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Thompson MS, Dahari SI, Shamsuddin MS, Rashed AA, Sarbini SR. Effects of sago starch on body weight, food intake, caecum short chain fatty acids, adipose tissue, and hepatic lipid content of fat-induced Sprague Dawley rats. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.28.5.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sago starch which naturally contains high amount of resistant starch, comes to the attention due to its ability to confer health benefits as functional food i.e., prebiotic. The present work aimed to investigate the effects of sago starch consumption on body weight, satiation, caecum short chain fatty acids body, and hepatic lipid content on diet-induced obese rats for obesity management. A total of 36 male Sprague Dawley rats were fat-induced and divided into the obesity-prone and obesity-resistant groups. Eight percent and sixteen percent resistant starch from sago and Hi-maize260 were incorporated into the standardised feed formulation. Food intake was weighed throughout the intervention period. The caecum sample was subjected to short chain fatty acids analysis using HPLC. Hepatic lipid content was measured using the Folch method. Both dosages of sago starch (8 and 16% SRS) promoted body weight loss with a reduction of food intake, which suggested satiety. No significant differences was observed in the production of lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate from the caecum sample. Both dosages of sago starch (8 and 16% SRS) also showed lower hepatic lipid content and visceral adipose tissue than the baseline and control groups. However, 8% sago starch showed the lowest hepatic lipid content in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant groups. Overall results demonstrated that sago starch has the potential as an obesity and overweightness control regime as it promotes satiety, lowers visceral adipose tissue, and reduces hepatic lipid content. Consumers should consider adding sago starch in their daily meals.
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Bello-Pérez LA, Flores-Silva PC, Sifuentes-Nieves I, Agama-Acevedo E. Controlling starch digestibility and glycaemic response in maize-based foods. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Herwig E, Abbott D, Schwean-Lardner KV, Classen HL. Effect of rate and extent of starch digestion on broiler chicken performance. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3676-3684. [PMID: 30624714 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary starch with lower rate and extent of digestion improves broiler feed efficiency, but previous results might have been confounded by non-starch components of the grains. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the effects of starch digestion on broilers using semi-purified starch. Semi-purified wheat (WS, rapidly digested) and pea (PS, slowly digested) starch were combined to create 6 WS:PS ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100) in starter, grower and finisher diets. Each treatment was fed to Ross 308 male (2,124) and female (2,376) broilers housed in 72 L floor pens from 0 to 31 d of age to measure performance and meat yield relative to live weight. On day 33, the effects of diet on 8 h feed withdrawal was assessed in 20 males per treatment. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and linear and quadratic regression analyses using SAS 9.4. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.050. Body weight gain declined linearly with increasing PS. Male feed intake decreased with increasing PS, but PS did not affect female feed intake. Mortality corrected gain:feed ratio was quadratically influenced by diet (estimated maximum at 25% PS). Breast meat increased linearly with PS, while fat pad and breast and thigh skin decreased linearly. Quadratic responses were found for thigh meat and whole drum (estimated maximum values at 56 and 54% PS, respectively). Males grew faster, ate more, and had higher mortality than females. They also had heavier pectoralis major, thigh bone, and whole drum, while females had heavier pectoralis minor and more breast and thigh skin. After feed withdrawal, digesta content decreased linearly with time in all sections, except for the crop and duodenum, which declined quadratically. Ileal digesta pH increased linearly with time, while crop and caecal pH decreased for 2 h before steadily increasing. Diet did not affect digestive tract emptying or digesta pH. In conclusion, dietary PS maximized feed efficiency at 25% PS and linearly improved breast meat yield, but did not affect digesta clearance after feed withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Herwig
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Dawn Abbott
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | | | - Henry L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada
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4
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Assessing the effect of rate and extent of starch digestion in broiler and laying hen feeding behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Azzini E, Maiani G, Turrini A, Intorre F, Lo Feudo G, Capone R, Bottalico F, El Bilali H, Polito A. The health-nutrition dimension: a methodological approach to assess the nutritional sustainability of typical agro-food products and the Mediterranean diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:3684-3705. [PMID: 29315588 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this paper is to provide a methodological approach to evaluate the nutritional sustainability of typical agro-food products, representing Mediterranean eating habits and included in the Mediterranean food pyramid. RESULTS For each group of foods, suitable and easily measurable indicators were identified. Two macro-indicators were used to assess the nutritional sustainability of each product. The first macro-indicator, called 'business distinctiveness', takes into account the application of different regulations and standards regarding quality, safety and traceability as well as the origin of raw materials. The second macro-indicator, called 'nutritional quality', assesses product nutritional quality taking into account the contents of key compounds including micronutrients and bioactive phytochemicals. For each indicator a 0-10 scoring system was set up, with scores from 0 (unsustainable) to 10 (very sustainable), with 5 as a sustainability benchmark value. The benchmark value is the value from which a product can be considered sustainable. A simple formula was developed to produce a sustainability index. CONCLUSION The proposed sustainability index could be considered a useful tool to describe both the qualitative and quantitative value of micronutrients and bioactive phytochemical present in foodstuffs. This methodological approach can also be applied beyond the Mediterranean, to food products in other world regions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Azzini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maiani
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Aida Turrini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Intorre
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lo Feudo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Roberto Capone
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM-Bari), Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Bottalico
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM-Bari), Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Hamid El Bilali
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies of Bari (CIHEAM-Bari), Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Polito
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
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Huang M, Li J, Ha MA, Riccardi G, Liu S. A systematic review on the relations between pasta consumption and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:939-948. [PMID: 28954707 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The traditional Italian dish pasta is a major food source of starch with low glycemic index (GI) and an important low-GI component of the Mediterranean diet. This systematic review aimed at assessing comprehensively and in-depth the potential benefit of pasta on cardio-metabolic disease risk factors. DATA SYNTHESIS Following a standard protocol, we conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled dietary intervention trials that examined pasta and pasta-related fiber and grain intake in relation to cardio-metabolic risk factors of interest. Studies comparing postprandial glucose response to pasta with that to bread or potato were quantitatively summarized using meta-analysis of standardized mean difference. Evidence from studies with pasta as part of low-GI dietary intervention and studies investigating different types of pasta were qualitatively summarized. CONCLUSIONS Pasta meals have significantly lower postprandial glucose response than bread or potato meals, but evidence was lacking in terms of how the intake of pasta can influence cardio-metabolic disease risk. More long-term randomized controlled trials are needed where investigators directly contrast the cardio-metabolic effects of pasta and bread or potato. Long-term prospective cohort studies with required data available should also be analyzed regarding the effect of pasta intake on disease endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - J Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - M-A Ha
- Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - S Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
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Palomo Atance E, Bahíllo Curieses P, Bueno Lozano G, Feliu Rovira A, Gil-Campos M, Lechuga-Sancho A, Ruiz Cano R, Vela Desojo A. Recomendaciones del Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología Pediátrica sobre hábitos de alimentación para la prevención de la obesidad y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la infancia. An Pediatr (Barc) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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8
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Recommendations of the Spanish Paediatric Endocrinology Society Working Group on Obesity on eating habits for the prevention of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in childhood. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to draw attention to the limited information available on food intake (FI) control in children and adolescents 7-17 y of age, which is essential for developing food policies and guidelines in this population. Although environmental factors have been the overwhelming focus of research on the causative factors of obesity, research focusing on the physiologic control of appetite in children and adolescents is a neglected area of research. To present this message, a review of FI regulation and the role of food and food components in signaling processes are followed by an examination of the role of hormones during puberty in intake regulation. To examine the interaction of environment and physiology on FI regulation, the effects of exercise, television programs, and food advertisements are discussed. In conclusion, although limited, this literature review supports a need for children and adolescents to be a greater focus of research that would lead to sound nutrition policies and actions to reduce chronic disease. A focus on the environment must be balanced with an understanding of physiologic and behavioral changes associated with this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harvey Anderson
- Department for Nutritional Sciences and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Reasons Low-Income Parents Offer Snacks to Children: How Feeding Rationale Influences Snack Frequency and Adherence to Dietary Recommendations. Nutrients 2015. [PMID: 26197335 PMCID: PMC4517042 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although American children snack more than ever before, the parental role in promoting snacking is not well understood. In 2012–2013 at baseline in an intervention study to prevent childhood obesity in low-income Massachusetts communities, n = 271 parents of children aged 2–12 years completed surveys regarding nutritive and non-nutritive reasons they offered children snacks, demographics, and dietary factors. An analysis of variance demonstrated that parents reported offering snacks (mean/week; standard deviation (SD)) for nutritive reasons like promoting growth (x̄ = 2.5; SD 2.2) or satisfying hunger (x̄ = 2.4; SD 2.1) almost twice as often as non-nutritive reasons like keeping a child quiet (x̄ = 0.7; SD 1.5) or celebrating events/holidays (x̄ = 0.8; SD 1.1). Parents reported giving young children (2–5 years) more snacks to reward behavior (1.9 vs. 1.1, p < 0.001), keep quiet (1.0 vs. 0.5, p < 0.001), and celebrate achievements (1.7 vs. 1.0, p < 0.001) than parents of older children (6–12 years). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to obtain adjusted odds ratios, which indicated reduced child adherence to dietary recommendations when parents offered snacks to reward behavior (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.83; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.70–0.99), celebrate events/holidays (OR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.52–0.99), or achievements (OR = 0.82; 95% CI 0.68–0.98). Parental intentions around child snacking are likely important targets for obesity prevention efforts.
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Dunn KL, Yang L, Girard A, Bean S, Awika JM. Interaction of Sorghum Tannins with Wheat Proteins and Effect on in Vitro Starch and Protein Digestibility in a Baked Product Matrix. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1234-1241. [PMID: 25574762 DOI: 10.1021/jf504112z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates contribute the most dietary calories, which makes starchy foods a logical target for modifying calorie intake. This study investigated the interaction of sorghum bran proanthocyanidins (PA) with proteins during wheat flour tortilla processing and impact on in vitro starch digestibility. Brans from wheat, white (low in phenols), brown (high PA), and black (high monomeric flavonoids) sorghum were used. Changes in phenolic profile, starch, and proteins were evaluated. Dough mixing drastically decreased extractable PA (61-72%) but not monomeric phenolics; higher MW PA decreased the most. The high PA bran dough produced the highest insoluble proteins (460 vs 330 mg/g protein for other sorghum brans) at 25% baker's substitution. The high PA bran tortillas also had higher slow digesting starch and lower rapidly digesting starch than all other bran treatments. Significant sorghum PA-gluten interactions occur during dough mixing that may slow starch digestibility in the baked products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Bean
- USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, United States
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to discuss the effect of white vegetable consumption on glycemia, satiety, and food intake. White vegetables is a term used to refer to vegetables that are white or near white in color and include potatoes, cauliflowers, turnips, onions, parsnips, white corn, kohlrabi, and mushrooms (technically fungi but generally considered a vegetable). They vary greatly in their contribution to the energy and nutrient content of the diet and glycemia and satiety. As with other foods, the glycemic effect of many white vegetables has been measured. The results illustrate that interpretation of the semiquantitative comparative ratings of white vegetables as derived by the glycemic index must be context dependent. As illustrated by using the potato as an example, the glycemic index of white vegetables can be misleading if not interpreted in the context of the overall contribution that the white vegetable makes to the carbohydrate and nutrient composition of the diet and their functionality in satiety and metabolic control within usual meals. It is concluded that application of the glycemic index in isolation to judge the role of white vegetables in the diet and, specifically in the case of potato as consumed in ad libitum meals, has led to premature and possibly counterproductive dietary guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada.
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13
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Age and experience predict accurate short-term energy compensation in adults. Appetite 2011; 56:602-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Role of dietary factors and food habits in the development of childhood obesity: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52:662-9. [PMID: 21593641 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182169253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This Comment by the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition aims to provide a summary of the role of nutrition-related factors on obesity prevention in children ages 2 to 18 years. This Comment emphasizes that dietary interventions should be incorporated into a multidisciplinary strategy for obesity prevention. No single nutrient has been unequivocally associated with the development of obesity. Methodological limitations in study design and the complex nature of obesity must be taken into account when interpreting the association with reported dietary factors. Energy intake should be individually determined, taking into account energy expenditure and growth. Preferential intake of slowly absorbed carbohydrates and limiting the ingestion of rapidly absorbed carbohydrates and simple sugars should be promoted. No specific recommendations for macronutrient intakes to prevent obesity can be made. Plant foods can be used as the main food contributors to a well-balanced diet with adequate monitoring of nutrient intake. Plain water should be promoted as the main source of fluids for children instead of sugar-sweetened beverages. Children should eat at least 4 meals, including breakfast, every day. Regular family meals should be encouraged. Regular consumption of fast food with large portion sizes and high energy density should be avoided. Healthy food options should be promoted for snacking. Food portion sizes should be appropriate for age and body size. Nutrition and lifestyle education aimed at the prevention of obesity should be included in the routine care of children by health care professionals.
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15
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Maize and resistant starch enriched breads reduce postprandial glycemic responses in rats. Nutr Res 2011; 31:302-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity, not only in adults but also in children and adolescents, is one of the most important public health problems in developed and developing countries. As one possible way to tackle obesity, a great interest has been stimulated in understanding the relationship between different types of dietary carbohydrate and appetite regulation, body weight and body composition. The present article reviews the conclusions from recent reviews and meta-analyses on the effects of different starches and sugars on body weight management and metabolic disturbances, and provides an update of the most recent studies on this topic. From the literature reviewed in this paper, potential beneficial effects of intake of starchy foods, especially those containing slowly-digestible and resistant starches, and potential detrimental effects of high intakes of fructose become apparent. This supports the intake of whole grains, legumes and vegetables, which contain more appropriate sources of carbohydrates associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases, rather than foods rich in sugars, especially in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages.
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Zhang G, Hamaker BR. Slowly digestible starch: concept, mechanism, and proposed extended glycemic index. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 49:852-67. [PMID: 19960393 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903372466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the major glycemic carbohydrate in foods, and its nutritional property is related to its rate and extent of digestion and absorption in the small intestine. A classification of starch into rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) based on the in vitro Englyst test is used to specify the nutritional quality of starch. Both the RDS and RS fractions have been extensively studied while there are only limited studies on the intermediate starch fraction of SDS, particularly regarding its structural basis and slow digestion mechanism. The current understanding of SDS including its concept, measurement method, structural basis and mechanism, physiological consequences, and approaches to make SDS is reviewed. An in vivo method of extended glycemic index (EGI) is proposed to evaluate its metabolic effect and related health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Camire
- a Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition , University of Maine , USA
| | - Stan Kubow
- b School of Dietetics & Human Nutrition , McGill University , QC, Canada
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Dubois L, Farmer A, Girard M, Peterson K. Regular sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between meals increases risk of overweight among preschool-aged children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:924-34; discussion 934-5. [PMID: 17524711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (eg, nondiet carbonated drinks and fruit drinks) and the prevalence of overweight among preschool-aged children living in Canada. DESIGN Data come from the Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Québec (1998-2002). SUBJECTS/SETTING A representative sample (n=2,103) of children born in 1998 in Québec, Canada. A total of 1,944 children (still representative of the same-age children in this population) remaining at 4 to 5 years in 2002 participated in the nutrition study. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Data were collected via 24-hour dietary recall interview. Frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between meals at age 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 years was recorded and children's height and weight were measured. Multivariate regression analysis was done with Statistical Analysis System software. Weighted data were adjusted for within-child variability and significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Overall, 6.9% of children who were nonconsumers of sugar-sweetened beverages between meals between the ages of 2.5 to 4.5 years were overweight at 4.5 years, compared to 15.4% of regular consumers (four to six times or more per week) at ages 2.5 years, 3.5 years, and 4.5 years. According to multivariate analysis, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between meals more than doubles the odds of being overweight when other important factors are considered in multivariate analysis. Children from families with insufficient income who consume sugar-sweetened beverages regularly between the ages of 2.5 and 4.5 years are more than three times more likely to be overweight at age 4.5 years compared to nonconsuming children from sufficient income households. CONCLUSIONS Regular sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between meals may put some young children at a greater risk for overweight. Parents should limit the quantity of sweetened beverages consumed during preschool years because it may increase propensity to gain weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Dubois
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Casswall TH. Should a diet containing high protein and high glycemic load be blamed for the epidemic of overweight and obese children? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45:19-21. [PMID: 17592360 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e318058ca85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Cecil JE, Palmer CNA, Fischer B, Watt P, Wallis DJ, Murrie I, Hetherington MM. Variants of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma- and beta-adrenergic receptor genes are associated with measures of compensatory eating behaviors in young children. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:167-73. [PMID: 17616777 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.1.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young children can regulate energy precisely in the short term, showing the potential for an innate compensation mechanism of eating behavior. However, data suggest that precise compensation is attenuated as a function of increasing adiposity, parental feeding style, and age. Common variation in candidate obesity genes may account for some of the individual variation observed in short-term energy compensation. Polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and beta-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) genes have been linked to increased body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), obesity, and more recently dietary nutrients and preferences. In addition, common variation in ADRB3 interacts with PPARG to modulate adult body weight. OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether variants in these genes were associated with measurable effects on child eating behavior. DESIGN Children (n=84) aged 4-10 y were prospectively selected for variants of the PPARG locus (Pro12Ala, C1431T). Heights and weights were measured. Energy intake from a test meal was measured 90 min after ingestion of a no-energy (NE), low-energy (LE), or high-energy (HE) preload, and the compensation index (COMPX) was calculated. RESULTS BMI differed significantly by gene model, whereby Pro12Ala was associated with a lower BMI. Poor COMPX was associated with the PPARG T1431 allele (P=0.009). There was a significant interaction between COMPX and the ADRB3 Trp64Arg variant in modulating compensation (P=0.003), whereas the Arg64 allele was associated with good compensation (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to suggest that a genetic interaction involving ADRB3 and PPARG variants influences eating behavior in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Cecil
- Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate glycaemic and satiating properties of potato products in healthy subjects using energy-equivalent or carbohydrate-equivalent test meals, respectively. SUBJECTS AND SETTING Thirteen healthy subjects volunteered for the first study, and 14 for the second. The tests were performed at Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND TEST MEALS: All meals were served as breakfast in random order after an overnight fast. Study 1 included four energy-equivalent (1000 kJ) meals of boiled potatoes, french fries, or mashed potatoes; the latter varying in portion size by use of different amounts of water. The available carbohydrate content varied between 32.5 and 50.3 g/portion. Capillary blood samples were collected during 240 min for analysis of glucose, and satiety was measured with a subjective rating scale. Study 2 included four carbohydrate-equivalent meals (50 g available carbohydrates) of french fries, boiled potatoes served with and without addition of oil, and white wheat bread (reference). The energy content varied between 963 and 1534 kJ/portion. Capillary blood samples were collected during 180 min for analysis of glucose, and satiety was measured using a subjective rating scale. RESULTS Study 1: boiled potatoes induced higher subjective satiety than french fries when compared on an energy-equivalent basis. The french fries elicited the lowest early glycaemic response and was less satiating in the early postprandial phase (area under the curve (AUC) 0-45 min). No differences were found in glycaemic or satiety response between boiled or mashed potatoes. Study 2: french fries resulted in a significantly lower glycaemic response (glycaemic index (GI)=77) than boiled potatoes either with or without addition of oil (GI=131 and 111, respectively). No differences were found in subjective satiety response between the products served on carbohydrate equivalence. CONCLUSIONS Boiled potatoes were more satiating than french fries on an energy-equivalent basis, the effect being most prominent in the early postprandial phase, whereas no difference in satiety could be seen on a carbohydrate-equivalent basis. The lowered GI for french fries, showing a typical prolonged low-GI profile, could not be explained by the fat content per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leeman
- Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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23
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Dubois L, Farmer AP, Girard M, Peterson K. Preschool children's eating behaviours are related to dietary adequacy and body weight. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:846-55. [PMID: 17180152 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationships between eating behaviours (picky eating, irregular eating and overeating), and dietary adequacy in accordance with nutrition recommendations and body weight during the preschool years. DESIGN AND SETTING Our analyses were performed using data from the Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Québec (1998-2002), a population-based birth cohort. SUBJECTS The study followed a representative sample (n=2103) of children born in 1998 in the Canadian province of Québec. METHODS Eating behaviours were derived from self-administered questionnaires when children were 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 years. Nutrition data were collected from one 24-hour recall interview conducted at home by trained nutritionists at 4.5 years. Children's weight and height were measured at 4.5 years. Statistical analyses were carried out with SAS (version 8.2). Weighted data adjusted for within-variability were used in the analysis, and the significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Picky eaters consume fewer total fats, less energy and less protein than children never reporting picky eating behaviours. Picky eaters were more likely to consume less than dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetables, and meat and alternatives. Overeaters consumed more total energy and more of each macronutrient than children who were never reported as overeaters during the preschool years. These children consumed more servings of grain products and meats and alternatives per day than children not classified as overeaters. Even when the number of servings of grain products consumed was similar for overeaters and children who were never overeaters, overeaters had higher body mass index. CONCLUSION Given that children as young as 4.5 years are displaying some form of problematic eating behaviour which is shown to be related to dietary adequacy and body weight, public health professionals should be targeting parents of young children to provide messages about strategies for coping with problematic eating behaviours in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dubois
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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24
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Vásquez F, Salazar G, Andrade M, Vásquez L, Díaz E. Energy balance and physical activity in obese children attending day-care centres. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:1115-21. [PMID: 16775585 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate energy balance and physical activity in obese preschool children attending day-care centres. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Twenty-four 3-5 years old obese children selected at random from four different day-care centres in Santiago City, Chile. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by doubly labelled water and physical activity as recorded by TRITRAC R3D motion sensor. Energy intake was assessed by measuring food intake while at the centre, along with the recording of additional food intake in the home. RESULTS Obese children had a 5.4% higher weighed energy intake than their energy requirements 2001. Energy intake during the week was 7716+/-1092 kJ/day and 7401+/-1023 kJ/day in boys and girls, respectively. Minimal activity was higher in the day-care centres (62%) compared to 52% during the weekend at home. Light activity was higher during the weekend at home than during the week (25 versus 20%), but moderate-intense activity was similar (3-5%). CONCLUSIONS Reduction in dietary energy provided at the day-care centres helps to balance energy requirements during the week. Obese children had marked sedentary characteristics with regards to physical activity, although children are more active at home in weekends. This situation suggests that educators and parents need to improve children's physical activity levels and nutrition habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vásquez
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the pattern of meal glycaemic load of children in Hong Kong and to determine whether the meal glycaemic load is associated with childhood overweight. METHOD Dietary records (3-day) of 316 Hong Kong children aged 6-7 years were collected. Glycaemic load was calculated from the estimated weight (WT), carbohydrate content (%CHO) and glycaemic index (GI) of each food taken using the equation: (% CHO x GI x WT/100). The meal glycaemic load was then the sum of the glycaemic loads of all food taken in each meal. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare the average meal glycaemic load (of breakfast, lunch and dinner) and other dietary parameters between overweight children and normal-weight children. RESULTS Breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks provided, respectively, 17, 29, 29 and 25% of the total glycaemic load in a day. White rice (excluding congee (rice porridge) and glutinous rice) contributed almost half of the total glycaemic load. Adjusted logistic regression showed that the meal glycaemic load was not significantly associated with childhood overweight after adjusting for parental obesity, birth weight, sleeping duration, mean energy intake and paternal smoking. CONCLUSION Meal glycaemic load calculated from current diet was not an independent factor associated with childhood overweight in children aged 6-7 years. Our data suggested that modifying the type of rice/staple consumed and choosing low-GI snacks could have a major influence on the total meal glycaemic load of young Hong Kong children.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Hui
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin
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Wylie-Rosett J, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Segal-Isaacson A. Carbohydrates and increases in obesity: does the type of carbohydrate make a difference? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12 Suppl 2:124S-9S. [PMID: 15601960 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity increasing in the U.S. and elsewhere, the place of carbohydrates in the diet has recently been under closer examination. This has led to the development of methods for analyzing the effects of dietary carbohydrate. Primary among these methods is the glycemic index, a measure of a food's effect on blood glucose levels, which was initially designed as a method for determining suitable carbohydrates for people with diabetes. However, the glycemic index does not address other metabolic issues related to excess sugar consumption. Prominent among these issues is the use of low glycemic index sweeteners, particularly fructose, which is increasingly present in processed food. Fructose is associated with increased adiposity, which may result from its effects on hormones associated with satiety. Other methods of determining "good" carbohydrates have also been developed. The common theme among them is increased nonstarchy vegetables and higher-fiber legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Wylie-Rosett
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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