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Vanderschelden RK, Rodriguez-Escriba M, Chan SH, Berman AJ, Rajkovic A, Yatsenko SA. Heterozygous TP63 pathogenic variants in isolated primary ovarian insufficiency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2211-2218. [PMID: 37453019 PMCID: PMC10440319 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aimed to identify the genetic causes of non-syndromic primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in female patients. METHODS We performed whole exome sequencing in females suffering from isolated POI and in their available family members. Copy number variations were validated by long-range PCR and Sanger sequencing, and conservation analysis was used to evaluate the impact of sequence variants on protein composition. RESULTS We detected two pathogenic TP63 heterozygous deleterious single nucleotide variants and a novel TP63 intragenic copy number alteration in three unrelated women with isolated POI. Two of these genetic variants are predicted to result in loss of transactivation inhibition of p63, whereas the third one affects the first exon of the ΔNp63 isoforms. CONCLUSION Our results broaden the spectrum of TP63-related disorders, which now includes sporadic and familial, isolated, and syndromic POI. Genomic variants that impair the transactivation inhibitory domain of the TAp63α isoform are the cause of non-syndromic POI. Additionally, variants affecting only the ΔNp63 isoforms may result in isolated POI. In patients with isolated POI, careful evaluation of genomic variants in pleiotropic genes such as TP63 will be essential to establish a full clinical spectrum and atypical presentation of a disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serena H Chan
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrea J Berman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Svetlana A Yatsenko
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Huang C, Zhao S, Yang Y, Guo T, Ke H, Mi X, Qin Y, Chen ZJ, Zhao S. TP63 gain-of-function mutations cause premature ovarian insufficiency by inducing oocyte apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:162315. [PMID: 36856110 PMCID: PMC9974095 DOI: 10.1172/jci162315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 guards genome integrity in the female germline, and its mutations have been reported in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, the precise contribution of the TP63 gene to the pathogenesis of POI needs to be further determined. Here, in 1,030 Chinese patients with POI, we identified 6 heterozygous mutations of the TP63 gene that impaired the C-terminal transactivation-inhibitory domain (TID) of the TAp63α protein and resulted in tetramer formation and constitutive activation of the mutant proteins. The mutant proteins induced cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of apoptosis-inducing factors in vitro. We next introduced a premature stop codon and selectively deleted the TID of TAp63α in mice and observed rapid depletion of the p63+/ΔTID mouse oocytes through apoptosis after birth. Finally, to further verify the pathogenicity of the mutation p.R647C in the TID that was present in 3 patients, we generated p63+/R647C mice and also found accelerated oocyte loss, but to a lesser degree than in the p63+/ΔTID mice. Together, these findings show that TID-related variants causing constitutive activation of TAp63α lead to POI by inducing oocyte apoptosis, which will facilitate the genetic diagnosis of POI in patients and provide a potential therapeutic target for extending female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzi Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Simin Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yajuan Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanni Ke
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Mi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shidou Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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3
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Osterburg C, Dötsch V. Structural diversity of p63 and p73 isoforms. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:921-937. [PMID: 35314772 PMCID: PMC9091270 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 protein family is the most studied protein family of all. Sequence analysis and structure determination have revealed a high similarity of crucial domains between p53, p63 and p73. Functional studies, however, have shown a wide variety of different tasks in tumor suppression, quality control and development. Here we review the structure and organization of the individual domains of p63 and p73, the interaction of these domains in the context of full-length proteins and discuss the evolutionary origin of this protein family.
Facts
Distinct physiological roles/functions are performed by specific isoforms.
The non-divided transactivation domain of p63 has a constitutively high activity while the transactivation domains of p53/p73 are divided into two subdomains that are regulated by phosphorylation.
Mdm2 binds to all three family members but ubiquitinates only p53.
TAp63α forms an autoinhibited dimeric state while all other vertebrate p53 family isoforms are constitutively tetrameric.
The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 contain an additional helix that is necessary for stabilizing the tetrameric states. During evolution this helix got lost independently in different phylogenetic branches, while the DNA binding domain became destabilized and the transactivation domain split into two subdomains.
Open questions
Is the autoinhibitory mechanism of mammalian TAp63α conserved in p53 proteins of invertebrates that have the same function of genomic quality control in germ cells?
What is the physiological function of the p63/p73 SAM domains?
Do the short isoforms of p63 and p73 have physiological functions?
What are the roles of the N-terminal elongated TAp63 isoforms, TA* and GTA?
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4
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The Role of Mutant p63 in Female Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168968. [PMID: 34445673 PMCID: PMC8396438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63, one of the p53 family members, plays an essential role in regulating maternal reproduction and genomic integrity as well as epidermal development. TP63 (human)/Trp63 (mouse) produces multiple isoforms: TAp63 and ΔNp63, which possess a different N-terminus depending on two different promoters, and p63a, p63b, p63g, p63δ, and p63ε as products of alternative splicing at the C-terminus. TAp63 expression turns on in the nuclei of primordial germ cells in females and is maintained mainly in the oocyte nuclei of immature follicles. It has been established that TAp63 is the genomic guardian in oocytes of the female ovaries and plays a central role in determining the oocyte fate upon oocyte damage. Lately, there is increasing evidence that TP63 mutations are connected with female infertility, including isolated premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and syndromic POI. Here, we review the biological functions of p63 in females and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations, which result in infertility in human patients.
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5
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Isoform-Specific Roles of Mutant p63 in Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030536. [PMID: 33572532 PMCID: PMC7866788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein p63 belongs to the family of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mouse models have, however, shown that it is not a classical tumor suppressor but instead involved in developmental processes. Mutations in the p63 gene cause several developmental defects in human patients characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia due to p63’s role as a master regulator of epidermal development. In addition, p63 plays a key role as a quality control factor in oocytes and p63 mutations can result either in compromised genetic quality control or premature cell death of all oocytes. Abstract The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the DNA binding domain cause Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia while mutations in in the C-terminal domain of the α-isoform cause Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility, severe, long-lasting skin erosions, and cleft lip/palate. The molecular disease mechanisms of these syndromes have recently become elucidated and have enhanced our understanding of the role of p63 in epidermal development. Here we review the molecular cause and functional consequences of these p63-mutations for skin development and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations for female fertility.
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6
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The p63 C-terminus is essential for murine oocyte integrity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:383. [PMID: 33452256 PMCID: PMC7810856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 mediates distinct cellular responses, primarily regulating epithelial and oocyte biology. In addition to the two amino terminal isoforms, TAp63 and ΔNp63, the 3’-end of p63 mRNA undergoes tissue-specific alternative splicing that leads to several isoforms, including p63α, p63β and p63γ. To investigate in vivo how the different isoforms fulfil distinct functions at the cellular and developmental levels, we developed a mouse model replacing the p63α with p63β by deletion of exon 13 in the Trp63 gene. Here, we report that whereas in two organs physiologically expressing p63α, such as thymus and skin, no abnormalities are detected, total infertility is evident in heterozygous female mice. A sharp reduction in the number of primary oocytes during the first week after birth occurs as a consequence of the enhanced expression of the pro-apoptotic transcriptional targets Puma and Noxa by the tetrameric, constitutively active, TAp63β isoform. Hence, these mice show a condition of ovary dysfunction, resembling human primary ovary insufficiency. Our results show that the p63 C-terminus is essential in TAp63α-expressing primary oocytes to control cell death in vivo, expanding the current understanding of human primary ovarian insufficiency. The transcription factor p63 mediates different cellular responses affecting epithelial and oocyte biology. Here, the authors generate a mouse model (HET Δ13p63 mice) expressing the p63β isoform and show this affects ovary development, phenocopying a human syndrome, primary ovary insufficiency.
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7
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Gebel J, Tuppi M, Sänger N, Schumacher B, Dötsch V. DNA Damaged Induced Cell Death in Oocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235714. [PMID: 33287328 PMCID: PMC7730327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of haploid gametes through meiosis is central to the principle of sexual reproduction. The genetic diversity is further enhanced by exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes by the crossover mechanism. This mechanism not only requires correct pairing of homologous chromosomes but also efficient repair of the induced DNA double-strand breaks. Oocytes have evolved a unique quality control system that eliminates cells if chromosomes do not correctly align or if DNA repair is not possible. Central to this monitoring system that is conserved from nematodes and fruit fly to humans is the p53 protein family, and in vertebrates in particular p63. In mammals, oocytes are stored for a long time in the prophase of meiosis I which, in humans, can last more than 50 years. During the entire time of this arrest phase, the DNA damage checkpoint remains active. The treatment of female cancer patients with DNA damaging irradiation or chemotherapeutics activates this checkpoint and results in elimination of the oocyte pool causing premature menopause and infertility. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of this quality control system and discuss potential therapeutic intervention for the preservation of the oocyte pool during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicole Sänger
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53217 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-798-29631
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8
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Georgiev GA, Gh MS, Romano J, Dias Teixeira KL, Struble C, Ryan DS, Sia RK, Kitt JP, Harris JM, Hsu KL, Libby A, Odrich MG, Suárez T, McKown RL, Laurie GW. Lacritin proteoforms prevent tear film collapse and maintain epithelial homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100070. [PMID: 33187980 PMCID: PMC7948570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in complex, protein-enriched films at air/liquid interfaces reduce surface tension. In the absence of this benefit, the light refracting and immunoprotective tear film on eyes would collapse. Premature collapse, coupled with chronic inflammation compromising visual acuity, is a hallmark of dry eye disease affecting 7 to 10% of individuals worldwide. Although collapse seems independent of mutation (unlike newborn lung alveoli), selective proteome and possible lipidome changes have been noted. These include elevated tissue transglutaminase and consequent inactivation through C-terminal cross-linking of the tear mitogen lacritin, leading to significant loss of lacritin monomer. Lacritin monomer restores homeostasis via autophagy and mitochondrial fusion and promotes basal tearing. Here, we discover that lacritin monomer C-terminal processing, inclusive of cysteine, serine, and metalloproteinase activity, generates cationic amphipathic α-helical proteoforms. Such proteoforms (using synthetic peptide surrogates) act like alveolar surfactant proteins to rapidly bind and stabilize the tear lipid layer. Immunodepletion of C- but not N-terminal proteoforms nor intact lacritin, from normal human tears promotes loss of stability akin to human dry eye tears. Stability of these and dry eye tears is rescuable with C- but not N-terminal proteoforms. Repeated topical application in rabbits reveals a proteoform turnover time of 7 to 33 h with gradual loss from human tear lipid that retains bioactivity without further processing. Thus, the processed C-terminus of lacritin that is deficient or absent in dry eye tears appears to play a key role in preventing tear film collapse and as a natural slow release mechanism that restores epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi A Georgiev
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Jeff Romano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Craig Struble
- Drug Metabolism, Covance Laboratories Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Denise S Ryan
- Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Rose K Sia
- Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Jay P Kitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joel M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Adam Libby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marc G Odrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tatiana Suárez
- Department of Research, Development and Innovation, FAES FARMA, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Robert L McKown
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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9
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Abstract
p63 (also known as TP63) is a transcription factor of the p53 family, along with p73. Multiple isoforms of p63 have been discovered and these have diverse functions encompassing a wide array of cell biology. p63 isoforms are implicated in lineage specification, proliferative potential, differentiation, cell death and survival, DNA damage response and metabolism. Furthermore, p63 is linked to human disease states including cancer. p63 is critical to many aspects of cell signaling, and in this Cell science at a glance article and the accompanying poster, we focus on the signaling cascades regulating TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and those that are regulated by TAp63 and ΔNp63, as well the role of p63 in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Seamus Balinth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,Stony Brook University, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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10
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Mathorne SW, Ravn P, Hansen D, Beck-Nielsen SS, Gjørup H, Sørensen KP, Fagerberg CR. Novel phenotype of syndromic premature ovarian insufficiency associated with TP63 molecular defect. Clin Genet 2020; 97:779-784. [PMID: 32067224 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that TP63 is associated with isolated as well as syndromic premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). We report two adolescent sisters diagnosed with undetectable ovaries, uterine hypoplasia, and mammary gland hypoplasia. A novel paternally inherited nonsense variant in TP63 [NM_003722.4 c.1927C > T,p.(Arg643*)] in exon 14 was identified by exome sequencing. One of the syndromes linked to TP63 is limb mammary syndrome (LMS), an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by ectrodactyly, hypoplasia of mammary-gland and nipple, lacrimal duct stenosis, nail dysplasia, dental anomalies, cleft palate and/or cleft lip and absence of skin and hair defects. The TP63 variant segregated with symptoms of LMS in the family, however, no affected individual had limb defects. The phenotype reported here represents a novel syndromic phenotype associated with TP63. Reported cases with TP63 associated POI are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine W Mathorne
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Hansen
- H C Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Gjørup
- Center for Oral Health in Rare Diseases, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristina P Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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11
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Compositional features and codon usage pattern of TP63 gene. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107119. [PMID: 31493739 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tumor protein p63encoded by the gene TP63 acts as a homologue of p53 protein. TP63 gene is the transformation factor with two initiation sites for transcriptional process and is related with stress, signal transduction and cell cycle control. The biasness in the preference of a few codons more frequently over other synonymous codons is the codon usage bias (CUB). Natural selection and mutational pressure are the two prime evolutionary forces acting on CUB. Here, the bioinformatic based analysis was performed to investigate the base distribution and CUB of TP63transcript variants (isoforms) as no work was performed earlier. Analysis of compositional features revealed variation in base content across TP63 gene isoforms and the GC content was more than 50%, indicating GC richness of its isoforms. The mean effective number of codons (ENC), a measure of CUB, was 51.83, i.e. overall CUB of TP63 gene was low. Among 13 isoforms of TP63 gene, nature selected against the CTA codon in 8 isoforms and favored five over-represented (RSCU > 1.6) codons namely CTG, CAG, ATC, AAC and GCC during evolution. Correlation between overall nucleotide composition and its 3rd codon position revealed that both mutational pressure and natural selection moulded its CUB. Further, the correlation between ENC and aromaticity depicted that variation of CUB was related to the degree of aromaticity of p63 protein.
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12
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Tucker EJ, Jaillard S, Grover SR, van den Bergen J, Robevska G, Bell KM, Sadedin S, Hanna C, Dulon J, Touraine P, Sinclair AH. TP63-truncating variants cause isolated premature ovarian insufficiency. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:886-892. [PMID: 30924587 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency involves amenorrhea and elevated follicle-stimulating hormone before age 40, and its genetic basis is poorly understood. Here, we study 13 premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) patients using whole-exome sequencing. We identify PREPL and TP63 causative variants, and variants in other potentially novel POI genes. PREPL deficiency is a known cause of syndromic POI, matching the patients' phenotype. A role for TP63 in ovarian biology has previously been proposed but variants have been described in multiorgan syndromes, and not isolated POI. One patient with isolated POI harbored a de novo nonsense TP63 variant in the terminal exon and an unrelated patient had a different nonsense variant in the same exon. These variants interfere with the repression domain while leaving the activation domain intact. We expand the phenotypic spectrum of TP63-related disorders, provide a new genotype:phenotype correlation for TP63 and identify a new genetic cause of isolated POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J Tucker
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France.,INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes1, Frances Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, F-35042, Rennes, Paris, France
| | - Sonia R Grover
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jocelyn van den Bergen
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gorjana Robevska
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina M Bell
- Bioinformatics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Sadedin
- Bioinformatics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe Hanna
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jérôme Dulon
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HP, Sorbonne University Medicine, Centre de Référence desMaladies Endocriniennes Rares de laCroissance et du Développement, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Touraine
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HP, Sorbonne University Medicine, Centre de Référence desMaladies Endocriniennes Rares de laCroissance et du Développement, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
| | - Andrew H Sinclair
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Eidsaa M, Stubbs L, Almaas E. Comparative analysis of weighted gene co-expression networks in human and mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187611. [PMID: 29161290 PMCID: PMC5697817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of complex network modeling to analyze large co-expression data sets has gained traction during the last decade. In particular, the use of the weighted gene co-expression network analysis framework has allowed an unbiased and systems-level investigation of genotype-phenotype relationships in a wide range of systems. Since mouse is an important model organism for biomedical research on human disease, it is of great interest to identify similarities and differences in the functional roles of human and mouse orthologous genes. Here, we develop a novel network comparison approach which we demonstrate by comparing two gene-expression data sets from a large number of human and mouse tissues. The method uses weighted topological overlap alongside the recently developed network-decomposition method of s-core analysis, which is suitable for making gene-centrality rankings for weighted networks. The aim is to identify globally central genes separately in the human and mouse networks. By comparing the ranked gene lists, we identify genes that display conserved or diverged centrality-characteristics across the networks. This framework only assumes a single threshold value that is chosen from a statistical analysis, and it may be applied to arbitrary network structures and edge-weight distributions, also outside the context of biology. When conducting the comparative network analysis, both within and across the two species, we find a clear pattern of enrichment of transcription factors, for the homeobox domain in particular, among the globally central genes. We also perform gene-ontology term enrichment analysis and look at disease-related genes for the separate networks as well as the network comparisons. We find that gene ontology terms related to regulation and development are generally enriched across the networks. In particular, the genes FOXE3, RHO, RUNX2, ALX3 and RARA, which are disease genes in either human or mouse, are on the top-10 list of globally central genes in the human and mouse networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Eidsaa
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisa Stubbs
- Institute for Genomic Biology, Neuroscience Program, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaigne, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Eivind Almaas
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Berman AE, Leontieva OV, Natarajan V, McCubrey JA, Demidenko ZN, Nikiforov MA. Recent progress in genetics of aging, senescence and longevity: focusing on cancer-related genes. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1522-32. [PMID: 23455653 PMCID: PMC3681491 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that aging results from the accumulation of molecular damage, including damage of DNA and mitochondria and accumulation of molecular garbage both inside and outside of the cell. Recently, this paradigm is being replaced by the “hyperfunction theory”, which postulates that aging is caused by activation of signal transduction pathways such as TOR (Target of Rapamycin). These pathways consist of different enzymes, mostly kinases, but also phosphatases, deacetylases, GTPases, and some other molecules that cause overactivation of normal cellular functions. Overactivation of these sensory signal transduction pathways can cause cellular senescence, age-related diseases, including cancer, and shorten life span. Here we review some of the numerous very recent publications on the role of signal transduction molecules in aging and age-related diseases. As was emphasized by the author of the “hyperfunction model”, many (or actually all) of them also play roles in cancer. So these “participants” in pro-aging signaling pathways are actually very well acquainted to cancer researchers. A cancer-related journal such as Oncotarget is the perfect place for publication of such experimental studies, reviews and perspectives, as it can bridge the gap between cancer and aging researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Berman
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., Moscow, Russia.
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Abstract
p53, a guardian of the genome, exerts its tumor suppression activity by regulating a large number of downstream targets involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Although p53-mediated apoptosis is able to kill cancer cells, a role for cellular senescence in p53-dependent tumor suppression is becoming clear. Mouse studies showed that activation of p53-induced premature senescence promotes tumor regression in vivo. However, p53-mediated cellular senescence also leads to aging-related phenotypes, such as tissue atrophy, stem cell depletion, and impaired wound healing. In addition, several p53 isoforms and two p53 homologs, p63 and p73, have been shown to play a role in cellular senescence and/or aging. Importantly, p53, p63, and p73 are necessary for the maintenance of adult stem cells. Therefore, understanding the dual role the p53 protein family in cancer and aging is critical to solve cancer and longevity in the future. In this chapter, we provide an overview on how p53, p63, p73, and their isoforms regulate cellular senescence and aging.
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Abstract
The p53 family members, which consist of 3 transcription factors-p53, p63, and p73-are conserved during evolution. The p53 family proteins are involved in many important cellular functions, including tumor suppression (p53 and p73), the development of epithelial cell layers (p63), and the development of central nervous system and immune system (p73). Studies on p53-like proteins in low organisms have demonstrated that their primordial functions are to maintain the genomic integrity of germ cells and ensure faithful development and reproduction. In vertebrates, the p53 family proteins retain these functions in reproduction and at the same time have developed additional important functions in reproduction, such as the regulation of embryonic implantation (p53). p53 regulates embryonic implantation through transcriptional regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). p63, in particular TAp63, is a main regulator to protect the fidelity of female germ cells during meiotic arrest. p73, in particular TAp73, regulates the ovary function and the quality of oocytes. Loss of p53, p63, or p73 genes in female mice leads to a significant decrease in fertility. These functions of the p53 family proteins in reproduction provide a plausible explanation for positive evolutionary selection observed in a group of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in the p53 family genes. A better understanding of the functions of the p53 family proteins in reproduction may lead to new strategies for fertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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17
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Abstract
The p53 family of genes (p53, p63, and p73) is conserved over evolutionary time scales. Although the functions of p53 gene and its protein as a tumor suppressor have been firmly established, the earliest functions for the p53 ancestral genes in worms and flies are to ensure germ-line genomic integrity and the fidelity of the developmental process. In vertebrates, the p53 family of genes retains those functions in germ-line genomic integrity but have added important functions in regulation of reproduction. Loss of the p53, p63, or p73 genes in female mice leads to a significant decrease of fertility. The p53 gene product regulates maternal reproduction at the implantation stage of the embryo. p63 and p73 play important roles in monitoring the genomic quality of oocytes. The p53 pathway appears to play a similar role in human fertility. In humans, certain alleles containing a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the p53 pathway are under positive evolutionary selection. Selected alleles of these SNPs in the p53 pathway are associated with decreased fertility. This important function of the p53 pathway in reproduction provides a plausible explanation for the evolution of p53 as a tumor suppressor gene and the positive selection of some alleles in the p53 gene and its pathway. These observations provide a good possible example of antagonistic pleiotrophy for fertility, tumor suppression, and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Hu
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
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18
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Danilova N, Sakamoto KM, Lin S. p53 family in development. Mech Dev 2008; 125:919-31. [PMID: 18835440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family network is a unique cellular processor that integrates information from various pathways and determines cellular choices between proliferation, replication arrest/repair, differentiation, senescence, or apoptosis. The most studied role of the p53 family is the regulation of stress response and tumor suppression. By removing damaged cells from the proliferating pool, p53 family members preserve the integrity of the genome. In addition to this well recognized role, recent data implicate the p53 protein family in a broader role of controlling cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Members of the p53 protein family with opposing activity perform coordination of these processes. Imbalance of p53 protein family may contribute to a significant proportion of congenital developmental abnormalities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Danilova
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB 454, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Head and neck reconstruction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 16:394-7. [PMID: 18626261 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32830c1edc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li N, Singh S, Cherukuri P, Li H, Yuan Z, Ellisen LW, Wang B, Robbins D, DiRenzo J. Reciprocal intraepithelial interactions between TP63 and hedgehog signaling regulate quiescence and activation of progenitor elaboration by mammary stem cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1253-64. [PMID: 18292212 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TP63 is required for preservation of epithelial regenerative stasis and regulates the activity of diverse genetic pathways; however, specific effector pathways are poorly understood. Data presented here indicate that reciprocal regulatory interactions between hedgehog signaling and TP63 mediate stage-specific effects on proliferation and clonigenicity of separable enriched mammary stem and progenitor fractions. Analysis of DeltaN-p63 and TA-p63 indicates segregated expression in mammary stem and progenitor fractions, respectively, demonstrating that differential TP63 promoter selection occurs during elaboration of mammary progenitors by mammary stem cells. This segregation underlies mammary progenitor-specific expression of Indian Hedgehog, identifying it as a binary transcriptional target of TP63. Hedgehog activation in vivo enhances elaboration of mammary progenitors and decreases label retention within mammary stem cell-enriched fractions, suggesting that hedgehog exerts a mitogenic effect on mammary stem cells. Hedgehog signaling promotes differential TP63 promoter usage via disruption of Gli3 or Gli3(R) accumulation, and shRNA-mediated disruption of Gli3 expression was sufficient to alter TP63 promoter usage and enhance clonigenicity of mammary stem cells. Finally, hedgehog signaling is enhanced during pregnancy, where it contributes to expansion of the mammary progenitor compartment. These studies support a model in which hedgehog activates elaboration and differentiation of mammary progenitors via differential TP63 promoter selection and forfeiture of self-renewing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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