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Dai W, Castleberry M, Zheng Z. Tale of two systems: the intertwining duality of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2679-2696. [PMID: 37579878 PMCID: PMC10599797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is an enzymatic process that breaks down fibrin clots, while dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. Both fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism are critical mechanisms that regulate a myriad of functions in the body, and the imbalance of these mechanisms is linked to the development of pathologic conditions, such as thrombotic complications in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Accumulated evidence indicates the close relationship between the 2 seemingly distinct and complicated systems-fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. Observational studies in humans found that dyslipidemia, characterized by increased blood apoB-lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein, is associated with lower fibrinolytic potential. Genetic variants of some fibrinolytic regulators are associated with blood lipid levels, supporting a causal relationship between these regulators and lipoprotein metabolism. Mechanistic studies have elucidated many pathways that link the fibrinolytic system and lipoprotein metabolism. Moreover, profibrinolytic therapies improve lipid panels toward an overall cardiometabolic healthier phenotype, while some lipid-lowering treatments increase fibrinolytic potential. The complex relationship between lipoprotein and fibrinolysis warrants further research to improve our understanding of the bidirectional regulation between the mediators of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA.
| | | | - Ze Zheng
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
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2
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Cao C, Wang X, Zhao X. Early-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Chromosome 8p11.2 Deletion Syndrome Combined With Becker Muscular Dystrophy - A Case Report. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:914863. [PMID: 35957837 PMCID: PMC9359072 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.914863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 8p11.2 includes several key genes in development such as the FGFR1, ANK1, KAT6A, and SLC20A2 genes. Deletion of this fragment causes a contiguous gene syndrome. Currently, few cases of interstitial deletion of whole 8p11.2 have been reported. We report a rare case of 8p11.2 deletion syndrome with the unique phenotypes, presenting with early-onset diabetes. CASE DESCRIPTION A 20-year-old man with a 1-year history of diabetes mellitus was admitted to the Endocrinology Clinic. Physical examination revealed the dysmorphic facial features, and broad and foreshortened halluces. Laboratory examination indicated spherocytosis anemia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Bone mineral density analysis showed decreased bone density in the lumbar vertebrae. Brain CT showed calcification. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a 7.05-Mb deletion in 8p11 containing 43 OMIM genes, and a large in-frame deletion of exons 48-55 in the DMD gene. Metformin was given to the patient after which his blood glucose was well controlled. HCG was injected subcutaneously and was supplemented with calcium and vitamin D, which led to an improvement in the patient's quality of life. CONCLUSION We report a rare case of 8p11.2 deletion syndrome with unique phenotypes, and early-onset diabetes. It is challenging for endocrinologists to simultaneously reconcile a combination of these diseases across multiple disciplines. We discussed the influencing factors of early-onset diabetes in this patient and speculated that it was caused by complex interactions of known and unknown genetic backgrounds and environmental factors.
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3
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The role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in gynecological and obstetrical diseases: an update review. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 150:103490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Morrow GB, Whyte CS, Mutch NJ. A Serpin With a Finger in Many PAIs: PAI-1's Central Function in Thromboinflammation and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:653655. [PMID: 33937363 PMCID: PMC8085275 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.653655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. PAI-1 is the principal inhibitor of the plasminogen activators, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Turbulence in the levels of PAI-1 tilts the balance of the hemostatic system resulting in bleeding or thrombotic complications. Not surprisingly, there is strong evidence that documents the role of PAI-1 in cardiovascular disease. The more recent uncovering of the coalition between the hemostatic and inflammatory pathways has exposed a distinct role for PAI-1. The storm of proinflammatory cytokines liberated during inflammation, including IL-6 and TNF-α, directly influence PAI-1 synthesis and increase circulating levels of this serpin. Consequently, elevated levels of PAI-1 are commonplace during infection and are frequently associated with a hypofibrinolytic state and thrombotic complications. Elevated PAI-1 levels are also a feature of metabolic syndrome, which is defined by a cluster of abnormalities including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and elevated triglyceride. Metabolic syndrome is in itself defined as a proinflammatory state associated with elevated levels of cytokines. In addition, insulin has a direct impact on PAI-1 synthesis bridging these pathways. This review describes the key physiological functions of PAI-1 and how these become perturbed during disease processes. We focus on the direct relationship between PAI-1 and inflammation and the repercussion in terms of an ensuing hypofibrinolytic state and thromboembolic complications. Collectively, these observations strengthen the utility of PAI-1 as a viable drug target for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael B Morrow
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire S Whyte
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Zheng Z, Nakamura K, Gershbaum S, Wang X, Thomas S, Bessler M, Schrope B, Krikhely A, Liu RM, Ozcan L, López JA, Tabas I. Interacting hepatic PAI-1/tPA gene regulatory pathways influence impaired fibrinolysis severity in obesity. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4348-4359. [PMID: 32657780 PMCID: PMC7410057 DOI: 10.1172/jci135919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is initiated by tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and inhibited by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). In obese humans, plasma PAI-1 and tPA proteins are increased, but PAI-1 dominates, leading to reduced fibrinolysis and thrombosis. To understand tPA–PAI-1 regulation in obesity, we focused on hepatocytes, a functionally important source of tPA and PAI-1 that sense obesity-induced metabolic stress. We showed that obese mice, like humans, had reduced fibrinolysis and increased plasma PAI-1 and tPA, due largely to their increased hepatocyte expression. A decrease in the PAI-1 (SERPINE1) gene corepressor Rev-Erbα increased PAI-1, which then increased the tPA gene PLAT via a PAI-1/LRP1/PKA/p-CREB1 pathway. This pathway was partially counterbalanced by increased DACH1, a PLAT-negative regulator. We focused on the PAI-1/PLAT pathway, which mitigates the reduction in fibrinolysis in obesity. Thus, silencing hepatocyte PAI-1, CREB1, or tPA in obese mice lowered plasma tPA and further impaired fibrinolysis. The PAI-1/PLAT pathway was present in primary human hepatocytes, and associations among PAI-1, tPA, and PLAT in livers from obese and lean humans were consistent with these findings. Knowledge of PAI-1 and tPA regulation in hepatocytes in obesity may suggest therapeutic strategies for improving fibrinolysis and lowering the risk of thrombosis in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keiko Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Graduate School of Medicine and.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shana Gershbaum
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Neuroscience and Behavior Department, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sherry Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marc Bessler
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Beth Schrope
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abraham Krikhely
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - José A López
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Sirpilla O, Bauss J, Gupta R, Underwood A, Qutob D, Freeland T, Bupp C, Carcillo J, Hartog N, Rajasekaran S, Prokop JW. SARS-CoV-2-Encoded Proteome and Human Genetics: From Interaction-Based to Ribosomal Biology Impact on Disease and Risk Processes. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4275-4290. [PMID: 32686937 PMCID: PMC7418564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has infected millions of people worldwide, with lethality in hundreds of thousands. The rapid publication of information, both regarding the clinical course and the viral biology, has yielded incredible knowledge of the virus. In this review, we address the insights gained for the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, which we have integrated into the Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database, a publicly available resource. Integrating evolutionary, structural, and interaction data with human proteins, we present how the SARS-CoV-2 proteome interacts with human disorders and risk factors ranging from cytokine storm, hyperferritinemic septic, coagulopathic, cardiac, immune, and rare disease-based genetics. The most noteworthy human genetic potential of SARS-CoV-2 is that of the nucleocapsid protein, where it is known to contribute to the inhibition of the biological process known as nonsense-mediated decay. This inhibition has the potential to not only regulate about 10% of all biological transcripts through altered ribosomal biology but also associate with viral-induced genetics, where suppressed human variants are activated to drive dominant, negative outcomes within cells. As we understand more of the dynamic and complex biological pathways that the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 utilizes for entry into cells, for replication, and for release from human cells, we can understand more risk factors for severe/lethal outcomes in patients and novel pharmaceutical interventions that may mitigate future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sirpilla
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Jacob Bauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Ruchir Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Adam Underwood
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Dinah Qutob
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Tom Freeland
- Walsh
University, North Canton, Ohio 44720,
United States
| | - Caleb Bupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Spectrum Health Medical
Genetics, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Joseph Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine
and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh,
University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15421,
United States
| | - Nicholas Hartog
- Allergy & Immunology,
Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Pediatric Intensive Care
Unit, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital,
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
- Office of Research,
Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
| | - Jeremy W. Prokop
- Department of Pediatrics and Human
Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State
University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
United States
- Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S. The French paradox three decades later: Role of inflammation and thrombosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:160-169. [PMID: 32653485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although, three decades have pasted from the introduction of "French Paradox", is still an issue for debate. Epidemiology supports the J-shaped relationship between wine consumption and vascular events as well as cardiovascular mortality with a maximum protection at 21 g of alcohol consumption in the form of wine per day. Nevertheless, the aforementioned studies have used an observational design that raises concerns about potential confounding. Randomized clinical studies may provide data to end the controversy and in parallel with in vitro experiments to elucidate the mechanisms by which wine affects cardiovascular disease. In this concept, this review aims to address the presence of bioactive wine micro constituents, their potential mechanisms of action and also to summarize the cardio-protective effects of wine intake based on clinical trials. The role of wine micro-constituents in inflammation and haemostasis is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fragopoulou
- School of Health Science and Education, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Greece.
| | - Smaragdi Antonopoulou
- School of Health Science and Education, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Greece
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8
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Debnath P, Dewangan J, Tandon D, Govila V, Sharma M, Kumar V, Govila S, Rath SK. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 polymorphisms as a risk factor for chronic periodontitis in North Indian population. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2019; 9:226-229. [PMID: 31211041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Impaired plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), controlling coagulation and the fibrinolytic system is supposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study was performed to examine the association of PAI-1 gene polymorphisms with Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and alveolar bone loss severity involved with the disease and for understanding the role of genetic contributions in disease progression. Methods 87 volunteers were included in the study. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, subsequently, DNA samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction and endonuclease digestion. Direct gene sequencing were performed for all the samples to identify genotype polymorphisms (rs 11560324) in the 3' untranslated region of PAI-1 gene. For bone loss assessment full mouth IOPA was taken. Results Statistical analysis showed that for SNP PAI-I in 3' UTR, genotype CC (homozygous mutant) and allele C (mutant) has a risk associated with CP, although statistically significant association was not found. An increased risk of association of disease severity with CG (heterozygous mutant) and CC (homozygous mutant) genotypes, i.e., an increased carriage rate of genotype CG and CC (homozygous mutant) was evident with the increase in the severity of CP, highlighting an increased susceptibility to CP due to this gene polymorphisms. Conclusion PAI-1 genotype has a risk association with CP and alveolar bone loss severity in North-Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Debnath
- Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, BBD University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jayant Dewangan
- Genotoxicity Lab, Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Tandon
- Genotoxicity Lab, Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Govila
- Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, BBD University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mona Sharma
- Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, BBD University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Dentistry, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smita Govila
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, BBD University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Genotoxicity Lab, Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Tjärnlund-Wolf A, Hultman K, Curtis M, Faull R, Medcalf R, Jern C. Allelic imbalance of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) gene expression in human brain tissue. Thromb Haemost 2017; 105:945-53. [DOI: 10.1160/th10-10-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe have identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the t-PA enhancer (-7351C>T), which is associated with endothelial t-PA release in vivo. In vitro studies demonstrated that this SNP is functional at the level of transcription. In the brain, t-PA has been implicated in both physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the t-PA –7351C>T SNP on t-PA gene expression in human brain tissue. Allelic mRNA expression was measured in heterozygous post-mortem brain tissues using quantitative TaqMan genotyping assay. Protein-DNA interactions were assessed using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Significantly higher levels of t-PA mRNA were generated from chromosomes that harboured the wild-type –7351C allele, as compared to those generated from the mutant T allele (for the hippocampus, C to T allelic ratio of ~1.3, p=0.010, n=12; and for the cortex, C to T allelic ratio of ~1.2, p=0.017, n=12). EMSA showed reduced neuronal and astrocytic nuclear protein binding affinity to the T allele, and identified Sp1 and Sp3 as the major transcription factors that bound to the –7351 site. ChIP analyses confirmed that Sp1 recognises this site in intact cells. In conclusion, the t-PA –7351C>T SNP affects t-PA gene expression in human brain tissue. This finding might have clinical implications for neurological conditions associated with enhanced t-PA levels, such as in the acute phase of cerebral ischaemia, and also for stroke recovery.
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Erdman VV, Karimov DD, Nasibullin TR, Timasheva IR, Tuktarova IA, Mustafina OE. The role of Alu polymorphism of PLAT, PKHD1L1, STK38L, and TEAD1 genes in development of a longevity trait. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057017020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Blomström Å, Gardner RM, Dalman C, Yolken RH, Karlsson H. Influence of maternal infections on neonatal acute phase proteins and their interaction in the development of non-affective psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e502. [PMID: 25646591 PMCID: PMC4445745 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although primary infections with Toxoplasma gondii or herpes viruses during pregnancy are established teratogens, chronic maternal infections with these pathogens are considered far less serious. However, such chronic infections have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring. The risks of non-affective psychoses, including schizophrenia, in offspring associated with these exposures during pregnancy have not been completely defined. We used data from neonatal dried blood samples from 199 cases of non-affective psychosis and 525 matched controls (born 1975-1985). We measure immunoglobulin G antibodies directed at T. gondii, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type-1 and -2, as well as levels of nine acute phase proteins (APPs). We assessed the interaction between maternal antibodies and neonatal APP in terms of risk of non-affective psychosis. Among controls, maternal exposure to T. gondii or cytomegalovirus, but not to the other herpes viruses, was associated with significantly higher levels of neonatal APPs. Among cases, none of the maternal exposures were associated with any significant change in APPs. We observed increased RR for non-affective psychosis associated with maternal infection with T. gondii (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.0) or cytomegalovirus (1.7, 0.9-3.3) only among neonates with low APP levels. These findings suggest that chronic maternal infection with T. gondii or cytomegalovirus affect neonatal markers of innate immunity. Deficient fetal immune responses in combination with maternal chronic infections may contribute to subsequent risk for psychosis. A greater understanding of the maternal-fetal immunological interplay may ultimately lead to preventive strategies toward neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Å Blomström
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - R M Gardner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Dalman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Rombouts C, Aerts A, Quintens R, Baselet B, El-Saghire H, Harms-Ringdahl M, Haghdoost S, Janssen A, Michaux A, Yentrapalli R, Benotmane MA, Van Oostveldt P, Baatout S. Transcriptomic profiling suggests a role for IGFBP5 in premature senescence of endothelial cells after chronic low dose rate irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:560-74. [PMID: 24646080 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.905724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation has been recognized to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, there is no consensus concerning the dose-risk relationship for low radiation doses and a mechanistic understanding of low dose effects is needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Previously, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to chronic low dose rate radiation (1.4 and 4.1 mGy/h) during one, three and six weeks which resulted in premature senescence in cells exposed to 4.1 mGy/h. To gain more insight into the underlying signaling pathways, we analyzed gene expression changes in these cells using microarray technology. The obtained data were analyzed in a dual approach, combining single gene expression analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS An early stress response was observed after one week of exposure to 4.1 mGy/h which was replaced by a more inflammation-related expression profile after three weeks and onwards. This early stress response may trigger the radiation-induced premature senescence previously observed in HUVEC irradiated with 4.1 mGy/h. A dedicated analysis pointed to the involvement of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) signaling in radiation-induced premature senescence. CONCLUSION Our findings motivate further research on the shape of the dose-response and the dose rate effect for radiation-induced vascular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rombouts
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN , Mol , Belgium
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Huang J, Huffman JE, Yamakuchi M, Yamkauchi M, Trompet S, Asselbergs FW, Sabater-Lleal M, Trégouët DA, Chen WM, Smith NL, Kleber ME, Shin SY, Becker DM, Tang W, Dehghan A, Johnson AD, Truong V, Folkersen L, Yang Q, Oudot-Mellkah T, Buckley BM, Moore JH, Williams FMK, Campbell H, Silbernagel G, Vitart V, Rudan I, Tofler GH, Navis GJ, Destefano A, Wright AF, Chen MH, de Craen AJM, Worrall BB, Rudnicka AR, Rumley A, Bookman EB, Psaty BM, Chen F, Keene KL, Franco OH, Böhm BO, Uitterlinden AG, Carter AM, Jukema JW, Sattar N, Bis JC, Ikram MA, Sale MM, McKnight B, Fornage M, Ford I, Taylor K, Slagboom PE, McArdle WL, Hsu FC, Franco-Cereceda A, Goodall AH, Yanek LR, Furie KL, Cushman M, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Folsom AR, Basu S, Matijevic N, van Gilst WH, Wilson JF, Westendorp RGJ, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP, Tracy RP, Polasek O, Winkelmann BR, Grant PJ, Hillege HL, Cambien F, Stott DJ, Lowe GD, Spector TD, Meigs JB, Marz W, Eriksson P, Becker LC, Morange PE, Soranzo N, Williams SM, Hayward C, van der Harst P, Hamsten A, Lowenstein CJ, Strachan DP, O'Donnell CJ. Genome-wide association study for circulating tissue plasminogen activator levels and functional follow-up implicates endothelial STXBP5 and STX2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1093-101. [PMID: 24578379 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease, catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for endogenous fibrinolysis. In some populations, elevated plasma levels of tPA have been associated with myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies to identify novel correlates of circulating levels of tPA. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fourteen cohort studies with tPA measures (N=26 929) contributed to the meta-analysis. Three loci were significantly associated with circulating tPA levels (P<5.0×10(-8)). The first locus is on 6q24.3, with the lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs9399599; P=2.9×10(-14)) within STXBP5. The second locus is on 8p11.21. The lead SNP (rs3136739; P=1.3×10(-9)) is intronic to POLB and <200 kb away from the tPA encoding the gene PLAT. We identified a nonsynonymous SNP (rs2020921) in modest linkage disequilibrium with rs3136739 (r(2)=0.50) within exon 5 of PLAT (P=2.0×10(-8)). The third locus is on 12q24.33, with the lead SNP (rs7301826; P=1.0×10(-9)) within intron 7 of STX2. We further found evidence for the association of lead SNPs in STXBP5 and STX2 with expression levels of the respective transcripts. In in vitro cell studies, silencing STXBP5 decreased the release of tPA from vascular endothelial cells, whereas silencing STX2 increased the tPA release. Through an in silico lookup, we found no associations of the 3 lead SNPs with coronary artery disease or stroke. CONCLUSIONS We identified 3 loci associated with circulating tPA levels, the PLAT region, STXBP5, and STX2. Our functional studies implicate a novel role for STXBP5 and STX2 in regulating tPA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (J.H., A.D.J., C.J.O.); Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.H., A.D.J., C.J.O.); MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.E.H., V.V., A.F.W., C.H.); The Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (M.Y., C.J.L.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.d.C., R.G.J.W.), and Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.W.A.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.W.A.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.); Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine (M.S.-L., L.F., P.E., A.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (D.-A.T., V.T., T.O.M., F.C.); ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrion, Paris, France (D.-A.T., V.T., F.C.); Departments of Public Health Sciences (W.M.C., B.B.W., F.C.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Departments of Epidemiology (N.L.S., B.M.P., B.M.), Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (N.L.S., B.M.P.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Office of Research and
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Domingues-Montanari S, Mendioroz M, del Rio-Espinola A, Fernández-Cadenas I, Montaner J. Genetics of stroke: a review of recent advances. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:495-513. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Valle-Garay E, Montes AH, Corte JR, Meana A, Fierer J, Asensi V. tPA Alu (I/D) polymorphism associates with bacterial osteomyelitis. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:218-23. [PMID: 23570848 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation and fibrinolysis are important in infections and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Polymorphisms in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1, SERPINE1) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, PLAT), such as PAI-1 (-675 4G/5G deletion/insertion) and tPA (Alu insertion/deletion [I/D]), are associated with strokes, myocardial infarctions, bacterial infections and septic shock severity, and trauma. Osteomyelitis is a mostly posttraumatic, Staphylococcal bone infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS tPA Alu (I/D) (rs4646972) and PAI-1 (4G/5G) (rs1799889) polymorphisms were studied by DNA amplification with polymerase chain reaction in 261 patients with osteomyelitis and in 299 matched blood donors. Plasma PAI-1/tPA complex was assessed by enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay. RESULTS II homozygotes (37.9% vs 19.1%) and I allele carriers (56.3% vs 46.3%) for the tPA Alu (I/D) polymorphism were significantly more frequent in osteomyelitis patients compared to controls (P < .001). II genotype carrier osteomyelitis patients had lower PAI-1/tPA complex levels compared to those with the D allele (P ≤ .04). There was no association between these genotypes and chronicity of osteomyelitis, post-traumatic etiology, or with a specific bacterial etiology. PAI-1 (4G/4G) homozygotes were not significantly different between osteomyelitis patients and controls (P = .1). CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time to our knowledge an association between the tPA Alu (I/D) polymorphism and susceptibility to bacterial osteomyelitis, perhaps by fibrinolysis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Valle-Garay
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oviedo University School of Medicine and Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Sticchi E, Romagnuolo I, Cellai AP, Lami D, Fedi S, Prisco D, Noci I, Abbate R, Fatini C. Fibrinolysis alterations in infertile women during controlled ovarian stimulation: influence of BMI and genetic components. Thromb Res 2012; 130:919-24. [PMID: 22836131 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian stimulation protocols have been described to induce prothrombotic phenotype through alterations of both coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways. We investigated fibrinolytic changes during ovarian stimulation through a global test (CLT) and PAI-1 and TAFI concentrations at different times of ovarian stimulation procedure, and the influence of polymorphisms in genes encoding for fibrinogen chains (FGA, FGB, FGG), t-PA (PLAT), TAFI (CBP2), FXIII (FXIIA1, FXIIIB), plasminogen (PLG) and PAI-1 (PAI1) on their intermediate phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated fibrinolytic and genetic parameters in 110 infertile women undergoing ovarian stimulation procedure (in vitro fertilization, IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI). All women were observed during the mid-luteal phase of cycle (T(0)) and on day 5 (T(1)), 7 (T(2)) and 9 (T(3)) of the ovarian stimulation. RESULTS Significant changes in fibrinolytic parameters from T(0) to T(3) of ovarian stimulation were found (CLT p=0.003; TAFI p=0.009 and PAI-1 p=0.003). CLT values, TAFI and PAI-1 concentrations significantly increased from baseline to T(1) (p<0.0001, p=0.01, p=0.005, respectively)(,) and decreased at T(2,) but remained higher than those at T(0). Moreover, at baseline overweight women showed longer CLT, higher TAFI and PAI-1 concentrations than normal weight women, as well as at T(1) two-fold longer CLT and higher PAI-1 concentrations were observed (p=0.001 and p=0.05, respectively). Significant differences of TAFI and PAI-1 concentrations during ovarian stimulation according to TAFI and PAI1 polymorphisms were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study shows alterations of fibrinolysis and suggests the contribution of TAFI and PAI1 genes in modulating fibrinolysis changes during the ovarian stimulation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sticchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Thrombosis Center, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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17
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Babu MS, Prabha TS, Kaul S, Al-Hazzani A, Shafi G, Roy S, Balakrishna N, Jyothy A, Munshi A. Association of genetic variants of fibrinolytic system with stroke and stroke subtypes. Gene 2012; 495:76-80. [PMID: 22240314 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants of tPA (PLAT) and PAI-1 genes have been suggested to be the risk factors for stroke. In the present case-control study we investigated the association of -7351C/T polymorphism (rs2020918) and I/D polymorphism of tPA gene and Insertion/deletion polymorphism (4G/5G) of PAI-1 gene with genetic predisposition to ischemic stroke. 516 stroke patients and 513, sex and age matched healthy controls were involved in the study. We did not find a significant association of tPA -7351C/T polymorphism and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism with stroke. However, in case of I/D polymorphism significant difference was observed in the genotypic distribution and allelic frequency between the stroke patients and healthy controls. DD genotype and D allele associated significantly with stroke (p=0.002 and <0.001 respectively). We also found significant association of I/D polymorphism with intracranial large artery atherosclerosis and stroke of undetermined etiology. Exploring the association between gene-gene interaction (26 combinations including the three variants) and stroke, we found that individuals with CC+4G4G+DD, CC+5G5G+ID, CT+4G5G+ID, CT+5G5G+II, CT+5G5G+ID and TT+4G5G+II had a significantly higher risk of stroke. The results of this study suggest that -7351C/T polymorphism of tPA and 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 are not associated with stroke, while as DD genotype and D allele of tPA gene are important risk factors for ischemic stroke. Further we found that the subjects with different tPA and PAI genotype combinations displayed a significantly high risk for overall ischemic stroke suggesting that gene-gene interaction involving more variants may change the susceptibility of particular subjects to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sai Babu
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016, India
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18
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Amici S, Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Caso V. Gene-drug interaction in stroke. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2011:212485. [PMID: 22135769 PMCID: PMC3216369 DOI: 10.4061/2011/212485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the third cause of mortality and one of most frequent causes of long-term neurological disability, as well as a complex disease that results from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The focus on genetics has produced a large number of studies with the objective of revealing the genetic basis of cerebrovascular diseases. Furthermore, pharmacogenetic research has investigated the relation between genetic variability and drug effectiveness/toxicity. This review will examine the implications of pharmacogenetics of stroke; data on antihypertensives, statins, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator will be illustrated.
Several polymorphisms have been studied and some have been associated with positive drug-gene interaction on stroke, but the superiority of the genotype-guided approach over the clinical approach has not been proved yet; for this reason, it is not routinely recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Amici
- Stroke Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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19
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Abstract
Circulatory disease accounts for fifteen million deaths each year, of which stroke accounts for four and a half million- with an estimated nine million stroke survivors annually. The overall incidence rate of stroke is 2 to 2.5 per thousand adults with an approximate prevalence of 5 per thousand and an estimated 5-year risk of stroke recurrence of 15 to 40 percent. Conventional risk factors for stroke include: increasing age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, increased body mass index, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and lack of physical activity. Age is the strongest risk factor for both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke with its incidence doubling for each successive decade after the age of fifty-five years. However, there is a substantial portion of patients with significant cerebrovascular disease who do not have any of these stroke risk-factors, leading to the speculation that there are other factors that have not been identified yet So as to improve diagnosis and treatment strategies, as well as to reduce the related public health burden, it could be helpful to successfully identify its extremely complex genetic determinants (polygenic, multiple genes play a role). Pharmacogenetics is the field of pharmacology that deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response by correlating gene expression and gene variants with the efficacy or toxicity of drugs. The principle drugs in stroke medicine are antithrombotics. The aim of this paper was to review the most commonly used drugs for stroke such as rtPA in the acute phase as well as antiplatelets and wafarin for secondary prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M R Billeci
- University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Italy.
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20
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Ladenvall C, Csajbok L, Nylén K, Jood K, Nellgård B, Jern C. Association between factor XIII single nucleotide polymorphisms and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2009; 110:475-81. [DOI: 10.3171/2008.7.jns08272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Family studies have suggested a role of genetic factors in susceptibility to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), but the underlying genetic risk factors remain poorly defined. There is an activation of the fibrinolytic system in aSAH, and fibrinolytic markers may be useful in predicting outcome. The authors investigate associations between putative functional variants in genes of importance for fibrinolysis and aSAH and/or outcome following aSAH.
Methods
One hundred eighty-three patients presenting with aSAH at a neurointensive care unit were consecutively recruited. Two healthy controls per case, matched for age, sex, and geographic region, were randomly recruited. Outcome was assessed after 1 year according to the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), and factor XIII (FXIII) genes were investigated.
Results
Participants carrying the FXIII 34Leu allele showed an increased risk of aSAH. When adjusting for smoking and hypertension, 2 haplotypes, differing on either the FXIII Val34Leu or the Pro564Leu position, showed an association to aSAH. No significant association was observed for the tPA -7351 C > T, PAI-1 -675 4G > 5G, or TAFI Ala147Thr SNPs. No specific SNP or haplotype was associated with outcome after aSAH, whereas a weak association was observed for a tPA/PAI-1 genotype combination.
Conclusions
Polymorphisms in the FXIII gene showed association to aSAH. The finding of an increased risk of bleeding in FXIII 34Leu carriers is biologically plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Ladenvall
- 1Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; and
- 2Departments of Clinical Genetics and
| | - Ludvig Csajbok
- 3Anesthesia (Neurointensive Care Unit), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Nylén
- 1Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; and
| | - Katarina Jood
- 1Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; and
| | - Bengt Nellgård
- 3Anesthesia (Neurointensive Care Unit), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Jern
- 1Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; and
- 2Departments of Clinical Genetics and
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Abstract
Atherothrombotic disease remains a major cause of mortality worldwide, and family clustering suggests an important contribution of genetic factors to disease pathogenesis. Thrombus formation represents the final step in atherothrombosis, a process influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A major difficulty of investigating the genetic regulation of thrombotic conditions is the complexity of the phenotype and the relatively modest effects of individual genetic variations. We address in this review genetic aspects involved in regulating thrombosis potential and their impact on the development of atherothrombotic disease. The effects of common genetic polymorphisms in clotting factors are discussed and examples of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are highlighted. Understanding the effects of genetic factors on predisposition to thrombotic disease and unravelling the complex gene-environment interactions will help to better understand the pathophysiology of this complex condition, which will enable the development of new preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ajjan
- Division of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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22
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Cerebral small vessel disease: genetic risk assessment for prevention and treatment. Mol Diagn Ther 2008; 12:145-56. [PMID: 18510378 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is a major burden to individuals and their communities worldwide. Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability, and the prevention and treatment of stroke can be improved with a better understanding of its causation. Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a subset of cerebrovascular disease, and has an equally large impact on an individual's quality of life. Although many risk factors are involved, we propose that genetics has a significant role in the pathogenesis of SVD through a complex interplay of environmental and multigenetic factors. Advances in molecular technology have enabled the human genome to be investigated both at a population and, more recently, an individual level. A better understanding of the molecular basis of SVD will enable the development of therapies to help in its prevention and treatment. This review assesses the molecular genetics underlying cerebral SVD.
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Lovrečić L, Ristić S, Starčević-Čizmarević N, Brajenović-Milic B, Saša Sega Jazbec, Sepčić J, Kapović M, Peterlin B. PAI and TPA gene polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2007; 14:243-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458507082603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It manifests as acute focal inflammatory demyelination and axonal loss with limited remyelination and results in the chronic multifocal sclerotic plaques. Previously published data showed impaired fibrinolysis in MS. Tissue plasminogen activator t-PA is a serine protease that catalyses the activation of plasmin, which mediates the effects of fibrinolytic system. Alu insertion/deletion (I/D) genetic polymorphism in TPA gene in MS patients has not been analysed previously. The major inhibitor of t-PA is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Its gene expression is modulated by functional genetic polymorphism in the promoter (4G/5G). In the present study, an association of two genetic polymorphisms with MS, its progression and subtype were analysed. TPA DD/PAI-1 4G4G genotype combination has reached a borderline significance for reduced risk for MS (OR = 0.543, 95% CI 0.301—0.978, P = 0.04), suggesting a gene—gene interaction. The explanation for this interaction may be a complex interplay between these two pleiotropic proteins within the brain tissue and in plasma. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 243—247. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lovrečić
- Division of Medical Genetics, UMC, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Smiljana Ristić
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Bojana Brajenović-Milic
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Saša Sega Jazbec
- Department of Neurology, UMC Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 3, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juraj Sepčić
- Postgraduate studies, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Miljenko Kapović
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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Karadeniz M, Erdogan M, Berdeli A, Saygili F, Yilmaz C. 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 gene and Alu-repeat I/D polymorphism of TPA gene in Turkish patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007; 24:412-8. [PMID: 17661167 PMCID: PMC3454952 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-007-9160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most encountered endocrine malfunctions. PCOS patients have enhanced activation of the blood coagulation system. METHODS Eighty-six young women with PCOS and 70 healthy control women were included in our study. PCOS patients and controls were matched for age, body mass index, and allele frequency. Genetic analysis of TPAI and PAI-1 were performed in all subjects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS No statistically significant differences have been detected about the ratios of genotypes resulting from PAI-1 promotor 4G/5G gene polymorphism. PAI-1 765 4G/5G gene polymorphism and TPA gene's Alu-repeat insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism ratios were not different from the controls. In this study it is shown by the analysis of TPA gene's Alu-repeat insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism the PCOS patients with genotype II had lowers total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Karadeniz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, Ege University Hospital, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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25
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Gürkan A, Emingil G, Saygan BH, Cinarcik S, Atilla G, Köse T, Berdeli A. Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2007; 78:1256-63. [PMID: 17608581 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis by controlling proteolytic events in the extracellular matrix. This study was designed to investigate the association of t-PA and PAI-1 gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS One hundred eighty-nine subjects were included. Genomic DNA was obtained from the peripheral blood of 84 patients with CP and 105 periodontally healthy subjects. Polymerase chain reaction and endonuclease digestion was used to genotype the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter region of the PAI-1 gene and the Alu-repeat insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism in intron 8 of the t-PA gene. RESULTS The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of t-PA polymorphism were not different between patients with CP and healthy subjects (24.7% I/I, 45.7% I/D, and 29.6% D/D and 30.3% I/I, 45.5% I/D, and 24.2% D/D, respectively; P >0.05). The t-PA D allele frequency was similar in patients with CP (52.4%) and healthy subjects (46.5%). PAI-1 genotype distribution in patients with CP (30.9% 4G/4G, 35.8% 4G/5G, and 33.3% 5G/5G) and healthy subjects (36.2% 4G/4G, 41.9% 4G/5G, and 21.9% 5G/5G) was also similar. The 4G allele frequency was not different between patients with CP (48.8%) and healthy subjects (57.1%) (P >0.05). The 4G allele frequency in non-smoking CP patients was significantly lower than in non-smoking, healthy subjects (chi(2) = 4.201; P = 0.040). Non-smoking CP patients also had a significantly lower percentage of 4G-positive genotypes compared to non-smoking healthy subjects (chi(2) = 5.046; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS t-PA or PAI-1 genotypes are not associated with susceptibility to CP in Turkish subjects. Conversely, the 4G allele of the PAI-1 gene could be related to a decreased susceptibility to CP in non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gürkan
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Meltzer ME, Doggen CJM, de Groot PG, Rosendaal FR, Lisman T. Fibrinolysis and the risk of venous and arterial thrombosis. Curr Opin Hematol 2007; 14:242-8. [PMID: 17414214 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3280dce557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The fibrinolytic system is often regarded as just an innocent bystander in the pathogenesis of venous and arterial thrombosis, while (hyper)coagulation as a risk factor has been studied extensively. In this review, we evaluated studies that investigated the association between fibrinolysis and thrombosis. RECENT FINDINGS There is some evidence for an association between impaired overall fibrinolytic activity and increased risk of venous or arterial thrombosis. Plasminogen levels were found not to be related to thrombosis. Plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator were related to arterial thrombosis in a number of studies but not to venous thrombosis. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor levels appeared to be associated with venous thrombosis. Studies on the association between thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and arterial thrombosis had conflicting results. SUMMARY Current evidence on an association between fibrinolysis and thrombosis is inconclusive. Although overall assays point to an association, not all individual factors have an association with thrombosis. Most importantly, plasminogen deficiency is not related to thrombosis, which suggests that the fibrinolytic system as a whole is unimportant in the occurrence of thrombosis. Certain components of the fibrinolytic system, however, appear to be involved in processes unrelated to fibrin degradation but related to other processes important in the development of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam E Meltzer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Emingil G, Berdeli A, Gürkan A, Han Saygan B, Köse T, Atilla G. Gene polymorphisms of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in Turkish patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:278-84. [PMID: 17257155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) have important roles in proteolytic events in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate TPA and PAI-1 gene polymorphisms in relation to susceptibility to generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP). METHODS Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood of 90 G-AgP patients and 154 periodontally healthy subjects. 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter region of the PAI-1 gene and Alu-repeat insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron 8 of the TPA gene were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and endonuclease digestion. RESULTS The genotype distributions of TPA and PAI-1 genes were similar between G-AgP and healthy subjects (p>0.05). The distribution of TPA genotypes in G-AgP patients was 33.4% D/D, 44.4% I/D, and 22.2% I/I and was 26.3% D/D, 40.4% I/D, and 33.3% I/I in healthy subjects. The D allele was 55.6% in G-AgP and 46.6% in healthy subjects. There was a significant difference among study groups in D allele frequencies (p=0.044). The PAI-1 genotype distribution in G-AgP was 29.1% 4G/4G, 43.0% 4G/5G, and 27.9% 5G/5G, while it was 35.7% 4G/4G, 43.8% 4G/5G, and 20.5% 5G/5G in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the D polymorphic allele of TPA gene polymorphism could be associated with susceptibility to G-AgP in Turkish subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Abstract
Atherothrombotic disease arises secondary to a complex gene-environment interaction. In the initial stages, the condition is clinically silent but with more advanced disease, an occlusive thrombus is formed resulting in the classical clinical manifestations. Both environmental factors and genetic variations in elements of the clotting cascade influence thrombosis risk by inducing quantitative and qualitative changes in the mature protein, which may affect the final structure of the clot and determine its resistance to lysis. Understanding the fine details of gene-environment interactions in relation to thrombus formation will help to shed more light on disease pathogenesis. Consequently, this will allow the development of more efficacious treatment strategies and will also help to identify subjects at risk, thereby enabling the introduction of early preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Ajjan
- Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Genetics Health and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Kathiresan S, Yang Q, Larson MG, Camargo AL, Tofler GH, Hirschhorn JN, Gabriel SB, O'Donnell CJ. Common Genetic Variation in Five Thrombosis Genes and Relations to Plasma Hemostatic Protein Level and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1405-12. [PMID: 16614319 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000222011.13026.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We undertook a linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based genetic approach to investigate the hypothesis that common sequence variants in 5 thrombosis genes influence plasma hemostatic protein levels or risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS In a reference panel, we characterized LD structure at the fibrinogen gene cluster (fibrinogen-beta[FGB], FGA, and FGG), factor VII (F7), and tissue plasminogen activator (PLAT) loci. Forty-one tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 1811 unrelated Framingham Heart Study participants. There were significant associations of 9 FGB SNPs with fibrinogen level (minimum P=0.002) and of 7 F7 SNPs and factor VII level (minimum P<0.0001). SNPs at the PLAT locus were not associated with PLAT level. In stepwise analysis, a single FGB variant explained 1% of the residual variance in fibrinogen level, and 2 F7 SNPs together explained 10% of the residual variance in factor VII level. Two PLAT haplotypes were associated with CVD (multivariable-adjusted global P=0.0004). CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive survey of common sequence variation demonstrates that cis-regulatory SNPs explain a modest proportion of the residual variance in circulating fibrinogen and factor VII level and PLAT haplotypes increase the risk of CVD. Additional studies are warranted to confirm the association of PLAT sequence variation and risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Kathiresan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702-5827, USA
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Jood K, Ladenvall P, Tjärnlund-Wolf A, Ladenvall C, Andersson M, Nilsson S, Blomstrand C, Jern C. Fibrinolytic Gene Polymorphism and Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2005; 36:2077-81. [PMID: 16179568 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000183617.54752.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
The tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) −7351C>T and the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) -675 4G >5G polymorphisms influence transcriptional activity. Both variants have been associated with myocardial infarction, with increased risk for the T and 4G allele, respectively. In this study we investigated the possible association between these polymorphisms, the respective plasma protein levels, and ischemic stroke.
Methods—
In the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke (SAHLSIS), 600 patients with acute ischemic stroke aged 18 to 69 years and 600 matched community controls were recruited. Stroke subtype was determined using Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Treatment criteria.
Results—
There were no associations between individual genetic variants and ischemic stroke. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for overall ischemic stroke was 1.11 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.43) for tPA T allele carriers, and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.64 to 1.11) for subjects homozygous for the PAI-1 4G allele. When genotypes were combined, a protective effect for the tPA CC/PAI-1 4G4G genotype combination was observed (odds ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.98;
P
<0.05). Plasma levels of tPA and PAI-1 antigen at follow-up were independently associated with overall ischemic stroke. tPA-antigen differed by stroke subtype and was highest among those with large-vessel disease and cardioembolic stroke.
Conclusions—
Neither the tPA −7351C>T nor the PAI-1 to 675 4G >5G polymorphism showed significant association with ischemic stroke. For the tPA CC/PAI-1 4G4G genotype combination, a protective effect was observed. Collectively, these results are consistent with a more complex role for tPA and PAI-1 in the brain as compared with the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Jood
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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