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Liu Y, Wang X, Liu Y. Association of serum total IgE and allergen-specific IgE with insulin resistance in adolescents: an analysis of the NHANES database. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:332. [PMID: 38745118 PMCID: PMC11092217 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have found that total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and allergen-specific IgE were associated with some metabolic diseases. However, the role of IgE in metabolism among adolescents is still unclear. Herein, this study aims to investigate the associations of serum total IgE and allergen-specific IgE with insulin resistance (IR) in adolescents, in order to provide some reference for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases in a young age. METHODS Data of 870 adolescents were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database in 2005-2006 in this cross-sectional study. Weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were utilized to screen covariates and explore the relationships of serum total IgE and allergen-specific IgE with IR. The evaluation indexes were odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In addition, these relationships were also assessed in subgroups of allergy history, asthma history, and number of allergens. RESULTS Among eligible adolescents, 168 had IR. No significant association between serum total IgE level and IR was found. However, adolescents with higher level of allergen-specific IgE to rye grass [OR = 0.47, 95%CI: (0.25-0.91)], white oak [OR = 0.57, 95%CI: (0.37-0.88)], or peanut [OR = 0.38, 95%CI: (0.15-0.97)] seemed to have lower odds of IR, whereas those had higher level of shrimp-specific IgE [OR = 2.65, 95%CI: (1.21-5.84)] have increased odds of IR. In addition, these associations between allergen-specific IgE and IR were also discovered in adolescents who had allergy history or asthma history, or had different numbers of allergens. CONCLUSION Paying attention to different allergens in adolescents may be important in the early identification of IR among this high-risk population. The study results relatively provided some reference for further exploration on IR prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Liu
- Department of Child Health Care Clinic, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, Liaoning, 116031, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Child Health Care Clinic, Dalian Women and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, Liaoning, 116031, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Hematologic Laboratory of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, P.R. China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, No.107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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A CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide Suppresses Th2/Th17 Inflammation by Inhibiting IL-33/ST2 Signaling in Mice from a Model of Adoptive Dendritic Cell Transfer of Smoke-Induced Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043130. [PMID: 36834541 PMCID: PMC9962992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke exposure is a major environmental risk factor that facilitates the development and progression of asthma. Our previous study showed that CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) inhibits thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-dendritic cells (DCs) to reduce Th2/Th17-related inflammatory response in smoke-related asthma. However, the mechanism underlying CpG-ODN -downregulated TSLP remains unclear. A combined house dust mite (HDM)/cigarette smoke extract (CSE) model was used to assess the effects of CpG-ODN on airway inflammation, Th2/Th17 immune response, and amount of IL-33/ST2 and TSLP in mice with smoke-related asthma induced by adoptive transfer of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and in the cultured human bronchial epithelium (HBE) cells administered anti-ST2, HDM, and/or CSE. In vivo, compared to the HDM alone model, the combined HDM/CSE model had aggravated inflammatory responses, while CpG-ODN attenuated airway inflammation, airway collagen deposition, and goblet cell hyperplasia and reduced the levels of IL-33/ST2, TSLP, and Th2/Th17-cytokines in the combined model. In vitro, IL-33/ST2 pathway activation promoted TSLP production in HBE cells, which could be inhibited by CpG-ODN. CpG-ODN administration alleviated Th2/Th17 inflammatory response, decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the airway, and improved the remodeling of smoke-related asthma. The underlying mechanism may be that CpG-ODN inhibits the TSLP-DCs pathway by downregulating the IL-33/ST2 axis.
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Shi F, Zhang Y, Qiu C. Gene polymorphisms in asthma: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:711. [PMID: 35845533 PMCID: PMC9279821 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Asthma is a heterogeneous disease caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed that genetic variation plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of asthma. The objective is to systematically review the existing literature on the association between gene polymorphisms and asthma to better understand the relationship between genetic factors and the occurrence and development of asthma. Methods We used keywords "asthma" and "gene polymorphism" with their combinations to search for relevant literature published from 2000 to 2021 in the PubMed database and the foreign medical literature retrieval service (FMRS). All articles included in the review are English. Then, we summarized the information pertaining to the genetic factors related to asthma susceptibility. Key Content and Findings This study summarized the information on 10 gene variants related to the risk of asthma published over the past 20 years, which will assist in further understanding the role of genetic variants in the risk of asthma. Conclusion Dozens of candidate genes have been identified that were associated with asthma risk. Asthmatics existed specific gene variation performed different response to therapy. Personalized therapy based on genotypic profiling would be an important direction in the future. However, it remains a great challenge for us to explore the relationship between gene polymorphisms and pathophysiological mechanism of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
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4
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Zuo L, Wijegunawardana D. Redox Role of ROS and Inflammation in Pulmonary Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:187-204. [PMID: 34019270 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), either derived from exogenous sources or overproduced endogenously, can disrupt the body's antioxidant defenses leading to compromised redox homeostasis. The lungs are highly susceptible to ROS-mediated damage. Oxidative stress (OS) caused by this redox imbalance leads to the pathogenesis of multiple pulmonary diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). OS causes damage to important cellular components in terms of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA histone modification. Inflammation further enhances ROS production inducing changes in transcriptional factors which mediate cellular stress response pathways. This deviation from normal cell function contributes to the detrimental pathological characteristics often seen in pulmonary diseases. Although antioxidant therapies are feasible approaches in alleviating OS-related lung impairment, a comprehensive understanding of the updated role of ROS in pulmonary inflammation is vital for the development of optimal treatments. In this chapter, we review the major pulmonary diseases-including COPD, asthma, ARDS, COVID-19, and lung cancer-as well as their association with ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- College of Arts and Sciences, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Lab, University of Maine, Presque Isle Campus, Presque Isle, ME, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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5
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Lee SE, Baek JY, Han K, Koh EH. Insulin Resistance Increases Serum Immunoglobulin E Sensitization in Premenopausal Women. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:175-182. [PMID: 32431107 PMCID: PMC8024158 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although studies have shown that obesity is associated with aeroallergen sensitization (atopy), controversy still exists. We aimed to investigate the association between metabolic status, obesity, and atopy stratified by sex and menopausal status. Methods A total of 1,700 adults from the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were classified into metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO), metabolically unhealthy nonobese (MUNO), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) by body mass index and insulin resistance. Atopy was defined as a positive response to at least one aeroallergen. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of immunoglobulin E (IgE) elevation or atopy in relation to the degree of metabolic abnormality and obesity. Results In premenopausal women, total IgE was positively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. MUNO participants had a higher risk of having elevated total IgE compared to MHNO participants (odds ratio [OR], 2.271; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.201 to 4.294), while MHO participants did not show a significant difference (OR, 1.435; 95% CI, 0.656 to 3.137) in premenopausal women. MUNO, but not MHO was also associated with atopy (OR, 2.157; 95% CI, 1.284 to 3.625). In men and postmenopausal women, there was no significant difference between metabolic status, obesity, and atopy among groups. Conclusion Increased insulin resistance is associated with total IgE and atopy in premenopausal women but not in postmenopausal women or men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Effect of Pingchuan Formula on Toll-Like Receptors and Dendritic Cells in an Asthmatic Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7407016. [PMID: 32953887 PMCID: PMC7481997 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7407016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pingchuan formula (PCF) was created by Professor Yu Jianer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PCF on dendritic cells (DCs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) in initiating immunity. A bronchial asthma BALB/c mouse model was established using an OVA excitation method. PCF was immediately administered by gavage after the first excitation. After 7 d, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the asthma model. Eosinophil infiltration and concentrations of IL-4, IFN-r, IL-12, and IFN-α in BALF were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA levels of IL-12 and IFN-α. Protein expression levels of ERK, Toll-2, IDO, and Toll-9 were measured by immunoblot. HE and ELISA showed that PCF could improve lung pathological changes and significantly decrease the concentration of IL-4 in BALF. Moreover, PCF could increase IL-12, IFN-α, and IFN-r in BALF. Real-time PCR and western blot showed that PCF restored the DCs and TLRs in initiating immunity. In summary, this study found that PCF can improve the pathological changes and reduce the symptoms of asthma in a BALB/c mouse model. It can facilitate the initiation of immunity by restoring the DCs and TLRs.
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Lung Function and Gene Expression of Pathogen Recognition Pathway Receptors: the Cardia Lung Study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9360. [PMID: 32518239 PMCID: PMC7283270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR5, TLR6) and downstream markers (CCR1, MAPK14, ICAM1) leads to increased systemic inflammation. Our objective was to study the association between the gene expression levels of these six genes and lung function (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC). We studied gene expression levels and lung function in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Spirometry testing was used to measure lung function and gene expression levels were measured using the Nanostring platform. Multivariate linear regression models were used to study the association between lung function measured at year 30, 10-year decline from year 20 to year 30, and gene expression levels (highest quartile divided into two levels – 75th to 95th and>95th to 100th percentile) adjusting for center, smoking and BMI, measured at year 25. Year 30 FEV1 and FVC were lower in the highest level of TLR5 compared to the lowest quartile with difference of 4.00% (p for trend: 0.04) and 3.90% (p for trend: 0.05), respectively. The 10-year decline of FEV1 was faster in the highest level of CCR1 as compared to the lowest quartile with a difference of 1.69% (p for trend: 0.01). There was no association between gene expression and FEV1/FVC. Higher gene expression levels in TLR5 and CCR1 are associated with lower lung function and faster decline in FEV1 over 10 years, in a threshold manner, providing new insights into the role of inflammation in lung function.
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Fang L, Shen Q, Wu H, He F, Ding P, Xu K, Yan X, Wang M, Li S, Liu R. TLR2 favors OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice through JNK signaling pathway with activation of autophagy. Life Sci 2020; 256:117896. [PMID: 32504758 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Numerous studies indicate that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) led to divergent effects in asthma. The occurrence of autophagy in asthma pathogenesis is still incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of TLR2 and the underlying mechanisms in allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation. MAIN METHODS C57BL/6 and TLR2 knockout (TLR2-/-) mice were subjected to an ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized allergic airway model, and were treated with SP600125. Differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined by Wright's staining. Histological analysis of airway inflammation was determined by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proteins expression in lung tissues was detected by western blot, expression of TLR2 was further observed by immunofluorescence. Autophagy activation was determined by western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). KEY FINDINGS TLR2 expression was increased upon OVA challenge, and TLR2 deficiency was associated with decreased allergic airway inflammation. Meanwhile, TLR2 deficiency weakened autophagy activation. Moreover, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by SP600125 also suppressed OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation. Interestingly, treating TLR2-/- mice with SP600125 showed similar OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation compared to that in vehicle-treated TLR2-/- mice. SIGNIFICANCE TLR2 might contribute to the maintenance of allergic airway inflammation through JNK signaling pathway accompanying with autophagy activation. These findings may provide a novel signal target for prevention of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Qiying Shen
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Huimei Wu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; No.1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anhui Chest Hospital, Jixi Road 397, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Peishan Ding
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Xuebo Yan
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Muzi Wang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Intensive Care Unit, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Huaihai Avenue 100, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Rongyu Liu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China.
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Zhu J, Dong J, Ji L, Jiang P, Leung TF, Liu D, Ng LG, Tsang MSM, Jiao D, Lam CWK, Wong CK. Anti-Allergic Inflammatory Activity of Interleukin-37 Is Mediated by Novel Signaling Cascades in Human Eosinophils. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1445. [PMID: 29988381 PMCID: PMC6023969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1 family regulatory cytokine IL-37b can suppress innate immunity and inflammatory activity in inflammatory diseases. In this study, IL-37b showed remarkable in vitro suppression of inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8 production in the coculture of human primary eosinophils and human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells with the stimulation of bacterial toll-like receptor-2 ligand peptidoglycan, while antagonizing the activation of intracellular nuclear factor-κB, PI3K–Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and suppressing the gene transcription of allergic inflammation-related PYCARD, S100A9, and CAMP as demonstrated by flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing, and bioinformatics. Results therefore elucidated the novel anti-inflammation-related molecular mechanisms mediated by IL-37b. Using the house dust mite (HDM)-induced humanized asthmatic NOD/SCID mice for preclinical study, intravenous administration of IL-37b restored the normal plasma levels of eosinophil activators CCL11 and IL-5, suppressed the elevated concentrations of Th2 and asthma-related cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13 and inflammatory IL-17, CCL5, and CCL11 in lung homogenate of asthmatic mice. Histopathological results of lung tissue illustrated that IL-37b could mitigate the enhanced mucus, eosinophil infiltration, thickened airway wall, and goblet cells. Together with similar findings using the ovalbumin- and HDM-induced allergic asthmatic mice further validated the therapeutic potential of IL-37b in allergic asthma. The above results illustrate the novel IL-37-mediated regulation of intracellular inflammation mechanism linking bacterial infection and the activation of human eosinophils and confirm the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of IL-37b on human allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Ji
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peiyong Jiang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dehua Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Delong Jiao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher Wai-Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chun-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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10
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Burg D, Schofield JPR, Brandsma J, Staykova D, Folisi C, Bansal A, Nicholas B, Xian Y, Rowe A, Corfield J, Wilson S, Ward J, Lutter R, Fleming L, Shaw DE, Bakke PS, Caruso M, Dahlen SE, Fowler SJ, Hashimoto S, Horváth I, Howarth P, Krug N, Montuschi P, Sanak M, Sandström T, Singer F, Sun K, Pandis I, Auffray C, Sousa AR, Adcock IM, Chung KF, Sterk PJ, Djukanović R, Skipp PJ, The U-Biopred Study Group. Large-Scale Label-Free Quantitative Mapping of the Sputum Proteome. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2072-2091. [PMID: 29737851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of induced sputum supernatant is a minimally invasive approach to study the epithelial lining fluid and, thereby, provide insight into normal lung biology and the pathobiology of lung diseases. We present here a novel proteomics approach to sputum analysis developed within the U-BIOPRED (unbiased biomarkers predictive of respiratory disease outcomes) international project. We present practical and analytical techniques to optimize the detection of robust biomarkers in proteomic studies. The normal sputum proteome was derived using data-independent HDMSE applied to 40 healthy nonsmoking participants, which provides an essential baseline from which to compare modulation of protein expression in respiratory diseases. The "core" sputum proteome (proteins detected in ≥40% of participants) was composed of 284 proteins, and the extended proteome (proteins detected in ≥3 participants) contained 1666 proteins. Quality control procedures were developed to optimize the accuracy and consistency of measurement of sputum proteins and analyze the distribution of sputum proteins in the healthy population. The analysis showed that quantitation of proteins by HDMSE is influenced by several factors, with some proteins being measured in all participants' samples and with low measurement variance between samples from the same patient. The measurement of some proteins is highly variable between repeat analyses, susceptible to sample processing effects, or difficult to accurately quantify by mass spectrometry. Other proteins show high interindividual variance. We also highlight that the sputum proteome of healthy individuals is related to sputum neutrophil levels, but not gender or allergic sensitization. We illustrate the importance of design and interpretation of disease biomarker studies considering such protein population and technical measurement variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Burg
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - James P R Schofield
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Joost Brandsma
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Doroteya Staykova
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Caterina Folisi
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | | | - Ben Nicholas
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Yang Xian
- Data Science Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Anthony Rowe
- Janssen Research & Development , Buckinghamshire HP12 4DP , U.K
| | | | - Susan Wilson
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Jonathan Ward
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Rene Lutter
- AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology , University of Amsterdam , 1012 WX Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,AMC, Department of Respiratory Medicine , University of Amsterdam , 1012 WX Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Louise Fleming
- Airways Disease , National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London & Royal Brompton NIHR Biomedical Research Unit , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Dominick E Shaw
- Respiratory Research Unit , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Per S Bakke
- Institute of Medicine , University of Bergen , 5007 Bergen , Norway
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Hospital University , University of Catania , 95124 Catania , Italy
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlen
- The Centre for Allergy Research , The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Respiratory and Allergy Research Group , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Simone Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre , University of Amsterdam , 1012 WX Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Pulmonology , Semmelweis University , Budapest 1085 , Hungary
| | - Peter Howarth
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Norbert Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Hannover , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , 00168 Rome , Italy
| | - Marek Sanak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Medical College , Jagiellonian University , 31-007 Krakow , Poland
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Respiratory Medicine Unit , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Florian Singer
- University Children's Hospital Zurich , 8032 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Kai Sun
- Data Science Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Ioannis Pandis
- Data Science Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Charles Auffray
- European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM , Université de Lyon , 69007 Lyon , France
| | - Ana R Sousa
- Respiratory Therapeutic Unit, GSK , Stockley Park , Uxbridge UB11 1BT , U.K
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section , National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Dovehouse Street , London SW3 6LR , U.K
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airways Disease , National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London & Royal Brompton NIHR Biomedical Research Unit , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Sterk
- AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology , University of Amsterdam , 1012 WX Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ratko Djukanović
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , U.K
| | - Paul J Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
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11
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Wang L, Wang M, Li S, Wu H, Shen Q, Zhang S, Fang L, Liu R. Nebulized lidocaine ameliorates allergic airway inflammation via downregulation of TLR2. Mol Immunol 2018; 97:94-100. [PMID: 29609129 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nebulized lidocaine has been suggested to be beneficial in asthma therapy, but the underlying mechanisms are little known. We aimed to investigate whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 was involved in the protective effect of lidocaine on allergic airway inflammation. Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Meanwhile, some of the mice were treated with TLR2 agonist (Pam3CSK4, 100 μg) intraperitoneally in combination with OVA on day 0. Just after allergen provocation, mice were treated with inhaled lidocaine or vehicle for 30 min. In this model, we found that lidocaine markedly attenuated OVA-evoked airway inflammation, leukocyte recruitment and mucus production. Moreover, lidocaine abrogated the increased concentrations of T cytokines and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of allergic mice, as well as reducing the expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor (P-NF)-κBp65 and the NOD-like receptor pyridine containing 3 (NLRP3), which are important for the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, our study showed that lidocaine dramatically decreased OVA-induced increased expression of TLR2 in the lung tissues. Furthermore, activation of TLR2 aggravated OVA-challenged airway inflammation, meanwhile, it also elevated OVA-induced expression of P-NF-κBp65 and NLRP3 in the lungs. However, lidocaine effectively inhibited airway inflammation and counteracted the expression of P-NF-κBp65 and NLRP3 in allergic mice pretreated with Pam3CSK4. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that lidocaine prevented allergic airway inflammation via TLR2 in an OVA-induced murine allergic airway inflammation model. TLR2/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Muzi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Huimei Wu
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Qiying Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Rongyu Liu
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China.
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12
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Hansbro PM, Kim RY, Starkey MR, Donovan C, Dua K, Mayall JR, Liu G, Hansbro NG, Simpson JL, Wood LG, Hirota JA, Knight DA, Foster PS, Horvat JC. Mechanisms and treatments for severe, steroid-resistant allergic airway disease and asthma. Immunol Rev 2018; 278:41-62. [PMID: 28658552 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe, steroid-resistant asthma is clinically and economically important since affected individuals do not respond to mainstay corticosteroid treatments for asthma. Patients with this disease experience more frequent exacerbations of asthma, are more likely to be hospitalized, and have a poorer quality of life. Effective therapies are urgently required, however, their development has been hampered by a lack of understanding of the pathological processes that underpin disease. A major obstacle to understanding the processes that drive severe, steroid-resistant asthma is that the several endotypes of the disease have been described that are characterized by different inflammatory and immunological phenotypes. This heterogeneity makes pinpointing processes that drive disease difficult in humans. Clinical studies strongly associate specific respiratory infections with severe, steroid-resistant asthma. In this review, we discuss key findings from our studies where we describe the development of representative experimental models to improve our understanding of the links between infection and severe, steroid-resistant forms of this disease. We also discuss their use in elucidating the mechanisms, and their potential for developing effective therapeutic strategies, for severe, steroid-resistant asthma. Finally, we highlight how the immune mechanisms and therapeutic targets we have identified may be applicable to obesity-or pollution-associated asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Gang Liu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jodie L Simpson
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darryl A Knight
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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13
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Gao Y, Xiao H, Wang Y, Xu F. Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 2 gene with asthma susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6822. [PMID: 28514297 PMCID: PMC5440134 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies have been carried out on the relationship between polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene and asthma risk. However, the results were controversial. With the purpose of yielding a more reliable estimation of the association, we conducted the present meta-analysis. METHODS Multiple electronic databases up to August 22, 2016 were searched for literature retrieval. The association between the asthma susceptibility and the rs5743708 polymorphism, rs3804099 polymorphism, rs3804100 polymorphism, and rs4696480 polymorphism in TLR2 gene was appraised. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) under different genetic models were calculated. RESULTS A total of 13 studies were eligible in our meta-analysis according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was no significant association between asthma risk and rs5743708, rs3804099, and rs3804100 polymorphisms in TLR2 gene under any genetic model. With respect to the TLR2 rs4696480 polymorphism, significant association was detected between asthma susceptibility and TLR2 rs4696480 polymorphism under dominant model (OR = 2.455, 95% CI = 1.235-4.88, P = .01) and codominant 3 model (OR = 2.776, 95% CI = 1.199-6.427, = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis reveals that the TLR2 rs4696480 polymorphism is significantly associated with asthma susceptibility, and the TLR2 rs4696480 polymorphism is a risk factor for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanyan Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
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14
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Morris MC, Nadeem Khan M, Pichichero ME. A PCR-based method for quantifying neutrophils in human nasal secretions. J Immunol Methods 2017; 447:65-70. [PMID: 28454715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment to the nasopharynx (NP) is a central event in resolution of NP-initiated microbial infections. A vigorous neutrophil response in infected tissues is also associated with the outcome of adverse tissue pathology. Therefore, differences in infection-induced tissue neutrophil numbers may correlate with pathogenesis events. Existing methods of quantifying neutrophils require evaluation of NP samples within hours of procurement as flow cytometry based cell quantification methods require live neutrophil cells. Therefore, we developed a novel RT-PCR method that could reliably quantify neutrophil counts in frozen NP wash samples. mRNA transcripts of the genes encoding CD16, CD18, and CD62L were identified as neutrophil-specific in NP samples and not significantly variable in response to stimulation by heat killed bacteria, and can be used to derive an accurate assessment of neutrophil content in a sample even in the presence of epithelial cells. Using flow cytometry as a comparator, the method was validated in human NP wash samples. We conclude that this PCR-based method should prove useful for providing a quantitative estimate of neutrophil recruitment to the NP during infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Morris
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14616, United States
| | - M Nadeem Khan
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14616, United States
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY 14616, United States.
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15
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Papaioannou AI, Spathis A, Kostikas K, Karakitsos P, Papiris S, Rossios C. The role of endosomal toll-like receptors in asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:14-20. [PMID: 27677226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease caused by association of genetic and environmental factors and its incidence has significantly increased over the latest years. The clinical manifestations of asthma are the result of airway hyper-reactivity to a variety of triggers such as aeroallergens, viral and bacterial components. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen associated molecular pattern receptors, which are also expressed in the lung tissue as well as in several cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Ligation of TLRs results in alterations in the expression of several inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, which are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. The endosomal TLRs have been shown to be associated with the induction of asthmatic inflammation (TLR3), and with disease exacerbations (TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9). Targeting these receptors seems to be an effective choice for suppressing airway inflammation, eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic patients. In this review we provide information regarding endosomal TLRs and their role in the pathogenesis of asthma as well as their potential use as targets for the development of novel treatments for the therapy of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana I Papaioannou
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Aris Spathis
- Department of Cytopathology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kostikas
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Karakitsos
- Department of Cytopathology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Papiris
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Rossios
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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16
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Chitin-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Innate Immune Responses Are Inhibited by Carvacrol/Thymol. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159459. [PMID: 27463381 PMCID: PMC4962986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is produced in large amounts by fungi, insects, and other organisms and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Airway epithelial cells are in direct contact with environmental particles and serve as the first line of defense against inhaled allergens and pathogens. The potential contributions of airway epithelial cells to chitin-induced asthma remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that chitin directly stimulates airway epithelial cells to release cytokines that promote type 2 immune responses and to induce expression of molecules which are important in innate immune responses. We found that chitin exposure rapidly induced the expression of three key type 2-promoting cytokines, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, in BEAS-2B transformed human bronchial epithelial cells and in A549 and H292 lung carcinoma cells. Chitin also induced the expression of the key pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and TLR4. Chitin induced the expression of miR-155, miR-146a and miR-21, each of which is known to up-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also the expression of SOCS1 and SHIP1 which are known targets of miR-155 was repressed by chitin treatment. The monoterpene phenol carvacrol (Car) and its isomer thymol (Thy) are found in herbal essential oils and have been shown to inhibit allergic inflammation in asthma models. We found that Car/Thy inhibited the effects of chitin on type 2-promoting cytokine release and on the expression of TLRs, SOCS1, SHIP1, and miRNAs. Car/Thy could also efficiently reduce the protein levels of TLR4, inhibit the increase in TLR2 protein levels in chitin plus Car/Thy-treated cells and increase the protein levels of SHIP1 and SOCS1, which are negative regulators of TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. We conclude that direct effects of chitin on airway epithelial cells are likely to contribute to allergic airway diseases like asthma, and that Car/Thy directly inhibits epithelial cell pro-inflammatory responses to chitin.
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17
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Karampitsakos T, Woolard T, Bouros D, Tzouvelekis A. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:35-43. [PMID: 27364757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) constitutes the end stage of a broad range of heterogeneous interstitial lung diseases, characterized by the destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma, deposition of extracellular matrix and dramatic changes in the phenotype of both fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells. More than 200 causes of pulmonary fibrosis have been identified so far, yet the most common form is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a lethal lung disorder of unknown etiology with a gradually increasing worldwide incidence and a median survival of 3-5 years from the time of diagnosis. Despite intense research efforts, the pathogenesis remains elusive and no effective treatment is available. Accumulating body of evidence suggests an abnormal wound healing response followed by extracellular matrix deposition, destruction of lung architecture, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. The contribution of immune system in lung fibrogenesis had been largely underscored due to the absence of response to immunosuppressive agents; however, the premise that lung fibrosis has an immunologic background has been recently revived. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which link innate and adaptive immune response and regulate wound healing. TLRs promote tissue repair or fibrosis in many disease settings including lung fibrosis, albeit with profound differences depending on the cellular microenvironment. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanistic implications between TLRs and lung fibrosis and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting TLR signaling at the ligand or receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, "Sotiria", Medical School, University of Athens, Messogion Avenue 152, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Tony Woolard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208057 New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Demosthenes Bouros
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, "Sotiria", Medical School, University of Athens, Messogion Avenue 152, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208057 New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Holding the Inflammatory System in Check: TLRs and Their Targeted Therapy in Asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2180417. [PMID: 27274620 PMCID: PMC4870363 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response to detrimental stimuli and can be a double-edged sword. Inflammation plays a protective role in removing pathogenic factors, but dysregulated inflammation is associated with several major fatal diseases such as asthma, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Asthma is a complex heterogenous disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. TLRs are the primary proteins associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses to these fatal factors and play an important role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which initiates the downstream immune response. Due to the complex TLRs cascade and nowadays unsuccessful control in asthma, new studies are focused on TLRs and other potential targets in TLR cascade to minimize airway inflammation.
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19
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Hall SC, Agrawal DK. Toll-like receptors, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells family members and receptor for advanced glycation end-products in allergic airway inflammation. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:171-84. [PMID: 26678062 PMCID: PMC4955846 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1133303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways characterized by cellular infiltration, airway hyper-responsive and airway inflammation. Innate immune cells are the first line of defense against endogenous and exogenous signals in the airways and as such possess a diverse array of pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors are crucial sentinels which when activated, can either promote or ameliorate the inflammatory response in predisposed individuals. The recently discovered triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells family members are emerging mediators of inflammation. These receptors are believed to modulate inflammatory responses by collaborating with classic PRRs. Endogenous signals like HMGB-1, signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end products, also promotes inflammation, however, its contribution to inflammation in the airways is not well known. Here, we discuss the role of each receptor in airway inflammation and highlight potential synergistic mechanisms, which contribute to disease pathogenesis in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannette C. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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20
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Linking Endotoxins, African Dust PM10 and Asthma in an Urban and Rural Environment of Puerto Rico. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:784212. [PMID: 26681839 PMCID: PMC4670654 DOI: 10.1155/2015/784212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African Dust Events (ADE) are a seasonal phenomenon that has been suggested to exacerbate respiratory and proinflammatory diseases in Puerto Rico (PR). Increases in PM10 concentration and the effects of biological endotoxins (ENX) are critical factors to consider during these storms. ENX promote proinflammatory responses in lungs of susceptible individuals through activation of the Toll-like receptors (TLR2/4) signaling pathways. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicological and proinflammatory responses stimulated by ADE PM10 ENX reaching PR using human bronchial epithelial cells. PM10 organic extracts from a rural and urban site in PR (March 2004) were obtained from ADE and non-ADE and compared. A retrospective data analysis (PM10 concentration, aerosol images, and pediatric asthma claims) was performed from 2000 to 2012 with particular emphasis in 2004 to classify PM samples. Urban extracts were highly toxic, proinflammatory (IL-6/IL-8 secretion), and induced higher TLR4 expression and NF-κB activation compared to rural extracts. ENX were found to contribute to cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses provoked by urban ADE PM10 exposure suggesting a synergistic potency of local and natural ENX incoming from ADE. The contribution of ADE PM10 ENX is valuable in order to understand interactions and action mechanisms of airborne pollutants as asthma triggers in PR.
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21
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Zuo L, Lucas K, Fortuna CA, Chuang CC, Best TM. Molecular Regulation of Toll-like Receptors in Asthma and COPD. Front Physiol 2015; 6:312. [PMID: 26617525 PMCID: PMC4637409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have both been historically associated with significant morbidity and financial burden. These diseases can be induced by several exogenous factors, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (e.g., allergens and microbes). Endogenous factors, including reactive oxygen species, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs), can also result in airway inflammation. Asthma is characterized by the dominant presence of eosinophils, mast cells, and clusters of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells in the airways, while COPD typically results in the excessive formation of neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8+ T cells in the airways. In both asthma and COPD, in the respiratory tract, TLRs are the primary proteins of interest associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses; hence, multiple treatment options targeting TLRs are being explored in an effort to reduce the severity of the symptoms of these disorders. TLR-mediated pathways for both COPD and asthma have their similarities and differences with regards to cell types and the pro-inflammatory cytotoxins present in the airway. Because of the complex TLR cascade, a variety of treatments have been used to minimize airway hypersensitivity and promote bronchodilation. Although unsuccessful at completely alleviating COPD and severe asthmatic symptoms, new studies are focused on possible targets within the TLR cascade to ameliorate airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher A Fortuna
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Chuang
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA ; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas M Best
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA
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22
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Tizaoui K, Kaabachi W, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Toll-like Receptor Genes With Asthma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014; 7:130-40. [PMID: 25729620 PMCID: PMC4341334 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Asthma is a complex disease, with contributions from multiple genes, various genetic backgrounds, and environmental factors. Many human epidemiological studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes are inconsistently associated with asthma risk. Some have demonstrated differences concerning the study design and effect size, and conflicting results have been reported. A meta-analysis is necessary to determine the magnitude of this association. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a systematic search and meta-analysis of the literature was conducted to estimate the association of SNPs in TLR genes with asthma risk. We screened the medical literature based on the following keyword searches in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases: 'TLR', 'polymorphism', 'asthma', and their combinations. Results Meta-analysis of eight studies on TLR4 Asp299Gly showed a marginal association of TLR4 with asthma risk (odds ratio [OR]=0.814 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.652-1.016; P=0.069]) in the recessive model. TLR4 Thr399Ile was not associated with asthma risk under any genetic model. Meta-analysis of four studies on TLR2 Arg753Gln indicated that TLR2 might be significantly associated with asthma in the dominant and codominant models (P=0.029, P=0.030, and P=0.009, respectively). TLR9 -1237 was marginally associated with asthma risk (OR=0.408 [95% CI, 0.163-1.021; P=0.065]) in the codominant model. Analysis using the allele contrast model showed that the major TLR9 -1237 T allele tended to be a significant protective factor with OR=0.689 (95% CI, 0.471-1.007; P=0.055). Conclusions The results showed that TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR2 Arg753Gln, and TLR9-1237 might contribute significantly to asthma susceptibility. Future genetic association studies would consolidate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wajih Kaabachi
- Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia. ; Division of Pulmonology, Unit research: 1 2 SP15"Homeostasis and Cell Immune Dysfunction", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
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Andersson-Sjöland A, Hallgren O, Rolandsson S, Weitoft M, Tykesson E, Larsson-Callerfelt AK, Rydell-Törmänen K, Bjermer L, Malmström A, Karlsson JC, Westergren-Thorsson G. Versican in inflammation and tissue remodeling: the impact on lung disorders. Glycobiology 2014; 25:243-51. [PMID: 25371494 PMCID: PMC4310351 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican is a proteoglycan that has many different roles in tissue homeostasis and inflammation. The biochemical structure comprises four different types of the core protein with attached glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that can be sulfated to various extents and has the capacity to regulate differentiation of different cell types, migration, cell adhesion, proliferation, tissue stabilization and inflammation. Versican's regulatory properties are of importance during both homeostasis and changes that lead to disease progression. The GAGs that are attached to the core protein are of the chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate type and are known to be important in inflammation through interactions with cytokines and growth factors. For a more complex understanding of versican, it is of importance to study the tissue niche, where the wound healing process in both healthy and diseased conditions take place. In previous studies, our group has identified changes in the amount of the multifaceted versican in chronic lung disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, which could be a result of pathologic, transforming growth factor β driven, on-going remodeling processes. Reversely, the context of versican in its niche is of great importance since versican has been reported to have a beneficial role in other contexts, e.g. emphysema. Here we explore the vast mechanisms of versican in healthy lung and in lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oskar Hallgren
- Lung Biology Lung Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | | | | | - Emil Tykesson
- Lung Biology Matrix Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, BMC D12, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | | | | | - Leif Bjermer
- Lung Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Anders Malmström
- Lung Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
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24
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Pazmiño FA, Navarrete Jiménez ML. Mecanismos inmunológicos implicados en la patología del asma alérgica. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v62n2.45417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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25
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Barry J, Loh Z, Collison A, Mazzone S, Lalwani A, Zhang V, Davidson S, Wybacz E, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Mattes J, Foster PS, Phipps S. Absence of Toll-IL-1 receptor 8/single immunoglobulin IL-1 receptor-related molecule reduces house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:481-90. [PMID: 23614768 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0425oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease predominately associated with the activation of CD4(+) T helper Type 2 (Th2) cells. Innate pattern recognition receptors are widely acknowledged to shape the adaptive immune response. For example, the activation of airway epithelial Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is necessary for the generation of house dust mite (HDM)-specific Th2 responses and the development of asthma in mice. Here we sought to determine whether the absence of Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-8, a negative regulator of TLR4 signaling that is highly expressed in airway epithelial cells, would exacerbate HDM-induced asthma in a murine model. We found that Th2 but not Th1 or Th17 cytokine expression was significantly reduced in the lung and draining lymph nodes in HDM-sensitized/challenged TIR8 gene-deleted mice. Mucus-producing goblet cells, HDM-specific IgG1, and airway hyperreactivity were also significantly reduced in HDM-exposed, TIR8-deficient mice. Consistent with the attenuated Th2 response, eotaxin-2/CCL24 expression and airway and peribronchial eosinophils were significantly reduced in the absence of TIR8. In contrast, IL-17A-responsive chemokines and neutrophil numbers were unaffected. Similar findings were obtained for cockroach allergen. HDM sensitization alone up-regulated the expression of IL-1F5, a putative TIR8 ligand and inducer of IL-4. Of note, innate IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 cytokine expression was reduced during HDM sensitization in the absence of TIR8, as was the recruitment of conventional dendritic cells and basophils to the draining lymph nodes. Our findings suggest that TIR8 enhances the development of HDM-induced innate and adaptive Th2, but not Th1 or Th17 type immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Barry
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Dietze J, Böcking C, Heverhagen JT, Voelker MN, Renz H. Obesity lowers the threshold of allergic sensitization and augments airway eosinophilia in a mouse model of asthma. Allergy 2012; 67:1519-29. [PMID: 23005257 DOI: 10.1111/all.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and epidemiological studies show a close association between obesity and the risk of asthma development. The underlying cause-effect relationship between metabolism, innate and adaptive immunity, and inflammation remains to be elucidated. METHODS We developed an animal model to study the interaction between metabolic abnormalities and experimentally induced asthma. Obesity-susceptible AKR mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) or normal low-fat diet (LFD) and subjected to a protocol of ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and airway allergen challenges followed by assessment of inflammation and lung function. RESULTS AKR mice developed obesity and a prestage of metabolic syndrome following HFD. This phenotype was associated with an increase in proinflammatory macrophages (CD11b+/CD11c+) together with higher serum levels of interleukin 6. Obese mice showed increased susceptibility to allergic sensitization as compared to LFD animals. Anti-ovalbumin IgE antibody titers correlated positively and anti-OVA IgG2a antibodies titers correlated negatively with body weight. Airway eosinophilia showed a positive correlation with body weight, whereas mucus production did not change with obesity. CONCLUSIONS This obesity model demonstrates that HFD-induced obesity lowers the sensitization threshold in a model of asthma. This finding helps to understand why, particularly during childhood, obesity is a risk factor for the development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dietze
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics; University Hospital Giessen and Marburg; Marburg; Germany
| | - C. Böcking
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics; University Hospital Giessen and Marburg; Marburg; Germany
| | - J. T. Heverhagen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology; Philipps University Hospital Giessen and Marburg; Marburg; Germany
| | - M. N. Voelker
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology; Philipps University Hospital Giessen and Marburg; Marburg; Germany
| | - H. Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics; University Hospital Giessen and Marburg; Marburg; Germany
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27
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Daley D, Park JE, He JQ, Yan J, Akhabir L, Stefanowicz D, Becker AB, Chan-Yeung M, Bossé Y, Kozyrskyj AL, James AL, Musk AW, Laprise C, Hegele RG, Paré PD, Sandford AJ. Associations and interactions of genetic polymorphisms in innate immunity genes with early viral infections and susceptibility to asthma and asthma-related phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1284-93. [PMID: 23063165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune system is essential for host survival because of its ability to recognize invading pathogens and mount defensive responses. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify genetic associations of innate immunity genes with atopy and asthma and interactions with early viral infections (first 12 months of life) in a high-risk birth cohort. METHODS Three Canadian family-based studies and 1 Australian population-based case-control study (n = 5565) were used to investigate associations of 321 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 26 innate immunity genes with atopy, asthma, atopic asthma, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Interactions between innate immunity genes and early viral exposure to 3 common viruses (parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and picornavirus) were examined in the Canadian Asthma Primary Prevention Study by using both an affected-only family-based transmission disequilibrium test and case-control methods. RESULTS In a joint analysis of all 4 cohorts, IL-1 receptor 2 (IL1R2) and Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) SNPs were associated with atopy after correction for multiple comparisons. In addition, an NFKBIA SNP was associated with atopic asthma. Six SNPs (rs1519309 [TLR3], rs740044 [ILIR2], rs4543123 [TLR1], rs5741812 [LBP], rs917998 [IL18RAP], and rs3136641 [NFKBIB]) were significant (P < .05, confirmed with 30,000 permutations) in both the combined analysis of main genetic effects and SNP-virus interaction analyses in both case-control and family-based methods. The TLR1 variant (rs4543123) was associated with both multiple viruses (respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus) and multiple phenotypes. CONCLUSION We have identified novel susceptibility genes for asthma and related traits and interactions between these genes and early-life viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Daley
- University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart and Lung Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
Asthma remains an important human disease that is responsible for substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. The causes of asthma are multifactorial and include a complex mix of environmental, immunological and host genetic factors. In addition, epidemiological studies show strong associations between asthma and infection with respiratory pathogens, including common respiratory viruses such as rhinoviruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as bacteria (including atypical bacteria) and fungi. In this Review, we describe the many roles of microorganisms in the risk of developing asthma and in the pathogenesis of and protection against the disease, and we discuss the mechanisms by which infections affect the severity and prevalence of asthma.
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29
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Moreira AP, Cavassani KA, Ismailoglu UB, Hullinger R, Dunleavy MP, Knight DA, Kunkel SL, Uematsu S, Akira S, Hogaboam CM. The protective role of TLR6 in a mouse model of asthma is mediated by IL-23 and IL-17A. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4420-32. [PMID: 22005301 DOI: 10.1172/jci44999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are a family of receptors that mediate immune system pathogen recognition. In the respiratory system, TLR activation has both beneficial and deleterious effects in asthma. For example, clinical data indicate that TLR6 activation exerts protective effects in asthma. Here, we explored the mechanism or mechanisms through which TLR6 mediates this effect using mouse models of Aspergillus fumigatus-induced and house dust mite antigen-induced (HDM antigen-induced) chronic asthma. Tlr6-/- mice with fungal- or HDM antigen-induced asthma exhibited substantially increased airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling compared with WT asthmatic groups. Surprisingly, whole-lung levels of IL-23 and IL-17 were markedly lower in Tlr6-/- versus WT asthmatic mice. Tlr6-/- DCs generated less IL-23 upon activation with lipopolysaccharide, zymosan, or curdlan. Impaired IL-23 generation in Tlr6-/- mice also corresponded with lower levels of expression of the pathogen-recognition receptor dectin-1 and expansion of Th17 cells both in vivo and in vitro. Exogenous IL-23 treatment of asthmatic Tlr6-/- mice restored IL-17A production and substantially reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and lung fungal burden compared with that in untreated asthmatic Tlr6-/- mice. Together, our data demonstrate that TLR6 activation is critical for IL-23 production and Th17 responses, which both regulate the allergic inflammatory response in chronic fungal-induced asthma. Thus, therapeutics targeting TLR6 activity might prove efficacious in the treatment of clinical asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Moreira
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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30
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Chen K, Xiang Y, Yao X, Liu Y, Gong W, Yoshimura T, Wang JM. The active contribution of Toll-like receptors to allergic airway inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1391-8. [PMID: 21624504 PMCID: PMC7398422 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia lining the respiratory tract represent a major portal of entry for microorganisms and allergens and are equipped with innate and adaptive immune signaling receptors for host protection. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize microbial components and evoke diverse responses in cells of the respiratory system. TLR stimulation by microorganism-derived molecules activates antigen presenting cells, control T helper (Th) 1, Th2, and Th17 immune cell differentiation, cytokine production by mast cells, and activation of eosinophils. It is clear that TLR are involved in the pathophysiology of allergic airway diseases such as asthma. Dendritic cells (DCs), a kind of antigen presenting cells, which play a key role in the induction of allergic airway inflammation, are privileged targets for pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). During the allergic responses, engagement of TLRs on DCs determines the Th2 polarization of the T cells. TLR signaling in mast cells increases the release of IL-5, and TLR activation of airway epithelial cells forces the generation of proallergic Th2 type of cytokines. Although these responses aim to protect the host, they may also result in inflammatory tissue damage in the airway. Under certain conditions, stimulation of TLRs, in particular, TLR9, may reduce Th2-dependent allergic inflammation by induction of Th1 responses. Therefore, understanding the complex regulatory roles of TLRs in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation should facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic measures for asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chonqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Wanghua Gong
- SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
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Wang SN, Wang ST, Lee KT. The potential interplay of adipokines with toll-like receptors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2011; 2011:215986. [PMID: 21960997 PMCID: PMC3179873 DOI: 10.1155/2011/215986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are not only crucial to the initiation of the immune system, but also play a key role in several human inflammatory diseases. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among those human cancers, which arise from sites of chronic inflammation. Therefore, a number of studies have explored the potential contribution of TLRs to HCC occurrence, which is initiated by exposure to chronic hepatic inflammation of different etiologies (including ethanol, and chronic B and C viral infections). Recent epidemiological data have shown the association of obesity and HCC development. Given the fact that adipose tissues can produce a variety of inflammation-related adipokines, obesity has been characterized as a state of chronic inflammation. Adipokines are therefore considered as important mediators linking inflammation to several metabolic diseases, including cancers. More recently, many experts have also shown the bridging role of TLRs between inflammation and metabolism. Hopefully, to retrieve the potential interaction between TLRs and adipokines in carcinogenesis of HCC will shed a new light on the therapeutic alternative for HCC. In this paper, the authors first review the respective roles of TLRs and adipokines, discuss their mutual interaction in chronic inflammation, and finally anticipate further investigations of this interaction in HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Nien Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Te Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - King Teh Lee
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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Damera G, Panettieri RA. Does airway smooth muscle express an inflammatory phenotype in asthma? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:68-80. [PMID: 21175578 PMCID: PMC3085869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to hyperresponsiveness in asthma, airway smooth muscle (ASM) also manifests an inflammatory phenotype characterized by augmented expression of mediators that enhance inflammation, contribute to tissue remodelling and augment leucocyte trafficking and activity. Our present review summarizes contemporary understanding of ASM-derived mediators and their paracrine and autocrine actions in airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Damera
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Maccioni M, Breser ML, Eley A, Miethke T, Rivero VE. Innate immunity in the male genital tract: Chlamydia trachomatis induces keratinocyte-derived chemokine production in prostate, seminal vesicle and epididymis/vas deferens primary cultures. J Med Microbiol 2010; 60:307-316. [PMID: 21109628 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.024877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular pathogen that infects mucosal epithelial cells, causing persistent infections. Although chronic inflammation is a hallmark of chlamydial disease, the proinflammatory mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Little is known about how innate immunity in the male genital tract (MGT) responds to C. trachomatis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors of the innate immunity that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in bacteria, viruses, yeasts and parasites. The study of TLR expression in the MGT has been poorly investigated. The aim of this work was to investigate the keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) response of MGT primary cultures from C57BL/6 mice to C. trachomatis and different PAMPs. KC production by prostate, seminal vesicle and epididymis/vas deferens cell cultures was determined by ELISA in culture supernatants. TLR2, 3, 4 and 9 agonists induced the production of KC by all MGT primary cultures assayed. In addition, we analysed the host response against C. trachomatis and Chlamydia muridarum. Chlamydial LPS (cLPS) as well as C. trachomatis and C. muridarum infection induced KC secretion by all MGT cell cultures analysed. Differences in KC levels were observed between cultures, suggesting specific sensitivity against pathogens among MGT tissues. Chemokine secretion was observed after stimulation of seminal vesicle cells with TLR agonists, cLPS and C. trachomatis. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing KC production by seminal vesicle cells after stimulation with TLR ligands, C. trachomatis or C. muridarum antigens. These results indicate that different receptors of the innate immunity are present in the MGT. Understanding specific immune responses, both innate and adaptive, against chlamydial infections, mounted in each tissue of the MGT, will be crucial to design new therapeutic approaches where innate and/or adaptive immunity would be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Maccioni
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Breser
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrian Eley
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Medical Research, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Thomas Miethke
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Virginia E Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esq. Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
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Nguyen DT, de Witte L, Ludlow M, Yüksel S, Wiesmüller KH, Geijtenbeek TBH, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. The synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 modulates respiratory syncytial virus infection independent of TLR activation. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001049. [PMID: 20808895 PMCID: PMC2924323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute respiratory disease in infants, immunocompromised subjects and the elderly. However, it is unclear why most primary RSV infections are associated with relatively mild symptoms, whereas some result in severe lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis. Since RSV hospitalization has been associated with respiratory bacterial co-infections, we have tested if bacterial Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists influence RSV-A2-GFP infection in human primary cells or cell lines. The synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3-Cys-Ser-Lys4 (Pam3CSK4), the prototype ligand for the heterodimeric TLR1/TLR2 complex, enhanced RSV infection in primary epithelial, myeloid and lymphoid cells. Surprisingly, enhancement was optimal when lipopeptides and virus were added simultaneously, whereas addition of Pam3CSK4 immediately after infection had no effect. We have identified two structurally related lipopeptides without TLR-signaling capacity that also modulate RSV infection, whereas Pam3CSK4-reminiscent TLR1/2 agonists did not, and conclude that modulation of infection is independent of TLR activation. A similar TLR-independent enhancement of infection could also be demonstrated for wild-type RSV strains, and for HIV-1, measles virus and human metapneumovirus. We show that the effect of Pam3CSK4 is primarily mediated by enhanced binding of RSV to its target cells. The N-palmitoylated cysteine and the cationic lysines were identified as pivotal for enhanced virus binding. Surprisingly, we observed inhibition of RSV infection in immortalized epithelial cell lines, which was shown to be related to interactions between Pam3CSK4 and negatively charged glycosaminoglycans on these cells, which are known targets for binding of laboratory-adapted but not wild-type RSV. These data suggest a potential role for bacterial lipopeptides in enhanced binding of RSV and other viruses to their target cells, thus affecting viral entry or spread independent of TLR signaling. Moreover, our results also suggest a potential application for these synthetic lipopeptides as adjuvants for live-attenuated viral vaccines. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are an important cause of hospitalization of infants during the winter season. However, RSV is often not the only detectable pathogen, but co-infections with respiratory bacteria are common. It has been hypothesized that this results from epithelial damage caused by the virus, facilitating colonization by pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, an inverse order of events is not impossible: bacterial infections may activate respiratory epithelial cells through TLR signaling, resulting in increased susceptibility to virus infections. We tested this hypothesis by screening bacterial TLR agonists for their capacity to modulate RSV infection in different cell types, and identified the lipopeptide and prototype TLR1/2 agonist Pam3CSK4 as an enhancer of RSV infections. However, to our surprise this proved independent of TLR activation, but was mediated by enhancement of binding between virus and target cell. Two structurally related lipopeptides unable to stimulate TLR responses were identified that enhanced infections with RSV, but also with other enveloped viruses including HIV-1, human metapneumovirus, and measles virus. We speculate that bacterial infections may influence the pathogenesis of virus infections by facilitating binding to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Tien Nguyen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lot de Witte
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Yüksel
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Marichal T, Bedoret D, Mesnil C, Pichavant M, Goriely S, Trottein F, Cataldo D, Goldman M, Lekeux P, Bureau F, Desmet CJ. Interferon response factor 3 is essential for house dust mite-induced airway allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:836-844.e13. [PMID: 20673978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are critically involved in the pathophysiology of airway allergy, yet most of the signaling pathways downstream of PRRs implicated in allergic airway sensitization remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the effects of genetic depletion of interferon response factor (IRF) 3 and IRF7, important transcription factors downstream of various PRRs, in a murine model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma. METHODS We compared HDM-induced allergic immune responses in IRF3-deficient (IRF3(-/-)), IRF7(-/-), and wild-type mice. RESULTS Parameters of airway allergy caused by HDM exposure were strongly attenuated in IRF3(-/-), but not IRF7(-/-), mice compared with those in wild-type mice. Indeed, in HDM-exposed IRF3(-/-) mice HDM-specific T(H)2 cell responses did not develop. This correlated with impaired maturation and migration of IRF3(-/-) lung dendritic cells (DCs) on HDM treatment. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of HDM-loaded DCs indicated that IRF3(-/-) DCs had an intrinsic defect rendering them unable to migrate and to prime HDM-specific T(H)2 responses. Intriguingly, we also show that DC function and allergic airway sensitization in response to HDM were independent of signaling by type I interferons, the main target genes of IRF3. CONCLUSION Through its role in DC function, IRF3, mainly known as a central activator of antiviral immunity, is essential for the development of T(H)2-type responses to airway allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Ramaprakash H, Hogaboam CM. Intranasal CpG therapy attenuated experimental fungal asthma in a TLR9-dependent and -independent manner. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 152:98-112. [PMID: 20016192 DOI: 10.1159/000265531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CpG administration abolishes airway inflammation and remodeling in acute models of allergic airway disease. METHODS Herein, we investigated the therapeutic effect of CpG in a chronic fungal model of asthma. TLR9+/+ and TLR9-/- mice were sensitized to soluble Aspergillus fumigatus antigens and challenged with live A. fumigatus conidia. Mice were treated with intraperitoneal (IP) or intranasal (IN) CpG, or left untreated 14-28 days after conidium challenge. All features of allergic airway disease were attenuated in TLR9+/+ mice treated with IN CpG, including airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), mucus production, and peribronchial fibrosis. RESULTS TLR9-/- mice treated with IN CpG exhibited attenuated airway remodeling but not AHR. Whole-lung IL-12 levels were significantly elevated in both TLR9+/+ and TLR9-/- mice receiving IN CpG but not in either group receiving IP CpG. Whole-lung IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in IN CpG-treated TLR9+/+ mice but not in TLR9-/- mice receiving IN CpG. Increased whole-lung transcript and protein levels of the scavenger receptors SR-A and MARCO were observed in TLR9-/- mice compared with TLR9+/+ mice, possibly accounting for the CpG responsiveness in the knockout group. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data show that IN CpG has a therapeutic effect during established fungal asthma, which is TLR9 dependent and independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Ramaprakash
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Alegre ML, Chong A. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in transplantation. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2009; 1:36-43. [PMID: 19482622 DOI: 10.2741/e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TLRs have been extensively studied over the past decade for their ability to recognize microbial molecular patterns and activate innate immune cells to fight infections. They have also been described to provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity, as TLR signals also enhance the antigen presenting capacity of innate immune cells to T cells. In recent years, a contribution of TLR pathways to immune responses elicited by ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), allografts and xenografts has been uncovered, although the ligands that bind TLRs in these settings remain to be revealed. Such research has the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets that may facilitate allograft acceptance. In this review, we will summarize the results published to date on the role of TLRs in experimental and clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL60637, USA.
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Gene-environmental interaction in the development of atopic asthma: new developments. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:123-7. [PMID: 19295429 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283292283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over recent years, major advances have occurred in understanding of the role of atopy in asthma. To accommodate these advances requires a revision in the paradigm that asthma is an atopic disease. In turn, a revision in the focus of gene-environment studies is now needed. The aim of this review, therefore, is to provide a new perspective to the topic of the role of genes and environment in the development of symptoms in atopic asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data from prospective birth-cohort studies has shown that atopic events appear to play a limited role in the development of asthma and even less of a role in significant acute wheeze in children. Overwhelmingly, acute respiratory viral infection, not acute allergen exposure, is the major environmental cause of acute wheezing episodes in asthmatic children. This knowledge has led to the examination of the genetics of the immune system, particularly genes controlling innate immune responses, with respect to viral defences - an important area of gene-environment interaction in asthma. SUMMARY Advances in knowledge of the genetics of viral defence have contributed to improved insight into asthma in children and could lead to effective new antiviral asthma therapies.
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Gribar SC, Richardson WM, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. No longer an innocent bystander: epithelial toll-like receptor signaling in the development of mucosal inflammation. Mol Med 2008; 14:645-59. [PMID: 18584047 PMCID: PMC2435494 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00035.gribar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of mucosal inflammation represent important causes of morbidity and mortality, and have led to intense research efforts to understand the factors that lead to their development. It is well accepted that a breakdown of the normally impermeant epithelial barrier of the intestine, the lung, and the kidney is associated with the development of inflammatory disease in these organs, yet significant controversy exists as to how this breakdown actually occurs, and how such a breakdown may lead to inflammation. In this regard, much work has focused upon the role of the epithelium as an “innocent bystander,” a target of a leukocyte-mediated inflammatory cascade that leads to its destruction in the mucosal inflammatory process. However, recent evidence from a variety of laboratories indicates that the epithelium is not merely a passive component in the steps that lead to mucosal inflammation, but is a central participant in the process. In addressing this controversy, we and others have determined that epithelial cells express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system, and that activation of TLRs by endogenous and exogenous ligands may play a central role in determining the balance between a state of “mucosal homeostasis,” as is required for optimal organ function, and “mucosal injury,” leading to mucosal inflammation and barrier breakdown. In particular, activation of TLRs within intestinal epithelial cells leads to the development of cellular injury and impairment in mucosal repair in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation, while activation of TLRs in the lung and kidney may participate in the development of pneumonitis and nephritis respectively. Recent work in support of these concepts is extensively reviewed, while essential areas of further study that are required to determine the significance of epithelial TLR signaling during states of health and disease are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gribar
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Randhawa AK, Hawn TR. Toll-like receptors: their roles in bacterial recognition and respiratory infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6:479-95. [PMID: 18662115 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although respiratory infections cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, the immunologic factors that mediate host susceptibility to these infections remain poorly understood. The lung contains a vast surface at the host-environment interface and acts as a crucial barrier to invading pathogens. The lung is equipped with specialized epithelial and hematopoietic cells, which express pattern recognition receptors that act as both sentinels and mediators of pulmonary innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate a particularly critical role in pathogen recognition and subsequent initiation of the host immune response. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge of TLRs and their bacterial ligands and explore their role in respiratory infections. Moreover, we will highlight recent advances in the role of TLRs in pulmonary infections from a human immunogenetics perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Kaur Randhawa
- Department of Medicine/Division of Allergy & Infections Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Atkinson TJ. Toll-like receptors, transduction-effector pathways, and disease diversity: evidence of an immunobiological paradigm explaining all human illness? Int Rev Immunol 2008; 27:255-81. [PMID: 18574739 DOI: 10.1080/08830180801959072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are frontline guardians in the mammalian innate immune system. They primarily function to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of invading microorganisms and on activation mount rapid, nonspecific innate responses and trigger sequential delayed specific adaptive cellular responses, which are mediated by complex signal transduction pathways involving adaptor molecules, costimulatory ligands and receptors, kinases, transcription factors, and modulated gene expression. Increasing evidence of multiple functionality and diversity suggests TLRs play critical roles in noninfective medical conditions such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurologic, musculoskeletal, obstetric, renal, liver, and dermatologic diseases, allergy, autoimmunity, and tissue regeneration. The significance of TLR heterogeneity underscores the possibility for establishing a universal immunobiological model to explain all human disease. Novel immunomodulatory therapies targeting specific or multiple TLRs may in the future offer new tools to combat or eradicate pathogenesis potentially transforming the landscape of current medical treatments.
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Human natural killer cells exposed to IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, or IL-4 differently modulate priming of naive T cells by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood 2008; 112:1776-83. [PMID: 18579793 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-135871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in naive T-cell priming. Recent data suggested that natural killer (NK) cells can influence the capability of DCs to promote Th1 polarization. This regulatory function is primarily mediated by cytokines released in the microenvironment during inflammatory responses involving NK cells. In this study, we show that human NK cells exposed for short time to interleukin (IL)-12, IL-2, or IL-18, promote distinct pathways of Th1 priming. IL-12- or IL-2-conditioned NK cells induce maturation of DCs capable of priming IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells. On the other hand, IL-18-conditioned NK cells induce Th1 polarization only when cocultured with both DCs and T cells. In this case, IL-2 released by T cells and IL-12 derived from DCs during the priming process promote interferon (IFN)-gamma production. In contrast, when NK cells are exposed to IL-4, nonpolarized T cells releasing only low levels of IL-2 are generated. Thus, the prevalence of IL-12, IL-2, IL-18, or IL-4 at inflammatory sites may differentially modulate the NK-cell interaction with DCs, leading to different outcomes in naive T-cell polarization.
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Zhou C, Kang XD, Chen Z. A synthetic Toll-like receptor 2 ligand decreases allergic immune responses in a mouse rhinitis model sensitized to mite allergen. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 9:279-85. [PMID: 18381801 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0730029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays crucial roles in the polarization of adaptive immune responses. A synthetic Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand, Pam3CSK4, has been reported to modulate the balance of Th1/Th2 responses. We evaluated the modulation effect of Pam3CSK4 on allergic immune response in a mouse rhinitis model sensitized to house dust mite allergen (HDM). Mice were sensitized and challenged with Dermatophagoides farinae allergen (Der f), and then the allergic mice were treated by Pam3CSK4. Nasal allergic symptoms and eosinophils were scored. Der f-specific cytokine responses were examined in the splenocytes and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Serum level of total IgE was also detected. After establishing a mouse allergic rhinitis model with HDM, we have showed that Pam3CSK4 treatment not only ameliorated the nasal allergic symptoms remarkably but also decreased the eosinophils and total inflammation cells in BALF significantly. Analysis of cytokine profile found that IFN-gamma released from either BALF or stimulated splenocytes increased markedly in Pam3CSK4-treated mice, while IL-13 decreased significantly. Moreover, serum level of total IgE was significantly lower in Pam3CSK4-treated mice than in the untreated. Thus, in an allergic rhinitis mouse model developed with HDM, Pam3CSK4 was shown to exhibit an antiallergic effect, indicating its potential application in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Martínez-Girón R, van Woerden H, Ribas-Barceló A. Could inhaled mite faeces introduce pathogens to the lungs? Microbes Infect 2008; 10:452-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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