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Turgut GT, Altunoglu U, Avcı Ş, Kalaycı T, Aslanger AD, Karaman V, Uyguner ZO, Kayserili H. Aarskog Syndrome: Deep Phenotyping and Genomic Landscape of a New Cohort Including Adult Patients. Clin Genet 2025. [PMID: 40170577 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS, MIM#305400) is an X-linked disorder characterized by recognizable facial features, short stature, and genitourinary and skeletal malformations. AAS is attributed to pathogenic variants in FGD1, and ~60 patients with a genetic diagnosis have been reported to date. We hereby present a molecularly confirmed cohort of 14 male AAS patients from 13 families. Among 14 patients, 12 were referred during childhood, while two were referred at adulthood due to infertility. Six out of 11 patients with available records had antenatal manifestations, comprising shortened tubular bones, growth restriction, polyhydramnios, pes equinovarus, increased nuchal translucency, fetal hypokinesia, echogenic intracardiac focus, and ambiguous genitalia. In addition to well-described AAS findings, distinctive features observed in multiple patients included variable skin findings (n = 5), renal malformations (n = 2), muscular build (n = 2), and infertility (n = 2). Cardiac (n = 4) and ocular manifestations (n = 6) were identified at significantly higher rates than previously reported. This cohort also presents new patients with osteochondritis dissecans and oligo/azoospermia, providing further evidence to acknowledge these once-reported findings as part of the disease spectrum. Eleven different FGD1 variants, including seven novel ones, were identified through targeted FGD1 sequencing. Two variants were found to be recurrent, detected in two independent families. Our study provides additional insights into the clinical and genotypic landscape of AAS through the largest molecularly confirmed cohort, including two adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Tutku Turgut
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şahin Avcı
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Kalaycı
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayça Dilruba Aslanger
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Karaman
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
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Jeanne M, Ronce N, Remizé S, Arpin S, Baujat G, Breton S, Petit F, Vanlerberghe C, Coeslier-Dieux A, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Vincent-Delorme C, Khau Van Kien P, Van-Gils J, Quélin C, Pasquier L, Odent S, Demurger F, Laffargue F, Francannet C, Martin-Coignard D, Afenjar A, Whalen S, Verloes A, Capri Y, Delahaye A, Plaisancié J, Labrune P, Destree A, Maystadt I, Ciorna Monferrato V, Isidor B, Vincent M, Jean Marçais N, Nambot S, Schaefer E, El Chehadeh S, Lespinasse J, Collignon P, Busa T, Philip N, Willems M, Planes M, Vanakker OM, Lambert L, Leheup B, Mathieu-Dramard M, Morin G, Dieterich K, Ginglinger E, Bayat A, Balasubramanian M, Dauriat B, Haye D, Amiel J, Rio M, Cormier-Daire V, Toutain A. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: a clinical study based on a large series of 111 male patients with a pathogenic variant in FGD1 and management recommendations. J Med Genet 2025; 62:258-267. [PMID: 39798962 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is a rare condition with multiple congenital anomalies, caused by hemizygote variants in the FGD1 gene. Its description was based mostly on old case reports, in whom a molecular diagnosis was not always available, or on small series. The aim of this study was to better delineate the phenotype and the natural history of AAS and to provide clues for the diagnosis and the management of the patients. METHODS Phenotypic characterisation of the largest reported AAS cohort, comprising 111 male patients with proven causative variants in FGD1, through comprehensive analyses of clinical data including congenital anomalies, growth and neurodevelopment. Review of photographs and radiographs by experts in dysmorphology and skeletal disorders. RESULTS This study refines the phenotypic spectrum of AAS, with the description of new morphological and radiological features, and refines the prevalence of the features. Short stature is less frequent than previously reported and has a prenatal onset in more than half of the patients. The growth has a specific course with a catch-up during the first decade often leading to low-normal stature in adulthood. Whereas intellectual disability is rare, patients with AAS have a high prevalence of specific learning difficulties and attention hyperactivity disorder. In light of this better knowledge of AAS, we provide management recommendations. CONCLUSION A better knowledge of the natural history and phenotypic spectrum of AAS will be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and for the interpretation of FGD1 variants using a retrophenotyping strategy, which is becoming the most common way of diagnosis nowadays. Recommendations for care will improve the management of the patients.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Male
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics
- Phenotype
- Child
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/pathology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/therapy
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/therapy
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/pathology
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/diagnosis
- Dwarfism/genetics
- Dwarfism/therapy
- Dwarfism/pathology
- Dwarfism/diagnosis
- Child, Preschool
- Adolescent
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy
- Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Adult
- Infant
- Face/abnormalities
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Intellectual Disability/pathology
- Syndactyly/genetics
- Syndactyly/therapy
- Syndactyly/pathology
- Mutation
- Young Adult
- Genitalia, Male/abnormalities
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Affiliation(s)
- Médéric Jeanne
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
- UMR1253, iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Ronce
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
- UMR1253, iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Solène Remizé
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stéphanie Arpin
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
- UMR1253, iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Institut Imagine, Hopital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- UMR 1163 Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sylvain Breton
- Service de radiologie pédaitrique, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospitals, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Florence Petit
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, Hauts-de-France, France
| | - Clémence Vanlerberghe
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, Hauts-de-France, France
| | - Anne Coeslier-Dieux
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, Hauts-de-France, France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier-Hanu
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, Hauts-de-France, France
| | - Catherine Vincent-Delorme
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, Hauts-de-France, France
| | - Philippe Khau Van Kien
- Unité fonctionnelle de Génétique Médicale et cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Nimes, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
| | - Julien Van-Gils
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Chloé Quélin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, Bretagne, France
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, Bretagne, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, Bretagne, France
| | | | - Fanny Laffargue
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Francannet
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alexandra Afenjar
- UF de Génétique Clinique, APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Whalen
- UF de Génétique Clinique, APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Département de Génétique, UF de Génétique Clinique, APHP Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Département de Génétique, UF de Génétique Clinique, APHP Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Andrée Delahaye
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, APHP, Hôpital Jean verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Julie Plaisancié
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | - Philippe Labrune
- Service de Pédiatrie, APHP, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Paris, France
| | - Anne Destree
- Département de Génétique Clinque, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique asbl, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Département de Génétique Clinque, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique asbl, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France
| | - Marie Vincent
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France
| | - Nolwen Jean Marçais
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, Bretagne, France
| | - Sophie Nambot
- Service de Génétique, FHU Translad, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Salima El Chehadeh
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - James Lespinasse
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Metropole Savoie, Chambery, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Patrick Collignon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azu, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azu, France
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Departement de Génétique Medicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Planes
- Service de Pédiatrie et de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, Bretagne, France
| | | | - Laetitia Lambert
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, Lorraine, France
| | - Bruno Leheup
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, Lorraine, France
| | - Michèle Mathieu-Dramard
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens, Hauts-de-France, France
| | - Gilles Morin
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens, Hauts-de-France, France
| | - Klaus Dieterich
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Syddanmark, Denmark
- Department of epilepsy genetics and personalized medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Meena Balasubramanian
- Sheffield clinical genetics service, Sheffield children NHS foundation trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Benjamin Dauriat
- Service de Cytogénétique et Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
| | - Damien Haye
- Service de génétique médicale, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Institut Imagine, Hopital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- UMR 1163 Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Institut Imagine, Hopital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- UMR 1163 Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Institut Imagine, Hopital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- UMR 1163 Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
- UMR1253, iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Shim G, Youn YS. Precise subcellular targeting approaches for organelle-related disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115411. [PMID: 39032657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacological research has expanded to the nanoscale level with advanced imaging technologies, enabling the analysis of drug distribution at the cellular organelle level. These advances in research techniques have contributed to the targeting of cellular organelles to address the fundamental causes of diseases. Beyond navigating the hurdles of reaching lesion tissues upon administration and identifying target cells within these tissues, controlling drug accumulation at the organelle level is the most refined method of disease management. This approach opens new avenues for the development of more potent therapeutic strategies by delving into the intricate roles and interplay of cellular organelles. Thus, organelle-targeted approaches help overcome the limitations of conventional therapies by precisely regulating functionally compartmentalized spaces based on their environment. This review discusses the basic concepts of organelle targeting research and proposes strategies to target diseases arising from organelle dysfunction. We also address the current challenges faced by organelle targeting and explore future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayong Shim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science and Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Li S, Tian A, Wen Y, Gu W, Li W, Qiao X, Zhang C, Luo X. FGD1-related Aarskog-Scott syndrome: Identification of four novel variations and a literature review of clinical and molecular aspects. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:2257-2272. [PMID: 38411716 PMCID: PMC11035466 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Patients with Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) have short stature, facial anomalies, skeletal deformities, and genitourinary malformations. FYVE, RhoGEF, and PH domain-containing 1 (FGD1) is the only known causative gene of AAS. However, the diagnosis of AAS remains difficult, and specific treatments are still absent. Patients suspected with AAS were recruited, and clinical information was collected. Genetic testing and functional analysis were carried out for the diagnosis. By literature review, we summarized the clinical and genetic characteristics of FGD1-related AAS and analyzed the genotype-phenotype correlation. Five patients were recruited, and four novel FGD1 variants were identified. The diagnosis of AAS was confirmed by genetic analysis and functional study. Three patients treated with growth hormone showed improved heights during the follow-up period. By literature review, clinical features of AAS patients with FGD1 variants were summarized. Regarding FGD1 variations, substitutions were the most common form, and among them, missense variants were the most frequent. Moreover, we found patients with drastic variants showed higher incidences of foot and genitourinary malformations. Missense variants in DH domain were related to a lower incidence of cryptorchidism. Conclusion: We reported four novel pathogenic FGD1 variations in AAS patients and confirmed the efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in FGD1-related AAS patients with growth hormone deficiency. Additionally, our literature review suggested the crucial role of DH domain in FGD1 function. What is Known: • Aarskog-Scott syndrome is a rare genetic disease, and the only known cause is the variant in FGD1 gene. The typical clinical manifestations of AAS include facial, skeletal, and urogenital deformities and short stature. What is New: • We reported four novel FGD1 variants and reported the treatment of growth hormone in FGD1-related AAS patients. Our genotype-phenotype correlation analysis suggested the crucial role of DH domain in FGD1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Anran Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Urumqi, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Kollara L, Reiss SL, Singam S, Kellogg B. Velopharyngeal Characteristics in Aarskog-Scott Syndrome: A Case Report. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:892-896. [PMID: 36475306 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221141235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), also known as facio-digito-genital syndrome, is a rare heterogenous syndrome characterized by facial dysmorphism, brachydactyly, and genetic abnormalities. Although severe craniofacial abnormalities have been reported in AAS, little is known about speech and resonance issues in AAS. Specifically, published data to date have only indicated reports of hypernasality associated with a cleft palate in AAS. This case report provides clinical and anatomic information surrounding hypernasal speech in the absence of an overt cleft palate in a patient with AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kollara
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Samantha L Reiss
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sreekara Singam
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brian Kellogg
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
- Division of Plastic & Craniofacial Surgery, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
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Quaglia A, Roberts EA, Torbenson M. Developmental and Inherited Liver Disease. MACSWEEN'S PATHOLOGY OF THE LIVER 2024:122-294. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8228-3.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
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Fung TS, Chakrabarti R, Kollasser J, Rottner K, Stradal TEB, Kage F, Higgs HN. Parallel kinase pathways stimulate actin polymerization at depolarized mitochondria. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1577-1592.e8. [PMID: 35290799 PMCID: PMC9078333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage (MtD) represents a dramatic change in cellular homeostasis, necessitating metabolic changes and stimulating mitophagy. One rapid response to MtD is a rapid peri-mitochondrial actin polymerization termed ADA (acute damage-induced actin). The activation mechanism for ADA is unknown. Here, we use mitochondrial depolarization or the complex I inhibitor metformin to induce ADA. We show that two parallel signaling pathways are required for ADA. In one pathway, increased cytosolic calcium in turn activates PKC-β, Rac, WAVE regulatory complex, and Arp2/3 complex. In the other pathway, a drop in cellular ATP in turn activates AMPK (through LKB1), Cdc42, and FMNL formins. We also identify putative guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rac and Cdc42, Trio and Fgd1, respectively, whose phosphorylation states increase upon mitochondrial depolarization and whose suppression inhibits ADA. The depolarization-induced calcium increase is dependent on the mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchanger NCLX, suggesting initial mitochondrial calcium efflux. We also show that ADA inhibition results in enhanced mitochondrial shape changes upon mitochondrial depolarization, suggesting that ADA inhibits these shape changes. These depolarization-induced shape changes are not fragmentation but a circularization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is dependent on the inner mitochondrial membrane protease Oma1. ADA inhibition increases the proteolytic processing of an Oma1 substrate, the dynamin GTPase Opa1. These results show that ADA requires the combined action of the Arp2/3 complex and formin proteins to polymerize a network of actin filaments around mitochondria and that the ADA network inhibits the rapid mitochondrial shape changes that occur upon mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Shun Fung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jana Kollasser
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Bayat A, Krett B, Dunø M, Torring PM, Vissing J. Novel truncating variants in FGD1 detected in two Danish families with Aarskog-Scott syndrome and myopathic features. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2251-2257. [PMID: 35388608 PMCID: PMC9321604 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aarskog–Scott syndrome (AAS) is a developmental disorder, caused by disease‐causing hemizygous variants in the FGD1 gene. AAS is characterized by dysmorphic features, genital malformation, skeletal anomalies, and in some cases, intellectual disability and behavioral difficulties. Myopathy has only been reported once in two affected siblings diagnosed with AAS. Only few adult cases have been reported. This article reports four adults with AAS (three male cases and one female carrier) from two unrelated Danish families, all males presented with variable features suggestive of myopathy. All four carried novel hemizygous pathogenic variants in the FGD1 gene; one family presented with the c.2266dup, p.Cys756Leufs*19 variant while the c.527dup; p.Leu177Thrfs*40 variant was detected in the second family. All males had some mild myopathic symptoms or histological abnormalities. Case 1 had the most severe myopathic phenotype with prominent proximal muscular fatigue and exercise intolerance. In addition, he had multiple deletions of mtDNA and low respiratory chain activity. His younger nephew, case 3, had difficulties doing sports in his youth and had a mildly abnormal muscle biopsy and relatively decreased mitochondrial enzyme activity. The singular case from family 2 (case 4), had a mildly myopathic muscle biopsy, but no overt myopathic symptoms. Our findings suggest that myopathic involvement should be considered in AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Bayat
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjørg Krett
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Dunø
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Molecular Genetic Laboratory, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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The RhoGEF Trio: A Protein with a Wide Range of Functions in the Vascular Endothelium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810168. [PMID: 34576329 PMCID: PMC8467920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes are controlled by small GTPases, which can be activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). The RhoGEF Trio contains two GEF domains that differentially activate the small GTPases such as Rac1/RhoG and RhoA. These small RhoGTPases are mainly involved in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. In the endothelium, they regulate junctional stabilization and play a crucial role in angiogenesis and endothelial barrier integrity. Multiple extracellular signals originating from different vascular processes can influence the activity of Trio and thereby the regulation of the forementioned small GTPases and actin cytoskeleton. This review elucidates how various signals regulate Trio in a distinct manner, resulting in different functional outcomes that are crucial for endothelial cell function in response to inflammation.
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10
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Kessel I, German A, Peleg A, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Paperna T, Ekhilevitch N, Kurolap A, Baris Feldman H, Sagi-Dain L. A novel truncating variant in the FGD1 gene associated with Aarskog-Scott syndrome in a family previously diagnosed with Tel Hashomer camptodactyly. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3161-3166. [PMID: 34145742 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tel Hashomer camptodactyly syndrome is a long-known entity characterized by camptodactyly with muscular hypoplasia, skeletal dysplasia, and abnormal palmar creases. Currently, the genetic basis for this disorder is unknown, thus there is a possibility that this clinical presentation may be contained within another genetic diagnosis. Here, we present a multiplex family with a previous clinical diagnosis of Tel Hashomer camptodactyly syndrome. Whole exome sequencing and pedigree-based analysis revealed a novel hemizygous truncating variant c.269_270dup (p.Phe91Alafs*34) in the FGD1 gene (NM_004463.3) in all three symptomatic patients, congruous with a diagnosis of Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Our report adds to the limited data on Aarskog-Scott syndrome, and emphasizes the importance of unbiased comprehensive molecular testing toward establishing a diagnosis for genetic syndromes with unknown genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kessel
- Department of Neonatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alina German
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Bnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Peleg
- Genetics Institute, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Tamar Paperna
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nina Ekhilevitch
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alina Kurolap
- The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagit Baris Feldman
- The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lena Sagi-Dain
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Genetics Institute, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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11
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Jabalameli MR, Briceno I, Martinez J, Briceno I, Pengelly RJ, Ennis S, Collins A. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is a rare developmental disorder which primarily affects males and has a relative prevalence of 1 in 25,000 in the general population. AAS patients usually present with developmental complications including short stature and facial, skeletal and urogenital anomalies. The spectrum of genotype-phenotype correlations in AAS is unclear and mutations of the FGD1 gene on the proximal short arm of chromosome X account for only 20% of the incidence of the disorder. Failure to identify pathogenic variants in patients referred for FGD1 screening suggests heterogeneity underlying pathophysiology of the condition. Furthermore, overlapping features of AAS with several other developmental disorders increase the complexity of diagnosis. Cytoskeletal signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of AAS. The FGD1 protein family has a role in activation of CDC42 (Cell Division Control protein 42 homolog) which has a core function in remodeling of extracellular matrix and the transcriptional activation of many modulators of development. Therefore, mutations in components in the EGFR1 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 1) signaling pathway, to which CDC42 belongs, may contribute to pathophysiology. Parallel sequencing strategies (so-called next generation sequencing or high throughput sequencing) enables simultaneous production of millions of sequencing reads that enormously facilitate cost-effective identification of cryptic mutations in heterogeneous monogenic disorders. Here we review the source of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in the context of AAS and discuss the applicability of next generation sequencing for identification of novel mutations underlying AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Reza Jabalameli
- Genetic Epidemiology & Genomic Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ignacio Briceno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Julio Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ignacio Briceno
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
| | - Reuben J. Pengelly
- Genetic Epidemiology & Genomic Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Genetic Epidemiology & Genomic Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Collins
- Genetic Epidemiology & Genomic Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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12
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Jia H, Ma T, Liu Z, Ouyang Y, Hao C. A novel frameshift mutation in the FGD1 gene causing Aarskog-Scott syndrome patient with hypogonadism: a case report. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:1377-1385. [PMID: 34189097 PMCID: PMC8192999 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is most commonly inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic disease caused by FGD1 mutations. AAS patients are most frequently male, and the clinical manifestations of facial abnormalities, skeletal deformities, and abnormal genitalia comprise a characteristic triad of diagnostic features. The results on the clinical and molecular analysis of a family that reveals a novel FGD1 gene frameshift mutation in an 11-year-old boy displaying bilateral cryptorchidism associated with hypogonadism are reported here. This patient exhibited a characteristic triad of diagnostic features of ASS, including short stature, facial abnormalities, joint laxity, and typical scrotal fold. Whole-exome sequencing revealed the novel hemizygous mutation c.500delA in exon 3 of the patient's FGD1 gene, resulting after a frameshift in the Tyr167 residue, while his mother is heterozygous of the same variant. Further in silico studies were performed to identify the pathological consequence of this gene mutation. Thus, our study shows that frameshifts disrupting the RhoGEF gene domain of FGD1 represent the most prevalent causal mutations underlying AAS and expand the phenotypic and mutational spectra of this disease. Improved understanding of the phenotypic and pathological heterogeneity accompanying FGD1 mutation can greatly enhance the clinical prognostic capabilities in the future and aid genetic counseling for AAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuai Jia
- Department of Urology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Ouyang
- Department of Urology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Hao
- Department of Urology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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13
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The Prevalence of Clinical Features in Patients with Aarskog-Scott Syndrome and Assessment of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation: A Systematic Review. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:6652957. [PMID: 33762894 PMCID: PMC7953535 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6652957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog–Scott syndrome is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous rare condition caused by a pathogenic variant in the FGD1 gene. A systematic review was carried out to analyse the prevalence of clinical manifestations found in patients, as well as to evaluate the genotype-phenotype correlation. The results obtained show that clinical findings of the craniofacial, orthopaedic, and genitourinary tract correspond to the highest scores of prevalence. The authors reclassified the primary, secondary, and additional criteria based on their prevalence. Furthermore, it was possible to observe, in accordance with previous reports, that the reported phenotypes do not present a direct relation to the underlying genotypes.
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14
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Luan M, Tian X, Zhang D, Sun X, Jiang M, Duan Y, Sun C, Si H. Identifying the potential regulators of neutrophils recruitment in hepatocellular carcinoma using bioinformatics method. Transl Cancer Res 2021; 10:724-737. [PMID: 35116404 PMCID: PMC8798716 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils play a crucial role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the mechanism underlying neutrophil recruitment is not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to explore the potential genes or pathways related to neutrophil recruitment in the cancer microenvironment. METHODS We downloaded TCGA HCC gene expression profiles, the abundance of 22 different immune cells in HCC patients, and patient survival information. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to determine if neutrophils were related to survival. Next, we screened different expression genes (DEGs) between patients with high and low level of neutrophils. We then identified the transcription factor and its targets in the fence of DEGs. Then, we carried out enrichment analysis and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) for targets. Finally, we explored the potential mechanism of targets via calculating correlation scores. RESULTS Our survival analysis results showed that neutrophils were significantly associated with patient survival. A total of 736 DEGs were screened. Next, we identified transcription factor larger E26 transformation-specific (ETS) homologous factor (EHF) and 702 targets of EHF from 736 DEGs. Among these targets, the level of FGD6 expression had the highest correlation with the level of EHF expression. Enrichment and GSVA analysis for FGD6 showed that the level of GO:0043547 had a positive regulatory effect on GTPase activity and the GO:0007010 cytoskeleton organization was significantly difference between the high and low neutrophils counts. By calculating the correlation between FGD6 and genes in GO:0043547 and GO:0007010, we identified RIC8B and SIPA1L3. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that transcription factor EHF can influence recruitment of neutrophils by mediating the transcription of FGD6. Further investigations are needed to shed new light on EHF and its target FGD6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Luan
- Organ Transplantation Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Dexiang Zhang
- Qingdao University Intelligent Campus and Information Construction Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Yunbo Duan
- Institute for Computational Science and Engineering, Laboratory of New Fibrous Materials and Modern Textile State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Cancer Center, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Hongzong Si
- Institute for Computational Science and Engineering, Laboratory of New Fibrous Materials and Modern Textile State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Public Health, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
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15
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Mestres I, Einsiedel M, Möller J, Cardoso de Toledo B. Smad anchor for receptor activation nuclear localization during development identifies Layers V and VI of the neocortex. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2161-2173. [PMID: 32037591 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA, zfyve9) has been classically observed in early endosomes of different cells types where it regulates vesicular transport of proteins and membrane components. Very few other members of the zinc finger FYVE domain-containing family (zfyve) have different functions other than controlling membrane trafficking. By analyzing SARA localization throughout mouse embryonic brain development, we detected that besides the endosomal localization it also targets neuronal nuclei, specifically of the cortical layers V/VI. These findings were confirmed in human brain organoids. When evaluating neuronal cell lines, we found that SARA accumulates in nuclei of PC-12 cells, but not Neuro-2a, highlighting its specificity. SARA functions as a specific marker of the deep cortical layers until the first postnatal week. This temporal regulation corresponds with the final phases of neuron differentiation, such as soma ventral translocation and axonal targeting. In sum, here we report that SARA localization during brain development is temporarily regulated, and layer specific. This defined pattern helps in the identification of early born cortical neurons. We further show that other zfyve family members (FYCO1, WDFY3, Hrs) also distribute to nuclei of different cells in the brain cortex, which raises the possibility that this might be an extended feature within the protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mestres
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Einsiedel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - June Möller
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Beatriz Cardoso de Toledo
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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16
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Pavone P, Marino S, Maniaci A, Cocuzza S. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: clinical and molecular characterisation of a family with the coexistence of a novel FGD1 mutation and 16p13.11-p12.3 microduplication. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:e235183. [PMID: 32606125 PMCID: PMC7328892 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), also known as facio-genital dysplasia or faciodigitogenital syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder clinically characterised by facial, limb and genitalanomalies. Although also autosomal dominance and recessive patterns have been reported, up to now, only an X linked form associated to mutations of the FGD1 gene has been recognised as causative for this syndrome.In this case report, we describe a large Italian family in which three members across three generations show classical features of the syndrome. The youngest patient, the proband, and his mother were both molecularly studied and characterised for the not previously reported variant c.1828C>T (p. Arg610*) in the FGD1 gene but with the classic phenotype of AAS. Additionally, both the proband and his mother present a 2.5 Mb 16p13.11-p12.3 microduplication, a genetic variant still unclear for the phenotypic consequences: the co-occurrence of the two rare conditions is discussed for the possible clinical significance.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology
- Adult
- Biological Variation, Population
- Child Development
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Dwarfism/diagnosis
- Dwarfism/genetics
- Dwarfism/physiopathology
- Dwarfism/psychology
- Face/abnormalities
- Face/physiopathology
- Female
- Genes, Duplicate
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/diagnosis
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/physiopathology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/psychology
- Genitalia, Male/abnormalities
- Genitalia, Male/physiopathology
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/diagnosis
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/physiopathology
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/psychology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/psychology
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Mutation
- Patient Care Management/methods
- Pedigree
- Psychosocial Support Systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University of Catania, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University of Catania, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Antonino Maniaci
- ENT Section, University of Catania Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cocuzza
- ENT Section, University of Catania Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
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17
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Eitzen G, Smithers CC, Murray AG, Overduin M. Structure and function of the Fgd family of divergent FYVE domain proteins. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:257-264. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Eitzen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Cameron C. Smithers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Allan G. Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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18
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Mostafa M, Hassib N, Sayed I, Neamat A, Ramzy M, El-Badry T, ElGabry H, Salem H, Omar N, Ismail A, Ibrahim Y, Shebaita A, Allam A, Mostafa M. Philtrum length and intercommissural distance measurements at mixed dentition period. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1145-1149. [PMID: 29681097 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anthropometric measurements of the lip and mouth are of great importance in clinical dysmorphology as well as reconstructive plastic surgery. In this study, the philtrum length (PhL) and intercommissural distance (ICmD) nomograms for Egyptian children in the mixed dentition period were established. A group of 1,338 Egyptian students in primary schools (735 boys and 603 girls) were included in the study. The students were at mixed dentition period and their ages ranged from 7 to 12 years. Anthropometric norms of PhL and ICmD were developed with significant sex difference in certain groups. A ratio between PhL and ICmD was developed. These data will help facilitate both objective and subjective evaluation of the lip and mouth for proper diagnosis of orofacial anomalies and variations as well as for ideal treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Mostafa
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Oro-Dental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal Hassib
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Oro-Dental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Inas Sayed
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Oro-Dental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany Neamat
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magda Ramzy
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek El-Badry
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Oro-Dental Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hisham ElGabry
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy Salem
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Restorative and Dental Materials Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada Omar
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Restorative and Dental Materials Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira Ismail
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Restorative and Dental Materials Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousra Ibrahim
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Restorative and Dental Materials Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Shebaita
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Allam
- Oral and Dental Research Division, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdy Mostafa
- Ob/Gyn Department and Director of Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Quaglia A, Roberts EA, Torbenson M. Developmental and Inherited Liver Disease. MACSWEEN'S PATHOLOGY OF THE LIVER 2018:111-274. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6697-9.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
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20
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Abstract
Short stature is a common and heterogeneous condition that is often genetic in etiology. For most children with genetic short stature, the specific molecular causes remain unknown; but with advances in exome/genome sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, new genetic causes of growth disorders have been identified, contributing to the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of longitudinal bone growth and growth failure. Identifying new genetic causes of growth disorders has the potential to improve diagnosis, prognostic accuracy, and individualized management, and help avoid unnecessary testing for endocrine and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Jee
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA.
| | - Anenisia C Andrade
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, Solna 171 77, Sweden; University Hospital, Örebro University, Södra Grev Rosengatan, Örebro 701 85, Sweden
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21
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Ge Y, Li N, Wang Z, Wang J, Cai H. Novel variant in the FGD1 gene causing Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2623-2628. [PMID: 28587322 PMCID: PMC5450764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (ASS) is a rare, X-linked recessive inherited disorder. Affected individuals may develop short stature and exhibit distinctive skeletal and genital development. Mutations in the FYVE, rhogef and pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 1 (FGD1) gene, located within the Xp11.21 region, are responsible for the occurrence of ASS. Since it is rare and complex, it can take a long time to obtain a definitive clinical diagnosis unless clinicians are familiar with the disease. In the present study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to screen for causal variants in a Chinese pediatric patient who exhibited a number of clinical symptoms of ASS, including short stature, facial abnormalities, stubby metacarpals and swollen testis. DNA sequencing revealed a novel c.1270 A>G mutation in exon 6 of the FGD1 gene, which led to an amino acid conversion of asparagine to aspartic acid on codon 424 and in silico analysis indicated that this novel missense mutation was pathogenic. The present study identified a novel variant of the FGD1 gene and to the best of our knowledge, is the first report of ASS in a Chinese individual. The results indicated that WES is an effective tool for the diagnosis of rare and complex syndromes such as ASS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Ge
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Niu Li
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Haiqing Cai
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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22
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Hamzeh AR, Saif F, Nair P, Binjab AJ, Mohamed M, Al-Ali MT, Bastaki F. A novel, putatively null, FGD1 variant leading to Aarskog-Scott syndrome in a family from UAE. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:31. [PMID: 28103835 PMCID: PMC5248450 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The X-linked condition "Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS)" causes a characteristic combination of short stature, facial, genital and skeletal anomalies. Studies elucidated a causative link between AAS and mutations in the FGD1 gene, which encodes a Rho/Rac guanine exchange factor. FGD1 is involved in regulating signaling pathways that control cytoskeleton organization and embryogenesis. CASE PRESENTATION FGD1 was studied in an Emirati family with two cases of AAS using PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the entire coding region of the gene. Various in silico tools were also used to predict the functional consequences of FGD1 mutations. In the reported family, two brothers harbor a novel hemizygous mutation in FGD1 c.53del (p.Pro18Argfs*106) for which the mother is heterozygous. This frameshift deletion, being close to N-terminus of FGD1, is predicted to shift the reading frame in a way that it translates to 105 erroneous amino acids followed by a premature stop codon at position 106. Full molecular and clinical accounts about the variant are given so as to expand molecular and phenotypical knowledge about this disorder. CONCLUSIONS A novel variant in FGD1 was found in an Emirati family with two brothers suffering from AAS. The variant is predicted to be a null mutation, and this is the first report of its kind from the United Arab Emirates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rezzak Hamzeh
- Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, P.O. Box 22252, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fatima Saif
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pratibha Nair
- Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, P.O. Box 22252, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Jassim Binjab
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Madiha Mohamed
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Fatma Bastaki
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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23
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Parıltay E, Hazan F, Ataman E, Demir K, Etlik Ö, Özbek E, Özkan B. A novel splice site mutation of FGD1 gene in an Aarskog-Scott syndrome patient with a large anterior fontanel. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:1111-4. [PMID: 27544718 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (ASS) is a rare X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by FGD1 mutations. FGD1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton and regulates cell growth and differentiation by activating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling cascade. ASS is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism, short stature, interdigital webbing and shawl scrotum. However, there is a wide phenotypic heterogeneity because of the additional clinical features. ASS and some syndromes including the autosomal dominant inherited form of Robinow syndrome, Noonan syndrome, pseudohypoparathyroidism, Silver-Russel and SHORT syndrome have some overlapping phenotypic features. Herein, we report a patient with ASS and a large anterior fontanel who was initially diagnosed as Robinow syndrome. He was found to have a novel c.1340+2 T>A splice site mutation on the FGD1 gene.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/pathology
- Alternative Splicing/genetics
- Cranial Fontanelles/pathology
- Craniofacial Abnormalities/complications
- Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics
- Craniofacial Abnormalities/pathology
- Dwarfism/complications
- Dwarfism/genetics
- Dwarfism/pathology
- Face/abnormalities
- Face/pathology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/complications
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/pathology
- Genitalia, Male/abnormalities
- Genitalia, Male/pathology
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/complications
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/complications
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/complications
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/pathology
- Male
- Mutation/genetics
- Prognosis
- Urogenital Abnormalities/complications
- Urogenital Abnormalities/genetics
- Urogenital Abnormalities/pathology
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24
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Beasley S, Buckhaults PJ, Pedigo NG, Farrell CL. Association of FGD1 polymorphisms with early-onset breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2071-2077. [PMID: 27602141 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent cancer studies have suggested that the faciogenital dysplasia 1 (FGD1) gene may play a role in the development of tumor cells. Somatic alterations in the FGD1 gene and increased Fgd1 protein expression have been observed in many breast tumor cases. The present study sequenced the FGD1 gene in tumor DNA from 46 breast cancer patients using Ion Torrent sequencing. Three synonymous polymorphisms and one missense polymorphism were detected with next-generation sequencing; however, no somatic mutations were observed. The Thr697 variant was identified in 18 patients with an average age at diagnosis of 55 years, which was a lower average age than patients without the polymorphism. In addition, a higher frequency of Thr697 was observed in African-American patients. The Pro712 was observed in 15 breast cancer patients with an average age of 58 years, and was observed as a haplotype with the Thr697 variant in 28% of the breast cancer patients studied. The missense polymorphism (Ala226Thr) was identified in a 40-year-old female patient who had a recurrence of cancer. These polymorphisms (Ala226Thr, Thr697 and Pro712) may be associated with an earlier onset of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beasley
- Biology Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - Phillip J Buckhaults
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nancy G Pedigo
- Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
| | - Christopher L Farrell
- Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, USA
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25
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Pedigo NG, Van Delden D, Walters L, Farrell CL. Minireview: Role of genetic changes of faciogenital dysplasia protein 1 in human disease. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:446-54. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00101.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The FGD1 gene encodes for a guanine exchange factor (GEF) protein that specifically activates the Rho GTPase Cdc42. For cellular migration, Cdc42 is a key molecular switch that regulates cytoskeleton restructuring, gene transcription, cellular morphology, extension, and cell adhesion. In the past decade, germline mutations in the FGD1 gene have been associated with a rare X-linked disorder known as faciogenital dysplasia (FGDY). Malformations are consistent with a loss of cellular migration during embryonic development. Insertion and deletion mutations in FGD1 result in a frameshift causing inactivation of fgd1 protein. Since Cdc42 is a key molecular switch in cytoskeletal restructuring and cell adhesion, the loss of fgd1 is postulated to attenuate Cdc42-mediated cellular migration in embryonic development. In metastatic tumors, Cdc42 modulates migration and invasiveness. Fgd1 overexpression has been found in infiltrating and poorly differentiated breast and invasive prostate tumors. Amplification at Xp11.21, the FGD1 gene locus, has been reported in several cancers. Sequencing analyses in numerous types of cancer have found missense mutations in the FGD1 gene in metastatic tumors. FGDY and cancer studies suggest that the germline and somatic changes downregulate or upregulate the FGD1 gene playing a key role in the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy G. Pedigo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, South Carolina
| | - Danielle Van Delden
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, South Carolina
| | - Laura Walters
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, South Carolina
| | - Christopher L. Farrell
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, South Carolina
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26
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Griffin LB, Farley FA, Antonellis A, Keegan CE. A novel FGD1 mutation in a family with Aarskog-Scott syndrome and predominant features of congenital joint contractures. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2016; 2:a000943. [PMID: 27551683 PMCID: PMC4990810 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in FGD1 cause Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), an X-linked condition characterized by abnormal facial, skeletal, and genital development due to abnormal embryonic morphogenesis and skeletal formation. Here we report a novel FGD1 mutation in a family with atypical features of AAS, specifically bilateral upper and lower limb congenital joint contractures and cardiac abnormalities. The male proband and his affected maternal uncle are hemizygous for the novel FGD1 mutation p.Arg921X. This variant is the most carboxy-terminal FGD1 mutation identified in a family with AAS and is predicted to truncate the FGD1 protein at the second to last amino acid of the carboxy-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Our study emphasizes the importance of the 3' peptide sequence in the structure and/or function of the FGD1 protein and further demonstrates the need to screen patients with X-linked congenital joint contractures for FGD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Beth Griffin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Frances A Farley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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27
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Basel-Vanagaite L, Wolf L, Orin M, Larizza L, Gervasini C, Krantz I, Deardoff M. Recognition of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome phenotype with facial dysmorphology novel analysis. Clin Genet 2016; 89:557-63. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Basel-Vanagaite
- Medical Genetics Department; Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Rabin Medical Center; Petah Tikva Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center; Petah Tikva Israel
- Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
- FDNA Inc.; Boston, MA USA
| | - L. Wolf
- Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
- FDNA Inc.; Boston, MA USA
| | | | - L. Larizza
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Istituto Auxologico Italiano; Milan Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Medical Genetics; University of Milano; Milan Italy
| | - C. Gervasini
- Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Istituto Auxologico Italiano; Milan Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Medical Genetics; University of Milano; Milan Italy
| | - I.D. Krantz
- Division of Human Molecular Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
- The Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - M.A. Deardoff
- Division of Human Molecular Genetics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA USA
- The Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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28
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Pérez-Coria M, Lugo-Trampe JJ, Zamudio-Osuna M, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Lugo-Trampe A, de la Fuente-Cortez B, Campos-Acevedo LD, Martínez-de-Villarreal LE. Identification of novel mutations in Mexican patients with Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:197-202. [PMID: 26029706 PMCID: PMC4444161 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), also known as faciogenital dysplasia (FGD, OMIM # 305400), is an X-linked disorder of recessive inheritance, characterized by short stature and facial, skeletal, and urogenital abnormalities. AAS is caused by mutations in the FGD1 gene (Xp11.22), with over 56 different mutations identified to date. We present the clinical and molecular analysis of four unrelated families of Mexican origin with an AAS phenotype, in whom FGD1 sequencing was performed. This analysis identified two stop mutations not previously reported in the literature: p.Gln664* and p.Glu380*. Phenotypically, every male patient met the clinical criteria of the syndrome, whereas discrepancies were found between phenotypes in female patients. Our results identify two novel mutations in FGD1, broadening the spectrum of reported mutations; and provide further delineation of the phenotypic variability previously described in AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pérez-Coria
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - José J Lugo-Trampe
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Michell Zamudio-Osuna
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Iram P Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Angel Lugo-Trampe
- Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios en Salud Pública y Desastres, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH) Tapachula, Chis, México
| | - Beatriz de la Fuente-Cortez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Luis D Campos-Acevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Laura E Martínez-de-Villarreal
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
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29
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Hunter JM, Kiefer J, Balak CD, Jooma S, Ahearn ME, Hall JG, Baumbach-Reardon L. Review of X-linked syndromes with arthrogryposis or early contractures-aid to diagnosis and pathway identification. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:931-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M. Hunter
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Jeff Kiefer
- Knowledge Mining; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Christopher D. Balak
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Sonya Jooma
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Mary Ellen Ahearn
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
| | - Judith G. Hall
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics; University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Vancouver; British Columbia Canada
| | - Lisa Baumbach-Reardon
- Integrated Functional Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute; Phoenix Arizona
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30
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Völter C, Martínez R, Hagen R, Kress W. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: a novel mutation in the FGD1 gene associated with severe craniofacial dysplasia. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1373-6. [PMID: 24770546 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aarskog syndrome (AAS) is an X-linked human disease that affects the skeletal formation and embryonic morphogenesis and is caused by mutations in the FGD1 gene. Patients typically show distinctive skeletal and genital developmental abnormalities, but a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes has been observed. We report here on the clinical and molecular analysis of a family that reveals a novel FGD1 mutation in a 9-year-old boy displaying extreme craniofacial dysplasia associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sequencing of FGD1 revealed a novel mutation in exon 7 at position c.1468 C > T in the index patient, leading to a stop codon in the highly conserved RhoGEF gene domain. His mother and maternal grandmother were also found to be heterozygous for this FGD1 mutation. CONCLUSION Our results identify a novel mutation of FDG1 in a family with Aarskog syndrome and underscore the phenotypical variability of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Völter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Goettingen, Robert Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany,
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31
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Clinical utility gene card for: Aarskog-Scott Syndrome (faciogenital dysplasia) - update 2015. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:ejhg2014178. [PMID: 25227149 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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32
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Steenblock C, Heckel T, Czupalla C, Espírito Santo AI, Niehage C, Sztacho M, Hoflack B. The Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor FGD6 coordinates cell polarity and endosomal membrane recycling in osteoclasts. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18347-59. [PMID: 24821726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial step of bone digestion is the adhesion of osteoclasts onto bone surfaces and the assembly of podosomal belts that segregate the bone-facing ruffled membrane from other membrane domains. During bone digestion, membrane components of the ruffled border also need to be recycled after macropinocytosis of digested bone materials. How osteoclast polarity and membrane recycling are coordinated remains unknown. Here, we show that the Cdc42-guanine nucleotide exchange factor FGD6 coordinates these events through its Src-dependent interaction with different actin-based protein networks. At the plasma membrane, FGD6 couples cell adhesion and actin dynamics by regulating podosome formation through the assembly of complexes comprising the Cdc42-interactor IQGAP1, the Rho GTPase-activating protein ARHGAP10, and the integrin interactors Talin-1/2 or Filamin A. On endosomes and transcytotic vesicles, FGD6 regulates retromer-dependent membrane recycling through its interaction with the actin nucleation-promoting factor WASH. These results provide a mechanism by which a single Cdc42-exchange factor controlling different actin-based processes coordinates cell adhesion, cell polarity, and membrane recycling during bone degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Steenblock
- From the Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Heckel
- From the Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Czupalla
- From the Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana Isabel Espírito Santo
- From the Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Niehage
- From the Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Sztacho
- From the Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernard Hoflack
- From the Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Short stature is one of the major components of many dysmorphic syndromes. Growth failure may be due to a wide variety of mechanisms, either related to the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor axis or to underlying unknown pathologies. In this review, the relatively more frequently seen syndromes with short stature (Noonan syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome and Aarskog-Scott syndrome) were discussed. These disorders are associated with a number of endocrinopathies, as well as with developmental, systemic and behavioral issues. At present, GH therapy is used in most syndromic disorders, although long-term studies evaluating this treatment are insufficient and some controversies exist with regard to GH dose, optimal age to begin therapy and adverse effects. Before starting GH treatment, patients with syndromic disorders should be evaluated extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Şıklar
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey. E-ma-il:
| | - Merih Berberoğlu
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
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34
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Aten E, Sun Y, Almomani R, Santen GWE, Messemaker T, Maas SM, Breuning MH, den Dunnen JT. Exome sequencing identifies a branch point variant in Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Hum Mutat 2012; 34:430-4. [PMID: 23169394 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (ASS) is a rare disorder with characteristic facial, skeletal, and genital abnormalities. Mutations in the FGD1 gene (Xp11.21) are responsible for ASS. However, mutation detection rates are low. Here, we report a family with ASS where conventional Sanger sequencing failed to detect a pathogenic change in FGD1. To identify the causative gene, we performed whole-exome sequencing in two patients. An initial analysis did not reveal a likely candidate gene. After relaxing our filtering criteria, accepting larger intronic segments, we unexpectedly identified a branch point (BP) variant in FGD1. Analysis of patient-derived RNA showed complete skipping of exon 13, leading to premature translation termination. The BP variant detected is one of very few reported so far proven to affect splicing. Our results show that besides digging deeper to reveal nonobvious variants, isolation and analysis of RNA provides a valuable but under-appreciated tool to resolve cases with unknown genetic defects.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Dwarfism/diagnosis
- Dwarfism/genetics
- Exome
- Exons
- Face/abnormalities
- Female
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/diagnosis
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genitalia, Male/abnormalities
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/diagnosis
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
- Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelien Aten
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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35
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Zou W, Greenblatt MB, Shim JH, Kant S, Zhai B, Lotinun S, Brady N, Hu DZ, Gygi SP, Baron R, Davis RJ, Jones D, Glimcher LH. MLK3 regulates bone development downstream of the faciogenital dysplasia protein FGD1 in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4383-92. [PMID: 21965325 PMCID: PMC3204846 DOI: 10.1172/jci59041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human FYVE, RhoGEF, and PH domain-containing 1 (FGD1) cause faciogenital dysplasia (FGDY; also known as Aarskog syndrome), an X-linked disorder that affects multiple skeletal structures. FGD1 encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that specifically activates the Rho GTPase CDC42. However, the mechanisms by which mutations in FGD1 affect skeletal development are unknown. Here, we describe what we believe to be a novel signaling pathway in osteoblasts initiated by FGD1 that involves the MAP3K mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3). We observed that MLK3 functions downstream of FGD1 to regulate ERK and p38 MAPK, which in turn phosphorylate and activate the master regulator of osteoblast differentiation, Runx2. Mutations in FGD1 found in individuals with FGDY ablated its ability to activate MLK3. Consistent with our description of this pathway and the phenotype of patients with FGD1 mutations, mice with a targeted deletion of Mlk3 displayed multiple skeletal defects, including dental abnormalities, deficient calvarial mineralization, and reduced bone mass. Furthermore, mice with knockin of a mutant Mlk3 allele that is resistant to activation by FGD1/CDC42 displayed similar skeletal defects, demonstrating that activation of MLK3 specifically by FGD1/CDC42 is important for skeletal mineralization. Thus, our results provide a putative biochemical mechanism for the skeletal defects in human FGDY and suggest that modulating MAPK signaling may benefit these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Development/genetics
- Bone Development/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dwarfism/genetics
- Dwarfism/pathology
- Dwarfism/physiopathology
- Enzyme Activation
- Face/abnormalities
- Face/pathology
- Face/physiopathology
- Female
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/pathology
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/physiopathology
- Genitalia, Male/abnormalities
- Genitalia, Male/pathology
- Genitalia, Male/physiopathology
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/physiology
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/pathology
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/physiopathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/deficiency
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/physiology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation
- Osteoblasts/pathology
- Osteoblasts/physiology
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/physiology
- cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 11
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Zou
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew B. Greenblatt
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shashi Kant
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Zhai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sutada Lotinun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas Brady
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorothy Zhang Hu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger J. Davis
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dallas Jones
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurie H. Glimcher
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard Dental School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Pilozzi-Edmonds L, Maher TA, Basran RK, Milunsky A, Al-Thihli K, Braverman NE, Alfares A. Fraternal twins with Aarskog-Scott syndrome due to maternal germline mosaicism. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1987-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Orrico A, Galli L, Clayton-Smith J, Fryns JP. Clinical utility gene card for: Aarskog-Scott syndrome (faciogenital dysplasia). Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:ejhg2011108. [PMID: 21654724 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Orrico
- Dipartimento dei Servizi, Medicina Molecolare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico S. Maria alle Scotte, Viale Bracci 2,Siena,
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38
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Cejudo-Martin P, Courtneidge SA. Podosomal proteins as causes of human syndromes: a role in craniofacial development? Genesis 2011; 49:209-21. [PMID: 21328520 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Podosomes and invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions of the plasma membrane important for matrix degradation and cell migration. Most of the information in this field has been obtained in cancer cells, where the presence of invadopodia has been related to increased invasiveness and metastatic potential. The importance of the related podosome structure in other pathological or physiological processes that require cell invasion is relatively unexplored. Recent evidence indicates that essential components of podosomes are responsible for several human syndromes, some of which are characterized by serious developmental defects involving the craniofacial area, skeleton and heart, and very poor prognosis. Here we will review them and discuss the possible role of podosomes as a player in correct embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cejudo-Martin
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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39
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Oshima T, Fujino T, Ando K, Hayakawa M. Role of FGD1, a Cdc42 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, in Epidermal Growth Factor-Stimulated c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase Activation and Cell Migration. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:54-60. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Oshima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Tomofumi Fujino
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Ken Ando
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Makio Hayakawa
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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40
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Xu M, Qi M, Zhou H, Yong J, Qiu H, Cong P, Hong X, Li C, Jiang Y, Chen X, Yu Y. Familial syndrome resembling Aarskog syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2017-22. [PMID: 20607856 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aarskog(-Scott) syndrome (AAS) is characterized by short stature, and facial, limb, and genital anomalies. AAS can be an X-linked condition caused by mutations in the FGD1 gene, but there is evidence that an autosomal dominant or recessive form also exists. We report on a Chinese family in whom several members have manifestations of AAS, but differ in limb anomalies and show additional characteristics. FGD1 sequencing and linkage analysis excluded FGD1 as the cause in this family. A common known submicroscopic chromosome imbalance is less likely. Both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance remain possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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41
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Oshima T, Fujino T, Ando K, Hayakawa M. Proline-rich domain plays a crucial role in extracellular stimuli-responsive translocation of a Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, FGD1. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:35-9. [PMID: 20045932 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that FGD1, the Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) responsible for faciogenital dysplasia, and its homologue FGD3 are targeted by the ubiquitin ligase SCF(FWD1) upon phosphorylation of two serine residues in their DSGIDS motif and subsequently degraded by the proteasome. FGD1 and FGD3 share highly homologous Dbl homology (DH) and adjacent pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, both of which are responsible for GEF activity. However, their function and regulation are remarkably different. Here we demonstrate extracellular signal-responsive translocation of FGD1, but not FGD3. During the wound-healing process, translocation of FGD1 to the leading edge membrane occurs in cells facing to the wound. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates the membrane translocation of FGD1, but not FGD3. As the most striking difference, FGD3 lacks the N-terminal proline-rich domain that is conserved in FGD1, indicating that proline-rich domain may play a crucial role in signal-responsive translocation of FGD1. Indeed, there is a faciogenital dysplasia patient who has a missense mutation in proline-rich domain of FGD1, by which the serine residue at position 205 is substituted with isoleucine. When expressed in cells, the mutant FGD1 with S(205)/I substitution fails to translocate to the membrane in response to the mitogenic stimuli. Thus we present a novel mechanism by which the activity of FGD1, a GEF for Cdc42, is temporally and spatially regulated in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Oshima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Orrico A, Galli L, Faivre L, Clayton-Smith J, Azzarello-Burri S, Hertz J, Jacquemont S, Taurisano R, Arroyo Carrera I, Tarantino E, Devriendt K, Melis D, Thelle T, Meinhardt U, Sorrentino V. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: Clinical update and report of nine novel mutations of theFGD1gene. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:313-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Crespi B, Summers K, Dorus S. Evolutionary genomics of human intellectual disability. Evol Appl 2010; 3:52-63. [PMID: 25567903 PMCID: PMC3352458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have postulated that X-linked and autosomal genes underlying human intellectual disability may have also mediated the evolution of human cognition. We have conducted the first comprehensive assessment of the extent and patterns of positive Darwinian selection on intellectual disability genes in humans. We report three main findings. First, as noted in some previous reports, intellectual disability genes with primary functions in the central nervous system exhibit a significant concentration to the X chromosome. Second, there was no evidence for a higher incidence of recent positive selection on X-linked than autosomal intellectual disability genes, nor was there a higher incidence of selection on such genes overall, compared to sets of control genes. However, the X-linked intellectual disability genes inferred to be subject to recent positive selection were concentrated in the Rho GTP-ase pathway, a key signaling pathway in neural development and function. Third, among all intellectual disability genes, there was evidence for a higher incidence of recent positive selection on genes involved in DNA repair, but not for genes involved in other functions. These results provide evidence that alterations to genes in the Rho GTP-ase and DNA-repair pathways may play especially-important roles in the evolution of human cognition and vulnerability to genetically-based intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, USA
| | - Steve Dorus
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBath, UK
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44
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A new autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by ocular hypertelorism, distinctive face, mental retardation, brachydactyly, and genital abnormalities. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:2655-60. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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First case of deletion of the faciogenital dysplasia 1 (FGD1) gene in a patient with Aarskog–Scott syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:262-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Both Aarskog syndrome and atraumatic anterior hip dislocation are rare entities. Aarskog syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder with facial, digital, and genital anomalies and is associated with varying degrees of ligamentous laxity. This is believed to be the only known reported case of bilateral anterior voluntary dislocating hips in an ambulatory child and the only reported case of hip dislocation in a child with Aarskog syndrome. Staged bilateral varus derotational femoral osteotomies and Dega osteotomies were successfully performed. Hardware was removed 1 year after the second operation. The patient has been asymptomatic at 2 years' follow-up. This article calls attention to the features of Aarskog syndrome and potential orthopaedic concerns.
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47
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Taub MB, Stanton A. Aarskog syndrome: A case report and literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 79:371-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Hoffman JD, Irons M, Schwartz CE, Medne L, Zackai EH. A newly recognized craniosynostosis syndrome with features of Aarskog-Scott and Teebi syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 143A:1282-6. [PMID: 17506099 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present two unrelated boys with craniosynostosis and similar facial features including hypertelorism, down-slanted palpebral fissures, ptosis, broad mouth with a thin upper lip, and preauricular pits. Both patients had short, broad first digits as well as short, broad hands. Both also had respiratory difficulties and umbilical abnormalities. Although, many of these features are seen in Aarskog-Scott and in Teebi hypertelorism syndromes, both children had craniosynostosis, which has not been previously reported in either syndrome. We propose that these children may have a previously unreported syndrome consistent with X-linked inheritance, although an autosomal dominant mode of transmission cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi D Hoffman
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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49
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Hokanson R, Hanneman W, Hennessey M, Donnelly KC, McDonald T, Chowdhary R, Busbee DL. DEHP, bis(2)-ethylhexyl phthalate, alters gene expression in human cells: possible correlation with initiation of fetal developmental abnormalities. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 25:687-95. [PMID: 17286146 DOI: 10.1177/0960327106071977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) is a widely distributed phthalate, to which humans are exposed to due to its variety of commercial and manufacturing uses. As a plasticiser, it is found in a wide number of products, and metabolites of DEHP have been detected in urine samples from a high percentage of the people screened for phthalates. We utilised DNA microarray analysis to evaluate DEHP for gene expression disrupting activity using the human cell line MCF-7, and found that DEHP significantly dysregulated approximately 34% of the 2400 genes spotted on the NEN2400 chip we used. The results suggest that DEHP, a known estrogen agonist and probable androgen antagonist, alters the expression of a number of genes, many of which are critical for fetal development. Down-regulation of two genes, FGD1 and PAFAH1B1, related in that both are essential for fetal brain development, was corroborated using quantitative real time PCR. These studies show DEHP to be a highly effective human gene expression-altering chemical, and that, at appropriate concentrations, it has the possibility of altering fetal central nervous system development, resulting in the birth defects lissencephaly and/or faciodigitogenital dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hokanson
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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50
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Moraes SG, Guerra-Junior G, Maciel-Guerra AT. Female counterpart of shawl scrotum in Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Int Braz J Urol 2007; 32:459-61. [PMID: 16953916 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382006000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (ASS) is an X-linked disorder characterized by facial, skeletal and genital anomalies, including penoscrotal transposition in males. We report on a girl from a family with ASS who exhibits a transposition of the clitoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana G Moraes
- Institute of Biology and School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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