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van Senten JR, Fan TS, Siderius M, Smit MJ. Viral G protein-coupled receptors as modulators of cancer hallmarks. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104804. [PMID: 32278040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses encode transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which share structural homology to human chemokine receptors. These viral GPCRs include KSHV-encoded ORF74, EBV-encoded BILF1, and HCMV-encoded US28, UL33, UL78 and US27. Viral GPCRs hijack various signaling pathways and cellular networks, including pathways involved in the so-called cancer hallmarks as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg. These hallmarks describe cellular characteristics crucial for transformation and tumor progression. The cancer hallmarks involve growth factor-independent proliferation, angiogenesis, avoidance of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, genetic instability and immune evasion amongst others. The role of beta herpesviruses modulating these cancer hallmarks is clearly highlighted by the proliferative and pro-angiogenic phenotype associated with KSHV infection which is largely ascribed to the ORF74-mediated modulation of signaling networks in host cells. For HCMV and Epstein-Bar encoded GPCRs, oncomodulatory effects have been described which contribute to the cancer hallmarks, thereby enhancing oncogenic development. In this review, we describe the main signaling pathways controlling the hallmarks of cancer which are affected by the betaherpesvirus encoded GPCRs. Most prominent among these involve the JAK-STAT, PI(3)K-AKT, NFkB and MAPK signaling nodes. These insights are important to effectively target these viral GPCRs and their signaling networks in betaherpesvirus-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R van Senten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tian Shu Fan
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Alexandru O, Sevastre AS, Castro J, Artene SA, Tache DE, Purcaru OS, Sfredel V, Tataranu LG, Dricu A. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor and Ionizing Radiation in High Grade Glioma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194663. [PMID: 31547056 PMCID: PMC6802357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of high grade gliomas (HGGs) has remained elusive due to their high heterogeneity and aggressiveness. Surgery followed by radiotherapy represents the mainstay of treatment for HGG. However, the unfavorable location of the tumor that usually limits total resection and the resistance to radiation therapy are the major therapeutic problems. Chemotherapy with DNA alkylating agent temozolomide is also used to treat HGG, despite modest effects on survival. Disregulation of several growth factor receptors (GFRs) were detected in HGG and receptor amplification in glioblastoma has been suggested to be responsible for heterogeneity propagation through clonal evolution. Molecularly targeted agents inhibiting these membrane proteins have demonstrated significant cytotoxicity in several types of cancer cells when tested in preclinical models. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) and associated signaling were found to be implicated in gliomagenesis, moreover, HGG commonly display a Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) autocrine pathway that is not present in normal brain tissues. We have previously shown that both the susceptibility towards PDGFR and the impact of the PDGFR inactivation on the radiation response were different in different HGG cell lines. Therefore, we decided to extend our investigation, using two other HGG cell lines that express PDGFR at the cell surface. Here, we investigated the effect of PDGFR inhibition alone or in combination with gamma radiation in 11 and 15 HGG cell lines. Our results showed that while targeting the PDGFR represents a good means of treatment in HGG, the combination of receptor inhibition with gamma radiation did not result in any discernable difference compared to the single treatment. The PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways are the major signaling pathways emerging from the GFRs, including PDGFR. Decreased sensitivity to radiation-induced cell death are often associated with redundancy in these pro-survival signaling pathways. Here we found that Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), or c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) inactivation induced radiosensitivity in HGG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Alexandru
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Ani-Simona Sevastre
- Department of Pharmacological Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Juan Castro
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Z1:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan-Alexandru Artene
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela Elise Tache
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Oana Stefana Purcaru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Veronica Sfredel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Bagdasar-Arseni" Emergency Hospital, Soseaua Berceni 12, 041915 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Anica Dricu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Str. Petru Rares nr. 2-4, 710204 Craiova, Romania.
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Li CW, Chen BS. Investigating HIV-Human Interaction Networks to Unravel Pathogenic Mechanism for Drug Discovery: A Systems Biology Approach. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:77-95. [PMID: 29468972 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180219155324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two big issues in the study of pathogens are determining how pathogens infect hosts and how the host defends itself against infection. Therefore, investigating host-pathogen interactions is important for understanding pathogenicity and host defensive mechanisms and treating infections. METHODS In this study, we used omics data, including time-course data from high-throughput sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and human microRNA (miRNA) and protein-protein interaction to construct an interspecies protein-protein and miRNA interaction (PPMI) network of human CD4+ T cells during HIV-1 infection through system modeling and identification. RESULTS By applying a functional annotation tool to the identified PPMI network at each stage of HIV infection, we found that repressions of three miRNAs, miR-140-5p, miR-320a, and miR-941, are involved in the development of autoimmune disorders, tumor proliferation, and the pathogenesis of T cells at the reverse transcription stage. Repressions of miR-331-3p and miR-320a are involved in HIV-1 replication, replicative spread, anti-apoptosis, cell proliferation, and dysregulation of cell cycle control at the integration/replication stage. Repression of miR-341-5p is involved in carcinogenesis at the late stage of HIV-1 infection. CONCLUSION By investigating the common core proteins and changes in specific proteins in the PPMI network between the stages of HIV-1 infection, we obtained pathogenic insights into the functional core modules and identified potential drug combinations for treating patients with HIV-1 infection, including thalidomide, oxaprozin, and metformin, at the reverse transcription stage; quercetin, nifedipine, and fenbendazole, at the integration/replication stage; and staurosporine, quercetin, prednisolone, and flufenamic acid, at the late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Yan Q, Zhao R, Shen C, Wang F, Li W, Gao SJ, Lu C. Upregulation of MicroRNA 711 Mediates HIV-1 Vpr Promotion of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency and Induction of Pro-proliferation and Pro-survival Cytokines by Targeting the Notch/NF-κB-Signaling Axis. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00580-18. [PMID: 29976660 PMCID: PMC6146700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00580-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coinfection with HIV-1 and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) often leads to AIDS-related malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The interaction between HIV and KSHV plays a pivotal role in the progression of these malignancies. We have previously demonstrated that, by upregulating miR-942-5p, HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) inhibits KSHV lytic replication by targeting IκBα to activate the NF-κB signaling (Q. Yan, C. Shen, J. Qin, W. Li, M. Hu, H. Lu, D. Qin, J. Zhu, S. J. Gao, C. Lu, J Virol 90:8739-8753, 2016). Here, we show that Vpr inactivates Notch signaling, resulting in inhibition of KSHV lytic replication and induction of pro-proliferative and -survival cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), TIMP-1, IGF-1, and NT-4. Mechanistically, Vpr upregulates miR-711, which directly targets the Notch1 3' untranslated region. Suppression of miR-711 relieved Notch1 and reduced Vpr inhibition of KSHV lytic replication and Vpr induction of pro-proliferation and -survival cytokines, while overexpression of miR-711 exhibited the opposite effect. Finally, overexpression of Notch1 reduced Vpr induction of NF-κB activity by promoting IκBα promoter activity. Our novel findings reveal that by upregulating miR-711 to target Notch1, Vpr silences Notch signaling to activate the NF-κB pathway by reducing IκBα expression, leading to inhibition of KSHV lytic replication and induction of pro-proliferation and -survival cytokines. Therefore, the miR-711/Notch/NF-κB axis is important in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related malignancies and could be an attractive therapeutic target.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection significantly increases the risk of KS and PEL in KSHV-infected individuals. Our previous study has shown that HIV-1 Vpr regulates the KSHV life cycle by targeting IκBα to activate NF-κB signaling through upregulating cellular miR-942-5p. In this study, we have further found that Vpr inactivates Notch signaling to promote KSHV latency and production of pro-proliferation and -survival cytokines. Another Vpr-upregulated cellular microRNA, miR-711, participates in this process by directly targeting Notch1. As a result, Notch1 upregulation of the IκBα promoter activity is attenuated, resulting in reduced levels of IκBα transcript and protein. Overall, these results illustrate an alternative mechanism of HIV-1 Vpr regulation of KSHV latency and aberrant cytokines through the miR-711/Notch/NF-κB axis. Our novel findings further demonstrate the role of an HIV-1-secreted regulatory protein in the KSHV life cycle and KSHV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Runran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyou Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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5
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de Munnik SM, van der Lee R, Velders DM, van Offenbeek J, Smits-de Vries L, Leurs R, Smit MJ, Vischer HF. The viral G protein-coupled receptor ORF74 unmasks phospholipase C signaling of the receptor tyrosine kinase IGF-1R. Cell Signal 2016; 28:595-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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de Munnik SM, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Modulation of cellular signaling by herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:40. [PMID: 25805993 PMCID: PMC4353375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are widespread infectious pathogens that have been associated with proliferative and inflammatory diseases. During viral evolution, HHVs have pirated genes encoding viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), which are expressed on infected host cells. These vGPCRs show highest homology to human chemokine receptors, which play a key role in the immune system. Importantly, vGPCRs have acquired unique properties such as constitutive activity and the ability to bind a broad range of human chemokines. This allows vGPCRs to hijack human proteins and modulate cellular signaling for the benefit of the virus, ultimately resulting in immune evasion and viral dissemination to establish a widespread and lifelong infection. Knowledge on the mechanisms by which herpesviruses reprogram cellular signaling might provide insight in the contribution of vGPCRs to viral survival and herpesvirus-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M de Munnik
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
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7
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Guz NR, Leuser H, Goldman E. Process Development and Multikilogram Syntheses of XL228 Utilizing a Regioselective Isoxazole Formation and a Selective SNAr Reaction to a Pyrimidine Core. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400137m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Guz
- Chemical Development, Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
| | - Helena Leuser
- Chemical Development, CARBOGEN-AMCIS, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Erick Goldman
- Chemical Development, Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080,
United States
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8
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Piecewicz SM, Pandey A, Roy B, Hua Xiang S, Zetter BR, Sengupta S. Insulin-like growth factors promote vasculogenesis in embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32191. [PMID: 22363814 PMCID: PMC3283730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of embryonic stem cells to differentiate into endothelium and form functional blood vessels has been well established and can potentially be harnessed for therapeutic angiogenesis. However, after almost two decades of investigation in this field, limited knowledge exists for directing endothelial differentiation. A better understanding of the cellular mechanisms regulating vasculogenesis is required for the development of embryonic stem cell-based models and therapies. In this study, we elucidated the mechanistic role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1 and 2) and IGF receptors (IGFR1 and 2) in endothelial differentiation using an embryonic stem cell embryoid body model. Both IGF1 or IGF2 predisposed embryonic stem to differentiate towards a mesodermal lineage, the endothelial precursor germ layer, as well as increased the generation of significantly more endothelial cells at later stages. Inhibition of IGFR1 signaling using neutralizing antibody or a pharmacological inhibitor, picropodophyllin, significantly reduced IGF-induced mesoderm and endothelial precursor cell formation. We confirmed that IGF-IGFR1 signaling stabilizes HIF1α and leads to up-regulation of VEGF during vasculogenesis in embryoid bodies. Understanding the mechanisms that are critical for vasculogenesis in various models will bring us one step closer to enabling cell based therapies for neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Piecewicz
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar Roy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Soh Hua Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce R. Zetter
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shiladitya Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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9
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Karasic TB, Hei TK, Ivanov VN. Disruption of IGF-1R signaling increases TRAIL-induced apoptosis: a new potential therapy for the treatment of melanoma. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1994-2007. [PMID: 20417200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis is dependent on a balance of multiple genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which up-regulate efficacy of the surviving growth factor-receptor signaling pathways and suppress death-receptor signaling pathways. The Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathway is highly active in metastatic melanoma cells by mediating downstream activation of PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways and controlling general cell survival and proliferation. In the present study, we used human melanoma lines with established genotypes that represented different phases of cancer development: radial-growth-phase WM35, vertical-growth-phase WM793, metastatic LU1205 and WM9 [1]. All these lines have normal NRAS. WM35, WM793, LU1205 and WM9 cells have mutated BRAF (V600E). WM35 and WM9 cells express normal PTEN, while in WM793 cells PTEN expression is down-regulated; finally, in LU1205 cells PTEN is inactivated by mutation. Cyclolignan picropodophyllin (PPP), a specific inhibitor of IGF-1R kinase activity, strongly down-regulated the basal levels of AKT activity in WM9 and in WM793 cells, modestly does so in LU1205, but has no effect on AKT activity in the early stage WM35 cells that are deficient in IGF-1R. In addition, PPP partially down-regulated the basal levels of active ERK1/2 in all lines used, highlighting the role of an alternative, non-BRAF pathway in MAPK activation. The final result of PPP treatment was an induction of apoptosis in WM793, WM9 and LU1205 melanoma cells. On the other hand, dose-dependent inhibition of IGF-1R kinase activity by PPP at a relatively narrow dose range (near 500 nM) has different effects on melanoma cells versus normal cells, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and G2/M arrest of fibroblasts. To further enhance the pro-apoptotic effects of PPP on melanoma cells, we used a combined treatment of TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) and PPP. This combination substantially increased death by apoptosis for WM793 and WM9 cells, but did so only modestly for LU1205 cells with very high basal activity of AKT. The ultimate goal of this direction of research is the discovery of a new treatment method for highly resistant human metastatic melanomas. Our findings provide the rationale for further preclinical evaluation of this novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Karasic
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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10
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Novosyadlyy R, Vijayakumar A, Lann D, Fierz Y, Kurshan N, LeRoith D. Physical and functional interaction between polyoma virus middle T antigen and insulin and IGF-I receptors is required for oncogene activation and tumour initiation. Oncogene 2009; 28:3477-86. [PMID: 19617901 PMCID: PMC2756316 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyVmT) is a powerful viral oncogene; however, the mechanisms of PyVmT activation are poorly understood. The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) and the insulin receptor (IR) are known to be implicated in the development of many cancers. Furthermore, PyVmT-overexpressing mouse mammary carcinoma Met-1 cells are highly responsive to IGF-I and insulin. Herein, we demonstrate that PyVmT physically interacts with IGF-IR and IR in Met-1 cells. Insulin and IGF-I increase association of the IR and IGF-IR with PyVmT, enhance tyrosine phosphorylation of PyVmT and augment the recruitment of Src and PLCgamma(1) to PyVmT. This is accompanied by robust and sustained phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2, which are implicated in both PyVmT and IGF-IR/IR signalling. Both ligands significantly increase proliferation, survival, migration and invasion of Met-1 cells. Furthermore, orthotopic inoculation of Met-1 cells with shRNAmir-mediated knockdown of IR or IGF-IR fails to initiate tumour growth in recipient mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that the physical and functional interaction between PyVmT and cellular receptor tyrosine kinases, including IR and IGF-IR, is critical for PyVmT activation and tumour initiation. These results also provide a novel mechanism for oncogene activation in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Novosyadlyy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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11
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Aberrant intracellular IGF-1R β-subunit makes receptor knockout cells (IGF1R-/-) susceptible to oncogenic transformation. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1458-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Rikhof B, de Jong S, Suurmeijer AJH, Meijer C, van der Graaf WTA. The insulin-like growth factor system and sarcomas. J Pathol 2009; 217:469-82. [PMID: 19148905 DOI: 10.1002/path.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a diverse group of malignant mesenchymal tumours arising from bone and soft tissues. The identification of critical cellular signalling pathways in sarcomas is an important issue for the development of new targeted therapies. This review highlights the experimental and clinical evidence supporting the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling system in the cellular transformation and progression of several types of sarcoma, including rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Preclinical data suggest that the IGF system could be a promising target for therapy in these sarcomas. Currently, therapies interrupting IGF signalling have been or are being developed. In recent phase 1 clinical studies with humanized monoclonal antibodies directed against IGF receptor type 1 (IGF-1R), objective tumour responses were observed in several patients with Ewing's sarcoma, encouraging further clinical testing in Ewing's sarcoma and other sarcoma (sub)types. Moreover, the occasional occurrence of paraneoplastic hypoglycaemia as a result of the secretion of incompletely processed forms of pro-IGF-II by sarcomas is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Rikhof
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Frasca F, Pandini G, Sciacca L, Pezzino V, Squatrito S, Belfiore A, Vigneri R. The role of insulin receptors and IGF-I receptors in cancer and other diseases. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008; 114:23-37. [PMID: 18465356 DOI: 10.1080/13813450801969715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, that receptor tyrosine kinases play a key role in the formation and progression of human cancer. In particular, the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR), a tyrosine kinase receptor for IGF-I and IGF-II, has been well documented in cell culture, animal studies, and humans to play a role in malignant transformation, progression, protection from apoptosis, and metastasis. In addition, the hormone insulin (which is very closely related to the IGFs) and its tyrosine kinase receptor (the IR, which is very closely related to the IGR-IR) have been documented both in vitro and in vivo to play a key role in cancer biology. Indeed, several epidemiological studies have shown that insulin resistance status, characterized by hyperinsulinaemia, is associated with an increased risk for a number of malignancies, including carcinomas of the breast, prostate, colon and kidney. Recent data have elucidated some molecular mechanisms by which IR is involved in cancer. IR is over-expressed in several human malignancies. Interestingly, one of the two IR isoform (IR-A) is especially over-expressed in cancer. IR-A is the IR foetal isoform and has the peculiar characteristic to bind not only insulin but also IGF-II. In addition, the IR contributes to formation of hybrid receptors with the IGF-IR (HR). By binding to hybrid receptors, insulin may stimulate specific IGF-IR signalling pathways. Over-expression of IR-A is, therefore, a major mechanism of IGF system over-activation in cancer. In this respect, IR-A isoform and hybrid receptors should be regarded as potential molecular targets, in addition to IGF-IR, for novel anti-cancer therapy. These findings may have important implications for both the prevention and treatment of common human malignancies. They underline the concept that hyperinsulinaemia, associated with insulin resistance and obesity, should be treated by changes in life style and/or pharmacological approaches to avoid an increased risk for cancer. Moreover, native insulin and insulin analogue administration should be carefully evaluated in terms of the possible increase in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Frasca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Catania, Via Palermo 636, Catania, Italy.
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Catrina SB, Botusan IR, Rantanen A, Catrina AI, Pyakurel P, Savu O, Axelson M, Biberfeld P, Poellinger L, Brismar K. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha are expressed in kaposi sarcoma and modulated by insulin-like growth factor-I. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:4506-14. [PMID: 16899596 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neoangiogenesis is essential for tumor development. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a transcriptional factor composed of two subunits (alpha and beta), plays a key role in this process, activating proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The HIF alpha subunits are critically regulated by oxygen and are also modulated by growth factors. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a highly vascular tumor that releases large amounts of VEGF and for which we have recently described an essential role for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. We therefore investigated the expression of HIF alpha subunits in biopsies from KS tumors and their modulation by IGF-I in KSIMM, a KS cell line. RESULTS Both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha were expressed in KS biopsies in all tumoral stages. HIF-1alpha immunopositivity increased through the tumor development with highest expression in the late nodular stages. In KSIMM cells, IGF-I induced accumulation of both HIF alpha subunits. The induction suggests a translation mechanism as documented by cycloheximide chase experiment coupled with constant RNA levels as evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. IGF-I-induced HIF alpha accumulation was followed by an increase in HIF function as assessed both by reporter gene assay and by induction of endogenous target gene expression (VEGF-A). Specific blockade of IGF-I receptor with alphaIR3 antibody or with picropodophyllin, a specific IGF-IR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, diminishes the basal and IGF-I-dependent induction of both HIF alpha congeners. CONCLUSION These novel findings show the coupling between the IGF and HIF signaling in KS and suggest a coordinated contribution by these pathways to the characteristic vascular phenotype of this tumor.
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MESH Headings
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/drug effects
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Biopsy, Needle
- Cell Hypoxia/drug effects
- Cobalt/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/drug effects
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Podophyllotoxin/analogs & derivatives
- Podophyllotoxin/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Diabetes Center Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Clemmons DR. Modifying IGF1 activity: an approach to treat endocrine disorders, atherosclerosis and cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:821-33. [PMID: 17906644 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a polypeptide hormone that has a high degree of structural similarity to human proinsulin. Owing to its ubiquitous nature and its role in promoting cell growth, strategies to inhibit IGF1 actions are being pursued as potential adjunctive measures for treating diseases such as short stature, atherosclerosis and diabetes. In addition, most tumour cell types possess IGF1 receptors and conditions in the tumour microenvironment, such as hypoxia, can lead to enhanced responsiveness to IGF1. Therefore, inhibiting IGF1 action has been proposed as a specific mechanism for potentiating the effects of existing anticancer therapies or for directly inhibiting tumour cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Clemmons
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7170, USA.
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16
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Vasilcanu R, Vasilcanu D, Rosengren L, Natalishvili N, Sehat B, Yin S, Girnita A, Axelson M, Girnita L, Larsson O. Picropodophyllin induces downregulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor: potential mechanistic involvement of Mdm2 and β-arrestin1. Oncogene 2007; 27:1629-38. [PMID: 17828296 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is crucial for growth and survival of malignant cells. Experience in targeting IGF-1R in cancer models has shown that strategies promoting downregulation of the receptor are much more efficient in inducing apoptosis than those inhibiting the IGF-1R activity. Recently, we found that the cyclolignan picropodophyllin (PPP) inhibits phosphorylation of IGF-1R and activation of downstream signaling without interfering with the highly homologous insulin receptor (IR). Furthermore, PPP treatment caused strong regression of tumor grafts and prolonged survival of animals with systemic tumor disease. Here we demonstrate that PPP also downregulates the IGF-1R, whereas the IR and several other receptors were not affected. PPP-induced IGF-1R downregulation required expression of the MDM2 E3 ligase, which recently was found to ubiquitinate and cause degradation of the IGF-1R. In addition knockdown of beta-arrestin1, the adaptor molecule known to bridges MDM2 and IGF-1R, prevented downregulation of the receptor and significantly decreased PPP-induced cell death. All together these data suggest that PPP downregulates IGF-1R by interfering with the action of beta-arrestin1/MDM2 as well as the achieved receptor downregulation contributes to the apoptotic effect of PPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vasilcanu
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Konstantinopoulos PA, Sullivan RJ, Karamouzis MV, Dezube BJ. Investigational agents for treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:495-504. [PMID: 17371197 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a neoplasm that results from the co-infection of HIV and KS herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 (KSHV/HHV8). Targeting HIV with highly active antiretroviral therapy has attenuated the natural history of this disease. Recent discoveries have elucidated the role of multiple signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related KS. In particular, KSHV/HHV8-specific gene products, including a G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) and a homolog of human IL-6 (vIL-6), have been implicated in the development of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, KSHV/HHV8 can modulate cellular growth and angiogenic pathways to augment malignant transformation and potentiate growth. This article discusses the main signaling pathways that are implicated in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related KS, reviews recently completed clinical trials and anticipates the future direction of molecularly targeted agents in this disease.
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18
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Dezube BJ, Sullivan R, Koon HB. Emerging targets and novel strategies in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: bidirectional translational science. J Cell Physiol 2007; 209:659-62. [PMID: 17001705 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Through the mentorship process, Dr. Arthur Pardee emphasized the critical importance of bidirectional translational research-not only advancing drug development from bench to bedside, but also bringing back precious clinical material to the laboratory to assess the biologic effects of therapeutic agents on their targets. This mini-review focuses on the signal transduction pathways of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and on how the knowledge of such pathways has led to the rational development of molecularly targeted pathogenesis-driven therapies. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related-KS results from co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus and KS herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 (KSHV/HHV8), which leads to the development of an angiogenic-inflammatory state that is critical in the pathogenesis of KS. KS is driven by KSHV/HHV8-specific pathways, which include viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR), viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6), and viral chemokine homologues. In addition, cellular growth/angiogenic pathways, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), angiopoietin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are "pirated" by KSHV/HHV8. As a very tangible example of how translational research has led to a marked improvement in patient outcome, the signal transduction inhibitor imatinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of c-kit and PDGF) was administered to patients with KS whose tumors were serially biopsied. Not only did the patients' tumors regress, but also the regression was correlated with the inhibition of PDGF receptor (PDGFR) in the biopsy samples. Recent and future clinical trials of molecularly targeted therapy for the treatment of KS are a prelude to a shift in the paradigm of how KS is managed.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/etiology
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/genetics
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/metabolism
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/therapy
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- HIV-1
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/therapy
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Dezube
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal vascular tumor that occurs most commonly in patients who have immunosuppression caused by HIV. KS-associated herpes virus (human herpes virus 8, KSHV) has been identified as the causative agent. There are marked geographic differences in the prevalence of both KS and seropositivity to KSHV. The incidence of the tumor has shown a marked decline in first-world countries with the widespread use of effective antiretroviral therapy. The most effective anthracycline is pegylated liposomal doxorubicin; however, few developing countries, where KS prevalence is highest, can afford to use these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jessop
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma results from co-infection with HIV and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, which leads to the development of an angiogenic-inflammatory state that is critical in the pathogenesis of the condition. Recent discoveries regarding Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 infection and its activation of signal transduction have led to a greater understanding into Kaposi's sarcoma pathogenesis and have identified potential targets for therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Kaposi's sarcoma is driven by Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8-specific pathways, which include viral G protein-coupled receptor, viral IL-6, and viral chemokine homologues. In addition, cellular growth/angiogenic pathways such as vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, angiopoietin and matrix metalloproteinases are 'pirated' by Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8. Recent findings show Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 specific signaling pathways and pirated pathways to be important therapeutic targets. SUMMARY Numerous advances have been made recently that expand the understanding of Kaposi's sarcoma pathogenesis. These findings and recent clinical trials of targeted therapy for treatment are a prelude to a shift in the paradigm of how AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma is managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sullivan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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21
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Rose PP, Carroll JM, Carroll PA, DeFilippis VR, Lagunoff M, Moses AV, Roberts CT, Früh K. The insulin receptor is essential for virus-induced tumorigenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. Oncogene 2006; 26:1995-2005. [PMID: 17001305 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a multifocal neoplasm of the skin that can spread to visceral organs, is the most prevalent malignant tumor in acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) is considered the primary etiological factor of this malignancy, as well as of primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. KS lesions are characterized by proliferating spindle cells of endothelial cell (EC) origin. The action of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been implicated in many malignancies, and recent data have demonstrated that the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is required for in vitro growth of the KS-derived KSIMM cell line. To examine whether the IGF pathway is also involved in KSHV-mediated transformation of ECs, we examined the expression and function of the IGF system in KSHV-infected, immortalized dermal microvascular EC (E-DMVEC). The expression of the insulin receptor (IR) was strongly induced in latently infected E-DMVEC, whereas the expression levels of the IGF-IR remained unchanged. Gene knockdown of IR, but not IGF-IR, prevented the characteristic focus formation seen in KSHV-infected E-DMVEC. Similarly, treatment with the IR-specific small-molecule inhibitor HNMPA-(AM(3)) inhibited postconfluent growth. These data suggest a role for the IR, but not the IGF-IR, in KSHV-induced transformation of vascular ECs.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/virology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Organophosphonates/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/physiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Rose
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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22
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Vasilcanu D, Weng WH, Girnita A, Lui WO, Vasilcanu R, Axelson M, Larsson O, Larsson C, Girnita L. The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor PPP produces only very limited resistance in tumor cells exposed to long-term selection. Oncogene 2006; 25:3186-95. [PMID: 16407828 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cyclolignan PPP was recently demonstrated to inhibit the activity of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), without affecting the highly homologous insulin receptor. In addition, PPP caused complete regression of xenografts derived from various types of cancer. These data highlight the use of this compound in cancer treatment. However, a general concern with antitumor agents is development of resistance. In light of this problem, we aimed to investigate whether malignant cells may develop serious resistance to PPP. After trying to select 10 malignant cell lines, with documented IGF-1R expression and apoptotic responsiveness to PPP treatment (IC50s less than 0.1 microM), only two survived an 80-week selection but could only tolerate maximal PPP doses of 0.2 and 0.5 microM, respectively. Any further increase in the PPP dose resulted in massive cell death. These two cell lines were demonstrated not to acquire any essential alteration in responsiveness to PPP regarding IGF-1-induced IGF-1R phosphorylation. Neither did they exhibit any increase in expression of the multidrug resistance proteins MDR1 or MRP1. Consistently, they did not exhibit decreased sensitivity to conventional cytostatic drugs. Rather, the sensitivity was increased. During the first half of the selection period, both cell lines responded with a temporary and moderate increase in IGF-1R expression, which appeared to be because of an increased transcription of the IGF-1R gene. This increase in IGF-1R might be necessary to make cells competent for further selection but only up to a PPP concentration of 0.2 and 0.5 microM. In conclusion, malignant cells develop no or remarkably weak resistance to the IGF-1R inhibitor PPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vasilcanu
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Molica S, Vitelli G, Mirabelli R, Digiesu G, Giannarelli D, Cuneo A, Ribatti D, Vacca A. Serum insulin-like growth factor is not elevated in patients with early B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia but is still a prognostic factor for disease progression. Eur J Haematol 2006; 76:51-7. [PMID: 16343271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an important growth and anti-apoptotic factor for the cancer cells in several malignancies and in multiple myeloma recent studies support the hypothesis of a role for IGF-1 in disease progression; however, clinico-biological relevance of IGF-1 was never studied in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a quantitative sandwich immunoassay technique (ELISA) (Quantikine, Human IGF-1 and IGFBP-3, R&D Systems), we measured the concentration of IGF-1 and its major binding protein IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) in serum drawn at the time of diagnosis from 77 Binet stage A CLL patients. RESULTS Either IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 were significantly decreased compared with healthy age- and sex-matched controls (P < 0.0001 for both; Mann-Whitney test). Serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 paralleled each other (P = 0.002); in contrast, no significant correlation was found between serum levels of IGF-1 and clinico-hematological variables including age (P = 0.253), sex (P = 0.270), Rai clinical substages (P = 0.140), lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.956), beta2-microglobulin (P = 0.368), lymphocyte count (P = 0.703) and lymphocyte doubling time (LDT, P = 0.233). When correlation were attempted with circulating levels of angiogenic cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (P = 0.971), basic fibroblastic growth factor (P = 0.695), angiogenin (P = 0.282) or adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (P = 0.318), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (P = 0.883) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (P = 0.772) similar results were found. Serum levels of IGF-1 were further evaluated as a dichotomous variable with respect to progression-free survival (PFS), an endpoint surrogate for overall survival in early B-cell CLL. The best separation of curves was seen with the cutoff point at the 75th percentile of IGF-1 levels (i.e., 93 pg/mL). Median PFS was 63 months in the patient group with low IGF-1, compared with a median PFS of 40 months in the remaining patients (P = 0.03). In the multivariate analysis performed including variables significant at univariate analysis [i.e. Rai substage (P = 0.002); LDT (P = 0.004), IGF-1 (P = 0.01)], only Rai substage retained prognostic significance (P = 0.006). However, after removing from analysis LDT (only six of 77 had an LDT < 12 months), either IGF-1 or Rai substage entered the model at a significant level (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS IGF-1 did not correlate with markers of tumor burden or clinical status in CLL thus suggesting that levels of this cytokine do not reflect the intrinsic malignancy of disease. Results of the present study highlight, however, its involvement in mechanisms of disease progression in early CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Disease Progression
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Growth Substances/blood
- Humans
- Hydro-Lyases/blood
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/blood
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Myeloma/blood
- Multiple Myeloma/mortality
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Tumor Burden
- beta 2-Microglobulin/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Molica
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Pugliese-Ciaccio, Catanzaro, Italy.
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