus MW, Davies MP, Hyde R, Caporaso NE, Landi MT, Severi G, Giles GG, Liu G, McLaughlin JR, Li Y, Xiao X, Fehringer G, Zong X, Denroche RE, Zuzarte PC, McPherson JD, Brennan P, Hung RJ. Fine mapping of chromosome 5p15.33 based on a targeted deep sequencing and high density genotyping identifies novel lung cancer susceptibility loci. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:96-105. [PMID: 26590902 PMCID: PMC4715236 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 5p15.33 has been identified as a lung cancer susceptibility locus, however the underlying causal mechanisms were not fully elucidated. Previous fine-mapping studies of this locus have relied on imputation or investigated a small number of known, common variants. This study represents a significant advance over previous research by investigating a large number of novel, rare variants, as well as their underlying mechanisms through telomere length. Variants for this fine-mapping study were identified through a targeted deep sequencing (average depth of coverage greater than 4000×) of 576 individuals. Subsequently, 4652 SNPs, including 1108 novel SNPs, were genotyped in 5164 cases and 5716 controls of European ancestry. After adjusting for known risk loci, rs2736100 and rs401681, we identified a new, independent lung cancer susceptibility variant in LPCAT1: rs139852726 (OR = 0.46, P = 4.73×10(-9)), and three new adenocarcinoma risk variants in TERT: rs61748181 (OR = 0.53, P = 2.64×10(-6)), rs112290073 (OR = 1.85, P = 1.27×10(-5)), rs138895564 (OR = 2.16, P = 2.06×10(-5); among young cases, OR = 3.77, P = 8.41×10(-4)). In addition, we found that rs139852726 (P = 1.44×10(-3)) was associated with telomere length in a sample of 922 healthy individuals. The gene-based SKAT-O analysis implicated TERT as the most relevant gene in the 5p15.33 region for adenocarcinoma (P = 7.84×10(-7)) and lung cancer (P = 2.37×10(-5)) risk. In this largest fine-mapping study to investigate a large number of rare and novel variants within 5p15.33, we identified novel lung and adenocarcinoma susceptibility loci with large effects and provided support for the role of telomere length as the potential underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kachuri
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Christopher I. Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - James D. McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, CEDEX 08, 69372, France
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, CEDEX 08, 69372, France
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), 10126Torino, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - H.Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Lifestyle, Genes and Health: Integrative Trans-Generational Epidemiology, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018 94805, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave RoussyF-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - J.Ramón Quirós
- Public Health Directorate Asturias, CP 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ruth C. Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | | | | | - Lynne Wilkens
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Gary E. Goodman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chu Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Su
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shelley Tworoger
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Zaridze
- Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - John K. Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael W. Marcus
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael P.A. Davies
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Russell Hyde
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Neil E. Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), 10126Torino, Italy
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Lifestyle, Genes and Health: Integrative Trans-Generational Epidemiology, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018 94805, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave RoussyF-94805, Villejuif, France
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - John R. McLaughlin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V2, Canada, and
| | - Yafang Li
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Xiangjun Xiao
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Gord Fehringer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Xuchen Zong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Robert E. Denroche
- Genome Technologies, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Philip C. Zuzarte
- Genome Technologies, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - John D. McPherson
- Genome Technologies, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, CEDEX 08, 69372, France
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
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Chen W, Lu J, Qin Y, Wang J, Tian Y, Shi D, Wang S, Xiao Y, Dai M, Liu L, Wei G, Wu T, Jin B, Xiao X, Kang TB, Huang W, Deng W. Ret finger protein-like 3 promotes tumor cell growth by activating telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in human lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11909-23. [PMID: 25481043 PMCID: PMC4322990 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified ret finger protein-like 3 (RFPL3) as a hTERT promoter binding protein in lung cancer cells. The high hTERT promoter-binding activity of RFPL3 was detected in lung cancer cells compared to normal cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed RFPL3 as a tumor-specific hTERT promoter binding protein. Overexpression of RFPL3 activated hTERT promoter and up-regulated hTERT expression and telomerase activity. Inhibition of RFPL3 expression by siRNA suppressed hTERT promoter activation and telomerase activity. Inhibition of RFPL3 by siRNA or shRNA also significantly inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of 181 human lung adenocarcinomas specimens showed a significant correlation between RFPL3 and hTERT expression. The overexpression of RFPL3 was also associated significantly with lymph node metastasis. Univariate and multivariate Cox model analyses of NSCLC clinical specimens revealed a strong correlation between RFPL3 expression and overall survival. These results demonstrate that RFPL3 is an important cellular factor which promotes lung cancer growth by activating hTERT expression and may be a potential novel therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbing Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingbo Shi
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng Dai
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Taihua Wu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bilian Jin
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell & The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangsheng Xiao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie-Bang Kang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug for Tumors of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Double Bioproduct Inc., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug for Tumors of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Double Bioproduct Inc., Guangzhou, China
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20
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Yoo SS, Do SK, Choi JE, Lee SY, Lee J, Cha SI, Kim CH, Park JY. TERT Polymorphism rs2853669 Influences on Lung Cancer Risk in the Korean Population. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1423-8. [PMID: 26425038 PMCID: PMC4575930 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.10.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Short telomeres are known as one of the risk factors for human cancers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the association between 6 polymorphisms, which were related with short telomere length in the Korean population, and lung cancer risk using 1,100 cases and 1,096 controls. Among the 6 polymorphisms, TERT rs2853669 was significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk under a recessive model (odds ratio [OR]=1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.05-1.81, P=0.02). The effect of rs2853669 on lung cancer risk was significant in younger individuals (OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.18-2.54, P=0.005) and adenocarcinoma (OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.07-2.07, P=0.02). Our results suggest that a common functional promoter polymorphism, TERT rs2853669, may influence both telomere length and lung cancer risk in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Soo Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sook Kyung Do
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Eun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Ick Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Daegu, Korea
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21
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Zhao X, Wang S, Wu J, Li X, Wang X, Gao Z, Wu W, Wang H, Wang J, Qian J, Ma K, Li H, Han B, Bai C, Li Q, Liu W, Lu D. Association of TERT Polymorphisms with Clinical Outcome of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129232. [PMID: 26020272 PMCID: PMC4447454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TERT is of great importance in cancer initiation and progression. Many studies have demonstrated the TERT polymorphisms as risk factors for many cancer types, including lung cancer. However, the impacts of TERT variants on cancer progression and treatment efficacy have remained controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association of TERT polymorphisms with clinical outcome of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving first-line platinum-based chemotherapy, including response rate, clinical benefit, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Seven polymorphisms of TERT were assessed, and a total of 1004 inoperable advanced NSCLC patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy were enrolled. It is exhibited that the variant heterozygote of rs4975605 showed significant association with a low rate of clinical benefit, and displayed a much stronger effect in never-smoking female subset, leading to the clinical benefit rate decreased from 82.9% (C/C genotype) to 56.4% (C/A genotype; adjusted OR, 3.58; P=1.40×10(-4)). It is also observed that the polymorphism rs2736109 showed significant correlation with PFS (log-rank P=0.023). In age > 58 subgroup, patients carrying the heterozygous genotype had a longer median PFS than those carrying the wild-type genotypes (P=0.002). The results from the current study, for the first time to our knowledge, provide suggestive evidence of an effect of TERT polymorphisms on disease progression variability among Chinese patients with platinum-treated advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pneumology, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pneumology, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (DL)
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (DL)
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22
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Muzza M, Colombo C, Rossi S, Tosi D, Cirello V, Perrino M, De Leo S, Magnani E, Pignatti E, Vigo B, Simoni M, Bulfamante G, Vicentini L, Fugazzola L. Telomerase in differentiated thyroid cancer: promoter mutations, expression and localization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:288-95. [PMID: 25448848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase-reverse-transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations have been recently described in tumors. In the present large series, TERT mutations were found in 12% of papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) and in 14% of follicular thyroid cancers (FTCs), and were found to significantly correlate with older age at diagnosis and poorer outcome. Interestingly, the prognostic value of TERT mutations resulted to be significantly stronger than that of BRAF(V600E). Moreover, the outcome was not different among tumors with isolated TERT mutation and those with coexistent mutations (TERT/BRAF in PTCs or TERT/RAS in FTCs). TERT rs2853669 polymorphism was found in 44.4% of tumors. At WB, TERT was significantly more expressed in tumors than in normal samples, being the highest levels of expression recorded in TERT mutated cases. At IHC, in tumors and in metastatic lymph-nodes TERT staining was significantly higher in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus, whereas in normal tissue the degree of staining did not differ in the two cellular compartments. In conclusion, TERT mutations were shown to strongly correlate with a poorer outcome in differentiated thyroid tumors, and neither BRAF nor RAS mutation were found to confer an additional effect in the disease persistence. TERT protein was found to be more expressed in neoplastic than in normal tissues, and to display a different cellular localization, suggesting that it could contribute to thyroid cancer progression by mechanisms taking place in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Muzza
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Colombo
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Delfina Tosi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Cirello
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Perrino
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Simone De Leo
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Magnani
- Azienda USL of Modena, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Metabolism and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisa Pignatti
- Azienda USL of Modena, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Metabolism and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vigo
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Azienda USL of Modena, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Metabolism and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Division of Pathology, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Fugazzola
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy.
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Chen W, Qin L, Wang S, Li M, Shi D, Tian Y, Wang J, Fu L, Li Z, Guo W, Yu W, Yuan Y, Kang T, Huang W, Deng W. CPSF4 activates telomerase reverse transcriptase and predicts poor prognosis in human lung adenocarcinomas. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:704-16. [PMID: 24618080 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The elevated expression and activation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is associated with the unlimited proliferation of cancer cells. However, the excise mechanism of hTERT regulation during carcinogenesis is not well understood. In this study, we discovered cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 4 (CPSF4) as a novel tumor-specific hTERT promoter-regulating protein in lung cancer cells and identified the roles of CPSF4 in regulating lung hTERT and lung cancer growth. The ectopic overexpression of CPSF4 upregulated the hTERT promoter-driven report gene expression and activated the endogenous hTERT mRNA and protein expression and the telomerase activity in lung cancer cells and normal lung cells. In contrast, the knockdown of CPSF4 by siRNA had the opposite effects. CPSF4 knockdown also significantly inhibited tumor cell growth in lung cancer cells in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model in vivo, and this inhibitory effect was partially mediated by decreasing the expression of hTERT. High expression of both CPSF4 and hTERT proteins were detected in lung adenocarcinoma cells by comparison with the normal lung cells. Tissue microarray immunohistochemical analysis of lung adenocarcinomas also revealed a strong positive correlation between the expression of CPSF4 and hTERT proteins. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with high levels of CPSF4 and hTERT expression had a significantly shorter overall survival than those with low CPSF4 and hTERT expression levels. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CPSF4 plays a critical role in the regulation of hTERT expression and lung tumorigenesis and may be a new prognosis factor in lung adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbing Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingbo Shi
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Fu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglin Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Wendan Yu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Yuhui Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug for Tumors of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Double Bioproduct Inc., Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug for Tumors of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Double Bioproduct Inc., Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Telomeres are DNA-protein structures that cap the ends of chromosomes; telomerase is the enzyme that ensures their integrity. Telomere biology has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema, and lung cancer. This review highlights recent discoveries pertaining to the role of telomere biology in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gansner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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25
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Wu H, Qiao N, Wang Y, Jiang M, Wang S, Wang C, Hu L. Association between the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) rs2736098 polymorphism and cancer risk: evidence from a case-control study of non-small-cell lung cancer and a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76372. [PMID: 24260099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A common genetic variant, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) rs2736098, was recently reported to be associated with lung cancer risk in Caucasians. In addition, many studies have investigated the role of this polymorphism in the etiology of cancer of various organs. Nevertheless, the results of related case-control studies remain inconsistent. Methods We hypothesized that the genetic risk variant identified in Caucasians may potentially influence the susceptibility to lung cancer in the Chinese population. To test this hypothesis, a case-control study including 539 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and 627 cancer-free controls was conducted. Furthermore, to investigate the association between rs2736098 and cancer risk, a meta-analysis based on previously published studies and our case-control study was also performed. Results Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that individuals carrying the A allele or the AA genotype exhibited a significantly elevated risk of NSCLC compared with those carrying the G allele or GG genotype (A vs. G: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.02–1.43, P = 0.028; AA vs. GG: OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.05–2.09, P = 0.025). Additionally, this association was stronger among adenocarcinoma cases (AA vs. GG: OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.12–2.50, P = 0.013; A vs. G: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.05–1.57, P = 0.016). In the meta-analysis, a borderline significant association between the rs2736098 polymorphism and overall cancer risk was observed (AA vs. GG: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07–1.46; AA vs. AG+GG: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.06–1.41; additive model: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02–1.18), and further stratifications demonstrated a moderately increased risk for lung and bladder cancer, Asian ethnicity and hospital-based studies. Conclusions Our results suggest that the rs2736098 polymorphism may contribute to the risk of lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, in the Chinese population. In addition, the current meta-analysis indicates that this genetic variant is only weakly associated with overall cancer risk. However, the rs2736098 polymorphism may affect individual susceptibility to lung and bladder cancer. Further studies are needed to validate our findings.
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Filosso PL, Ruffini E, Di Gangi S, Guerrera F, Bora G, Ciccone G, Galassi C, Solidoro P, Lyberis P, Oliaro A, Sandri A. Prognostic factors in neuroendocrine tumours of the lung: a single-centre experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 45:521-6; discussion 526. [PMID: 24092506 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the independent prognostic role of histological subtypes, tumour size and lymph nodal involvement upon survival in lung neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). METHODS A retrospective search of the database of the Department of Thoracic Surgery (Turin, Italy) identified 157 patients operated on for a newly diagnosed NET between January 1995 and December 2011. Multivariable Cox models were used to analyse predictors of overall survival and progression-free survival. RESULTS According to histology, 71 (45.2%) were typical carcinoids (TCs), 35 (22.3%) atypical carcinoids (ACs), 37 (23.6%) large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNCs) and 14 (8.9%) small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs). After a median follow-up time of 6.5 years, 60 patients died and 73 had a recurrence or died. The overall 5-, 10- and 15-year survival rates were 64%, 53% and 46%, respectively. Older age, histology (ACs, LCNCs and SCLCs vs TCs) and lymph nodal involvement were confirmed to be independent negative prognostic factors in the multivariable models for overall survival and progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Tumour histology and lymph nodal involvement are definitively the predominant and relevant factors influencing survival. ACs showed an intermediate prognosis between TCs and poorly differentiated NETs.
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Zhong R, Liu L, Zou L, Zhu Y, Chen W, Zhu B, Shen N, Rui R, Long L, Ke J, Lu X, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Liu L, Sun Y, Cheng L, Miao X. Genetic variations in TERT-CLPTM1L locus are associated with risk of lung cancer in Chinese population. Mol Carcinog 2013; 52 Suppl 1:E118-26. [PMID: 23908149 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported multiple genetic variations at 5p15.33 (TERT-CLPTM1L) associated with risk of lung cancer. However, most of the associated variations identified by GWAS thus far are unlikely to be the actual causal variants, but may be mostly marker-single nucleotide polymorphisms tagging functional variations that influence gene expression. This study aimed to explore the function-validated and potentially functional variations in TERT-CLPTM1L locus conferring susceptibility to lung cancer. A case-control study including 502 cases and 502 controls in Chinese Han population was firstly conducted. Bioinformatic approaches are applied to prioritize genetic variations based on their potential functionality. In the logistic regression analysis, TERT-rs2853669, rs2736108, and CLPTM1L-rs31490 were significant associated with increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.22-1.75; OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.00-1.49 and OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.35-2.23 under additive model, respectively). The significant associations were observed in non-small-cell lung cancer but not-in-small-cell lung cancer, and more prominent in adenocarcinoma. Haplotype analysis presented a significant allele-dose effect of haplotypes in increasing risk of lung cancer (P for trend = 1.894 × 10(-6)). Moreover, significant multiplicative interactions were observed between smoking and these three polymorphisms of TERT-rs2853669, rs2736108, and CLPTM1L-rs31490, even after bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (Pinteraction = 1.316 × 10(-9), 3.912 × 10(-4), and 2.483 × 10(-5), respectively). These findings indicated that the function-validated and potentially functional variations in TERT-CLPTM1L locus, modified by smoking, may play a substantial role in the susceptibility to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Vermaelen K, Brusselle G. Exposing a deadly alliance: novel insights into the biological links between COPD and lung cancer. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:544-54. [PMID: 23701918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects more than 200 million people worldwide and is expected to become the third leading cause of death in 2020. COPD is characterized by progressive airflow limitation, due to a combination of chronic inflammation and remodeling of the small airways (bronchiolitis) and loss of elastic recoil caused by destruction of the alveolar walls (emphysema). Lung cancer is the most important cause of cancer-related death in the world. (Cigarette) smoking is the principal culprit causing both COPD and lung cancer; in addition, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, biomass fuel smoke, coal smoke and outdoor air pollution have also been associated with an increased incidence of both diseases. Importantly, smokers with COPD--defined as either not fully reversible airflow limitation or emphysema--have a two- to four-fold increased risk to develop lung cancer. In this review, we highlight several of the genetic, epigenetic and inflammatory mechanisms, which link COPD and carcinogenesis in the lungs. Elucidating the biological pathways and networks, which underlie the increased susceptibility of lung cancer in patients with COPD, has important implications for screening, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of these two devastating pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vermaelen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Sereno M, Esteban IR, Zambrana F, Merino M, Gómez-Raposo C, López-Gómez M, Sáenz EC. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lungs: Is it really so different? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 84:327-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Wu BQ, Zhong HH, Tian XX, Fang WG. Quantification of alternative splicing variants of human telomerase reverse transcriptase and correlations with telomerase activity in lung cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38868. [PMID: 22723897 PMCID: PMC3377688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase plays important roles in the development and progression of malignant tumors, and its activity is primarily determined by transcriptional regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Several mRNA alternative splicing variants (ASVs) for hTERT have been identified, but it remains unclear whether telomerase activity is directly associated with hTERT splicing transcripts. In this study, we developed novel real-time PCR protocols using molecular beacons and applied to lung carcinoma cell lines and cancerous tissues for quantification of telomerase activity and three essential hTERT deletion transcripts respectively. The results showed that lung carcinoma cell lines consistently demonstrated telomerase activity (14.22–31.43 TPG units per 100 cells) and various hTERT alternative splicing transcripts. For 165 lung cancer cases, telomerase activity showed significant correlation with tumor differentiation (poorly->moderately->well-differentiated, P<0.01) and with histotypes (combined small cell and squamous cell carcinoma>squamous cell carcinoma>adenosquamous carcinoma>adenocarcinoma, P<0.05). Although the overall hTERT transcripts were detected in all the samples, they were not associated with telomerase activity (r = 0.092, P = 0.24). Telomerase activity was significantly correlated with the transcriptional constituent ratio of α-deletion (r = -0.267, P = 0.026), β-deletion (r = -0.693, P = 0.0001) and γ-deletion (r = –0.614, P = 0.001). The positive rate and average constituent ratio of β-deletion transcripts (92.12%, 0.23) were higher than those of α-deletion (41.82%, 0.12) or γ-deletion (16.36%, 0.18) transcripts. The combined small-cell and squamous cell carcinomas expressed less deletion transcripts, especially β-deletion, than other histotypes, which might explain their higher telomerase activity. In conclusion, the molecular beacon-based real-time PCR protocols are rapid, sensitive and specific methods to quantify telomerase activity and hTERT ASVs. Telomerase activity may serve as a reliable and effective molecular marker to assist the evaluation of histological subtype and differentiation of lung carcinomas. Further studies on hTERT deletion splicing transcripts, rather than the overall hTERT transcripts, may improve our understanding of telomerase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-quan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-hao Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-xia Tian
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (W-gF); (X-xT)
| | - Wei-gang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (W-gF); (X-xT)
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Cha N, Li XY, Zhao YJ, Wang EH, Wu GP. hTERT gene amplification and clinical significance in pleural effusions of patients with lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2012; 13:494-9. [PMID: 22464057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PATIENTS AND METHODS Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene amplification was detected in pleural effusions of patients with lung cancer (n = 69) and in patients with benign lung disease (n = 46) when using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. RESULTS hTERT gene relative copy numbers were significantly higher in effusions from patients with malignant, adenocarcinoma and small-cell lung cancer than in effusions from patients with benign lung disease (P < .01). By using a threshold value of 1.39, hTERT gene amplification was significantly more frequent in malignant effusions compared with benign effusions and more likely to be positive for malignant effusions, compared with cytology (P < .01). The diagnostic performance of qPCR of hTERT gene amplification was significantly higher than that of cytology, in terms of sensitivity (91.3% vs. 56.5%), negative predictive value (87.8% vs. 60.5%), and accuracy (92.2% vs. 73.9%). CONCLUSIONS Detecting hTERT gene amplification by qPCR appears suitable for distinguishing carcinoma cells from reactive mesothelial cells in pleural effusions. hTERT gene amplification was more sensitive than cytology and may be useful for diagnosing pleural micrometastases.
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Fernández-Marcelo T, Morán A, de Juan C, Pascua I, Head J, Gómez A, Hernando F, López-Asenjo JA, Hernández S, Sánchez-Pernaute A, Torres AJ, Benito M, Iniesta P. Differential expression of senescence and cell death factors in non-small cell lung and colorectal tumors showing telomere attrition. Oncology 2012; 82:153-64. [PMID: 22433385 DOI: 10.1159/000335678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of this work is to investigate the expression of factors related to senescence and cell death pathways in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and colorectal cancers (CRCs) in relation to telomere status. METHODS We analyzed 158 tissue samples, 36 NSCLCs, 43 CRCs, and their corresponding control tissues obtained from patients submitted to surgery. Telomere function was evaluated by determining telomerase activity and telomere length. Expression of factors related to senescence, cell death pathways, transformation and tumorigenesis was investigated using arrays. Results were validated by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS Considering tumors with telomere shortening, expression for BNIP3, DAPK1, NDRG1, EGFR, and CDKN2A was significantly higher in NSCLC than in CRC, whereas TP53 was overexpressed in CRC with respect to NSCLC. Moreover, compared to nontumor samples, DAPK1, GADD45A, SHC1, and TP53 were downregulated in the group of NSCLCs with telomere shortening, and no significant differences were found in CRC. CONCLUSIONS In NSCLC, the failure of pathways which involve factors such as DAPK1, GADD45A, SHC1, and TP53, in response to short telomeres, could promote tumor progression. In CRC, the viability of these pathways in response to short telomeres could contribute to limiting tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Fernández-Marcelo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
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Chen CH, Chen RJ. Prevalence of telomerase activity in human cancer. J Formos Med Assoc 2011; 110:275-89. [PMID: 21621148 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(11)60043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity has been measured in a wide variety of cancerous and non-cancerous tissue types, and the vast majority of clinical studies have shown a direct correlation between it and the presence of cancerous cells. Telomerase plays a key role in cellular immortality and tumorigenesis. Telomerase is activated in 80-90% of human carcinomas, but not in normal somatic cells, therefore, its detection holds promise as a diagnostic marker for cancer. Measurable levels of telomerase have been detected in malignant cells from various samples: tissue from gestational trophoblastic neoplasms; squamous carcinoma cells from oral rinses; lung carcinoma cells from bronchial washings; colorectal carcinoma cells from colonic luminal washings; bladder carcinoma cells from urine or bladder washings; and breast carcinoma or thyroid cancer cells from fine needle aspirations. Such clinical tests for telomerase can be useful as non-invasive and cost-effective methods for early detection and monitoring of cancer. In addition, telomerase activity has been shown to correlate with poor clinical outcome in late-stage diseases such as non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and soft tissue sarcomas. In such cases, testing for telomerase activity can be used to identify patients with a poor prognosis and to select those who might benefit from adjuvant treatment. Our review of the latest medical advances in this field reveals that telomerase holds great promise as a biomarker for early cancer detection and monitoring, and has considerable potential as the basis for developing new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hau Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Song
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soon-Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sang Yeop Yi
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hwa Eun Oh
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Mee Yon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kwang Hwa Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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35
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Liu Y, Wu BQ, Zhong HH, Xu ML, Fang WG. Detection of telomerase activity in cultured cells and tumor tissue of lung carcinoma by modified telomeric repeat amplification protocol. Pathol Int 2010; 60:386-94. [PMID: 20518889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase activity is found in various cell types including stem cells, neoplastic cells, and immortalized cells, suggesting a close association with their proliferation capacity. The telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) has been traditionally used to detect semi-quantitatively the telomerase activity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), which is difficult to apply for large scale analysis because of laborious post-PCR manipulation and potential carryover contamination. In the present study, a specific reverse primer was designed and the TRAP protocol was adapted to either PAGE or real-time PCR assay. Using cultured cell lines, the real-time TRAP showed a dramatic improvement in the reliability and accuracy of quantitation of telomerase activity and was able to discriminate the A549 cells from hundreds-fold human embryonic lung cells. Using clinical samples of 60 lung cancers and 8 inflammatory lesions, the real-time TRAP was also superior in quantitation, high-throughput capability and standardization. Our modified real-time TRAP should be applicable for the detection of telomerase activity for the initial screening and progression monitoring of lung cancer patients. Our approach is particularly useful when only limited clinical specimen is available, such as fine needle aspiration or other cytological specimens that may contain only a small number of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Catarino R, Araújo A, Coelho A, Gomes M, Nogueira A, Lopes C, Medeiros RM. Prognostic significance of telomerase polymorphism in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:3706-12. [PMID: 20606038 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in oncologic patients of western countries, with very low survival rates. Telomerase main components are the catalytic subunit (hTERT) and the RNA template (hTR). A functional polymorphism in the hTERT gene was found in the promoter region (-1327T/C), and individuals homozygous for the -1327C/C genotype present shorter telomere length compared with T-carrier genotypes. Our purpose was to investigate the potential prognostic role of the hTERT functional genetic variant in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We prospectively conducted a study involving 226 patients with NSCLC treated with a first-line chemotherapeutic standard protocol. A follow-up study was undertaken (median follow-up time, 26 months) to evaluate treatment response and overall survival of NSCLC patients. The hTERT -1327T/C genetic variants were analyzed by allelic discrimination with real-time PCR. RESULTS Our results indicate an influence of the telomerase genetic variants in the overall survival of NSCLC patients. Cox regression analysis showed a significantly higher median estimated cumulative survival of 26.5 months in T-carrier patients, compared with that of 19.3 months in CC patients (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.77; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Telomerase functional polymorphism in the hTERT gene may contribute as a prognostic factor in NSCLC patients. Our findings indicate that hTERT genetic variants, by modulating telomere length, may confer an advantage in chemotherapy response. The assessment of telomerase genetic variants could supplement prognosis of survival in the course of NSCLC and may be a promising molecular marker of treatment response in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Catarino
- Molecular Oncology Unit CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Despite many efforts to improve early detection, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths. Stage is the main determinant of prognosis and the basis for deciding treatment options. Screening tests for lung cancer have not been successful so far. AREAS COVERED IN THE REVIEW The article reviews the available literature related to biomarkers in use at present and those that could be used for early diagnosis, staging, prognosis, response to therapy and prediction of recurrence. The single biomarkers are analysed, divided according to the technological methods used and the locations of sampling. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain knowledge on biomarkers in use and those now under study. The reader will also gain insights into the difficulties pertaining to the development of biomarkers, results reproducibility and clinical application. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although some markers seem to be promising, at present there is no consensus on the proven value of their clinical use in lung cancer. The future lies probably in a panel of biomarkers instead of individual assays, or in predictive models derived from the integration of clinical variables and gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Paci
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Azienda Santa Maria Nuova di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy +39 0522 296929 ; +39 0522 296191 ;
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Landi MT, Chatterjee N, Yu K, Goldin LR, Goldstein AM, Rotunno M, Mirabello L, Jacobs K, Wheeler W, Yeager M, Bergen AW, Li Q, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Wacholder S, Thun M, Diver R, Oken M, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Wang Z, Burdette L, Doheny KF, Pugh EW, Laurie C, Brennan P, Hung R, Gaborieau V, McKay JD, Lathrop M, McLaughlin J, Wang Y, Tsao MS, Spitz MR, Wang Y, Krokan H, Vatten L, Skorpen F, Arnesen E, Benhamou S, Bouchard C, Metspalu A, Metsapalu A, Vooder T, Nelis M, Välk K, Field JK, Chen C, Goodman G, Sulem P, Thorleifsson G, Rafnar T, Eisen T, Sauter W, Rosenberger A, Bickeböller H, Risch A, Chang-Claude J, Wichmann HE, Stefansson K, Houlston R, Amos CI, Fraumeni JF Jr, Savage SA, Bertazzi PA, Tucker MA, Chanock S, Caporaso NE. A genome-wide association study of lung cancer identifies a region of chromosome 5p15 associated with risk for adenocarcinoma. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:679-91. [PMID: 19836008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three genetic loci for lung cancer risk have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but inherited susceptibility to specific histologic types of lung cancer is not well established. We conducted a GWAS of lung cancer and its major histologic types, genotyping 515,922 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5739 lung cancer cases and 5848 controls from one population-based case-control study and three cohort studies. Results were combined with summary data from ten additional studies, for a total of 13,300 cases and 19,666 controls of European descent. Four studies also provided histology data for replication, resulting in 3333 adenocarcinomas (AD), 2589 squamous cell carcinomas (SQ), and 1418 small cell carcinomas (SC). In analyses by histology, rs2736100 (TERT), on chromosome 5p15.33, was associated with risk of adenocarcinoma (odds ratio [OR]=1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.13-1.33, p=3.02x10(-7)), but not with other histologic types (OR=1.01, p=0.84 and OR=1.00, p=0.93 for SQ and SC, respectively). This finding was confirmed in each replication study and overall meta-analysis (OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.17-1.31, p=3.74x10(-14) for AD; OR=0.99, p=0.69 and OR=0.97, p=0.48 for SQ and SC, respectively). Other previously reported association signals on 15q25 and 6p21 were also refined, but no additional loci reached genome-wide significance. In conclusion, a lung cancer GWAS identified a distinct hereditary contribution to adenocarcinoma.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the major cancer killer worldwide, and 5-yr survival is extremely poor (<or=15%), accentuating the need for more effective therapeutic strategies. Significant advances in lung cancer biology may lead to customised therapy based on targeting specific genes and pathways. The main signalling pathways that could provide roadmaps for therapy include the following: growth promoting pathways (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor/Ras/PhosphatidylInositol 3-Kinase), growth inhibitory pathways (p53/Rb/P14(ARF), STK11), apoptotic pathways (Bcl-2/Bax/Fas/FasL), DNA repair and immortalisation genes. Epigenetic changes in lung cancer contribute strongly to cell transformation by modifying chromatin structures and the specific expression of genes; these include DNA methylation, histone and chromatin protein modification, and micro-RNA, all of which are responsible for the silencing of tumour suppressor genes while enhancing expression of oncogenes. The genetic and epigenetic pathways involved in lung tumorigenesis differ between smokers and nonsmokers, and are tools for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, clinical follow-up and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brambilla
- Dept of Pathology, Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823, University Joseph Fourier, CHRU Grenoble Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France.
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Abstract
Bronchial and bronchioloalveolar carcinogenesis is a multicentric and multistep process, leading to a sequential accumulation of molecular and genetic abnormalities, mainly due to exposure to tobacco carcinogens. Concomitantly, a series of morphological alterations of normal bronchial or bronchioloalveolar epithelium occur, resulting in preneoplastic and then neoplastic lesions. The three pulmonary preneoplastic changes recognized to date in the lung include bronchial squamous dysplasia and in situ carcinoma, preceding invasive squamous cell carcinoma and basaloid carcinoma, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, a preneoplastic condition of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, a proposed precursor for carcinoid tumours. Although the gradual accumulation of molecular alterations has been widely investigated in bronchial carcinogenesis, with the aim of determining new biomarkers for early lung cancer detection in high-risk patients and targeted chemoprevention, lung adenocarcinoma pathogenesis has been only recently highlighted, with the recent discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation pathway in non-smokers. This review focuses on the current status of molecular pathology in lung cancer and pulmonary preneoplastic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lantuéjoul
- Department of Pathology and Lung Cancer Research Group, INSERM U578, CHU A Michallon, Université J Fourier, Grenoble, France.
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Jin G, Xu L, Shu Y, Tian T, Liang J, Xu Y, Wang F, Chen J, Dai J, Hu Z, Shen H. Common genetic variants on 5p15.33 contribute to risk of lung adenocarcinoma in a Chinese population. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:987-90. [PMID: 19369581 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 5p15.33, containing TERT and CLPTM1L genes, was recently identified as one of the susceptible regions for lung cancer in Caucasian populations. We hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in this region in Caucasians are also important in the development of lung cancer in Chinese population. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped two most significant SNPs reported in Caucasians, rs2736100A/C and rs402710C/T at 5p15.33, in a case-control study with 1221 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and 1344 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population. We found that rs2736100C allele in TERT gene was associated with a significantly increased risk of NSCLC with adjusted odds ratios of 1.26 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.51] and 1.31 (95% CI = 1.04-1.66) for one or two copies of the variant C allele, respectively. This significant association was more prominent among female (P for heterogeneity: 0.044), non-smokers (P for heterogeneity: 0.054) and/or the subjects with adenocarcinoma (P for heterogeneity: 0.058). However, no significant association was found between rs402710C/T and NSCLC risk. These results suggest that genetic variants in 5p15.33, especially in TERT gene, may also predispose the susceptibility of lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, China
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Strazisar M, Mlakar V, Glavac D. The expression of COX-2, hTERT, MDM2, LATS2 and S100A2 in different types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2009;14:442-456. [PMID: 19238334 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-009-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported different expression levels of certain genes in NSCLC, mostly related to the stage and advancement of the tumours. We investigated 65 stage I-III NSCLC tumours: 32 adenocarcinomas (ADC), 26 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 7 large cell carcinomas (LCC). Using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we analysed the expression of the COX-2, hTERT, MDM2, LATS2 and S100A2 genes and researched the relationships between the NSCLC types and the differences in expression levels. The differences in the expression levels of the LATS2, S100A2 and hTERT genes in different types of NSCLC are significant. hTERT and COX-2 were over-expressed and LATS2 under-expressed in all NSCLC. We also detected significant relative differences in the expression of LATS2 and MDM2, hTERT and MDM2 in different types of NSCLC. There was a significant difference in the average expression levels in S100A2 for ADC and SCC. Our study shows differences in the expression patterns within the NSCLC group, which may mimic the expression of the individual NSCLC type, and also new relationships in the expression levels for different NSCLC types.
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Zachos I, Konstantinopoulos PA, Vandoros GP, Karamouzis MV, Papatsoris AG, Podimatas T, Papachristodoulou A, Chrisofos M, Deliveliotis C, Papavassiliou AG. Predictive value of telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer treated with adjuvant BCG immunotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1169-75. [PMID: 19214569 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a prospective study to determine whether expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is associated with recurrence-free-survival (RFS) or development of invasive disease in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer (SBC) that received adjuvant BCG immunotherapy. METHODS Thirty patients with high-grade T1 tumors were evaluated. Pre-BCG TURBT and post-BCG specimens were analyzed for hTERT nucleolar expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Post-BCG hTERT expression was statistically significantly lower than pre-BCG hTERT expression. Pre-BCG hTERT nucleolar staining in more than 75% of cells was associated with worse RFS (9 months vs. not yet reached, P = 0.05), while post-BCG hTERT nucleolar staining in more than 50% of the cells was associated with worse RFS (6 months vs. not yet reached, P = 0.001) and development of invasive disease. In multivariate analysis, post-BCG hTERT expression was independently associated with RFS and development of invasive disease. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical evaluation of hTERT may help define a subset of high risk SBC patients that will eventually fail BCG and may therefore benefit from early salvage cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zachos
- Department of Urology, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
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Abstract
Pulmonary pathology includes a large spectrum of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases that affect the lung. Many of these are a result of the unusual relationship of the lung with the outside world. Every breath that a human takes brings the outside world into the body in the form of infectious agents, organic and inorganic particles, and noxious agents of all types. Although the lung has many defense mechanisms to protect itself from these insults, these are not infallible; therefore, lung pathology arises. Damage to the lung is particularly important given the role of the lung in the survival of the organism. Any impairment of lung function has widespread effects throughout the body, since all organs depend on the lungs for the oxygen they need. Pulmonary pathology catalogs the changes in the lung tissues and the mechanisms through which these occur. This chapter presents a review of lung pathology and the current state of knowledge about the pathogenesis of each disease. It suggests that a clear understanding of both morphology and mechanism is required for the development of new therapies and preventive measures.
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Yang CH, Hung WC, Wang SL, Kang WY, Chen WT, Huang YC, Su YC, Chai CY. Immunoexpression and prognostic role of hTERT and cyclin D1 in urothelial carcinoma. APMIS 2008; 116:309-16. [PMID: 18397466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and cyclin D1 in correlation with clinicopathologic features of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Tissue microarrays (TMA) were constructed from paraffin-embedded specimens of 94 UC patients and immunohistochemical staining was used. High hTERT expression was found in 50 (53%) of the 94 tumors and was significantly associated with tumor invasiveness and tumor grade (P=0.008 and 0.0190, respectively). High cyclin D1 expression was found in 69 (73%) of the 94 tumors and was significantly associated with non-invasiveness and smaller tumor size, but there was no correlation with tumor grade. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with low hTERT and high cyclin D1 levels had longer local recurrence-free survival (P=0.0482 and 0.0123, respectively). In addition, patients with high cyclin D1 levels had longer disease-free survival (P=0.0195). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that hTERT and cyclin D1 may be of recurrence predictive value for UC, thus providing clinicians with ancillary information when deciding on suitable therapeutic strategies in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsiu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Liang JJ, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Tan D. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2008; 2:1-10. [PMID: 18830385 PMCID: PMC2491391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal carcinoma, one of the leading causes of cancer mortality, is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage, which significantly contributes to its high mortality rates. Studies have demonstrated that resection of small pancreatic tumors and tumors at lower stages correlates with improved survival. Detection of pancreatic carcinoma at an early, surgically resectable stage is the key to decreasing mortality and improving survival. Identification of sensitive diagnostic biomarkers as screening tools is crucial in detecting preinvasive pancreatic neoplasms. Numerous new DNA-, RNA- and protein-based biomarkers have been extensively investigated. This review aims to provide an update on these molecular markers, including biomarkers from blood, tissue as well as pancreatic juice and cystic fluid. These biomarkers hold potential utility in early diagnosis and prognostification of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, though many of which need to be validated in large-scale prospective studies before they can be used in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Liang
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical CenterHershey, PA, USA
| | - Eric T. Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical CenterHershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
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Blanco D, Vicent S, Fraga MF, Fernandez-Garcia I, Freire J, Lujambio A, Esteller M, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C, Pio R, Lecanda F, Montuenga LM. Molecular analysis of a multistep lung cancer model induced by chronic inflammation reveals epigenetic regulation of p16 and activation of the DNA damage response pathway. Neoplasia. 2007;9:840-852. [PMID: 17971904 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular hallmarks of inflammation-mediated lung carcinogenesis have not been fully clarified, mainly due to the scarcity of appropriate animal models. We have used a silica-induced multistep lung carcinogenesis model driven by chronic inflammation to study the evolution of molecular markers and genetic alterations. We analyzed markers of DNA damage response (DDR), proliferative stress, and telomeric stress: gamma-H2AX, p16, p53, and TERT. Lung cancer-related epigenetic and genetic alterations, including promoter hypermethylation status of p16(CDKN2A), APC, CDH13, Rassf1, and Nore1A, as well as mutations of Tp53, epidermal growth factor receptor, K-ras, N-ras, and c-H-ras, have been also studied. Our results showed DDR pathway activation in preneoplastic lesions, in association with inducible nitric oxide synthase and p53 induction. p16 was also induced in early tumorigenic progression and was inactivated in bronchiolar dysplasias and tumors. Remarkably, lack of mutations of Ras and epidermal growth factor receptor, and a very low frequency of Tp53 mutations suggest that they are not required for tumorigenesis in this model. In contrast, epigenetic alterations in p16(CDKN2A), CDH13, and APC, but not in Rassf1 and Nore1A, were clearly observed. These data suggest the existence of a specific molecular signature of inflammation-driven lung carcinogenesis that shares some, but not all, of the molecular landmarks of chemically induced lung cancer.
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Burnworth B, Arendt S, Muffler S, Steinkraus V, Bröcker EB, Birek C, Hartschuh W, Jauch A, Boukamp P. The multi-step process of human skin carcinogenesis: A role for p53, cyclin D1, hTERT, p16, and TSP-1. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:763-80. [PMID: 17198740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg (2000. Cell 100, 57-70) carcinogenesis requires crucial events such as (i) genomic instability, (ii) cell cycle deregulation, (iii) induction of a telomere length maintenance mechanism, and (iv) an angiogenic switch. By comparing the expression of p53, cyclin D1, p16, hTERT, and TSP-1 in spontaneously regressing keratoacanthoma (KA) as a paradigm of early neoplasia, with malignant invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as a paradigm of advanced tumour development, we are now able to assign the changes in the expression of these proteins to specific stages and allocate them to defined roles in the multi-step process of skin carcinogenesis. We show that mutational inactivation of the p53 gene, and with that the onset of genomic instability is the earliest event. Individual p53-positive cells are already seen in "normal" skin, and 3/5 actinic keratoses (AKs), 5/22 KAs, and 13/23 SCCs contain p53-positive patches. Cell cycle deregulation was indicated by the overexpression of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, as well as by the loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p16. Interestingly, overexpression of cyclin D1 - observed in 80% of KAs and SCCs, respectively - showed a cell cycle-independent function in HaCaT cell transplants on nude mice. Cyclin D1 overexpression was associated with a massive inflammatory response, finally leading to tissue destruction. Loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p16, on the other hand, correlated with SCCs. Thus, it is tempting to suggest that overexpression of cyclin D1 is an early change that in addition to growth stimulation leads to an altered epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, while functional p16 is able to control this deregulated growth and needs to be eliminated for malignant progression. Another requirement for uncontrolled growth is the inhibition of telomere erosion by up-regulating telomerase activity. As measured by hTERT protein expression, all of the KAs and SCCs studied were positive, with a similar distribution of the protein in both groups and an expression pattern resembling that of normal epidermis. Thus, telomerase may not need to be increased significantly in skin carcinomas. Finally, we show that the angiogenesis inhibitor TSP-1 is strongly expressed in most KAs, and mainly by the tumour cells, while in SCCs the generally weak expression is restricted to the tumour-stroma. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the loss of a copy of chromosome 15 is responsible for reduced TSP-1 expression and thereby this aberration contributes to tumour vascularisation (i.e. the angiogenic switch) required for malignant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Burnworth
- Division of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Righi L, Volante M, Rapa I, Scagliotti GV, Papotti M. Neuro-endocrine tumours of the lung. A review of relevant pathological and molecular data. Virchows Arch 2007; 451 Suppl 1:S51-9. [PMID: 17684766 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) tumours of the lung include pure and mixed forms. In the former group, a continuum of lesions is recognised ranging from benign typical carcinoids to atypical carcinoids (having a low-grade behaviour, although often associated with regional and distant metastases), to the highly aggressive poorly differentiated carcinomas of the small and large cell types. In the mixed tumour group, the NE component is extensively represented in association with any of the non-small cell carcinoma subtypes (so-called combined carcinomas), or the NE component is restricted to a cell population scattered among adenocarcinoma cells (or more rarely within squamous or large cell carcinomas). The molecular profile of NE tumours has been widely investigated to identify features helpful for the diagnosis, prognosis and even therapy for this special lung tumour category. Specific chromosomal alterations, oncogene mutations and cell cycle molecule disregulation has been documented in NE tumours of the lung, as well as the expression of specific receptors or enzymes implicated in the response to biotherapies or to chemotherapeutic agents. The "molecular classification" of NE tumours should be integrated to morphology, for a better definition of the different histological types and a more appropriate selection of the therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Righi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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da Costa CET, Egeler RM, Hoogeboom M, Szuhai K, Forsyth RG, Niesters M, de Krijger RR, Tazi A, Hogendoorn PCW, Annels NE. Differences in telomerase expression by the CD1a+ cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis reflect the diverse clinical presentation of the disease. J Pathol 2007; 212:188-97. [PMID: 17447723 DOI: 10.1002/path.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease characterized by an uncontrolled clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, whose aetiology is still unclear. The clonal nature of LCH could support the hypothesis that it is a neoplastic disease with unlimited growth potential. One requirement for unlimited proliferation is the maintenance of telomere length. In a group of 70 patients, we set out to investigate whether a telomere maintenance mechanism is indeed active in LCH cells. This work showed that LCH cells from all restricted skin LCH lesions (6/6) expressed telomerase as assessed by human telomere reverse transcriptase (hTERT) immunohistochemistry, whereas LCH cells from the majority of the bone lesions analysed did not express hTERT (26/34). Interestingly, in contrast to the solitary bone lesions, LCH cells from lesions of multi-system patients always expressed telomerase (11/11), regardless of the lesional site. In situ telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assays performed on different lesional sites showed that this telomerase was active. In addition, the telomere length of LCH cells from a hTERT-positive skin multi-system lesion was long and homogeneous when compared to that in the LCH cells from hTERT-negative bone single-system LCH lesions, which was heterogeneous in length. No evidence for an alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism was found in hTERT-negative lesions. The difference in telomerase expression and telomere length at the different lesional sites and in biopsies from patients with solitary versus multi-system disease appears to reflect the diverse clinical presentation and course of this disease. The results from this study have important implications for understanding the nature of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E T da Costa
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Haematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Autoimmune Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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