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Lu J, Zhao Z, Li Q, Pang Y. Review of the unique and dominant lectin pathway of complement activation in agnathans. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104593. [PMID: 36442606 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the most primitive vertebrates, lampreys are significant in understanding the early origin and evolution of the vertebrate innate and adaptive immune systems. The complement system is a biological response system with complex and precise regulatory mechanisms and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. It consists of more than 30 distinct components, including intrinsic components, regulatory factors, and complement receptors. Complement system is the humoral backbone of the innate immune defense and complement-like factors have also been found in cyclostomes. Our knowledge as such in lamprey has dramatically increased in the recent years. The searching for complement components in the reissner lamprey Lethenteron reissneri genome database, together with published data, has unveiled the existence of all the orthologues of mammalian complement components identified thus far, including the complement regulatory proteins and complement receptors, in lamprey. This review, summarizes the key themes and recent updates on the complement system of agnathans and discusses the individual complement components of lampreys, and critically compare their functions to that of mammalian complement components. Interestingly, the adaptive immune system of agnathans differs from that of gnathostomes. Lamprey complement components also display some distinctive features, such as lampreys are characterized by the variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)-based alternative adaptive immunity. This review may serve as important literature for deducing the evolution of the immune system from invertebrates to vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
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2
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Sarmiento ME, Chin KL, Lau NS, Ismail N, Norazmi MN, Acosta A, Yaacob NS. Transcriptomic Signature of Horseshoe Crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Hemocytes' Response to Lipopolysaccharides. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5866-5878. [PMID: 36547060 PMCID: PMC9777084 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (C. rotundicauda) is one of the four species of horseshoe crabs (HSCs). The HSC hemocytes store defense molecules that are released upon encountering invading pathogens. The HSCs rely on this innate immunity to continue its existence as a living fossil for more than 480 million years. To gain insight into the innate mechanisms involved, transcriptomic analysis was performed on isolated C. rotundicauda hemocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the main components of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria. RNA-sequencing with Illumina HiSeq platform resulted in 232,628,086 and 245,448,176 raw reads corresponding to 190,326,253 and 201,180,020 high-quality mappable reads from control and LPS-stimulated hemocytes, respectively. Following LPS-stimulation, 79 genes were significantly upregulated and 265 genes were downregulated. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to multiple immune functional categories and pathways such as those of the cytoskeleton, Toll and Imd, apoptosis, MAP kinase (MAPK), inositol phosphate metabolism, phagosome, leucocyte endothelial migration, and gram-negative bacterial infection, among others. This study provides important information about the mechanisms of response to LPS, which is relevant for the understanding the HSCs' immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia
| | - Noraznawati Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.S.Y.)
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.S.Y.)
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Sarmiento ME, Chin KL, Lau NS, Aziah I, Ismail N, Norazmi MN, Acosta A, Yaacob NS. Comparative transcriptome profiling of horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas hemocytes in response to lipopolysaccharides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:148-156. [PMID: 34358702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Horseshoe crabs (HSCs) are living fossil species of marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history spanning approximately 500 million years. Their survival is helped by their innate immune system that comprises cellular and humoral immune components to protect them against invading pathogens. To help understand the genetic mechanisms involved, the present study utilised the Illumina HiSeq platform to perform transcriptomic analysis of hemocytes from the HSC, Tachypleus gigas, that were challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The high-throughput sequencing resulted in 352,077,208 and 386,749,136 raw reads corresponding to 282,490,910 and 305,709,830 high-quality mappable reads for the control and LPS-treated hemocyte samples, respectively. Based on the log-fold change of > 0.3 or < -0.3, 1338 genes were significantly upregulated and 215 genes were significantly downregulated following LPS stimulation. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further identified to be associated with multiple pathways such as those related to immune defence, stress response, cytoskeleton function and signal transduction. This study provides insights into the underlying molecular and regulatory mechanisms in hemocytes exposed to LPS, which has relevance for the study of the immune response of HSCs to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nyok Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noraznawati Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Sarmiento ME, Chin KL, Lau NS, Aziah I, Norazmi MN, Acosta A, Ismail N, Yaacob NS. Mitochondrial DNA sequence of the horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:1710-1714. [PMID: 34104748 PMCID: PMC8158250 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1930213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of a horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas (T. gigas), in Kuala Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia. Whole-genome sequencing of hemocyte DNA was performed with Illumina HiSeq system and the generated reads were de novo assembled with ABySS 2.1.5 and reassembled using mitoZ against Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Limulus polyphemus, resulting in a contig of 15 Kb. Phylogenetic analysis of the assembled mt genome suggests that the Tachypleus gigas is closely related to Tachypleus tridentatus than to Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nyok Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noraznawati Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Peng M, Niu D, Wang F, Chen Z, Li J. Complement C3 gene: Expression characterization and innate immune response in razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:223-232. [PMID: 27231190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Complement component 3 (C3) is central to the complement system, playing an important role in immune defense, immune regulation and immune pathology. Several C3 genes have been characterized in invertebrates but very few in shellfish. The C3 gene was identified from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta, referred to here as Sc-C3. It was found to be highly homologous with the C3 gene of Ruditapes decussatus. All eight model motifs of the C3 gene were found to be included in the thiolester bond and the C345C region. Sc-C3 was widely expressed in all healthy tissues with expression being highest in hemolymph. A significant difference in expression was revealed at the umbo larvae development stage. The expression of Sc-C3 was highly regulated in the hemolymph and liver, with a distinct response pattern being noted after a challenge with Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Vibrio parahemolyticus. It is therefore suggested that a complicated and unique response pathway may be present in S. constricta. Further, serum of S. constricta containing Sc-C3 was extracted. This was activated by LPS or bacterium for verification for function. The more obvious immune function of Sc-C3 was described as an effective membrane rupture in hemocyte cells of rabbit, V. parahemolyticus and Vibrio anguillarum. Thus, Sc-C3 plays an essential role in the immune defense of S. constricta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Hamilton MG, Esposito C, Malin M, Cusumano LR, Botton ML. Effects of copper and cadmium on development and superoxide dismutase levels in horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) embryos. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:504. [PMID: 26405624 PMCID: PMC4573962 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pollution by metals may adversely affect organisms through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we examined the sublethal effects of two metals, copper and cadmium, on horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) embryos. Exposure to copper or cadmium at concentrations of 0.01-10 mg/L for periods of 4, 8, 16 and 24 h had minimal effect on embryo survival except at 100 mg/L Cu. However, metal-exposed embryos took significantly longer to hatch into first instar ("trilobite") larvae than seawater controls. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), believed to be important in the response to oxidative stress, were determined by Western blotting. Both the Cu/Zn and Mn cofactor forms of SOD tended to be somewhat elevated in metal-exposed embryos, but the increases were neither dose nor time-dependent. Likewise, SOD enzymatic activity showed no significant differences comparing embryos exposed to metals with seawater controls. We conclude that the protective role of SOD's against ROS produced in response to metal exposure appears to be limited in horseshoe crab embryos, at least under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Hamilton
- Department of Natural Sciences, Fordham University, 113 West 60th Street, New York, NY 10023 USA
| | - Christopher Esposito
- Department of Natural Sciences, Fordham University, 113 West 60th Street, New York, NY 10023 USA ; New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Mia Malin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Fordham University, 113 West 60th Street, New York, NY 10023 USA ; School of Health Sciences, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518 USA
| | - Lucas R Cusumano
- Department of Natural Sciences, Fordham University, 113 West 60th Street, New York, NY 10023 USA ; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Mark L Botton
- Department of Natural Sciences, Fordham University, 113 West 60th Street, New York, NY 10023 USA
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7
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Panneerselvam P, Ding JL. Beyond TLR Signaling—The Role of SARM in Antiviral Immune Defense, Apoptosis & Development. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:432-44. [PMID: 26268046 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1065826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SARM (Sterile alpha and armadillo motif-containing protein) is the recently identified TIR domain-containing cytosolic protein. Classified as a member of the TLR adaptor family, the multiple locations and functions of SARM (sometimes playing opposing roles), provoke an enigma on its biology. Although originally assumed to be a member of the TLR adaptor family (functioning as a negative regulator of TLR signaling pathway), latest findings indicate that SARM regulates signaling differently from other TLR adaptor proteins. Recent studies have highlighted the significant functional role of SARM in mediating apoptosis and antiviral innate immune response. In this review, we provide an update on the evolutionary conservation, spatial distribution, and regulated expression of SARM to highlight its diverse functional roles. The review will summarize findings on the known interacting partners of SARM and provide analogy on how they add new dimensions to the current understanding on the multifaceted roles of SARM in antiviral activities and apoptotic functions. In addition, we provide a future perspective on the roles of SARM in differentiation and development, with substantial emphasis on the molecular insights to its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porkodi Panneerselvam
- a Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,b Computational and Systems Biology , Singapore-MIT Alliance , Singapore
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- a Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,b Computational and Systems Biology , Singapore-MIT Alliance , Singapore
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Musa M, Mohd Ali K, Kannan TP, Azlina A, Omar NS, Chatterji A, Mokhtar KI. Effects of Perivitelline Fluid Obtained from Horseshoe Crab on The Proliferation and Genotoxicity of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2015. [PMID: 26199904 PMCID: PMC4503839 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective Perivitelline fluid (PVF) of the horseshoe crab embryo has been reported to
possess an important role during embryogenesis by promoting cell proliferation. This
study aims to evaluate the effect of PVF on the proliferation, chromosome aberration (CA)
and mutagenicity of the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).
Materials and Methods This is an in vitro experimental study. PVF samples were
collected from horseshoe crabs from beaches in Malaysia and the crude extract was
prepared. DPSCs were treated with different concentrations of PVF crude extract in
an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (cytotoxicity test). We choose two inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and IC25) and two PVF
concentrations which produced more cell viability compared to a negative control
(100%) for further tests. Quantitative analysis of the proliferation activity of PVF was
studied using the AlamarBlue®assay for 10 days. Population doubling times (PDTs)
of the treatment groups were calculated from this assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated
based on the CA and Ames tests. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent t test to calculate significant differences in the PDT and mitotic indices in the CA
test between the treatment and negative control groups. Significant differences in the
data were P<0.05.
Results A total of four PVF concentrations retrieved from the MTT assay were
26.887 mg/ml (IC50), 14.093 mg/ml (IC25), 0.278 mg/ml (102% cell viability) and 0.019
mg/ml (102.5% cell viability). According to the AlamarBlue®assay, these PVF groups
produced comparable proliferation activities compared to the negative (untreated)
control. PDTs between PVF groups and the negative control were insignificantly different (P>0.05). No significant aberrations in chromosomes were observed in the
PVF groups and the Ames test on the PVF showed the absence of significant positive
results.
Conclusion PVF from horseshoe crabs produced insignificant proliferative activity on
treated DPSCs. The PVF was non-genotoxic based on the CA and Ames tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marahaini Musa
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Khadijah Mohd Ali
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia ; Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azlina
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Shamsuria Omar
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia ; Institute of Tropical Aquaculture (AQUATROP), University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Anil Chatterji
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Dona Paula, India
| | - Khairani Idah Mokhtar
- Kulliyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Pahang, Malaysia
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Li S, Jia Z, Chen X, Geng X, Sun J. Identification and characterization of the cDNAs encoding the two subunits of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) calcineurin: their implications in stress and immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:91-102. [PMID: 25541080 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN), the only Ca(2+)/calmodulin-activated serine/threonine protein phosphatase, is a key effector participating in Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction pathways in a number of cellular processes under normal, stress and pathological conditions. However, the expression and the relevance of CN in stress and immune response have not been characterized in crustaceans. Here, we identified the cDNAs that encode the two subunits of CN (termed EsCN-A and EsCN-B, respectively) in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis and analysed their expression patterns in response to stress and immune challenges. The catalytic subunit EsCN-A is comprised of 511 amino acids with a theoretical molecular mass of 57.5 kDa and shows 80% sequence identity with human beings CN-A alpha isoform, while the regulatory subunit EsCN-B protein is composed of 170 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 19.3 kDa and shares 88% sequence identity with human beings CN-B type 1. Tissue distribution analysis reveals that both EsCN-A and EsCN-B mRNA transcripts are expressed in all tested tissues with the greatest expression in hepatopancreas and the lowest expression in haemocytes. In addition, both EsCN-A and EsCN-B genes could be significantly up-regulated but with different expression patterns by ambient salinity (15‰ and 30‰ salinities) and pH (pH 6 and 8.5) stresses in gill, hepatopancreas, haemocytes, intestine and muscle. Furthermore, EsCN-A and EsCN-B were up-regulated by LPS and Poly(I:C) immune stimulations in E. sinensis haemocytes in vitro. Moreover, EsCN-A and EsCN-B mRNA were significantly up-regulated in haemocytes, gill, hepatopancreas, intestine and muscle in response to Edwardsiella tarda challenge in vivo. Finally, we revealed the importance of EsCN in LPS-induced nitric oxide production in E. sinensis haemocytes. Together our observations suggest that EsCN, the important downstream effector of CaM-mediated signalling pathway(s), may possess vital roles in stress and immune response in the Chinese mitten crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
| | - Zirui Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xuyun Geng
- Tianjin Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, 442 South Jiefang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300221, PR China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
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Ryan A, Kaplan E, Nebel JC, Polycarpou E, Crescente V, Lowe E, Preston GM, Sim E. Identification of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase activity in azoreductases from P. aeruginosa: azoreductases and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductases belong to the same FMN-dependent superfamily of enzymes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98551. [PMID: 24915188 PMCID: PMC4051601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Water soluble quinones are a group of cytotoxic anti-bacterial compounds that are secreted by many species of plants, invertebrates, fungi and bacteria. Studies in a number of species have shown the importance of quinones in response to pathogenic bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. Two electron reduction is an important mechanism of quinone detoxification as it generates the less toxic quinol. In most organisms this reaction is carried out by a group of flavoenzymes known as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductases. Azoreductases have previously been separate from this group, however using azoreductases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa we show that they can rapidly reduce quinones. Azoreductases from the same organism are also shown to have distinct substrate specificity profiles allowing them to reduce a wide range of quinones. The azoreductase family is also shown to be more extensive than originally thought, due to the large sequence divergence amongst its members. As both NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductases and azoreductases have related reaction mechanisms it is proposed that they form an enzyme superfamily. The ubiquitous and diverse nature of azoreductases alongside their broad substrate specificity, indicates they play a wide role in cellular survival under adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Christophe Nebel
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Polycarpou
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Crescente
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Lowe
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
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Ubiquitination by SAG regulates macrophage survival/death and immune response during infection. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1388-98. [PMID: 24786833 PMCID: PMC4131172 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The checkpoint between the life and death of macrophages is crucial for the host's frontline immune defense during acute phase infection. However, the mechanism as to how the immune cell equilibrates between apoptosis and immune response is unclear. Using in vitro and ex vivo approaches, we showed that macrophage survival is synchronized by SAG (sensitive to apoptosis gene), which is a key member of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). When challenged by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), we observed a reciprocal expression profile of pro- and antiapoptotic factors in macrophages. However, SAG knockdown disrupted this balance. Further analysis revealed that ubiquitination of Bax and SARM (sterile α- and HEAT/armadillo-motif-containing protein) by SAG-UPS confers survival advantage to infected macrophages. SAG knockdown caused the accumulation of proapoptotic Bax and SARM, imbalance of Bcl-2/Bax in the mitochondria, induction of cytosolic cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9 and -3, all of which led to disequilibrium between life and death of macrophages. In contrast, SAG-overexpressing macrophages challenged with PAMPs exhibited upregulation of protumorigenic cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), and downregulation of antitumorigenic cytokine (IL-12p40) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). This suggests that SAG-dependent UPS is a key switch between immune defense and apoptosis or immune overactivation and tumorigenesis. Altogether, our results indicate that SAG-UPS facilitates a timely and appropriate level of immune response, prompting future development of potential immunomodulators of SAG-UPS.
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Anderson RL, Watson WH, Chabot CC. Sublethal behavioral and physiological effects of the biomedical bleeding process on the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2013; 225:137-151. [PMID: 24445440 PMCID: PMC4079546 DOI: 10.1086/bblv225n3p137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The hemolymph of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is harvested from over 500,000 animals annually to produce Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), a medically important product used to detect pathogenic bacteria. Declining abundance of spawning Limulus females in heavily harvested regions suggests deleterious effects of this activity, and while mortality rates of the harvest process are known to be 10%-30%, sublethal behavioral and physiological effects are not known. In this study, we determined the impact of the harvest process on locomotion and hemocyanin levels of 28 female horseshoe crabs. While mortality rates after bleeding (18%) were similar to previous studies, we found significant decreases in the linear and angular velocity of freely moving animals, as well as changes in their activity levels and expression of circatidal behavioral rhythms. Further, we found reductions in hemocyanin levels, which may alter immune function and cuticle integrity. These previously unrecognized behavioral and physiological deficits suggest that the harvest of LAL may decrease female fitness, and thus may contribute to the current population decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, New Hampshire 03264; and
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13
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Coates CJ, Whalley T, Wyman M, Nairn J. A putative link between phagocytosis-induced apoptosis and hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase activation. Apoptosis 2013; 18:1319-1331. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Rimphanitchayakit V, Tassanakajon A. Structure and function of invertebrate Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:377-386. [PMID: 19995574 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteinases and proteinase inhibitors are involved in several biological and physiological processes in all multicellular organisms. The proteinase inhibitors function as modulators for controlling the extent of deleterious proteinase activity. The Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors (KPIs) in family I1 are among the well-known families of proteinase inhibitors, widely found in mammals, avian and a variety of invertebrates. Like those classical KPIs, the invertebrate KPIs can be single or multiple domain proteins containing one or more Kazal inhibitory domains linked together by peptide spacers of variable length. All invertebrate Kazal domains of about 40-60 amino acids in length share a common structure which is dictated by six conserved cysteine residues forming three intra-domain disulfide cross-links despite the variability of amino acid sequences between the half-cystines. Invertebrate KPIs are strong inhibitors as shown by their extremely high association constant of 10(7)-10(13)M(-1). The inhibitory specificity of a Kazal domain varies widely with a different reactive P(1) amino acid. Different invertebrate KPI domains may arise from gene duplication but several KPI proteins can also be derived from alternative splicing. The invertebrate KPIs function as anticoagulants in blood-sucking animals such as leech, mosquitoes and ticks. Several KPIs are likely involved in protecting host from microbial proteinases while some from the parasitic protozoa help protecting the parasites from the host digestive proteinase enzymes. Silk moths produce KPIs to protect their cocoon from predators and microbial destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichien Rimphanitchayakit
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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15
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Gai Y, Wang L, Zhao J, Qiu L, Song L, Li L, Mu C, Wang W, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yao X, Yang J. The construction of a cDNA library enriched for immune genes and the analysis of 7535 ESTs from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:684-694. [PMID: 19748587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is one of the most important aquaculture crustacean species in China. A cDNA library was constructed from hemocytes of E. sinensis challenged with the mixture of Listonella anguillarum and Staphylococcus aureus, and randomly sequenced to collect genomic information and identify genes involved in immune defense response. Single-pass 5' sequencing of 10368 clones yielded 7535 high quality ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) and these ESTs were assembled into 2943 unigenes. BLAST analysis revealed that 1706 unigenes (58.0% of the total) or 4593 ESTs (61.0% of the total) were novel genes that had no significant matches to any protein sequences in the public databases. The rest 1237 unigenes (42.0% of the total) were closely matched to the known genes or sequences deposited in public databases, which could be classed into 20 or 23 classifications according to "molecular function" or "biological process" respectively based on the Gene Ontology (GO). And 221 unigenes (7.5% of all 2943 unigenes, 17.9% of matched unigenes) or 969 ESTs (12.9% of all 7535 ESTs, 32.9% of matched ESTs) were identified to be immune genes. The relative higher proportion of immune-related genes in the present cDNA library than that in the normal library of E. sinensis and other crustaceans libraries, and the differences and changes in percentage and quantity of some key immune-related genes especially the immune inducible genes between two E. sinensis cDNA libraries may derive from the bacteria challenge to the Chinese mitten crab. The results provided a well-characterized EST resource for the genomics community, gene discovery especially for the identification of host-defense genes and pathways in crabs as well as other crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Gai
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
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16
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Tulsidas SR, Thangamani S, Ho B, Sivaraman J, Ding JL. Crystallization of a nonclassical Kazal-type Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda serine protease inhibitor, CrSPI-1, complexed with subtilisin. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:533-5. [PMID: 19407396 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109014420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases play a major role in host-pathogen interactions. The innate immune system is known to respond to invading pathogens in a nonspecific manner. The serine protease cascade is an essential component of the innate immune system of the horseshoe crab. The serine protease inhibitor CrSPI isoform 1 (CrSPI-1), a unique nonclassical Kazal-type inhibitor of molecular weight 9.3 kDa, was identified from the hepatopancreas of the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. It potently inhibits subtilisin and constitutes a powerful innate immune defence against invading microbes. Here, the cloning, expression, purification and cocrystallization of CrSPI-1 with subtilisin are reported. The crystals diffracted to 2.6 A resolution and belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 73.8, b = 65.0, c = 111.9 A, beta = 95.4 degrees . The Matthews coefficient (V(M) = 2.64 A(3) Da(-1), corresponding to 53% solvent content) and analysis of the preliminary structure solution indicated the presence of one heterotrimer (1:2 ratio of CrSPI-1:subtilisin) and one free subtilisin molecule in the asymmetric unit.
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17
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Dai JG, Xie HW, Jin G, Wang WG, Zhang Y, Guo Y. Preliminary study on high-level expression of tandem-arranged tachyplesin-encoding gene in Bacillus subtilis Wb800 and its antibacterial activity. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:109-117. [PMID: 18670810 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To produce tachyplesin, an antimicrobial peptide, by a stable and efficient gene engineering approach, cDNAs containing single tachyplesin gene sequence (tac)(1) and tandem repeat of tachyplesin gene sequence (tac2) were respectively developed by annealing two synthesized complementary single-stranded DNAs and constructed into pSBPTQ shuttle vector under the control of the SacB.p.s promoter. The vectors containing the target gene sequence were then transformed into Bacillus subtilis WB800, respectively. Both expression of tac and tac2 were induced by 2% sucrose. The fermentation supernatant was purified by regenerated cellulose membrane tubing (MWCO 2000) and the secreted TAC(2) and TAC2 were about 5 and 10 mg/l of supernatant, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of TAC and TAC2 were measured by the size of bacteriostatic circle of the fermentation supernatants against Escherichia coli K88. Ultrastructural alteration of E. coli K88 and Salmonella typhimurium was observed under scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that in comparison with TAC, TAC2 was expressed at a higher level and also indicating strong antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-guo Dai
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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18
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Le Saux A, Ng PML, Koh JJY, Low DHP, Leong GEL, Ho B, Ding JL. The macromolecular assembly of pathogen-recognition receptors is impelled by serine proteases, via their complement control protein modules. J Mol Biol 2008; 377:902-13. [PMID: 18279891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the innate immune response is triggered by the formation of a stable assembly of pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) onto the pathogens, the driving force that enables this PRR-PRR interaction is unknown. Here, we show that serine proteases, which are activated during infection, participate in associating with the PRRs. Inhibition of serine proteases gravely impairs the PRR assembly. Using yeast two-hybrid and pull-down methods, we found that two serine proteases in the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda are able to bind to the following three core members of PRRs: galactose-binding protein, Carcinolectin-5 and C-reactive protein. These two serine proteases are (1) Factor C, which activates the coagulation pathway, and (2) C2/Bf, a protein from the complement pathway. By systematic molecular dissection, we show that these serine proteases interact with the core "pathogen-recognition complex" via their complement control protein modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Le Saux
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Belinda LWC, Wei WX, Hanh BTH, Lei LX, Bow H, Ling DJ. SARM: a novel Toll-like receptor adaptor, is functionally conserved from arthropod to human. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1732-42. [PMID: 17980913 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sterile-alpha and Armadillo motif containing protein (SARM) was recently identified as the fifth member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor family. Whilst the Caenorhabditis elegans SARM homologue, TIR-1, is crucial for efficient immune responses against bacterial infections, human SARM was demonstrated to function as a specific inhibitor of TRIF-dependent TLR signaling. The opposing role of SARM in C. elegans and human is intriguing, prompting us to seek clarification on the enigmatic function of SARM in an ancient species which relies solely on innate immunity for survival. Here, we report the discovery of a primitive but functional SARM (CrSARM) in the immune defense of a "living fossil", the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. CrSARM shares numerous signature motifs and displays significant homology with vertebrate and invertebrate SARM homologues. CrSARM downregulates TRIF-dependent TLR signaling suggesting the conservation of SARM function from horseshoe crab to human. During infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CrSARM is rapidly upregulated within 3h and strongly repressed at 6h, coinciding with the timing of bacterial clearance, thus demonstrating its dynamic role in innate immunity. Furthermore, yeast-two-hybrid screening revealed several potential interaction partners of CrSARM implying the role of SARM in downregulating TLR signaling events. Altogether, our study shows that, although C. elegans SARM upregulates immune signaling, its disparate role as a suppressor of TLR signaling, specifically via TRIF and not MyD88, is well-conserved from horseshoe crab to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loh Wei-Ching Belinda
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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20
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Jiang N, Tan NS, Ho B, Ding JL. Respiratory protein–generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:1114-22. [PMID: 17721536 DOI: 10.1038/ni1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the host-pathogen relationship comprises a series of invasive-defensive tactics elicited by both participants. The stereotype is that the antimicrobial immune response requires multistep processes. Little is known about the primordial immunosurveillance system, which probably has components that directly link sensors and effectors. Here we found that the respiratory proteins of both the horseshoe crab and human were directly activated by microbial proteases and were enhanced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, resulting in the production of more reactive oxygen species. Hemolytic virulent pathogens, which produce proteases as invasive factors, are more susceptible to this killing mechanism. This 'shortcut' antimicrobial strategy represents a fundamental and universal mode of immunosurveillance, which has been in existence since before the split of protostomes and deuterostomes and still persists today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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21
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Badisco L, Claeys I, Van Loy T, Van Hiel M, Franssens V, Simonet G, Vanden Broeck J. Neuroparsins, a family of conserved arthropod neuropeptides. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 153:64-71. [PMID: 17475261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different neuroparsin variants were initially identified as anti-gonadotropic peptides from the pars intercerebralis-corpora cardiaca complex of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, and further studies revealed the pleiotropic activities of these peptides. Subsequently, additional neuroparsin-like peptides were discovered from other arthropod species. Studies in mosquitoes and locusts suggest that members of this conserved peptide family are involved in the regulation of insect reproduction and can even serve as molecular markers of the fascinating biological process of locust phase transition. Sequence analysis and multiple alignments revealed pronounced sequence similarities between arthropod neuroparsins and the N-terminal, growth factor binding region of vertebrate and mollusc insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP). This observation led to the hypothesis that neuroparsins might interact with endogenous insulin-related peptides. The present paper gives an overview of several neuroparsin family members that have hitherto been described in insects, as well as of a number of newly identified neuroparsin precursors from other species.
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Wang XW, Liou YC, Ho B, Ding JL. An evolutionarily conserved 16-kDa thioredoxin-related protein is an antioxidant which regulates the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:247-59. [PMID: 17189830 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRX) is generally a 12-kDa protein-disulfide reductase. Here, we report the discovery of a 16-kDa thioredoxin-related protein designated Cr-TRP16, from a "living fossil," the horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda). Cr-TRP16 contains an atypical WCPPC catalytic motif and possesses the classical thiodisulfide reductase activity, as indicated by the insulin reduction assay. Furthermore, Cr-TRP16 can function as an antioxidant and protect against DNA nicking by reactive oxygen species. Overexpression of Cr-TRP16 regulated the transcription of NF-kappaB-dependent genes probably by enhancing NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity, suggesting possible roles for Cr-TRP16 in modulating the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. In vivo, the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate suppressed the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated genes such as IkappaB and inducible nitric oxide synthase. This further supports the notion that oxidative stress is also a regulatory factor of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, a phenomenon which has been entrenched for several hundred million years. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the 16-kDa thioredoxins are evolutionarily conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to human. Interestingly, thioredoxin-like 6, a human homologue of Cr-TRP16, could also enhance NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity, suggesting that the regulatory role of the 16-kDa thioredoxins on NF-kappaB is well conserved through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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Wang XW, Tan NS, Ho B, Ding JL. Evidence for the ancient origin of the NF-kappaB/IkappaB cascade: its archaic role in pathogen infection and immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4204-9. [PMID: 16537509 PMCID: PMC1449671 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507044103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conservation of the NF-kappaB transcription factors, from Drosophila to humans, underscores its pivotal role in immune response. Unexpectedly, the canonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway is not functional in the immune system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Therefore, the ancient origin of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway is still unknown. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of a primitive and functional NF-kappaB/IkappaB pathway in the immune defense of a "living fossil," the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. The ancient NF-kappaB/IkappaB homologues, CrNFkappaB, CrRelish, and CrIkappaB, share numerous signature motifs with their vertebrate orthologues. CrNFkappaB recognizes both horseshoe crab and mammalian kappaB response elements. CrIkappaB interacts with CrNFkappaB and inhibits its nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity. The activation of the CrNFkappaB is autoregulated by a feedback mechanism mediated by CrIkappaB, the natural inhibitor of CrNFkappaB. We further show that Gram-negative bacteria infection causes rapid degradation of CrIkappaB and nuclear translocation of CrNFkappaB. Infection also leads to an increase in the kappaB-binding activity and up-regulation of immune-related gene expression, like inducible nitric oxide synthase and Factor C, an LPS-activated serine protease. Altogether, our study shows that, although absent in C. elegans, the NF-kappaB/IkappaB signaling cascade remains well conserved from horseshoe crab to humans, playing an archaic but fundamental role in regulating the expression of critical immune defense molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei Wang
- *Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551; and
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- *Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Bocharov G. Understanding Complex Regulatory Systems: Integrating Molecular Biology and Systems Analysis. Transfus Med Hemother 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000089117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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