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Das UN. Can essential fatty acids (EFAs) prevent and ameliorate post-COVID-19 long haul manifestations? Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:112. [PMID: 38641607 PMCID: PMC11027247 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that COVID-19, post-COVID and post-mRNA COVID-19 (and other related) vaccine manifestations including "long haul syndrome" are due to deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and dysregulation of their metabolism. This proposal is based on the observation that EFAs and their metabolites can modulate the swift immunostimulatory response of SARS-CoV-2 and similar enveloped viruses, suppress inappropriate cytokine release, possess cytoprotective action, modulate serotonin and bradykinin production and other neurotransmitters, inhibit NF-kB activation, regulate cGAS-STING pathway, modulate gut microbiota, inhibit platelet activation, regulate macrophage and leukocyte function, enhance wound healing and facilitate tissue regeneration and restore homeostasis. This implies that administration of EFAs could be of benefit in the prevention and management of COVID-19 and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St, Battle ground, WA, 98604, USA.
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India.
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Arete Hospitals, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 4500032, India.
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Gu C, Philipsen MH, Ewing AG. Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acids Alter the Membrane Lipid Composition and Vesicle Size to Regulate Exocytosis and Storage of Catecholamines. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:816-826. [PMID: 38344810 PMCID: PMC10884999 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The two essential fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, and the higher unsaturated fatty acids synthesized from them are critical for the development and maintenance of normal brain functions. Deficiencies of these fatty acids have been shown to cause damage to the neuronal development, cognition, and locomotor function. We combined electrochemistry and imaging techniques to examine the effects of the two essential fatty acids on catecholamine release dynamics and the vesicle content as well as on the cell membrane phospholipid composition to understand how they impact exocytosis and by extension neurotransmission at the single-cell level. Incubation of either of the two fatty acids reduces the size of secretory vesicles and enables the incorporation of more double bonds into the cell membrane structure, resulting in higher membrane flexibility. This subsequently affects proteins regulating the dynamics of the exocytotic fusion pore and thereby affects exocytosis. Our data suggest a possible pathway whereby the two essential fatty acids affect the membrane structure to impact exocytosis and provide a potential treatment for diseases and impairments related to catecholamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mai H Philipsen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Akefe IO, Saber SH, Matthews B, Venkatesh BG, Gormal RS, Blackmore DG, Alexander S, Sieriecki E, Gambin Y, Bertran-Gonzalez J, Vitale N, Humeau Y, Gaudin A, Ellis SA, Michaels AA, Xue M, Cravatt B, Joensuu M, Wallis TP, Meunier FA. The DDHD2-STXBP1 interaction mediates long-term memory via generation of saturated free fatty acids. EMBO J 2024; 43:533-567. [PMID: 38316990 PMCID: PMC10897203 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The phospholipid and free fatty acid (FFA) composition of neuronal membranes plays a crucial role in learning and memory, but the mechanisms through which neuronal activity affects the brain's lipid landscape remain largely unexplored. The levels of saturated FFAs, particularly of myristic acid (C14:0), strongly increase during neuronal stimulation and memory acquisition, suggesting the involvement of phospholipase A1 (PLA1) activity in synaptic plasticity. Here, we show that genetic ablation of the PLA1 isoform DDHD2 in mice dramatically reduces saturated FFA responses to memory acquisition across the brain. Furthermore, DDHD2 loss also decreases memory performance in reward-based learning and spatial memory models prior to the development of neuromuscular deficits that mirror human spastic paraplegia. Via pulldown-mass spectrometry analyses, we find that DDHD2 binds to the key synaptic protein STXBP1. Using STXBP1/2 knockout neurosecretory cells and a haploinsufficient STXBP1+/- mouse model of human early infantile encephalopathy associated with intellectual disability and motor dysfunction, we show that STXBP1 controls targeting of DDHD2 to the plasma membrane and generation of saturated FFAs in the brain. These findings suggest key roles for DDHD2 and STXBP1 in lipid metabolism and in the processes of synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Akefe
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Academy for Medical Education, Medical School, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, 4006, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Saber H Saber
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin Matthews
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bharat G Venkatesh
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel S Gormal
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel G Blackmore
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Suzy Alexander
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emma Sieriecki
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Node, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Node, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR-3212 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yann Humeau
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Gaudin
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sevannah A Ellis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alysee A Michaels
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mingshan Xue
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Cravatt
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Si X, Dai S, Fang Y, Tang J, Wang Z, Li Y, Song Z, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhao G, Zhang B, Pu J. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition prevents aquaporin-4 depolarization-mediated glymphatic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Adv Res 2024; 56:125-136. [PMID: 36940850 PMCID: PMC10834796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The glymphatic system offers a perivascular pathway for the clearance of pathological proteins and metabolites to optimize neurological functions. Glymphatic dysfunction plays a pathogenic role in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the molecular mechanism of glymphatic dysfunction in PD remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To explore whether matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-mediated β-dystroglycan (β-DG) cleavage is involved in the regulation of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) polarity-mediated glymphatic system in PD. METHODS 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD and A53T mice were used in this study. The glymphatic function was evaluated using ex vivo imaging. TGN-020, an AQP4 antagonist, was administered to investigate the role of AQP4 in glymphatic dysfunction in PD. GM6001, an MMP-9 antagonist, was administered to investigate the role of the MMP-9/β-DG pathway in regulating AQP4. The expression and distribution of AQP4, MMP-9, and β-DG were assessed using western blotting, immunofluorescence, and co-immunoprecipitation. The ultrastructure of basement membrane (BM)-astrocyte endfeet was detected using transmission electron microscopy. Rotarod and open-field tests were performed to evaluate motor behavior. RESULTS Perivascular influx and efflux of cerebral spinal fluid tracers were reduced in MPTP-induced PD mice with impaired AQP4 polarization. AQP4 inhibition aggravated reactive astrogliosis, glymphatic drainage restriction, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in MPTP-induced PD mice. MMP-9 and cleaved β-DG were upregulated in both MPTP-induced PD and A53T mice, with reduced polarized localization of β-DG and AQP4 to astrocyte endfeet. MMP-9 inhibition restored BM-astrocyte endfeet-AQP4 integrity and attenuated MPTP-induced metabolic perturbations and dopaminergic neuronal loss. CONCLUSION AQP4 depolarization contributes to glymphatic dysfunction and aggravates PD pathologies, and MMP-9-mediated β-DG cleavage regulates glymphatic function through AQP4 polarization in PD, which may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Si
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Shaobing Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jiahui Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yaolin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China.
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
| | - Jiali Pu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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Akefe IO, Osborne SL, Matthews B, Wallis TP, Meunier FA. Lipids and Secretory Vesicle Exocytosis. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 33:357-397. [PMID: 37615874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34229-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of studies implicating lipids in the regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis has risen considerably. It has become increasingly clear that lipids such as phosphoinositides, lysophospholipids, cholesterol, arachidonic acid and myristic acid play critical regulatory roles in the processes leading up to exocytosis. Lipids may affect membrane fusion reactions by altering the physical properties of the membrane, recruiting key regulatory proteins, concentrating proteins into exocytic "hotspots" or by modulating protein functions allosterically. Discrete changes in phosphoinositides concentration are involved in multiple trafficking events including exocytosis and endocytosis. Lipid-modifying enzymes such as the DDHD2 isoform of phospholipase A1 were recently shown to contribute to memory acquisition via dynamic modifications of the brain lipid landscape. Considering the increasing reports on neurodegenerative disorders associated with aberrant intracellular trafficking, an improved understanding of the control of lipid pathways is physiologically and clinically significant and will afford unique insights into mechanisms and therapeutic methods for neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, this chapter will discuss the different classes of lipids, phospholipase enzymes, the evidence linking them to synaptic neurotransmitter release and how they act to regulate key steps in the multi-step process leading to neuronal communication and memory acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac O Akefe
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Shona L Osborne
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology (CIBIT), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin Matthews
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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Das UN. Syntaxin interacts with arachidonic acid to prevent diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:73. [PMID: 35982452 PMCID: PMC9389802 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntaxin regulates pancreatic β cell mass and participates in insulin secretion by regulating insulin exocytosis. In addition, syntaxin 4 reduces IFNγ and TNF-α signaling via NF-ĸB in islet β-cells that facilitates plasma glucose sensing and appropriate insulin secretion. Arachidonic acid (AA) has potent anti-inflammatory actions and prevents the cytotoxic actions of alloxan and streptozotocin (STZ) against pancreatic β cells and thus, prevents the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (induced by alloxan and STZ) and by virtue of its anti-inflammatory actions protects against the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by STZ in experimental animals that are models of type 1 and type 2 DM in humans. AA has been shown to interact with syntaxin and thus, potentiate exocytosis. AA enhances cell membrane fluidity, increases the expression of GLUT and insulin receptors, and brings about its anti-inflammatory actions at least in part by enhancing the formation of its metabolite lipoxin A4 (LXA4). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the pro-inflammatory metabolite of AA, activates ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) neurons of the hypothalamus and inhibits insulin secretion leading to reduced glucose tolerance and decreases insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle and liver. This adverse action of PGE2 on insulin release and action can be attributed to its (PGE2) pro-inflammatory action and inhibitory action on vagal tone (vagus nerve and its principal neurotransmitter acetylcholine has potent anti-inflammatory actions). High fat diet fed animals have hypothalamic inflammation due to chronic elevation of PGE2. Patients with type 2 DM show low plasma concentrations of AA and LXA4 and elevated levels of PGE2. Administration of AA enhances LXA4 formation without altering or reducing PGE2 levels and thus, tilts the balance more towards anti-inflammatory events. These results suggest that administration of AA is useful in the prevention and management of DM by enhancing the action of syntaxin, increasing cell membrane fluidity, and reducing VMH inflammation. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has actions like AA: it increases cell membrane fluidity; has anti-inflammatory actions by enhancing the formation of its anti-inflammatory metabolites resolvins, protectins and maresins; interacts with syntaxin and enhance exocytosis in general and of insulin. But the DHA content of cell membrane is lower compared to AA and its content in brain is significant. Hence, it is likely DHA is important in neurotransmitters secretion and regulating hypothalamic inflammation. It is likely that a combination of AA and DHA can prevent DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St, Battle Ground, WA, 98604, USA. .,Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, IITH Road, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India.
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Das UN. Arachidonic Acid as Mechanotransducer of Renin Cell Baroreceptor. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040749. [PMID: 35215399 PMCID: PMC8874622 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For normal maintenance of blood pressure and blood volume a well-balanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) is necessary. For this purpose, renin is secreted as the situation demands by the juxtaglomerular cells (also called as granular cells) that are in the walls of the afferent arterioles. Juxtaglomerular cells can sense minute changes in the blood pressure and blood volume and accordingly synthesize, store, and secrete appropriate amounts of renin. Thus, when the blood pressure and blood volume are decreased JGA cells synthesize and secrete higher amounts of renin and when the blood pressure and blood volume is increased the synthesis and secretion of renin is decreased such that homeostasis is restored. To decipher this important function, JGA cells (renin cells) need to sense and transmit the extracellular physical forces to their chromatin to control renin gene expression for appropriate renin synthesis. The changes in perfusion pressure are sensed by Integrin β1 that is transmitted to the renin cell’s nucleus via lamin A/C that produces changes in the architecture of the chromatin. This results in an alteration (either increase or decrease) in renin gene expression. Cell membrane is situated in an unique location since all stimuli need to be transmitted to the cell nucleus and messages from the DNA to the cell external environment can be conveyed only through it. This implies that cell membrane structure and integrity is essential for all cellular functions. Cell membrane is composed to proteins and lipids. The lipid components of the cell membrane regulate its (cell membrane) fluidity and the way the messages are transmitted between the cell and its environment. Of all the lipids present in the membrane, arachidonic acid (AA) forms an important constituent. In response to pressure and other stimuli, cellular and nuclear shape changes occur that render nucleus to act as an elastic mechanotransducer that produces not only changes in cell shape but also in its dynamic behavior. Cell shape changes in response to external pressure(s) result(s) in the activation of cPLA2 (cytosolic phospholipase 2)-AA pathway that stretches to recruit myosin II which produces actin-myosin cytoskeleton contractility. Released AA can undergo peroxidation and peroxidized AA binds to DNA to regulate the expression of several genes. Alterations in the perfusion pressure in the afferent arterioles produces parallel changes in the renin cell membrane leading to changes in renin release. AA and its metabolic products regulate not only the release of renin but also changes in the vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) expression in renal sensory nerves. Thus, AA and its metabolites function as intermediate/mediator molecules in transducing changes in perfusion and mechanical pressures that involves nuclear mechanotransduction mechanism. This mechanotransducer function of AA has relevance to the synthesis and release of insulin, neurotransmitters, and other soluble mediators release by specialized and non-specialized cells. Thus, AA plays a critical role in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, sepsis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St., Battle Ground, WA 98604, USA
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8
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Das UN. Renin cell baroreceptor and arachidonic acid. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Villanueva J, Gimenez-Molina Y, Davletov B, Gutiérrez LM. Vesicle Fusion as a Target Process for the Action of Sphingosine and Its Derived Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031086. [PMID: 35163009 PMCID: PMC8834808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of membranes is a central part of the physiological processes involving the intracellular transport and maturation of vesicles and the final release of their contents, such as neurotransmitters and hormones, by exocytosis. Traditionally, in this process, proteins, such SNAREs have been considered the essential components of the fusion molecular machinery, while lipids have been seen as merely structural elements. Nevertheless, sphingosine, an intracellular signalling lipid, greatly increases the release of neurotransmitters in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells, affecting the exocytotic fusion mode through the direct interaction with SNAREs. Moreover, recent studies suggest that FTY-720 (Fingolimod), a sphingosine structural analogue used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, simulates sphingosine in the promotion of exocytosis. Furthermore, this drug also induces the intracellular fusion of organelles such as dense vesicles and mitochondria causing cell death in neuroendocrine cells. Therefore, the effect of sphingosine and synthetic derivatives on the heterologous and homologous fusion of organelles can be considered as a new mechanism of action of sphingolipids influencing important physiological processes, which could underlie therapeutic uses of sphingosine derived lipids in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and cancers of neuronal origin such neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Villanueva
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández, Cra de Valencia S/N, Sant Joan d’Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Yolanda Gimenez-Molina
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández, Cra de Valencia S/N, Sant Joan d’Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Bazbek Davletov
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Luis M. Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández, Cra de Valencia S/N, Sant Joan d’Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (L.M.G.)
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10
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Fatty acids and evolving roles of their proteins in neurological, cardiovascular disorders and cancers. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101116. [PMID: 34293403 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of fat metabolism is involved in various disorders, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and cancers. The uptake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) with 14 or more carbons plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, the uptake and metabolism of LCFAs must constantly be in tune with the cellular, metabolic, and structural requirements of cells. Many metabolic diseases are thought to be driven by the abnormal flow of fatty acids either from the dietary origin and/or released from adipose stores. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of fatty acids are facilitated ubiquitously with unique combinations of fatty acid transport proteins and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins in every tissue. Extensive data are emerging on the defective transporters and metabolism of LCFAs and their clinical implications. Uptake and metabolism of LCFAs are crucial for the brain's functional development and cardiovascular health and maintenance. In addition, data suggest fatty acid metabolic transporter can normalize activated inflammatory response by reprogramming lipid metabolism in cancers. Here we review the current understanding of how LCFAs and their proteins contribute to the pathophysiology of three crucial diseases and the mechanisms involved in the processes.
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Basak S, Mallick R, Banerjee A, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2021; 13:2061. [PMID: 34208549 PMCID: PMC8234848 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. Although the structural and functional roles of DHA in brain development are well investigated, similar roles of ARA are not well documented. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-functional roles and their levels in the gene expression and signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously emanating. In addition to DHA, the importance of ARA has been much discussed in recent years for fetal and postnatal brain development and the maternal supply of ARA and DHA. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not clearly known yet. This review describes the importance of ARA, in addition to DHA, in supporting the optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500 007, India;
| | - Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Sambra V, Echeverria F, Valenzuela A, Chouinard-Watkins R, Valenzuela R. Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids as Neuroprotective Nutrients throughout the Life Cycle. Nutrients 2021; 13:986. [PMID: 33803760 PMCID: PMC8003191 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA are deposited into the lipids of cell membranes that form the gray matter representing approximately 25% of the total content of brain fatty acids. Both fatty acids have effects on neuronal growth and differentiation through the modulation of the physical properties of neuronal membranes, signal transduction associated with G proteins, and gene expression. DHA and AA have a relevant role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which are associated with characteristic pathological expressions as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The present review analyzes the neuroprotective role of DHA and AA in the extreme stages of life, emphasizing the importance of these LCPUFA during the first year of life and in the developing/prevention of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sambra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Francisca Echeverria
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Nutrition, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
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13
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Xylaki M, Boumpoureka I, Kokotou MG, Marras T, Papadimitriou G, Kloukina I, Magrioti V, Kokotos G, Vekrellis K, Emmanouilidou E. Changes in the cellular fatty acid profile drive the proteasomal degradation of α-synuclein and enhance neuronal survival. FASEB J 2020; 34:15123-15145. [PMID: 32931072 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001344r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is biochemically characterized by the deposition of aberrant aggregated α-synuclein in the affected neurons. The aggregation properties of α-synuclein greatly depend on its affinity to bind cellular membranes via a dynamic interaction with specific lipid moieties. In particular, α-synuclein can interact with arachidonic acid (AA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, in a manner that promotes the formation of α-helix enriched assemblies. In a cellular context, AA is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ). To investigate the impact of PLA2 activity on α-synuclein aggregation, we have applied selective PLA2 inhibitors to a SH-SY5Y cellular model where the expression of human wild-type α-synuclein is correlated with a gradual accumulation of soluble oligomers and subsequent cell death. We have found that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of GIVA cPLA2 resulted in a dramatic decrease of intracellular oligomeric and monomeric α-synuclein significantly promoting cell survival. Our data suggest that alterations in the levels of free fatty acids, and especially AA and adrenic acid, promote the formation of α-synuclein conformers which are more susceptible to proteasomal degradation. This mechanism is active only in living cells and is generic since it does not depend on the absolute quantity of α-synuclein, the presence of disease-linked point mutations, the expression system or the type of cells. Our findings indicate that the α-synuclein-fatty acid interaction can be a critical determinant of the conformation and fate of α-synuclein in the cell interior and, as such, cPLA2 inhibitors could serve to alleviate the intracellular, potentially pathological, α-synuclein burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Xylaki
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Boumpoureka
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Marras
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ismini Kloukina
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Emmanouilidou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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14
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Wilson SK, Heckendorn J, Martorelli Di Genova B, Koch LL, Rooney PJ, Morrissette N, Lebrun M, Knoll LJ. A Toxoplasma gondii patatin-like phospholipase contributes to host cell invasion. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008650. [PMID: 32628723 PMCID: PMC7365478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of any warm-blooded animal. In a previous screen to identify virulence determinants, disruption of gene TgME49_305140 generated a T. gondii mutant that could not establish a chronic infection in mice. The protein product of TgME49_305140, here named TgPL3, is a 277 kDa protein with a patatin-like phospholipase (PLP) domain and a microtubule binding domain. Antibodies generated against TgPL3 show that it is localized to the apical cap. Using a rapid selection FACS-based CRISPR/Cas-9 method, a TgPL3 deletion strain (ΔTgPL3) was generated. ΔTgPL3 parasites have defects in host cell invasion, which may be caused by reduced rhoptry secretion. We generated complementation clones with either wild type TgPL3 or an active site mutation in the PLP domain by converting the catalytic serine to an alanine, ΔTgPL3::TgPL3S1409A (S1409A). Complementation of ΔTgPL3 with wild type TgPL3 restored all phenotypes, while S1409A did not, suggesting that phospholipase activity is necessary for these phenotypes. ΔTgPL3 and S1409A parasites are also virtually avirulent in vivo but induce a robust antibody response. Vaccination with ΔTgPL3 and S1409A parasites protected mice against subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of Type I T. gondii parasites, making ΔTgPL3 a compelling vaccine candidate. These results demonstrate that TgPL3 has a role in rhoptry secretion, host cell invasion and survival of T. gondii during acute mouse infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Wilson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Bruno Martorelli Di Genova
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lindsey L. Koch
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peggy J. Rooney
- Stratatech Corporation, Charmany Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Naomi Morrissette
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | | | - Laura J. Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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15
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Barón-Mendoza I, González-Arenas A. Relationship between the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on brain plasticity and the improvement on cognition and behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:387-410. [PMID: 32338174 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1755793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This work aimed to compile information about the neuronal processes in which polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) could modulate brain plasticity, in order to analyze the role of nutritional intervention with the ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids as a therapeutic strategy for the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-related signs and symptoms.Methods: We reviewed different articles reporting the effect of PUFAS on neurite elongation, membrane expansion, cytoskeleton rearrangement and neurotransmission, considering the ASD-related abnormalities in these processes.Results: In accordance to the reviewed studies, it is clear that ASD is one of the neurological conditions associated with an impairment in neuronal plasticity; therefore, PUFAs-rich diet improvements on cognition and behavioral deficits in individuals with autism, could be involved with the regulation of neuronal processes implicated in the atypical brain plasticity related with this neurodevelopmental disorder.Discussion: The behavioral and cognitive improvement observed in individuals with ASD after PUFAs treatment might underlie, at least in part, in the ability of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids to induce neurite outgrowth, probably, through the dynamic regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton along with the expansion of neuronal membranes. Furthermore, it might also be associated with an enhancement of the efficacy of synaptic transmission and the modulation of neurotransmitters release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barón-Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, México
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, México
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16
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Joensuu M, Wallis TP, Saber SH, Meunier FA. Phospholipases in neuronal function: A role in learning and memory? J Neurochem 2020; 153:300-333. [PMID: 31745996 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the human brain being made of nearly 60% fat, the vast majority of studies on the mechanisms of neuronal communication which underpin cognition, memory and learning, primarily focus on proteins and/or (epi)genetic mechanisms. Phospholipids are the main component of all cellular membranes and function as substrates for numerous phospholipid-modifying enzymes, including phospholipases, which release free fatty acids (FFAs) and other lipid metabolites that can alter the intrinsic properties of the membranes, recruit and activate critical proteins, and act as lipid signalling molecules. Here, we will review brain specific phospholipases, their roles in membrane remodelling, neuronal function, learning and memory, as well as their disease implications. In particular, we will highlight key roles of unsaturated FFAs, particularly arachidonic acid, in neurotransmitter release, neuroinflammation and memory. In light of recent findings, we will also discuss the emerging role of phospholipase A1 and the creation of saturated FFAs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Saber H Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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17
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Gimenez-Molina Y, García-Martínez V, Villanueva J, Davletov B, Gutiérrez LM. Multiple sclerosis drug FTY-720 toxicity is mediated by the heterotypic fusion of organelles in neuroendocrine cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18471. [PMID: 31804600 PMCID: PMC6895052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FTY-720 (Fingolimod) was one of the first compounds authorized for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Among its other activities, this sphingosine analogue enhances exocytosis in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells, altering the quantal release of catecholamines. Surprisingly, the size of chromaffin granules is reduced within few minutes of treatment, a process that is paralleled by the homotypic fusion of granules and their heterotypic fusion with mitochondria, as witnessed by dynamic confocal and TIRF microscopy. Electron microscopy studies support these observations, revealing the fusion of several vesicles with individual mitochondria to form large, round mixed organelles. This cross-fusion is SNARE-dependent, being partially prevented by the expression of an inactive form of SNAP-25. Fused mitochondria exhibit an altered redox potential, which dramatically enhances cell death. Therefore, the cross-fusion of intracellular organelles appears to be a new mechanism to be borne in mind when considering the effect of FTY-720 on the survival of neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Gimenez-Molina
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Virginia García-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - José Villanueva
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Bazbek Davletov
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luis M Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, 03550, Spain.
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18
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Huang M, Wang B, Li X, Fu C, Wang C, Kang X. α-Synuclein: A Multifunctional Player in Exocytosis, Endocytosis, and Vesicle Recycling. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:28. [PMID: 30745863 PMCID: PMC6360911 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a presynaptic enriched protein involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. However, the physiological roles of α-Syn remain poorly understood. Recent studies have indicated a critical role of α-Syn in the sensing and generation of membrane curvature during vesicular exocytosis and endocytosis. It has been known to modulate the assembly of SNARE complex during exocytosis including vesicle docking, priming and fusion steps. Growing evidence suggests that α-Syn also plays critical roles in the endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. It also modulates the availability of releasable vesicles by promoting synaptic vesicles clustering. Here, we provide an overview of recent progresses in understanding the function of α-Syn in the regulation of exocytosis, endocytosis, and vesicle recycling under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bianbian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chongluo Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinjiang Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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19
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Garcia-Martinez V, Gimenez-Molina Y, Villanueva J, Darios FD, Davletov B, Gutiérrez LM. Emerging evidence for the modulation of exocytosis by signalling lipids. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3493-3503. [PMID: 29962039 PMCID: PMC6282582 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a key event in exocytosis of neurotransmitters and hormones stored in intracellular vesicles. In this process, soluble N‐ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are essential components of the exocytotic molecular machinery, while lipids have been seen traditionally as structural elements. However, the so‐called signalling lipids, such as sphingosine and arachidonic acid, interact with SNAREs and directly modulate the frequency and mode of fusion events. Interestingly, recent work has proved that the sphingosine analogue FTY‐720, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, mimics the effects of signalling lipids. In the present Review, we discuss recent investigations suggesting that endogenous signalling lipids and synthetic analogues can modulate important physiological aspects of secretion, such as quantal release, vesicle recruitment into active sites, vesicle transport and even organelle fusion in the cytosol. Therefore, these compounds are far from being merely structural components of cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Garcia-Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gimenez-Molina
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - José Villanueva
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Frederic D Darios
- Inserm, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Bazbek Davletov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Luis M Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
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20
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Fecchio C, Palazzi L, de Laureto PP. α-Synuclein and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Molecular Basis of the Interaction and Implication in Neurodegeneration. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071531. [PMID: 29941855 PMCID: PMC6099649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a 140-amino acid protein, the physiological function of which has yet to be clarified. It is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, and the interaction of the protein with brain lipids plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are highly abundant in the brain where they play critical roles in neuronal membrane fluidity and permeability, serve as energy reserves and function as second messengers in cell signaling. PUFA concentration and composition in the brain are altered with age when also an increase of lipid peroxidation is observed. Considering that PD is clearly correlated with oxidative stress, PUFA abundance and composition became of great interest in neurodegeneration studies because of PUFA’s high propensity to oxidize. The high levels of the PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in brain areas containing α-syn inclusions in patients with PD further support the hypothesis of possible interactions between α-syn and DHA. Additionally, a possible functional role of α-syn in sequestering the early peroxidation products of fatty acids was recently proposed. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the molecular interactions between α-syn and fatty acids and the effect exerted by the protein on their oxidative state. We highlight recent findings supporting a neuroprotective role of the protein, linking α-syn, altered lipid composition in neurodegenerative disorders and PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fecchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova; Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Luana Palazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, CRIBI, University of Padova; Padova 35131, Italy.
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21
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Chatterjee AD, Roy D, Guevara P, Pal R, Naryan M, Roychowdhury S, Das S. Arachidonic Acid Induces the Migration of MDA-MB-231 Cells by Activating Raft-associated Leukotriene B4 Receptors. CLINICAL CANCER DRUGS 2018; 5:28-41. [PMID: 30443489 PMCID: PMC6233886 DOI: 10.2174/2212697x05666180418145601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The migration of tumor cells is critical in spreading cancers through the lymphatic nodes and circulatory systems. Although arachidonic acid (AA) and its soluble metabolites have been shown to induce the migration of breast and colon cancer cells, the mechanism by which it induces such migration has not been fully understood. OBJECTIVE The effect of AA on migratory responses of the MDA-MB-231 cell line (a triple-negative breast cancer cell) was examined and compared with MCF-7 (estrogen-receptor positive) breast cancer cells to elucidate the mechanism of AA-induced migration. METHODS Migrations of breast cancer cells were examined with the help of wound-healing assays. AA-induced eicosanoid synthesis was monitored by RP-HPLC. Cellular localizations of lipoxygenase and lipid rafts were assessed by immunoblot and confocal microscopy. RESULTS AA treatment stimulated the synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and HETE-8, but lowered the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), and HETE-5 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Further analysis indicated that AA increased the expression of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in this cell line and inhibiting its expression by small molecule inhibitors lowered the production of LTB4 and reduced migration. In contrast, MCF-7 cells did not show any appreciable changes in eicosanoid synthesis, 5-LOX expression, or cellular migration. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that AA treatment activates the BLT1 receptor (present in membrane microdomains) and stimulates the synthesis of LTB4 production, which is likely to be associated with the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atasi De Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
| | - Priscilla Guevara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
| | - Rituraj Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
| | - Mahesh Naryan
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
| | - Sukla Roychowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
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22
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Darios FD, Jorgacevski J, Flašker A, Zorec R, García-Martinez V, Villanueva J, Gutiérrez LM, Leese C, Bal M, Nosyreva E, Kavalali ET, Davletov B. Sphingomimetic multiple sclerosis drug FTY720 activates vesicular synaptobrevin and augments neuroendocrine secretion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5958. [PMID: 28729700 PMCID: PMC5519734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission and secretion of hormones involve a sequence of protein/lipid interactions with lipid turnover impacting on vesicle trafficking and ultimately fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. We previously demonstrated that sphingosine, a sphingolipid metabolite, promotes formation of the SNARE complex required for membrane fusion and also increases the rate of exocytosis in isolated nerve terminals, neuromuscular junctions, neuroendocrine cells and in hippocampal neurons. Recently a fungi-derived sphingosine homologue, FTY720, has been approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis. In its non-phosphorylated form FTY720 accumulates in the central nervous system, reaching high levels which could affect neuronal function. Considering close structural similarity of sphingosine and FTY720 we investigated whether FTY720 has an effect on regulated exocytosis. Our data demonstrate that FTY720 can activate vesicular synaptobrevin for SNARE complex formation and enhance exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic D Darios
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.,Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jernej Jorgacevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ajda Flašker
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - José Villanueva
- Institute of Neurosciences, CSIC-Miguel Hernandez University, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis M Gutiérrez
- Institute of Neurosciences, CSIC-Miguel Hernandez University, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Charlotte Leese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Manjot Bal
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Elena Nosyreva
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ege T Kavalali
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bazbek Davletov
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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23
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Jakhanwal S, Lee CT, Urlaub H, Jahn R. An activated Q-SNARE/SM protein complex as a possible intermediate in SNARE assembly. EMBO J 2017; 36:1788-1802. [PMID: 28483813 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the SNARE proteins syntaxin1, SNAP25, and synaptobrevin into a SNARE complex is essential for exocytosis in neurons. For efficient assembly, SNAREs interact with additional proteins but neither the nature of the intermediates nor the sequence of protein assembly is known. Here, we have characterized a ternary complex between syntaxin1, SNAP25, and the SM protein Munc18-1 as a possible acceptor complex for the R-SNARE synaptobrevin. The ternary complex binds synaptobrevin with fast kinetics, resulting in the rapid formation of a fully zippered SNARE complex to which Munc18-1 remains tethered by the N-terminal domain of syntaxin1. Intriguingly, only one of the synaptobrevin truncation mutants (Syb1-65) was able to bind to the syntaxin1:SNAP25:Munc18-1 complex, suggesting either a cooperative zippering mechanism that proceeds bidirectionally or the progressive R-SNARE binding via an SM template. Moreover, the complex is resistant to disassembly by NSF Based on these findings, we consider the ternary complex as a strong candidate for a physiological intermediate in SNARE assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrutee Jakhanwal
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chung-Tien Lee
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Dabral D, Coorssen JR. Phospholipase A 2: Potential roles in native membrane fusion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 85:1-5. [PMID: 28131878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a fundamental molecular mechanism by which two apposed membrane bilayers coalesce in rapid, transient steps that enable the successive merging of the outer and inner leaflets allowing lipid intermixing and subsequent mixing of the two previously separate compartments. The actual membrane merger mechanism - fusion, by definition - is conceptualized to be protein- or lipid-centric. According to the widely vetted stalk-pore hypothesis, membrane fusion proceeds via high curvature lipid intermediates. By cleaving membrane phospholipids at the sn-2 position, Phospholipase A2 generates metabolites that exert spontaneous curvature stress (both negative and positive) on the membrane, thus influencing local membrane bending by altering the packing and conformation of lipids and proteins, respectively. Such changes could potentially modulate priming and attachment/docking steps that precede fusion, as well as the membrane merger steps per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Dabral
- Molecular Physiology, and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Faculty of Graduate Studies and the Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Brock University,St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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25
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Thomas MH, Pelleieux S, Vitale N, Olivier JL. Dietary arachidonic acid as a risk factor for age-associated neurodegenerative diseases: Potential mechanisms. Biochimie 2016; 130:168-177. [PMID: 27473185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and associated diseases constitute a major public health concern worldwide. Nutrition-based, preventive strategies could possibly be effective in delaying the occurrence of these diseases and lower their prevalence. Arachidonic acid is the second major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and several studies support its involvement in Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this review is to examine how dietary arachidonic acid contributes to Alzheimer's disease mechanisms and therefore to its prevention. First, we explore the sources of neuronal arachidonic acid that could potentially originate from either the conversion of linoleic acid, or from dietary sources and transfer across the blood-brain-barrier. In a second part, a brief overview of the role of the two main agents of Alzheimer's disease, tau protein and Aβ peptide is given, followed by the examination of the relationship between arachidonic acid and the disease. Third, the putative mechanisms by which arachidonic acid could influence Alzheimer's disease occurrence and evolution are presented. The conclusion is devoted to what remains to be determined before integrating arachidonic acid in the design of preventive strategies against Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie H Thomas
- Unité de Recherche Aliment et Fonctionnalité des Produits Animaux (URAFPA), INRA USC 0340, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Sandra Pelleieux
- Unité de Recherche Aliment et Fonctionnalité des Produits Animaux (URAFPA), INRA USC 0340, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), UPR CNRS 3212, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Luc Olivier
- Unité de Recherche Aliment et Fonctionnalité des Produits Animaux (URAFPA), INRA USC 0340, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.
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26
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Gabel M, Chasserot-Golaz S. Annexin A2, an essential partner of the exocytotic process in chromaffin cells. J Neurochem 2016; 137:890-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gabel
- INCI; UPR3212 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
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27
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Nadler A, Yushchenko DA, Müller R, Stein F, Feng S, Mulle C, Carta M, Schultz C. Exclusive photorelease of signalling lipids at the plasma membrane. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10056. [PMID: 26686736 PMCID: PMC4703838 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactivation of caged biomolecules has become a powerful approach to study cellular signalling events. Here we report a method for anchoring and uncaging biomolecules exclusively at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane by employing a photocleavable, sulfonated coumarin derivative. The novel caging group allows quantifying the reaction progress and efficiency of uncaging reactions in a live-cell microscopy setup, thereby greatly improving the control of uncaging experiments. We synthesized arachidonic acid derivatives bearing the new negatively charged or a neutral, membrane-permeant coumarin caging group to locally induce signalling either at the plasma membrane or on internal membranes in β-cells and brain slices derived from C57B1/6 mice. Uncaging at the plasma membrane triggers a strong enhancement of calcium oscillations in β-cells and a pronounced potentiation of synaptic transmission while uncaging inside cells blocks calcium oscillations in β-cells and causes a more transient effect on neuronal transmission, respectively. The precise subcellular site of arachidonic acid release is therefore crucial for signalling outcome in two independent systems. Caged signalling intermediates are powerful cell biological tools, however it can be challenging to precisely control where activation occurs. Nadler et al. develop a caging group that specifically targets the plasma membrane, and demonstrate spatially controlled activation of arachidonic acid signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Nadler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmytro A Yushchenko
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suihan Feng
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 5297 Université Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mario Carta
- Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 5297 Université Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Ziegler AB, Ménagé C, Grégoire S, Garcia T, Ferveur JF, Bretillon L, Grosjean Y. Lack of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Causes Synapse Dysfunction in the Drosophila Visual System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135353. [PMID: 26308084 PMCID: PMC4550417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients for animals and necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. A lack of PUFAs can result from the consumption of a deficient diet or genetic factors, which impact PUFA uptake and metabolism. Both can cause synaptic dysfunction, which is associated with numerous disorders. However, there is a knowledge gap linking these neuronal dysfunctions and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Because of its genetic manipulability and its easy, fast, and cheap breeding, Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an excellent model organism for genetic screens, helping to identify the genetic bases of such events. As a first step towards the understanding of PUFA implications in Drosophila synaptic physiology we designed a breeding medium containing only very low amounts of PUFAs. We then used the fly’s visual system, a well-established model for studying signal transmission and neurological disorders, to measure the effects of a PUFA deficiency on synaptic function. Using both visual performance and eye electrophysiology, we found that PUFA deficiency strongly affected synaptic transmission in the fly’s visual system. These defects were rescued by diets containing omega-3 or omega-6 PUFAs alone or in combination. In summary, manipulating PUFA contents in the fly’s diet was powerful to investigate the role of these nutrients on the fly´s visual synaptic function. This study aims at showing how the first visual synapse of Drosophila can serve as a simple model to study the effects of PUFAs on synapse function. A similar approach could be further used to screen for genetic factors underlying the molecular mechanisms of synaptic dysfunctions associated with altered PUFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Ziegler
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (ABZ); (YG)
| | - Cindy Ménagé
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Grégoire
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Garcia
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yael Grosjean
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (ABZ); (YG)
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29
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García-Martínez V, Montes MA, Villanueva J, Gimenez-Molina Y, de Toledo GA, Gutiérrez LM. Sphingomyelin derivatives increase the frequency of microvesicle and granule fusion in chromaffin cells. Neuroscience 2015; 295:117-25. [PMID: 25813703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin derivatives like sphingosine have been shown to enhance secretion in a variety of systems, including neuroendocrine and neuronal cells. By studying the mechanisms underlying this effect, we demonstrate here that sphingomyelin rafts co-localize strongly with synaptosomal-associated protein of 25Kda (SNAP-25) clusters in cultured bovine chromaffin cells and that they appear to be linked in a dynamic manner. In functional terms, when cultured rat chromaffin cells are treated with sphingomyelinase (SMase), producing sphingomyelin derivatives, the secretion elicited by repetitive depolarizations is enhanced. This increase was independent of cell size and it was significant 15min after initiating stimulation. Interestingly, by evaluating the membrane capacitance we found that the events in control untreated cells corresponded to two populations of microvesicles and granules, and the fusion of both these populations is clearly enhanced after treatment with SMase. Furthermore, SMase does not increase the size of chromaffin granules. Together, these results strongly suggest that SNARE-mediated exocytosis is enhanced by the generation of SMase derivatives, reflecting an increase in the frequency of fusion of both microvesicles and chromaffin granules rather than an increase in the size of these vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- V García-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - M A Montes
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Villanueva
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Y Gimenez-Molina
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - G A de Toledo
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - L M Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante 03550, Spain.
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30
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Enrich C, Rentero C, Hierro A, Grewal T. Role of cholesterol in SNARE-mediated trafficking on intracellular membranes. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1071-81. [PMID: 25653390 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.164459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface delivery of extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrins is fundamental for cell migration in wound healing and during cancer cell metastasis. This process is not only driven by several soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) proteins, which are key players in vesicle transport at the cell surface and intracellular compartments, but is also tightly modulated by cholesterol. Cholesterol-sensitive SNAREs at the cell surface are relatively well characterized, but it is less well understood how altered cholesterol levels in intracellular compartments impact on SNARE localization and function. Recent insights from structural biology, protein chemistry and cell microscopy have suggested that a subset of the SNAREs engaged in exocytic and retrograde pathways dynamically 'sense' cholesterol levels in the Golgi and endosomal membranes. Hence, the transport routes that modulate cellular cholesterol distribution appear to trigger not only a change in the location and functioning of SNAREs at the cell surface but also in endomembranes. In this Commentary, we will discuss how disrupted cholesterol transport through the Golgi and endosomal compartments ultimately controls SNARE-mediated delivery of ECM and integrins to the cell surface and, consequently, cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitor Hierro
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Synaptic vesicles release their vesicular contents to the extracellular space by Ca(2+)-triggered exocytosis. The Ca(2+)-triggered exocytotic process is regulated by synaptotagmin (Syt), a vesicular Ca(2+)-binding C2 domain protein. Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1), the most studied major isoform among 16 Syt isoforms, mediates Ca(2+)-triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis by interacting with the target membranes and SNARE/complexin complex. In synapses of the central nervous system, synaptobrevin 2, a major vesicular SNARE protein, forms a ternary SNARE complex with the plasma membrane SNARE proteins, syntaxin 1 and SNAP25. The affinities of Ca(2+)-dependent interactions between Syt1 and its targets (i.e., SNARE complexes and membranes) are well correlated with the efficacies of the corresponding exocytotic processes. Therefore, different SNARE protein isoforms and membrane lipids, which interact with Syt1 with various affinities, are capable of regulating the efficacy of Syt1-mediated exocytosis. Otoferlin, another type of vesicular C2 domain protein that binds to the membrane in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, is also involved in the Ca(2+)-triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis in auditory hair cells. However, the functions of otoferlin in the exocytotic process are not well understood. In addition, at least five different types of synaptic vesicle proteins such as synaptic vesicle protein 2, cysteine string protein α, rab3, synapsin, and a group of proteins containing four transmembrane regions, which includes synaptophysin, synaptogyrin, and secretory carrier membrane protein, are involved in modulating the exocytotic process by regulating the formation and trafficking of synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Ho Shin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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32
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Ibarguren M, López DJ, Escribá PV. The effect of natural and synthetic fatty acids on membrane structure, microdomain organization, cellular functions and human health. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1518-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Synaptotagmin interaction with SNAP-25 governs vesicle docking, priming, and fusion triggering. J Neurosci 2013; 33:14417-30. [PMID: 24005294 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1236-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SNARE complex assembly constitutes a key step in exocytosis that is rendered Ca(2+)-dependent by interactions with synaptotagmin-1. Two putative sites for synaptotagmin binding have recently been identified in SNAP-25 using biochemical methods: one located around the center and another at the C-terminal end of the SNARE bundle. However, it is still unclear whether and how synaptotagmin-1 × SNARE interactions at these sites are involved in regulating fast neurotransmitter release. Here, we have used electrophysiological techniques with high time-resolution to directly investigate the mechanistic ramifications of proposed SNAP-25 × synaptotagmin-1 interaction in mouse chromaffin cells. We demonstrate that the postulated central binding domain surrounding layer zero covers both SNARE motifs of SNAP-25 and is essential for vesicle docking, priming, and fast fusion-triggering. Mutation of this site caused no further functional alterations in synaptotagmin-1-deficient cells, indicating that the central acidic patch indeed constitutes a mechanistically relevant synaptotagmin-1 interaction site. Moreover, our data show that the C-terminal binding interface only plays a subsidiary role in triggering but is required for the full size of the readily releasable pool. Intriguingly, we also found that mutation of synaptotagmin-1 interaction sites led to more pronounced phenotypes in the context of the adult neuronal isoform SNAP-25B than in the embryonic isoform SNAP-25A. Further experiments demonstrated that stronger synaptotagmin-1 × SNAP-25B interactions allow for the larger primed vesicle pool supported by SNAP-25 isoform B. Thus, synaptotagmin-1 × SNARE interactions are not only required for multiple mechanistic steps en route to fusion but also underlie the developmental control of the releasable vesicle pool.
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34
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Puchkov D, Haucke V. Greasing the synaptic vesicle cycle by membrane lipids. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:493-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Lipid metabolites enhance secretion acting on SNARE microdomains and altering the extent and kinetics of single release events in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75845. [PMID: 24073281 PMCID: PMC3779176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid molecules such as arachidonic acid (AA) and sphingolipid metabolites have been implicated in modulation of neuronal and endocrine secretion. Here we compare the effects of these lipids on secretion from cultured bovine chromaffin cells. First, we demonstrate that exogenous sphingosine and AA interact with the secretory apparatus as confirmed by FRET experiments. Examination of plasma membrane SNARE microdomains and chromaffin granule dynamics using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy (TIRFM) suggests that sphingosine production promotes granule tethering while arachidonic acid promotes full docking. Our analysis of single granule release kinetics by amperometry demonstrated that both sphingomyelinase and AA treatments enhanced drastically the amount of catecholamines released per individual event by either altering the onset phase of or by prolonging the off phase of single granule catecholamine release kinetics. Together these results demonstrate that the kinetics and extent of the exocytotic fusion pore formation can be modulated by specific signalling lipids through related functional mechanisms.
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36
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Das UN. Autism as a disorder of deficiency of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and altered metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 2013; 29:1175-85. [PMID: 23911220 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism has a strong genetic and environmental basis in which inflammatory markers and factors concerned with synapse formation, nerve transmission, and information processing such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and their products and neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and catecholamines and cytokines are altered. Antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements are needed for the normal metabolism of neurotrophic factors, eicosanoids, and neurotransmitters, supporting reports of their alterations in autism. But, the exact relationship among these factors and their interaction with genes and proteins concerned with brain development and growth is not clear. It is suggested that maternal infections and inflammation and adverse events during intrauterine growth of the fetus could lead to alterations in the gene expression profile and proteomics that results in dysfunction of the neuronal function and neurotransmitters, alteration(s) in the metabolism of PUFAs and their metabolites resulting in excess production of proinflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines and a deficiency of anti-inflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids that ultimately results in the development of autism. Based on these evidences, it is proposed that selective delivery of BDNF and methods designed to augment the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids and PUFAs may prevent, arrest, or reverse the autism disease process.
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37
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Freitas C, Assis MC, Saliba AM, Morandi VM, Figueiredo CC, Pereira M, Plotkowski MC. The infection of microvascular endothelial cells with ExoU-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa triggers the release of von Willebrand factor and platelet adhesion. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:728-34. [PMID: 22990960 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased plasma concentration of von Willebrand factor (vWF) is detected in individuals with many infectious diseases and is accepted as a marker of endothelium activation and prothrombotic condition. To determine whether ExoU, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin with proinflammatory activity, enhances the release of vWF, microvascular endothelial cells were infected with the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa strain or an exoU-deficient mutant. Significantly increased vWF concentrations were detected in conditioned medium and subendothelial extracellular matrix from cultures infected with the wild-type bacteria, as determined by enzyme-linked immunoassays. PA103-infected cells also released higher concentrations of procoagulant microparticles containing increased amounts of membrane-associated vWF, as determined by flow cytometric analyses of cell culture supernatants. Both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed that increased amounts of vWF were associated with cytoplasmic membranes from cells infected with the ExoU-producing bacteria. PA103-infected cultures exposed to platelet suspensions exhibited increased percentages of cells with platelet adhesion. Because no modulation of the vWF mRNA levels was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays in PA103-infected cells, ExoU is likely to have induced the release of vWF from cytoplasmic stores rather than vWF gene transcription. Such release is likely to modify the thromboresistance of microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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38
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Nutritional factors in the pathobiology of autism. Nutrition 2013; 29:1066-9. [PMID: 23410630 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Exocytosis is a multistage process involving a merger between the vesicle and the plasma membranes, leading to the formation of a fusion pore, a channel, through which secretions are released from the vesicle to the cell exterior. A stimulus may influence the pore by either dilating it completely (full-fusion exocytosis) or mediating a reversible closure (transient exocytosis). In neurons, these transitions are short-lived and not accessible for experimentation. However, in some neuroendocrine cells, initial fusion pores may reopen several hundred times, indicating their stability. Moreover, these pores are too narrow to pass luminal molecules to the extracellular space, termed release-unproductive. However, on stimulation, their diameter dilates, initiating the release of cargo without de novo fusion pore formation. To explain the stability of the initial narrow fusion pores, anisotropic membrane constituents with non-axisymmetrical shape were proposed to accumulate in the fusion pore membrane. Although the nature of these is unclear, they may consist of lipids and proteins, including SNAREs, which may facilitate and regulate the pre- and post-fusional stages of exocytosis. In the future, a more detailed insight into the molecular control of fusion pore stabilization and regulation will generate a better understanding of fusion pore physiology in health and disease.
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Reverter M, Rentero C, de Muga SV, Alvarez-Guaita A, Mulay V, Cairns R, Wood P, Monastyrskaya K, Pol A, Tebar F, Blasi J, Grewal T, Enrich C. Cholesterol transport from late endosomes to the Golgi regulates t-SNARE trafficking, assembly, and function. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 22:4108-23. [PMID: 22039070 PMCID: PMC3204072 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows that impaired cholesterol egress from late endosomes in cells with high annexin A6 levels is associated with altered soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive fusion protein 23 (SNAP23) and syntaxin-4 cellular distribution and assembly and accumulation in Golgi membranes. This correlates with reduced secretion of cargo along the constitutive and SNAP23/syntaxin-4–dependent secretory pathway. Cholesterol regulates plasma membrane (PM) association and functioning of syntaxin-4 and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein 23 (SNAP23) in the secretory pathway. However, the molecular mechanism and cellular cholesterol pools that determine the localization and assembly of these target membrane SNAP receptors (t-SNAREs) are largely unknown. We recently demonstrated that high levels of annexin A6 (AnxA6) induce accumulation of cholesterol in late endosomes, thereby reducing cholesterol in the Golgi and PM. This leads to an impaired supply of cholesterol needed for cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) to drive Golgi vesiculation and caveolin transport to the cell surface. Using AnxA6-overexpressing cells as a model for cellular cholesterol imbalance, we identify impaired cholesterol egress from late endosomes and diminution of Golgi cholesterol as correlating with the sequestration of SNAP23/syntaxin-4 in Golgi membranes. Pharmacological accumulation of late endosomal cholesterol and cPLA2 inhibition induces a similar phenotype in control cells with low AnxA6 levels. Ectopic expression of Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) or exogenous cholesterol restores the location of SNAP23 and syntaxin-4 within the PM. Importantly, AnxA6-mediated mislocalization of these t-SNAREs correlates with reduced secretion of cargo via the SNAP23/syntaxin-4–dependent constitutive exocytic pathway. We thus conclude that inhibition of late endosomal export and Golgi cholesterol depletion modulate t-SNARE localization and functioning along the exocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Reverter
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Desbène C, Malaplate-Armand C, Youssef I, Garcia P, Stenger C, Sauvée M, Fischer N, Rimet D, Koziel V, Escanyé MC, Oster T, Kriem B, Yen FT, Pillot T, Olivier JL. Critical role of cPLA2 in Aβ oligomer-induced neurodegeneration and memory deficit. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1123.e17-29. [PMID: 22188721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Soluble beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers are considered to putatively play a critical role in the early synapse loss and cognitive impairment observed in Alzheimer's disease. We previously demonstrated that Aβ oligomers activate cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), which specifically releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. We here observed that cPLA(2) gene inactivation prevented the alterations of cognitive abilities and the reduction of hippocampal synaptic markers levels noticed upon a single intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ oligomers in wild type mice. We further demonstrated that the Aβ oligomer-induced sphingomyelinase activation was suppressed and that phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) was preserved in neuronal cells isolated from cPLA(2)(-/-) mice. Interestingly, expression of the Aβ precursor protein (APP) was reduced in hippocampus homogenates and neuronal cells from cPLA(2)(-/-) mice, but the relationship with the resistance of these mice to the Aβ oligomer toxicity requires further investigation. These results therefore show that cPLA(2) plays a key role in the Aβ oligomer-associated neurodegeneration, and as such represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Desbène
- Lipidomix (EA 4422), INPL-ENSAIA, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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43
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Tyburczy C, Kothapalli KSD, Park WJ, Blank BS, Bradford KL, Zimmer JP, Butt CM, Salem N, Brenna JT. Heart arachidonic acid is uniquely sensitive to dietary arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content in domestic piglets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:335-43. [PMID: 21885269 PMCID: PMC3208738 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the sensitivity of heart and brain arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to the dietary ARA level in a dose-response design with constant, high DHA in neonatal piglets. On day 3 of age, pigs were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary formulas varying in ARA/DHA as follows (% fatty acid, FA/FA): (A1) 0.1/1.0; (A2) 0.53/1.0; (A3-D3) 0.69/1.0; (A4) 1.1/1.0; (D2) 0.67/0.62; and (D1) 0.66/0.33. At necropsy (day 28) higher levels of dietary ARA were associated with increased heart and liver ARA, while brain ARA remained unaffected. Dietary ARA had no effect on tissue DHA accretion. Heart was particularly sensitive, with pigs in the intermediate groups having different ARA (A2, 18.6±0.7%; A3, 19.4±1.0%) and a 0.17% increase in dietary ARA resulted in a 0.84% increase in heart ARA. Further investigations are warranted to determine the clinical significance of heart ARA status in developing neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tyburczy
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Woo Jung Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bryant S. Blank
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | - Norman Salem
- Martek Biosciences Corp., Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. . J. Thomas Brenna B38 Savage Hall Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Telephone: 607-255-9182
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Reverter M, Rentero C, de Muga SV, Alvarez-Guaita A, Mulay V, Cairns R, Wood P, Monastyrskaya K, Pol A, Tebar F, Blasi J, Grewal T, Enrich C. Cholesterol transport from late endosomes to the Golgi regulates t-SNARE trafficking, assembly, and function. Mol Biol Cell 2011. [DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0332r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol regulates plasma membrane (PM) association and functioning of syntaxin-4 and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein 23 (SNAP23) in the secretory pathway. However, the molecular mechanism and cellular cholesterol pools that determine the localization and assembly of these target membrane SNAP receptors (t-SNAREs) are largely unknown. We recently demonstrated that high levels of annexin A6 (AnxA6) induce accumulation of cholesterol in late endosomes, thereby reducing cholesterol in the Golgi and PM. This leads to an impaired supply of cholesterol needed for cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2) to drive Golgi vesiculation and caveolin transport to the cell surface. Using AnxA6-overexpressing cells as a model for cellular cholesterol imbalance, we identify impaired cholesterol egress from late endosomes and diminution of Golgi cholesterol as correlating with the sequestration of SNAP23/syntaxin-4 in Golgi membranes. Pharmacological accumulation of late endosomal cholesterol and cPLA2inhibition induces a similar phenotype in control cells with low AnxA6 levels. Ectopic expression of Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) or exogenous cholesterol restores the location of SNAP23 and syntaxin-4 within the PM. Importantly, AnxA6-mediated mislocalization of these t-SNAREs correlates with reduced secretion of cargo via the SNAP23/syntaxin-4–dependent constitutive exocytic pathway. We thus conclude that inhibition of late endosomal export and Golgi cholesterol depletion modulate t-SNARE localization and functioning along the exocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Reverter
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Vilà de Muga
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vishwaroop Mulay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rose Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peta Wood
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katia Monastyrskaya
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Albert Pol
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Blasi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, IDIBELL–University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Schollmeier Y, Krause JM, Kreye S, Malsam J, Söllner TH. Resolving the function of distinct Munc18-1/SNARE protein interaction modes in a reconstituted membrane fusion assay. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30582-30590. [PMID: 21730064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.269886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sec1p/Munc18 proteins and SNAP receptors (SNAREs) are key components of the intracellular membrane fusion machinery. Compartment-specific v-SNAREs on a transport vesicle pair with their cognate t-SNAREs on the target membrane and drive lipid bilayer fusion. In a reconstituted assay that dissects the sequential assembly of t-SNARE (syntaxin 1·SNAP-25) and v-/t-SNARE (VAMP2·syntaxin 1·SNAP-25) complexes, and finally measures lipid bilayer merger, we resolved the inhibitory and stimulatory functions of the Sec1p/Munc18 protein Munc18-1 at the molecular level. Inhibition of membrane fusion by Munc18-1 requires a closed conformation of syntaxin 1. Remarkably, the concurrent preincubation of Munc18-1-inhibited syntaxin 1 liposomes with both VAMP2 liposomes and SNAP-25 at low temperature releases the inhibition and effectively stimulates membrane fusion. VAMP8 liposomes can neither release the inhibition nor exert the stimulatory effect, demonstrating the need for a specific Munc18-1/VAMP2 interaction. In addition, Munc18-1 binds to the N-terminal peptide of syntaxin 1, which is obligatory for a robust stimulation of membrane fusion. In contrast, this interaction is neither required for the inhibitory function of Munc18-1 nor for the release of this block. These results indicate that Munc18-1 and the neuronal SNAREs already have the inherent capability to function as a basic stage-specific off/on switch to control membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanne Kreye
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Malsam
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas H Söllner
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Zhang C, Li A, Gao S, Zhang X, Xiao H. The TIP30 protein complex, arachidonic acid and coenzyme A are required for vesicle membrane fusion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21233. [PMID: 21731680 PMCID: PMC3123320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient membrane fusion has been successfully mimicked in vitro using artificial membranes and a number of cellular proteins that are currently known to participate in membrane fusion. However, these proteins are not sufficient to promote efficient fusion between biological membranes, indicating that critical fusogenic factors remain unidentified. We have recently identified a TIP30 protein complex containing TIP30, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and Endophilin B1 (Endo B1) that promotes the fusion of endocytic vesicles with Rab5a vesicles, which transport endosomal acidification enzymes vacuolar (H+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) to the early endosomes in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that the TIP30 protein complex facilitates the fusion of endocytic vesicles with Rab5a vesicles in vitro. Fusion of the two vesicles also depends on arachidonic acid, coenzyme A and the synthesis of arachidonyl-CoA by ACSL4. Moreover, the TIP30 complex is able to transfer arachidonyl groups onto phosphatidic acid (PA), producing a new lipid species that is capable of inducing close contact between membranes. Together, our data suggest that the TIP30 complex facilitates biological membrane fusion through modification of PA on membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Integrative Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Biomedical and Integrative Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Gao
- Department of Biomedical and Integrative Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xinchun Zhang
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Biomedical and Integrative Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roqueta-Rivera M, Abbott TL, Sivaguru M, Hess RA, Nakamura MT. Deficiency in the omega-3 fatty acid pathway results in failure of acrosome biogenesis in mice. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:721-32. [PMID: 21653892 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.089524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is enriched in testicular membrane phospholipids, but its function is not well understood. The Fads2 gene encodes an enzyme required for the endogenous synthesis of DHA. Using Fads2-null mice (Fads2-/-), we found in our preceding studies that DHA deficiency caused the arrest of spermiogenesis and male infertility, both of which were reversed by dietary DHA. In this study, we investigated a cellular mechanism underlying the DHA essentiality in spermiogenesis. Periodic acid-Schiff staining and acrosin immunohistochemistry revealed the absence of acrosomes in Fads2-/- round spermatids. Acrosin, an acrosomal marker, was scattered throughout the cytoplasm of the Fads2-/- spermatids, and electron microscopy showed that proacrosomal granules were formed on the trans-face of the Golgi. However, excessive endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles were present on the cis-face of the Golgi in Fads2-/- spermatids. The presence of proacrosomal vesicles but lack of a developed acrosome in Fads2-/- spermatids suggested failed vesicle fusion. Syntaxin 2, a protein involved in vesicle fusion, colocalized with acrosin in the acrosome of wild-type mice. In contrast, syntaxin 2 remained scattered in reticular structures and showed no extensive colocalization with acrosin in the Fads2-/- spermatids, suggesting failed fusion with acrosin-containing vesicles or failed transport and release of syntaxin 2 vesicles from Golgi. Dietary supplementation of DHA in Fads2-/- mice restored an intact acrosome. In conclusion, acrosome biogenesis under DHA deficiency is halted after release of proacrosomal granules. Misplaced syntaxin 2 suggests an essential role of DHA in proper delivery of membrane proteins required for proacrosomal vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Roqueta-Rivera
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Munc18-1 and Syntaxin1: Unraveling the Interactions Between the Dynamic Duo. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1309-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bou Khalil M, Hou W, Zhou H, Elisma F, Swayne LA, Blanchard AP, Yao Z, Bennett SAL, Figeys D. Lipidomics era: accomplishments and challenges. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:877-929. [PMID: 20931646 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators participate in signal transduction pathways, proliferation, apoptosis, and membrane trafficking in the cell. Lipids are highly complex and diverse owing to the various combinations of polar headgroups, fatty acyl chains, and backbone structures. This structural diversity continues to pose a challenge for lipid analysis. Here we review the current state of the art in lipidomics research and discuss the challenges facing this field. The latest technological developments in mass spectrometry, the role of bioinformatics, and the applications of lipidomics in lipid metabolism and cellular physiology and pathology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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50
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Enrich C, Rentero C, de Muga SV, Reverter M, Mulay V, Wood P, Koese M, Grewal T. Annexin A6-Linking Ca(2+) signaling with cholesterol transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:935-47. [PMID: 20888375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) belongs to a conserved family of Ca(2+)-dependent membrane-binding proteins. Like other annexins, the function of AnxA6 is linked to its ability to bind phospholipids in cellular membranes in a dynamic and reversible fashion, in particular during the regulation of endocytic and exocytic pathways. High amounts of AnxA6 sequester cholesterol in late endosomes, thereby lowering the levels of cholesterol in the Golgi and the plasma membrane. These AnxA6-dependent redistributions of cellular cholesterol pools give rise to reduced cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA(2)) activity, retention of caveolin in the Golgi apparatus and a reduced number of caveolae at the cell surface. In addition to regulating cholesterol and caveolin distribution, AnxA6 acts as a scaffold/targeting protein for several signaling proteins, the best characterized being the Ca(2+)-dependent membrane targeting of p120GAP to downregulate Ras activity. AnxA6 also stimulates the Ca(2+)-inducible involvement of PKC in the regulation of HRas and possibly EGFR signal transduction pathways. The ability of AnxA6 to recruit regulators of the EGFR/Ras pathway is likely potentiated by AnxA6-induced actin remodeling. Accordingly, AnxA6 may function as an organizer of membrane domains (i) to modulate intracellular cholesterol homeostasis, (ii) to create a scaffold for the formation of multifactorial signaling complexes, and (iii) to regulate transient membrane-actin interactions during endocytic and exocytic transport. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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