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Guo Q, Jin Y, Chen X, Ye X, Shen X, Lin M, Zeng C, Zhou T, Zhang J. NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:53. [PMID: 38433280 PMCID: PMC10910037 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with extensive and in-depth investigations, researchers have discovered that its role can be expanded to a variety of signaling mechanisms, biological processes, human diseases, and treatment options. In this review, we first scrutinize the research process of NF-κB signaling, and summarize the composition, activation, and regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling. We investigate the interaction of NF-κB signaling with other important pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TLR signaling. The physiological and pathological states of NF-κB signaling, as well as its intricate involvement in inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment, are also explicated. Additionally, we illustrate how NF-κB signaling is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. Further, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting NF-κB signaling, including IKK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, nuclear translocation inhibitors, DNA binding inhibitors, TKIs, non-coding RNAs, immunotherapy, and CAR-T. Finally, we provide an outlook for research in the field of NF-κB signaling. We hope to present a stereoscopic, comprehensive NF-κB signaling that will inform future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizi Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Ye
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxi Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Kumar U. Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors in Tumour Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:436. [PMID: 38203605 PMCID: PMC10779198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST), a growth hormone inhibitory peptide, is expressed in endocrine and non-endocrine tissues, immune cells and the central nervous system (CNS). Post-release from secretory or immune cells, the first most appreciated role that SST exhibits is the antiproliferative effect in target tissue that served as a potential therapeutic intervention in various tumours of different origins. The SST-mediated in vivo and/or in vitro antiproliferative effect in the tumour is considered direct via activation of five different somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5), which are well expressed in most tumours and often more than one receptor in a single cell. Second, the indirect effect is associated with the regulation of growth factors. SSTR subtypes are crucial in tumour diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, with the recent development of new SST analogues and receptor-specific agonists with emerging functional consequences of signaling pathways are promising therapeutic avenues in tumours of different origins that are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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3
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Mao L, Xia Y, Fan Y, Li N, Jiang Z, Qin X, Jiang Y, Liu G, Qiu F, Zhang J, Zou Z, Chen C. Disruption of the lung-gut-brain axis is responsible for cortex damage induced by pulmonary exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles. Toxicology 2023; 485:153390. [PMID: 36535435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota is important for host health in response to metal nanomaterials exposure. However, the effect of gut microbiota on the cortex damage caused by pulmonary exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) remains mainly unknown. In this study, a total of 48 adult C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally instilled with 0.6 mg/kg ZnONPs in the presence or absence of antibiotics (ABX) treatment. Besides, 24 mice were treated with or without fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) after the intraperitoneal administration of ABX. Our results demonstrated for the first time that dysbiosis induced by ABX treatment significantly aggravated cortex damage induced by pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs. Such damage might highly occur through the induction of oxidative stress, manifested by the enhancement of antioxidative enzymes and products of lipid peroxidation. However, ferroptosis was not involved in this process. Interestingly, our data revealed that ABX treatment exacerbated the alterations of gut-brain peptides (including Sst, Sstr2, and Htr4) induced by ZnONPs in both gut and cortex tissues. Moreover, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was able to alleviate cerebral cortex damage, oxidative stress, and alterations of gut-brain peptides induced by pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs. The results together indicate that pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs causes cerebral cortex damage possibly via the disruption of the lung-gut-brain axis. These findings not only propose valuable insights into the mechanism of ZnONPs neurotoxicity but also provide a potential therapeutic method against brain disorders induced by pulmonary exposure to ZnONPs. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the The corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yandan Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lejiao Mao
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yinyin Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yinzhen Fan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ziqi Jiang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University‑Town Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Emergency, The University‑Town Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Research Center for Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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4
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Jensen LR, Maier AD, Lomstein A, Graillon T, Hrachova M, Bota D, Ruiz-Patiño A, Arrieta O, Cardona AF, Rudà R, Furtner J, Roeckle U, Clement P, Preusser M, Scheie D, Broholm H, Kristensen BW, Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Ziebell M, Munch TN, Fugleholm K, Walter MA, Mathiesen T, Mirian C. Somatostatin analogues in treatment-refractory meningioma: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual patient data. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45:3067-3081. [PMID: 35984552 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-refractory meningiomas have a dismal prognosis and limited treatment options. Meningiomas express high-densities of somatostatin receptors (SSTR), thus potentially susceptible to antitumorigenic effects of somatostatin analogues (SSA). Evidence for SSA in meningiomas is scarce, and it is unclear if published literature would either (1) support wider use of SSA, if (2) more evidence is desirable, or if (3) available evidence is sufficient to discard SSA. We addressed the need for more evidence with a systematic review and meta-analysis. We performed an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis. Main outcomes were toxicity, best radiological response, progression-free survival, and overall survival. We applied multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the effect of SSA on the probability of obtaining radiological disease control. The predictive performance was evaluated using area under the curve and Brier scores. We included 16 studies and compiled IPD from 8/9 of all previous cohorts. Quality of evidence was overall ranked "very low." Stable disease was reported in 58% of patients as best radiological response. Per 100 mg increase in total SSA dosage, the odds ratios for obtaining radiological disease control was 1.42 (1.11 to 1.81, P = 0.005) and 1.44 (1.00 to 2.08, P = 0.05) for patients treated with SSA as monodrug therapy vs SSA in combination with everolimus, respectively. Low quality of evidence impeded exact quantification of treatment efficacy, and the association between response and treatment may represent reverse causality. Yet, the SSA treatment was well tolerated, and beneficial effect cannot be disqualified. A prospective trial without bias from inconsistent study designs is warranted to assess SSA therapy for well-defined meningioma subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Rehné Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Daniela Maier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic Investigation, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atle Lomstein
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Graillon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital La Timone, Aix Marseille University, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
| | - Maya Hrachova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Daniela Bota
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCaN), Mexico City, México
| | | | - Roberta Rudà
- Department of Neurology, Castelfranco Veneto/Treviso, Treviso, Italy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, City of Health and Science Hospital and University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Julia Furtner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Roeckle
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Paul Clement
- Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Scheie
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic Investigation, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Broholm
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic Investigation, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Skjøth-Rasmussen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Ziebell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Nørgaard Munch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Fugleholm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin A Walter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Gesundheitswissenschaften Und Medizin EN, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Tiit Mathiesen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Mirian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Chen B, Kong X, Li Z, Hu W, Zhou H, Gao J, Cui Y, Li S, Wan Q, Feng Y. Downregulation of NF-κB by Shp-1 alleviates cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-induced brain edema via suppression of AQP4. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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6
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Cintas C, Douche T, Dantes Z, Mouton-Barbosa E, Bousquet MP, Cayron C, Therville N, Pont F, Ramos-Delgado F, Guyon C, Garmy-Susini B, Cappello P, Burlet-Schiltz O, Hirsch E, Gomez-Brouchet A, Thibault B, Reichert M, Guillermet-Guibert J. Phosphoproteomics Identifies PI3K Inhibitor-selective Adaptive Responses in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Therapy and Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2433-2445. [PMID: 34552006 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K pathway is highly active in human cancers. The four class I isoforms of PI3K are activated by distinct mechanisms leading to a common downstream signaling. Their downstream redundancy is thought to be responsible for treatment failures of PI3K inhibitors. We challenged this concept, by mapping the differential phosphoproteome evolution in response to PI3K inhibitors with different isoform-selectivity patterns in pancreatic cancer, a disease currently without effective therapy. In this cancer, the PI3K signal was shown to control cell proliferation. We compared the effects of LY294002 that inhibit with equal potency all class I isoenzymes and downstream mTOR with the action of inhibitors with higher isoform selectivity toward PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, or PI3Kγ (namely, A66, TGX-221 and AS-252424). A bioinformatics global pathway analysis of phosphoproteomics data allowed us to identify common and specific signals activated by PI3K inhibitors supported by the biological data. AS-252424 was the most effective treatment and induced apoptotic pathway activation as well as the highest changes in global phosphorylation-regulated cell signal. However, AS-252424 treatment induced reactivation of Akt, therefore decreasing the treatment outcome on cell survival. Reversely, AS-252424 and A66 combination treatment prevented p-Akt reactivation and led to synergistic action in cell lines and patient organoids. The combination of clinically approved α-selective BYL-719 with γ-selective IPI-549 was more efficient than single-molecule treatment on xenograft growth. Mapping unique adaptive signaling responses to isoform-selective PI3K inhibition will help to design better combinative treatments that prevent the induction of selective compensatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Cintas
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Labex TouCAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibault Douche
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Labex TouCAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Zahra Dantes
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Mouton-Barbosa
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Bousquet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Cayron
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Labex TouCAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicole Therville
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Labex TouCAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Pont
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France
| | - Fernanda Ramos-Delgado
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Labex TouCAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Guyon
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Labex TouCAN, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Paola Cappello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Turin, Italy
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Turin, Italy
| | - Anne Gomez-Brouchet
- IUCT-O, Institut Claudius Regaud, Hopitaux de Toulouse, Biobank, Toulouse, France
| | - Benoît Thibault
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France.,Labex TouCAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- INSERM, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, U1037, CRCT, Toulouse, France. .,Labex TouCAN, Toulouse, France
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7
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Hosono T, Bando M, Mizushina Y, Sata M, Hagiwara K, Sugiyama Y. Inhibitory effects of somatostatin analogue in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2021; 47:280-288. [PMID: 33899633 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2021.1916650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease. An increased expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in patients with IPF was identified and lung fibroblasts expressed somatostatin receptors in vitro. In addition, somatostatin analogue inhibits the expression of transforming growth factor-β, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) -1, platelet-derived growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Therefore, we examined the effects of somatostatin analogue on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. In a similar model, it has been reported that administration of high-dose somatostatin analogs suppressed acute inflammation and subsequent pulmonary fibrosis. However, it was clarified that the same effect can be obtained even at the dose used in clinical practice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice received a single tracheal instillation of bleomycin. After randomly allocated, mice were treated with subcutaneous injection of either normal saline or somatostatin analogue. RESULTS Somatostatin analogue reduced the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and IGF-1 level in serum and BAL fluid and attenuated weight loss. The hydroxyproline content of the lung homogenates in somatostatin analogue treatment group was significantly lower than in that of normal saline treatment group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that somatostatin analogue may attenuate pulmonary fibrosis after bleomycin treatment at the dose used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hosono
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Japan Community Health Care Organization Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masashi Bando
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mizushina
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koichi Hagiwara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sugiyama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Somatostatin-Dopamine Chimeric Molecules in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030501. [PMID: 33535394 PMCID: PMC7867079 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a widely heterogeneous family of neoplasms arising from neuroendocrine cells, which are interspersed throughout the body. Despite NENs are relatively rare, their incidence and prevalence are constantly increasing probably due to the improvement in earlier diagnosis and patients’ management. When surgery is not curative, particularly for patients with metastatic disease, several medical options are available. Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are the first-line medical therapy for well-differentiated NENs. Interestingly, the heterodimerization of somatostatin receptors (SSTs) with dopamine receptors (DRs) has been discovered in NENs. This phenomenon results in hybrid receptors with enhanced functional activity. On these bases, chimeric molecules embracing somatostatin and dopamine features have been recently developed. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the available preclinical and clinical data regarding chimeric somatostatin-dopamine agonists as a new class of “magic bullet” in the therapy of NENs.
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9
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Costanzi E, Simioni C, Conti I, Laface I, Varano G, Brenna C, Neri LM. Two neuroendocrine G protein-coupled receptor molecules, somatostatin and melatonin: Physiology of signal transduction and therapeutic perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2505-2518. [PMID: 32989768 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest signal-conveying receptor family, are targets for mutations occurring frequently in different cancer types. GPCR alterations associated with cancer development represent significant challenges for the discovery and the advancement of targeted therapeutics. Among the different molecules that can activate GPCRs, we focused on two molecules that exert their biological actions regulating many typical features of tumorigenesis such as cellular proliferation, survival, and invasion: somatostatin and melatonin. The modulation of signaling pathways, that involves these two molecules, opens an interesting scenario for cancer therapy, with the opportunity to act at different molecular levels. Therefore, the aim of this review is the analysis of the biological activity and the therapeutic potential of somatostatin and melatonin, displaying a high affinity for GPCRs, that interfere with cancer development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Costanzi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Varano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Brenna
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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10
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Schniering J, Benešová M, Brunner M, Haller S, Cohrs S, Frauenfelder T, Vrugt B, Feghali-Bostwick CA, Schibli R, Distler O, Mueller C, Maurer B. Visualisation of interstitial lung disease by molecular imaging of integrin αvβ3 and somatostatin receptor 2. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:218-227. [PMID: 30448769 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate integrin αvβ3 (alpha-v-beta-3)-targeted and somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2)-targeted nuclear imaging for the visualisation of interstitial lung disease (ILD). METHODS The pulmonary expression of integrin αvβ3 and SSTR2 was analysed in patients with different forms of ILD as well as in bleomycin (BLM)-treated mice and respective controls using immunohistochemistry. Single photon emission CT/CT (SPECT/CT) was performed on days 3, 7 and 14 after BLM instillation using the integrin αvβ3-targeting 177Lu-DOTA-RGD and the SSTR2-targeting 177Lu-DOTA-NOC radiotracer. The specific pulmonary accumulation of the radiotracers over time was assessed by in vivo and ex vivo SPECT/CT scans and by biodistribution studies. RESULTS Expression of integrin αvβ3 and SSTR2 was substantially increased in human ILD regardless of the subtype. Similarly, in lungs of BLM-challenged mice, but not of controls, both imaging targets were stage-specifically overexpressed. While integrin αvβ3 was most abundantly upregulated on day 7, the inflammatory stage of BLM-induced lung fibrosis, SSTR2 expression peaked on day 14, the established fibrotic stage. In agreement with the findings on tissue level, targeted nuclear imaging using SPECT/CT specifically detected both imaging targets ex vivo and in vivo, and thus visualised different stages of experimental ILD. CONCLUSION Our preclinical proof-of-concept study suggests that specific visualisation of molecular processes in ILD by targeted nuclear imaging is feasible. If transferred into clinics, where imaging is considered an integral part of patients' management, the additional information derived from specific imaging tools could represent a first step towards precision medicine in ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schniering
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Benešová
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Brunner
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Haller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Susan Cohrs
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frauenfelder
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bart Vrugt
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Mueller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Britta Maurer
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Tan X, Wang S, Guo C, Qian M, Zhang X, Wan P, Yu C, Geng B, Ke K, Shen J, Song Y, Yu M. SSTR2 associated with neuronal apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in adult rats. Neurol Res 2018; 40:221-230. [PMID: 29380671 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1428277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective SSTR2 is a member of superfamily of SST receptor (SSTR), and widely expressed in the brain; however, the knowledge of its functions in area adjacent to hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is still limited. Method The role of SSTR2 in the processes of ICH was explored by conducting an ICH rat model. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were employed to examine the level of SSTR2 in area adjacent to hematoma after ICH. Immunofluorescent staining was used to observe the spatial correlation of SSTR2 with cellular types adjacent to hematoma after ICH. RNA interference specific to SSTR2 was adopted in PC12 cells to clarify the causal correlation between SSTR2 and neuronal activities. Results Increased expression of SSTR2 was observed and restricted to the neurons adjacent to hematoma following ICH. Immunofluorescent staining showed that SSTR2 was significant increased in neurons, but not astrocytes or microglia. Increasing SSTR2 level was found to be accompanied by the up-regulation of activated caspase-3 and the down-expression of p-Akt in a time-dependent manner. What's more, using SSTR2 RNA interference (SSTR2-RNAi) in PC12 cells, we indicated that SSTR2 might have a pro-apoptotic role in neurons. Conclusion We speculated that SSTR2 might exert its pro-apoptotic function in neurons through inhibiting Akt activity following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tan
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, First People's Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyao Wang
- b Department of Neurology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , People's Republic of China
| | - Changyun Guo
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, First People's Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , People's Republic of China
| | - Min Qian
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, First People's Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Zhang
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, First People's Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wan
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, First People's Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, First People's Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , People's Republic of China
| | - Baojian Geng
- c Department of Neurology , Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nantong , People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifu Ke
- b Department of Neurology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabing Shen
- b Department of Neurology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Song
- c Department of Neurology , Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nantong , People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yu
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, First People's Hospital of Yichang , Yichang , People's Republic of China
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Vassaux G, Angelova A, Baril P, Midoux P, Rommelaere J, Cordelier P. The Promise of Gene Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:127-33. [PMID: 26603492 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike for other digestive cancer entities, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies have, so far, largely failed to improve patient survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in Europe and the United States. In this context, gene therapy may offer a new avenue for patients with PDAC. In this review, we explore the research currently ongoing in French laboratories aimed at defeating PDAC using nonviral therapeutic gene delivery, targeted transgene expression, or oncolytic virotherapy that recently or will soon bridge the gap between experimental models of cancer and clinical trials. These studies are likely to change clinical practice or thinking about PDAC management, as they represent a major advance not only for PDAC but may also significantly influence the field of gene-based molecular treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vassaux
- 1 Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis , Nice, France .,2 Laboratoire TIRO , UMRE 4320, CEA, Nice, France
| | - Assia Angelova
- 3 German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Tumor Virology/F010, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Baril
- 4 Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301 and University of Orléans , Orléans, France
| | - Patrick Midoux
- 4 Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301 and University of Orléans , Orléans, France
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- 3 German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Tumor Virology/F010, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- 5 INSERM , UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France .,6 Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier , F-31000 Toulouse, France
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13
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Baer R, Cintas C, Therville N, Guillermet-Guibert J. Implication of PI3K/Akt pathway in pancreatic cancer: When PI3K isoforms matter? Adv Biol Regul 2015; 59:19-35. [PMID: 26166735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer belongs to the incurable family of solid cancers. Despite of a recent better understanding its molecular biology, and an increased number of clinical trials, there is still a lack for innovative targeted therapies to fight this deadly malignancy. PI3K/Akt signalling is one of the most commonly deregulated signalling pathways in cancer, which explains the massive attention from many pharmaceutical companies over the ten past years on these signalling molecules. The already developed small molecule inhibitors are currently under clinical trial in various cancer types. Class I PI3Ks have 4 isoforms for which the role in physiology starts to be well described in the literature. Data are more unclear for their differential involvement in oncogenesis. In this review, we will discuss about the cognitive and therapeutic potential of targeting this signalling pathway and in particular Class I PI3K isoforms for pancreatic cancer treatment. Isoform-specificity of PI3K inhibitors are currently designed to achieve the same goal as pan-PI3K inhibitors but without potential adverse effects. We will discuss if such strategy is relevant in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Baer
- Inserm, U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Oncopole de Toulouse, F31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Célia Cintas
- Inserm, U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Oncopole de Toulouse, F31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicole Therville
- Inserm, U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Oncopole de Toulouse, F31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- Inserm, U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Oncopole de Toulouse, F31037, Toulouse, France.
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14
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Therapeutic uses of somatostatin and its analogues: Current view and potential applications. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:98-110. [PMID: 25956467 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is an endogeneous cyclic tetradecapeptide hormone that exerts multiple biological activities via five ubiquitously distributed receptor subtypes. Classified as a broad inhibitory neuropeptide, somatostatin has anti-secretory, anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects. The clinical use of native somatostatin is limited by a very short half-life (1 to 3min) and the broad spectrum of biological responses. Thus stable, receptor-selective agonists have been developed. The majority of these somatostatin therapeutic agonists bind strongly to two of the five receptor subtypes, although recently an agonist of wider affinity has been introduced. Somatostatin agonists are established in the treatment of acromegaly with recently approved indications in the therapy of neuroendocrine tumours. Potential therapeutic uses for somatostatin analogues include diabetic complications like retinopathy, nephropathy and obesity, due to inhibition of IGF-1, VEGF together with insulin secretion and effects upon the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Wider uses in anti-neoplastic therapy may also be considered and recent studies have further revealed anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects. This review provides a comprehensive, current view of the biological functions of somatostatin and potential therapeutic uses, informed by the wide range of pharmacological advances reported since the last published review in 2004 by P. Dasgupta. The pharmacology of somatostatin receptors is explained, the current uses of somatostatin agonists are discussed, and the potential future of therapeutic applications is explored.
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15
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The effect of co-administration of Lawsonia inermis extract and octreotide on experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. Environ Health Prev Med 2015; 20:195-203. [PMID: 25726025 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-015-0451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of Lawsonia inermis total methanolic extract (LIE) and octreotide (OC) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, depending on somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR-2) and Alfa fetoprotein (AFP) perturbations. METHODS Sixty albino mice, divided into five groups (12/each); all except control were injected with single diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) dose of 90 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally (IP). DENA group was killed at the last day of week 18. LIE group was given 200 mg/100 ml drinking water from first day of DENA injection until end of week 18. OC group received OC (0.1 mg/kg body weight, twice daily by subcutaneous injection, SC from the first day of week 17 till end of week 18. LIE + OC was given medications till the last day of week 18. Serum AFP, liver tissue SSTR-2 mRNA, its protein expression, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed. RESULTS A significant increase in plasma AFP and hepatic mRNA, associated to liver tissue neoplastic changes, SSTR-2 expression and MDA with decreased hepatic GSH were observed in DENA group. These changes were significantly improved by LIE and/or OC. CONCLUSIONS LIE and/or OC treatment has effective chemopreventive action due to their ability to alleviate oxidative stress, desensitizing cellular growth receptor to SST.
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16
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Peverelli E, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Vitali E, Cambiaghi V, Locatelli M, Lasio GB, Spada A, Lania AG, Mantovani G. Filamin A (FLNA) plays an essential role in somatostatin receptor 2 (SST2) signaling and stabilization after agonist stimulation in human and rat somatotroph tumor cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2932-41. [PMID: 24828612 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor type 2 (SST2) is the main pharmacological target of medical therapy for GH-secreting pituitary tumors, but molecular mechanisms regulating its expression and signaling are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cytoskeleton protein filamin A (FLNA) in SST2 expression and signaling in somatotroph tumor cells. We found a highly variable expression of FLNA in human GH-secreting tumors, without a correlation with SST2 levels. FLNA silencing in human tumoral cells did not affect SST2 expression and localization but abolished the SST2-induced reduction of cyclin D1 (-37% ± 15% in control cells, P < .05 vs basal) and caspase-3/7 activation (+63% ± 31% in control cells, P < .05 vs basal). Overexpression of a FLNA dominant-negative mutant that specifically prevents SST2-FLNA binding reduced SST2 expression after prolonged agonist exposure (-55% ± 5%, P < .01 vs untreated cells) in GH3 cells. Moreover, SST2-induced apoptotic effect (77% ± 54% increase of caspase activity, P < .05 vs basal) and SST2-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition (48% ± 17% reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, P < .01 vs basal) were abrogated in cells overexpressing another FLNA mutant that prevents FLNA interaction with partner proteins but not with SST2, suggesting a scaffold function of FLNA in somatotrophs. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that FLNA is involved in SST2 stabilization and signaling in tumoral somatotrophs, playing both a structural and functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit (E.P., E.G., D.T., A.S., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Neurosurgery Unit (M.L.), Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milano, Italy; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (E.V., V.C.), Humanitas Research Center, Neurosurgery Unit (G.B.L.), and Endocrine Unit (A.G.L.), IRCCS Clinical and Research Institute Humanitas, Rozzano, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
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17
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Abstract
The somatostatin (SRIF) system, which includes the SRIF ligand and receptors, regulates anterior pituitary gland function, mainly inhibiting hormone secretion and to some extent pituitary tumor cell growth. SRIF-14 via its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors (subtypes 1-5) activates multiple cellular signaling pathways including adenylate cyclase/cAMP, MAPK, ion channel-dependent pathways, and others. In addition, recent data have suggested SRIF-independent constitutive SRIF receptor activity responsible for GH and ACTH inhibition in vitro. This review summarizes current knowledge on ligand-dependent and independent SRIF receptor molecular and functional effects on hormone-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Eigler
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Davis Building, Room 3066, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Anat Ben-Shlomo
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Davis Building, Room 3066, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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18
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Chalabi M, Duluc C, Caron P, Vezzosi D, Guillermet-Guibert J, Pyronnet S, Bousquet C. Somatostatin analogs: does pharmacology impact antitumor efficacy? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:115-27. [PMID: 24405892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is an endogenous inhibitor of secretion and cell proliferation. These features render somatostatin a logical candidate for the management of neuroendocrine tumors that express somatostatin receptors. Synthetic somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have longer half-lives than somatostatin, but have similar activities, and are used for the treatment of these types of disorders. Interest has focused on novel multireceptor analogs with broader affinity to several of the five somatostatin receptors, thereby presenting putatively higher antitumor activities. Recent evidence indicates that SSAs cannot be considered mimics of native somatostatin in regulating signaling pathways downstream of receptors. Here we review this knowledge, discuss the concept of biased agonism, and highlight what considerations need to be taken into account for the optimal clinical use of SSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Chalabi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Duluc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Caron
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Pôle Cardio-Vasculaire et Métabolique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Larrey, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Vezzosi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Pôle Cardio-Vasculaire et Métabolique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Larrey, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Pyronnet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), 31432 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Gadelha MR, Kasuki L, Korbonits M. Novel pathway for somatostatin analogs in patients with acromegaly. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:238-46. [PMID: 23270713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic disease with increased morbidity and mortality, where usually multiple treatment modalities are used. The somatostatin analogs (SSAs) are the mainstay of medical therapy but, in many patients, including those with a germline mutation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene, disease activity cannot be controlled with these drugs. Previous data have suggested the involvement of the tumor-suppressor gene ZAC1 in the mechanism of action of SSAs, and more recent findings suggested that SSAs could regulate AIP, which in turn can stimulate ZAC1, therefore suggesting the existence of a SSA-AIP-ZAC1-somatostatin effect pathway. The current review discusses these novel observations, highlighting their significance in the treatment of sporadic and familial somatotroph adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica R Gadelha
- Division of Endocrinology, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco street 255, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Peptide receptor targeting in cancer: the somatostatin paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2013; 2013:926295. [PMID: 23476673 PMCID: PMC3582104 DOI: 10.1155/2013/926295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide receptors involved in pathophysiological processes represent promising therapeutic targets. Neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) is produced by specialized cells in a large number of human organs and tissues. SST primarily acts as inhibitor of endocrine and exocrine secretion via the activation of five G-protein-coupled receptors, named sst1–5, while in central nervous system, SST acts as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, regulating locomotory and cognitive functions. Critical points of SST/SST receptor biology, such as signaling pathways of individual receptor subtypes, homo- and heterodimerization, trafficking, and cross-talk with growth factor receptors, have been extensively studied, although functions associated with several pathological conditions, including cancer, are still not completely unraveled. Importantly, SST exerts antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects on cancer cells in vitro, and on experimental tumors in vivo. Moreover, SST agonists are clinically effective as antitumor agents for pituitary adenomas and gastro-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. However, SST receptors being expressed by tumor cells of various tumor histotypes, their pharmacological use is potentially extendible to other cancer types, although to date no significant results have been obtained. In this paper the most recent findings on the expression and functional roles of SST and SST receptors in tumor cells are discussed.
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21
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Shpakov AO. Somatostatin receptors and signaling cascades coupled to them. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093012040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vojdani A, Lambert J, Kellermann G. The Role of Th17 in Neuroimmune Disorders: A Target for CAM Therapy. Part III. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2011:548086. [PMID: 19622602 PMCID: PMC3140049 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abundant research has mapped the inflammatory pathways leading to autoimmunity and neuroinflammatory disorders. The latest T helper to be identified, Th17, through its proinflammatory cytokine IL-17, plays a pathogenic role in many inflammatory conditions. Today, healthcare providers have a wealth of anti-inflammatory agents from which to choose. On one hand, pharmaceutical companies market brand-name drugs direct to the public and physicians. Medical botanical knowledge, on the other hand, has been passed down from generation to generation. The demands for natural healing therapies have brought corresponding clinical and laboratory research studies to elucidate the medicinal properties of alternative practices. With a variety of options, it can be difficult to pinpoint the proper anti-inflammatory agent for each case presented. In this review, the authors highlight a vast array of anti-inflammatory medicaments ranging from drugs to vitamins and from botanicals to innate molecules. This compilation may serve as a guide for complimentary and alternative healthcare providers who need to target neuroinflammation driven by Th17 and its inflammatory cytokine IL-17. By understanding the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory agents, CAM practitioners can tailor therapeutic interventions to fit the needs of the patient, thereby providing faster relief from inflammatory complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jama Lambert
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
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Cakir M, Dworakowska D, Grossman A. Somatostatin receptor biology in neuroendocrine and pituitary tumours: part 1--molecular pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2570-84. [PMID: 20629989 PMCID: PMC4373477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) may occur at many sites in the body although the majority occur within the gastroenteropancreatic axis. Non-gastroenteropancreatic NETs encompass phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas, medullary thyroid carcinoma, anterior pituitary tumour, broncho-pulmonary NETs and parathyroid tumours. Like most endocrine tumours, NETs also express somatostatin (SST) receptors (subtypes 1–5) whose ligand SST is known to inhibit endocrine and exocrine secretions and have anti-tumour effects. In the light of this knowledge, the idea of using SST analogues in the treatment of NETs has become increasingly popular and new studies have centred upon the development of new SST analogues. We attempt to review SST receptor (SSTR) biology primarily in neuroendocrine tissues, focusing on pituitary tumours. A full data search was performed through PubMed over the years 2000–2009 with keywords ‘somatostatin, molecular biology, somatostatin receptors, somatostatin signalling, NET, pituitary’ and all relevant publications have been included, together with selected publications prior to that date. SSTR signalling in non-neuroendocrine solid tumours is beyond the scope of this review. SST is a potent anti-proliferative and anti-secretory agent for some NETs. The successful therapeutic use of SST analogues in the treatment of these tumours depends on a thorough understanding of the diverse effects of SSTR subtypes in different tissues and cell types. Further studies will focus on critical points of SSTR biology such as homo- and heterodimerization of SSTRs and the differences between post-receptor signalling pathways of SSTR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Cakir
- Selcuk University, Meram School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Konya, Turkey.
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Balentine CJ, Berger DH, Liu SH, Chen C, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi FC. Defining the cancer master switch. World J Surg 2011; 35:1738-45. [PMID: 21286716 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has focused on signaling cascades and their interactions yielding considerable insight into which genetic pathways are targeted and how they tend to be altered in tumors. Therapeutic interventions now can be designed based on the knowledge of pathways vital to tumor growth and survival. These critical targets for intervention, master switches for cancer, are termed so because the tumor attempts to "flip the switch" in a way that promotes its survival, whereas molecular therapy aims to "switch off" signals important for tumor-related processes. METHODS Literature review. CONCLUSIONS Defining useful targets for therapy depends on identifying pathways that are crucial for tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. Because not all signaling cascades are created equal, selecting master switches or targets for intervention needs to be done in a systematic fashion. This discussion proposes a set of criteria to define what it means to be a cancer master switch and provides examples to illustrate their application.
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Ambrosini V, Zompatori M, De Luca F, Antonia D, Allegri V, Nanni C, Malvi D, Tonveronachi E, Fasano L, Fabbri M, Fanti S. 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT allows somatostatin receptor imaging in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: preliminary results. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:1950-5. [PMID: 21078794 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.079962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interstitial lung diseases include different clinical entities with variable prognoses. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common, presents the most severe outcome (death within 3-5 y), whereas nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) shows a more indolent progression. Preclinical evidence of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) expression on fibroblasts in vitro and in lung fibrosis murine models, coupled with the longer survival of mice with fibrotic lungs treated with agents blocking SSTR, supports the hypothesis of imaging fibroblast activity in vivo by visualization of SSTR with (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT. The aim of this study was to evaluate (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in patients with IPF and NSIP. METHODS Seven IPF patients and 7 NSIP patients were included in the study. (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT and high-resolution CT (HRCT) were performed in all cases by following a standard procedure. PET/CT results were compared with disease sites and extent on HRCT. RESULTS In IPF, (68)Ga-DOTANOC uptake was peripheral, subpleural, and directly correlated with pathologic areas on HRCT (subpleural/reticular fibrosis, honeycombing). NSIP patients showed fainter tracer uptake, whereas corresponding HRCT showed areas of ground-glass opacity and rare fibrotic changes. Only IPF patients showed a linear correlation between maximal SUV and disease extent quantified both automatically (Q) (IPF: P = 0.002, R = 0.93) and using the visual score (Spearman ρ = 0.46, P = 0.0001). Q directly correlated with percentage carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in IPF (P = 0.03, R = 0.79) and NSIP (P = 0.05, R = 0.94), whereas maximal SUV did not present any correlation with percentage carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. CONCLUSION Our preliminary data show that (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT demonstrates SSTR overexpression in IPF patients; this may prove interesting for the evaluation of novel treatments with somatostatin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ambrosini
- Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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Papadaki T, Tsilimbaris M, Pallikaris I, Thermos K. Somatostatin receptor activation (sst(1) -sst(5) ) differentially influences human retinal pigment epithelium cell viability. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88:e228-33. [PMID: 20632998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the differential effects of somatostatin and its receptors (sst(1-5) ) on the viability of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells. METHODS MTT [3 (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide], APO Percentage(TM) and trypan blue assays were performed to assess the mechanisms via which somatostatin (10(-10) -10(-4) m) and selective receptor (sst(1-5) ) ligands (10(-12) -10(-4) m) affect cell viability. The effect of orthovanadate (phosphatase inhibitor, 10(-7) -10(-5) m) on somatostatin's (10(-5) m) actions was examined, and western blot analysis was employed to determine the presence of ssts and phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in human RPE cells. RESULTS Somatostatin and selective ligands for the five somatostatin receptor subtypes (sst(1-5) ) decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The observed decrease in cell number was partly because of apoptosis via the activation of sst(1) and sst(5) receptors. Activation of sst(2) , sst(3) and sst(4) receptors led to inhibition of cell growth that did not involve apoptosis, but rather antiproliferative actions. SHP-1 was found in the human RPE cells and sodium orthovanadate reversed somatostatin's actions. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new information regarding the involvement of ssts in human RPE cell viability and suggests that a pathway involving the phosphotyrosine phosphatase may mediate somatostatin's actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Papadaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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Martinez-Alonso M, Llecha N, Mayorga ME, Sorolla A, Dolcet X, Sanmartin V, Abal L, Casanova JM, Baradad M, Yeramian A, Egido R, Puig S, Vilella R, Matias-Guiu X, Marti RM. Expression of somatostatin receptors in human melanoma cell lines: effect of two different somatostatin analogues, octreotide and SOM230, on cell proliferation. J Int Med Res 2010; 37:1813-22. [PMID: 20146879 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin analogues (SAs) are potential anticancer agents. This study was designed to investigate the expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in melanoma cells and the effect of two SAs on cell proliferation and viability. Eighteen primary and metastatic human cutaneous melanoma cell lines were treated with octreotide and SOM230. Expression of SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5 was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Proliferation, viability and cell death were assessed using standard assays. Inhibition was modelled by mixed-effect regression. Melanoma cells expressed one or more SSTR. Both SAs inhibited proliferation of most melanoma cell lines, but inhibition was < 50%. Neither SA affected cell viability or induced cell death. The results suggest that melanoma cell lines express SSTRs. The SAs investigated, under the conditions used in this study, did not, however, significantly inhibit melanoma growth or induce cell death. Novel SAs, combination therapy with SAs and their anti-angiogenic properties should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez-Alonso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRB-Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Appetecchia M, Baldelli R. Somatostatin analogues in the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, current aspects and new perspectives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:19. [PMID: 20196864 PMCID: PMC2845555 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP NETs) are rare tumours that present many clinical features.They secrete peptides and neuroamines that cause distinct clinical syndromes, including carcinoid syndrome. However, many are clinically silent until late presentation with mass effects.In 2000 the WHO developed a new classification which gives a better description of the characteristics and biological behaviour of the tumour.Surgical resection is the treatment of first choice for a patient with a GEP NET. In metastatic disease multiple therapeutic approaches are possible. In these cases the goal is to improve quality of life and to extent survival.GEP NETs express somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), which are bound by somatostatin (SST) or its synthetic analogues, although the subtypes and number of SSTRs expressed is very variable.Somatostatin analogues are used frequently to control hormone-related symptoms while their anti-neoplastic activity, even if it has not been widely studied and the regarding data are discordant, seems to result prevalently in tumour stabilisation.A few patients who fail to respond or cease to respond to standard SST analogues treatment seem to have a response to higher doses of these drugs.The use of higher doses of somatostatin analogues or the development of new subtype selective agonists and chimaeric somatostatin analogues, or pan-somatostatin will probably improve the clinical management of these patients.This review provides an update on the use of somatostatin analogues in the management of GEP NETs and discusses novel clinical strategies based on SSTR 2 gene transfer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Appetecchia
- Endocrinology Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
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Zhang Z, Huang Y, Newman K, Gu J, Zhang X, Wu H, Zhao M, Xianyu Z, Liu X. Reexpression of human somatostatin receptor gene 2 gene mediated by oncolytic adenovirus increases antitumor activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand against pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5154-60. [PMID: 19671855 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer continues to pose an enormous challenge to clinicians and cancer scientists. Clinical studies show that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis- inducing ligand (TRAIL) exerts a potent and tumor-specific proapoptotic activity. However, most pancreatic cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL therapy. Human somatostatin receptor gene 2 (hSSTr2) is lost in 90% of pancreatic carcinoma. Oncolytic viruses are able to selectively lyse cancer cells and represent a promising novel anticancer therapy. Here, we investigated whether oncolytic adenovirus-mediated reexpression of hSSTr2 would enhance TRAIL-induced antitumor efficacy against pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The antitumor efficacies of combined or single treatment of hSSTr2 and TRAIL mediated by oncolytic adenovirus were compared in pancreatic cancer cell culture and xenografts. The mechanisms involved in hSSTr2-induced sensitization to TRAIL were studied. RESULTS Oncolytic adenovirus-mediated reexpression of hSSTr2 potentiated TRAIL-induced tumor growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Reexpression of hSSTr2 augmented TRAIL-induced apoptosis against pancreatic cancer cells via up-regulation of death receptor 4 and down-regulation of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS hSSTr2 restoration mediated by oncolytic adenovirus enhances TRAIL-induced antitumor efficacy against pancreatic cancer. Combined treatment with oncolytic adenovirus-mediated hSSTr2 and TRAIL gene provides the rationale for a clinical trial in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Kerros C, Cavey T, Sola B, Jauzac P, Allouche S. Somatostatin and opioid receptors do not regulate proliferation or apoptosis of the human multiple myeloma U266 cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:77. [PMID: 19500423 PMCID: PMC2698864 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND opioid and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) that can assemble as heterodimer were individually reported to modulate malignant cell proliferation and to favour apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS SSTRs and opioid receptors expression were examined by RT-PCR, western-blot and binding assays, cell proliferation was studied by XTT assay and propidium iodide (PI) staining and apoptosis by annexin V-PI labelling. RESULTS almost all human malignant haematological cell lines studied here expressed the five SSTRs. Further experiments were conducted on the human U266 multiple myeloma cells, which express also micro-opioid receptors (MOP-R). XTT assays and cell cycle studies provide no evidence for a significant effect upon opioid or somatostatin receptors stimulation. Furthermore, neither direct effect nor potentiation of the Fas-receptor pathway was detected on apoptosis after these treatments. CONCLUSION these data suggest that SSTRs or opioid receptors expression is not a guaranty for an anti-tumoral action in U266 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Kerros
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire de la signalisation, UPRES-EA 3919, IFR 146 ICORE, Université de Caen, Caen, France.
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Barbieri F, Pattarozzi A, Gatti M, Porcile C, Bajetto A, Ferrari A, Culler MD, Florio T. Somatostatin receptors 1, 2, and 5 cooperate in the somatostatin inhibition of C6 glioma cell proliferation in vitro via a phosphotyrosine phosphatase-eta-dependent inhibition of extracellularly regulated kinase-1/2. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4736-46. [PMID: 18566118 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin inhibits cell proliferation through the activation of five receptors (SSTR1-5) expressed in normal and cancer cells. We analyzed the role of individual SSTRs in the antiproliferative activity of somatostatin in C6 rat glioma cells. Somatostatin dose-dependently inhibited C6 proliferation, an effect mimicked, with different efficacy or potency, by BIM-23745, BIM-23120, BIM-23206 (agonists for SSTR1, -2, and -5) and octreotide. The activation of SSTR3 was ineffective, although all SSTRs are functionally active, as demonstrated by the inhibition of cAMP production. All SSTRs induced cytostatic effects through the activation of the phosphotyrosine phosphatase PTPeta and the inhibition of ERK1/2. For possible synergism between SSTR subtypes, we tested the effects of the combined treatment with two agonists (SSTR1+2 or SSTR2+5) or bifunctional compounds. The simultaneous activation of SSTR1 and SSTR2 slightly increased the efficacy of the individual compounds with an IC50 in between the single receptor activation. SSTR2+5 activation displayed a pattern of response superimposable to that of the SSTR5 agonist alone (low potency and higher efficacy, as compared with BIM-23120). The simultaneous activation of SSTR1, -2, and -5 resulted in a response similar to somatostatin. In conclusion, the cytostatic effects of somatostatin in C6 cells are mediated by the SSTR1, -2, and -5 through the same intracellular pathway: activation of PTPeta and inhibition of ERK1/2 activity. Somatostatin is more effective than the individual agonists. The combined activation of SSTR1 and -2 shows a partial synergism as far as antiproliferative activity, whereas SSTR2 and -5 activation results in a response resembling the SSTR5 effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbieri
- Laboratory pf Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Biology, and Genetics, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Torrisani J, Hanoun N, Laurell H, Lopez F, Maoret JJ, Souque A, Susini C, Cordelier P, Buscail L. Identification of an upstream promoter of the human somatostatin receptor, hSSTR2, which is controlled by epigenetic modifications. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3137-47. [PMID: 18325993 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a neuropeptide that inhibits exocrine and endocrine secretions of several hormones and negatively regulates cell proliferation. These events are mediated through somatostatin engagement on one of five G protein-coupled receptors named SSTR1 to STTR5. Somatostatin binding to SSTR2 mediates predominantly antisecretory and antiproliferative effects; two important biological activities in the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine and exocrine system. Herein we demonstrate novel regulatory sequences for human (h) SSTR2 transcription. By genomic DNA sequence analysis, we reveal two CpG islands located 3.8 kb upstream from the transcription start site. We identify a novel transcription start site and a promoter region within one of these CpG islands. We demonstrate that two epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation and histone acetylation, regulate the activation of hSSTR2 upstream promoter. Furthermore, we show that the transcription from this upstream promoter region directly correlates to hSSTR2 mRNA expression in various human cell lines. A combined treatment of a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, leads to increased expression of hSSTR2 mRNA in cell lines in which the CpG island is methylated. The epigenetic regulation of this promoter region results in differential expression of hSSTR2 mRNA in human cell lines. This study reveals the existence of a novel upstream promoter for the hSSTR2 gene that is regulated by epigenetic modifications, suggesting for complex control of the hSSTR2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Torrisani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 858, I2MR Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Département Cancers Epithéliaux, Angiogénèse, et Signalisation, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Florio T. Somatostatin/somatostatin receptor signalling: phosphotyrosine phosphatases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:40-8. [PMID: 17913342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) by somatostatin receptor (SSTR) represents one of the main intracellular mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative effect of somatostatin (SST) and analogues. Since their molecular cloning, the role of PTPs is emerging as a major regulator of different cell functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, cell to cell interactions, cell matrix adhesion and cell migration. It was demonstrated that PTPs possess high substrate specificity and their activity is tightly regulated. Importantly, different G protein-coupled receptors transduce their biological activities through PTPs. PTPs were identified as down-stream effectors of SSTRs to transduce antiproliferative signals, and so far, three family members (SHP-1, SHP-2 and DEP-1/PTPeta) have been identified as selective SSTR intracellular effectors. Here, the molecular mechanisms leading SSTRs to regulate PTP activity are discussed, focusing on recent data showing a close interplay between PTPs and tyrosine kinases to transduce tumoral cell growth arrest following SST analogs administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullio Florio
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Pyronnet S, Bousquet C, Najib S, Azar R, Laklai H, Susini C. Antitumor effects of somatostatin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:230-7. [PMID: 18359151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery three decades ago as an inhibitor of GH release from the pituitary gland, somatostatin has attracted much attention because of its functional role in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological functions in the brain, pituitary, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, adrenals, thyroid, kidney and immune system. In addition to its negative role in the control of endocrine and exocrine secretions, somatostatin and analogs also exert inhibitory effects on the proliferation and survival of normal and tumor cells. Over the past 15 years, studies have begun to reveal some of the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of somatostatin. This review covers the present knowledge in the antitumor effect of somatostatin and analogs and discusses the perspectives of novel clinical strategies based on somatostatin receptor sst2 gene transfer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pyronnet
- INSERM U858, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Dpt Cancer/E16, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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