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Helánová K, Šišáková M, Hnatkova K, Novotný T, Andršová I, Malik M. Development of autonomic heart rate modulations during childhood and adolescence. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1187-1207. [PMID: 38937370 PMCID: PMC11271370 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Autonomic control of heart rate is well known in adult subjects, but limited data are available on the development of the heart rate control during childhood and adolescence. Continuous 12-lead electrocardiograms were recorded in 1045 healthy children and adolescents (550 females) aged 4 to 19 years during postural manoeuvres involving repeated 10-min supine, unsupported sitting, and unsupported standing positions. In each position, heart rate was measured, and heart rate variability indices were evaluated (SDNN, RMSSD, and high (HF) and low (LF) frequency components were obtained). Quasi-normalized HF frequency components were defined as qnHF = HF/(HF + LF). These measurements were, among others, related to age using linear regressions. In supine position, heart rate decreases per year of age were significant in both sexes but lower in females than in males. In standing position, these decreases per year of age were substantially lowered. RMSSD and qnHF indices were independent of age in supine position but significantly decreased with age in sitting and standing positions. Correspondingly, LF/HF proportions showed steep increases with age in sitting and standing positions but not in the supine position. The study suggests that baseline supine parasympathetic influence shows little developmental changes during childhood and adolescence but that in young children, sympathetic branch is less responsive to vagal influence. While vagal influences modulate cardiac periods in young and older children equally, they are less able to suppress the sympathetic influence in younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Helánová
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Šišáková
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Hnatkova
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, 72 Du Cane Rd, Shepherd's Bush, London, W12 0NN, England
| | - Tomáš Novotný
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Andršová
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, 72 Du Cane Rd, Shepherd's Bush, London, W12 0NN, England
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Ketelhut S, Ketelhut K, Ketelhut SR, Ketelhut RG. Effects of School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training on Hemodynamic Parameters and Heart Rate Variability: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1033-1040. [PMID: 38349394 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ketelhut, S, Ketelhut, K, Ketelhut, SR, and Ketelhut, RG. Effects of school-based high-intensity interval training on hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability: A randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1033-1040, 2024-The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a child-specific school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) implemented into physical education (PE) classes on various hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability indices. Forty-six students (age 11 ± 1 year) were randomized into an intervention (INT n = 22) and a control group (CON n = 24). During a 12-week period, the INT and CON groups participated in regular PE twice weekly (45-90 minutes). The INT group received HIIT during the first 20 minutes of the 2 PE classes. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), heart rate, SD of normal to normal heartbeat intervals, the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), the proportion of differences between adjacent normal to normal heartbeat intervals of more than 50 ms, low-frequency power, high-frequency power, and the LF/HF ratio were assessed before and after the experimental period. A p value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Forty students (20 INT; 20 CON) were included in the analysis. A significant time × group interaction was detected for aPWV ( p = 0.05, η2 = 0.099), RMSSD ( p = 0.010, η2 = 0.161), low-frequency power ( p = 0.009, η2 = 0.165), high-frequency power ( p < 0.001, η2 = 0.272), and the LF/HF ratio ( p < 0.001, η2 = 0.354). The INT group revealed significant improvements for the respective parameters. School-based HIIT can induce improvements in cardiovascular parameters. These results highlight the potential of embedding HIIT within the school setting, offering a time-efficient exercise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Ketelhut
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Ketelhut
- Faculty of Natural Science, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard G Ketelhut
- Cardiology and Sports Medicine, Medical Center Berlin (MCB), Berlin, Germany
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Šišáková M, Helánová K, Hnatkova K, Andršová I, Novotný T, Malik M. Intra-Individual Relationship between Heart Rate Variability and the Underlying Heart Rate in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2897. [PMID: 38792438 PMCID: PMC11121958 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: The relationship between heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) indices has been repeatedly studied in adults but limited data are available on the relationship in paediatric populations. Methods: Continuous 12-lead electrocardiograms were recorded in 1016 healthy children and adolescents (534 females) aged 4 to 19 years during postural manoeuvres with rapid changes between 10-min positions of supine → sitting → standing → supine → standing → sitting → supine. In each position, the averaged RR interval was measured together with four HRV indices, namely the SDNN, RMSSD, quasi-normalised high-frequency components (qnHF), and the proportions of low- and high-frequency components (LF/HF). In each subject, the slope of the linear regression between the repeated HRV measurements and the corresponding RR interval averages was calculated. Results: The intra-subject regression slopes, including their confidence intervals, were related to the age and sex of the subjects. The SDNN/RR, RMSSD/RR, and qnHF/RR slopes were significantly steeper (p < 0.001) and the (LF/HF)/RR slopes were significantly shallower (p < 0.001) in younger children compared to older children and adolescents. Conclusions: The study suggests that sympathetic and vagal influences on heart rate are present in both younger and older children. With advancing age, the sympatho-vagal balance gradually develops and allows the vagal control to suppress the sympathetic drive towards higher heart rates seen in younger age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Šišáková
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (I.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62 500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Helánová
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (I.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62 500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Hnatkova
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK; (K.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Irena Andršová
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (I.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62 500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Novotný
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Š.); (I.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62 500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62 500 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK; (K.H.); (M.M.)
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Betti C, Busi I, Cortesi C, Anselmi L, Mendoza-Sagaon M, Simonetti GD. Fluids and body composition during anesthesia in children and adolescents: A pilot study. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:2251-2256. [PMID: 38407589 PMCID: PMC11035464 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the intracellular and extracellular volume before and after anesthesia in order to ascertain their variations and determine the potential utility of this information in optimizing intraoperative fluid administration practices. A bioimpedance spectroscopy device (body composition monitor, BCM) was used to measure total body fluid volume, extracellular volume, and intracellular volume. BCM measurements were performed before and after general anesthesia in unselected healthy children and adolescents visiting the Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland for low-risk surgical procedures hydrated with an isotonic solution. In 100 children and adolescents aged 7.0 (4.8-11) years (median and interquartile range), the average total body water increased perioperatively with a delta value of 182 (0-383) mL/m2 from pre- to postoperatively, as well as the extracellular water content, which had a similar increase with a delta value of 169 (19-307) mL/m2. The changes in total body water and extracellular water content significantly correlated with the amount of fluids administered. The intracellular water content did not significantly change. Conclusion: Intraoperative administration of isotonic solutions results in a significant fluid accumulation in low-risk schoolchildren during general anesthesia. The results suggest that children without major health problems undergoing short procedures do not need any perioperative intravenous fluid therapy, because they are allowed to take clear fluids up to 1 h prior anesthesia. In future studies, the use of BCM measurements has the potential to be valuable in guiding intraoperative fluid therapy. What is Known: • Most children who undergo common surgical interventions or investigations requiring anesthesia are nowadays hydrated at a rate of 1700 mL/m2/day with an isotonic solution. • The use bioimpedance spectroscopy for the assessment of fluid status in healthy children has already been successfully validated. • The bioimpedance spectroscopy is already currently widely used in various nephrological settings to calculate fluid overload and determine patient's optimal fluid status. What is New: • Routine intraoperative fluid administration results in a significant fluid accumulation during general anesthesia in low-risk surgical procedures. • This observation might be relevant for children and adolescents with conditions predisposing to fluid retention. • In future studies, the use of BCM measurements has the potential to be valuable in guiding intraoperative fluid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Betti
- Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Busi
- Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Cortesi
- Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Anselmi
- Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mario Mendoza-Sagaon
- Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo D Simonetti
- Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale San Giovanni, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
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Papadopoulos GE, Balomenou F, Sakellariou XM, Tassopoulos C, Nikas DN, Giapros V, Kolettis TM. Autonomic Function in Obese Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1854. [PMID: 38610619 PMCID: PMC11012290 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is invariably accompanied by autonomic dysfunction, although data in pediatric populations are conflicting. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 studies (totaling 1102 participants) comparing obese and normal-weight subjects (5-18 years of age), defined as body mass index >95th or <85th percentile, respectively. Using a random-effects model, we report the standardized mean differences (SMD) of sympathetic and vagal indices of heart rate variability. Results: Autonomic dysfunction was present in the obesity group, based on the average SMD in the standard deviation of sinus intervals (at -0.5340), and on the ratio of low (LF)- to high (HF)-frequency spectra (at 0.5735). There was no difference in sympathetic activity, but the heterogeneity among the relevant studies weakens this result. SMD in HF (at 0.5876), in the root mean square of successive differences between intervals (at -0.6333), and in the number of times successive intervals exceeded 50 ms divided by the total number of intervals (at -0.5867) indicated lower vagal activity in the obesity group. Conclusions: Autonomic dysfunction is present in obese children and adolescents, attributed to lower vagal activity. Further studies are needed in various pediatric cohorts, placing emphasis on sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios E. Papadopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.E.P.); (X.M.S.); (C.T.); (D.N.N.)
| | - Foteini Balomenou
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (F.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Xenofon M. Sakellariou
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.E.P.); (X.M.S.); (C.T.); (D.N.N.)
| | - Christos Tassopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.E.P.); (X.M.S.); (C.T.); (D.N.N.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Nikas
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.E.P.); (X.M.S.); (C.T.); (D.N.N.)
| | - Vasileios Giapros
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (F.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Theofilos M. Kolettis
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (G.E.P.); (X.M.S.); (C.T.); (D.N.N.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Improving Body Mass Index of School-Aged Children Using a Nine-Week Rope Skipping Training Intervention: A One-Group Pre-Test Post-Test Design. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9111715. [PMID: 36360443 PMCID: PMC9689075 DOI: 10.3390/children9111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining the effectiveness of rope skipping training to improve the body mass index (BMI) of school children are scarce. Hence, this study examined the effectiveness of nine-week skipping training on the BMI of primary six school-aged children (n = 77). The participants underwent 30 min of skipping training three days per week over a nine-week period. The participants’ BMI was measured at the baseline and during weeks 3, 6 and 9. The results from a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures indicated a statistically significant difference in the BMI for both males [F(3,111) = 9.42, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.203] and females [F(3,114) = 7.35, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.162], suggesting an improvement in BMI. Post hoc comparisons with a Bonferroni adjustment revealed significant differences in BMI after nine weeks of intervention for males between the pre-test (M = 21.47, SD = 4.94) and the 9-week post-test (M = 20.15, SD = 4.36), and for females between the pre-test (M = 21.56, SD = 5.80) and the 9-week post-test (M = 20.68, SD = 5.32). This study demonstrated that regular participation in vigorous physical activity such as skipping training could promote child health by preventing the likelihood of young children being overweight. This result has implications for the inclusion of skipping training into the school life of school-aged children to help manage their BMI levels.
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Salus M, Tillmann V, Remmel L, Unt E, Mäestu E, Parm Ü, Mägi A, Tali M, Jürimäe J. Effect of supervised sprint interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in adolescent boys with obesity. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2010-2017. [PMID: 36126151 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2125199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a supervised 12-week sprint interval training (SIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body composition in adolescent boys with obesity. Twenty-eight adolescents with obesity were allocated to either an intervention group (SIT) (13.1 ± 0.3 yrs; body mass index [BMI]: 30.3 ± 0.9 kg.m-2) or a control group (CONT) (13.7 ± 0.4 yrs; BMI: 32.6 ± 1.6 kg.m-2). The SIT group performed 4-6 × 30s "all-out" cycling bouts, interspersed with 4 min of recovery 3 days a week for 12 weeks. CRF was measured by direct peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) defined as VO2peak per kg of body mass (mL.min-1kg-1) or by VO2peak per kg of lean body mass (mL.min-1LBM-1) and body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. SIT intervention led to a significant and large between-group difference in VO2peak (p = 0.004; η2 = 0.29). Although SIT group had a significant reduction in body fat percentage (BF%) (from 41.1 ± 1.3% to 39.2 ± 1.5%; p = 0.006), there were no between-group differences in the change of the pre- and post-measures in BF% (p = 0.067). In conclusion, 12-week SIT is effective in increasing CRF and decreasing BF% in adolescent boys with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Salus
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Unt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülle Parm
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Agnes Mägi
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maie Tali
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Chen H, Xu J, Xie H, Huang Y, Shen X, Xu F. Effects of physical activity on heart rate variability in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:1827-1842. [PMID: 35544812 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022275.10402021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of physical activity (PA) on heart rate variability (HRV) in children and adolescents. We conducted a research of Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer-Link and EBSCO-host. The revised Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used in an investigative analysis to assess bias risk. A total of 21 studies were included. Overall, medium-sized associations were found between PA and low frequency and high frequency in children and adolescents. High PA level had significantly higher standard deviation of RR intervals and root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals in children and adolescents. The effects of PA on HRV were consistent in children and adolescents. Our systematic review and meta-analysis revealed medium-sized between PA and HRV in children and adolescents. Promoting children's and adolescents' participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) will increase parasympathetic nerve activity and decreased sympathetic nerve activity. Our findings support motivating children and adolescents to engage in more MVPA in their daily lives to improve autonomic nervous system function and promote cardiovascular safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University. 311121 Hangzhou China.
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University. 311121 Hangzhou China.
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Physical Education, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics. Hangzhou China
| | - Yufen Huang
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Hangzhou China
| | - Xin Shen
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Hangzhou China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University. 311121 Hangzhou China.
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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Speer KE, Koenig J, Telford RM, Olive LS, Mara JK, Semple S, Naumovski N, Telford RD, McKune AJ. Relationship between heart rate variability and body mass index: A cross-sectional study of preschool children. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101638. [PMID: 34976689 PMCID: PMC8684011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability and BMI are inversely related in preschool children. One unit increase in BMI resulted in a reduction in RMSSD(ln) of 0.06% Age, sex and physical activity levels did not influence this relationship.
Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with overweight and obesity in adults. However, little is known about this relationship in early childhood. We investigated the relationship between resting vagally-mediated HRV and body mass index (BMI) in Australian preschool children. Children were recruited from 13 non-government early learning centres located in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. From this population-based sample, data from 146 healthy children (58 females) between 3 and 5 years of age (mean age 4.35 ± 0.44 years) were analysed. BMI was calculated from child body weight and height. Physical activity was recorded using an Actigraph wGT3x accelerometer worn at the waist of participants over 3 consecutive days. A Polar H10 chest strap measured seated, resting RR intervals for the calculation of HRV with the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) reflecting vagally-mediated activity. The relationship between HRV and BMI was analysed using a linear mixed model adjusted for age, sex and physical activity. Analysis revealed that RMSSD (ln) demonstrated a significant inverse relationship with BMI (β = -0.06; 95% CI = -0.12 – −0.01; p = 0.032), and the model accounted for 23% of the variance in RMSSD (ln). Notably, a one unit increase in BMI resulted in a reduction in RMSDD (ln) of 0.06. This investigation demonstrated evidence for a significant inverse linear relationship between vagally-mediated HRV and BMI in 3 – 5-year-old Australian children, similar to that of adults. Furthermore, this relationship was independent of age, sex and physical activity levels. Results may indicate that the cardiometabolic health of preschool children is, in part, influenced by the relationship between vagally-mediated HRV and weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Speer
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Julian Koenig
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rohan M Telford
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Lisa S Olive
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jocelyn K Mara
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stuart Semple
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Functional Foods and Nutrition Research (FFNR) Laboratory, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Richard D Telford
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise/University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences/ University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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11
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Magalhães BC, Soares Júnior NDJS, Dias Filho CAA, Andrade RM, Dias CJM, de Oliveira SDFA, Santana LSOS, Sena CDS, Monzani-Brito JDO, Ferreira AC, Mostarda CT. Effect of obesity on sleep quality, anthropometric and autonomic parameters in adolescent. SLEEP SCIENCE (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL) 2021; 13:298-303. [PMID: 33564377 PMCID: PMC7856663 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare the effects of obesity on sleep quality, the anthropometric and autonomic parameters of adolescents. Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with adolescents aged 11 to 18, analyzing parameters such as BMI, sleep quality records, waist circumference, fat percentage, blood pressure and sexual maturation, in addition to autonomic cardiac function through the analysis of heart rate variability. Results The anthropometric parameters of waist circumference, percentage fat mass, were significantly higher in the group of obese adolescents. Sympathetic modulation in LF% was significantly higher in obesity. Parasympathetic modulation in HF% was significantly lower in obese than in eutrophic. Conclusion Obese adolescents do not have poor sleep quality; there is no distinction between boys and girls regarding the analyzed variables; however, obesity alone was responsible for negatively influencing anthropometric parameters, as well as impairing the autonomic cardiac modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Cruz Magalhães
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Nutrition - São Luís - Maranhão - Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Alves Dias Filho
- Federal University of Maranhão, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise (LACORE) - São Luís - Maranhão - Brazil
| | - Rafael Martins Andrade
- Federal University of Maranhão, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise (LACORE) - São Luís - Maranhão - Brazil
| | - Carlos José Moraes Dias
- Federal University of Maranhão, Physical Education Department - São Luís - Maranhão - Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlan da Silva Sena
- Federal University of Maranhão, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise (LACORE) - São Luís - Maranhão - Brazil
| | | | - Andressa Coelho Ferreira
- Federal University of Maranhão, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise (LACORE) - São Luís - Maranhão - Brazil
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12
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Parma V, Cellini N, Guy L, McVey AJ, Rump K, Worley J, Maddox BB, Bush J, Bennett A, Franklin M, Miller JS, Herrington J. Profiles of Autonomic Activity in Autism Spectrum Disorder with and without Anxiety. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:4459-4470. [PMID: 33565037 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Both anxiety and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are associated with atypical physiological activity. Few studies have systematically assessed the resting physiological activity in ASD with co-occurring anxiety disorders. We tested 75 participants divided in four groups: youth with ASD, with (ASD + Anxiety = 22, 6F, 12.29 ± 2.83 years old) and without co-occurring anxiety (ASD Alone = 15, 6F, 11.59 ± 2.85 years old) and compared their physiological profile with that of matched typically developing controls (TDC) with (Anxiety Alone = 16, 6F, 11.24 ± 3.36 years old) and without co-occurring anxiety disorders (TDC = 22, 8F, 11.88 ± 2.88 years old). Results indicated reduced sympathetic and parasympathetic activity at rest in ASD as compared to TDC youth. ASD + Anxiety and Anxiety Alone groups showed different sympathetic, but similar parasympathetic activity. These findings suggest that autonomic profile-based approaches may advance research, diagnosis, and treatment of ASD and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parma
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N 13th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA. .,Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Guy
- TEACCH Autism Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Alana J McVey
- Marquette University, 604 N. 16th Street, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Keiran Rump
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Brenna B Maddox
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Amanda Bennett
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Martin Franklin
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Judith S Miller
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Herrington
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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13
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Sigrist C, Mürner-Lavanchy I, Peschel SKV, Schmidt SJ, Kaess M, Koenig J. Early life maltreatment and resting-state heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:307-334. [PMID: 33171141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent focus on the consequences of early life adversity (ELA) in neurobiological research led to a variety of findings suggesting alterations in several physiological systems, such as the cardiovascular system. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we focused on the relationship between early life maltreatment (ELM), one form of ELA, and resting vagal activity indexed by resting-state heart rate variability (HRV). A systematic search of the literature yielded 1'264 hits, of which 32 studies reporting data for group comparisons or correlations were included. By quantitative synthesis of existing studies using random-effect models, we found no evidence for a relationship between ELM exposure and resting vagal activity in principal. Conducting meta-regression analyses, however, we found the relationship between ELM and resting vagal activity to significantly vary as a function of both age and the presence of psychopathology. In light of the current multitude of vastly unclear pathways linking ELM to the onset of disease, we emphasize the need for further research and outline several aspects to consider in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sigrist
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ines Mürner-Lavanchy
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie K V Peschel
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Section for Translational Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Sousa‐Sá E, Zhang Z, Pereira JR, Wright IM, Okely AD, Santos R. Systematic review on retinal microvasculature, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and adiposity in children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:1956-1973. [PMID: 31998981 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM As retinal microvasculature (RMV) can be assessed non-invasively, it presents an opportunity to examine the health and disease of the human microcirculation, as RMV alterations have been recognised as one of the earliest signs of cardiovascular risk. This review summarises current literature on the associations between physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and/or adiposity and RMV in children and adolescents aged 0-18 years. METHODS Six databases were searched (MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO and CINAHL), through to December 11, 2019. English, Portuguese, French, Spanish or Dutch were the languages searched. Meta-analyses were performed using the meta-analyst software. RESULTS A total of 6796 studies were screened, and 26 studies were included, representing 24 448 participants, from 12 different countries. Studies reporting results on weight status were twenty-three, PA was assessed in six studies, and SB was assessed in three studies. Four studies examined weight status and PA/SB. Meta-analysis was performed for two studies and showed that children with obesity have smaller retinal arterioles (-2.38 µm difference, 95% CI 0.62, 4.15 µm) and larger retinal venules (2.74 µm difference, 95% CI -4.78, -0.72 µm) than children without obesity. CONCLUSION Results showed that adiposity was associated with microvascular alterations in children and adolescents. Increased adiposity, lack of PA and high levels of SB were negatively correlated with vessel width parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Sousa‐Sá
- Early Start University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Early Start University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - João R. Pereira
- Early Start University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ian M. Wright
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Rute Santos
- Early Start University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure University of Porto Porto Portugal
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15
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim J, Hwang H, Lim K. Twelve Weeks of Aerobic Exercise at the Lactate Threshold Improves Autonomic Nervous System Function, Body Composition, and Aerobic Performance in Women with Obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr 2020; 29:67-75. [PMID: 32045515 PMCID: PMC7118007 DOI: 10.7570/jomes19063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study examined the effects of a prolonged exercise intervention at the lactate threshold (LT) on body composition, aerobic performance, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in women with obesity. Methods A total of 36 obese Korean women aged 36 to 55 years (mean±standard deviation, 44.8±5.2 years) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=18) or an experimental group (EXP, n=18); and EXP underwent aerobic exercise training three times a week at a heart rate corresponding to the LT (HR_LT) for 12 weeks. All dependent variables (body composition, aerobic performance, and ANS function parameters) were evaluated before and after training. Results Compared with the CON group, the EXP group showed significant improvement in body composition (body weight, -4.57 vs. -2.40 kg; body mass index, -1.79 vs. -0.96 kg/m2; %body fat, -4.63 vs. -1.41; fat-free mass, 3.24 vs. -0.08 kg), aerobic performance (oxygen consumption at LT, 5.74 vs. 0.12 mL/kg/min; maximal oxygen consumption, 5.41 vs. 2.14 mL/kg/min; treadmill speed at HR_LT, 1.40 vs. 0.29 km/hr; bicycle load at HR_LT, 18.62 vs. 4.52 w; and ANS function (mean RR, 50.83 vs. -15.04 ms; standard deviation of NN intervals, 5.08 vs. -0.55 ms; root mean square of successive differences, 6.42 vs. 1.87 ms; total power, 0.34 vs. 0.10 ms2; high frequency, 0.32 vs. -0.04 ms2; low frequency/high frequency, -0.09 vs. 0.01). Conclusion Aerobic exercise at the LT for 12 weeks is a practical method of improving body composition, aerobic performance, and ANS function for women with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Javorka M, Krohova J, Czippelova B, Turianikova Z, Mazgutova N, Wiszt R, Ciljakova M, Cernochova D, Pernice R, Busacca A, Faes L. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Mechanisms in Young Obese Subjects. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:204. [PMID: 32218722 PMCID: PMC7079685 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and imbalance between its sympathetic and parasympathetic components are important factors contributing to the initiation and progression of many cardiovascular disorders related to obesity. The results on respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) magnitude changes as a parasympathetic index were not straightforward in previous studies on young obese subjects. Considering the potentially unbalanced ANS regulation with impaired parasympathetic control in obese patients, the aim of this study was to compare the relative contribution of baroreflex and non-baroreflex (central) mechanisms to the origin of RSA in obese vs. control subjects. To this end, we applied a recently proposed information-theoretic methodology - partial information decomposition (PID) - to the time series of heart rate variability (HRV, computed from RR intervals in the ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability, and respiration (RESP) pattern measured in 29 obese and 29 age- and gender-matched non-obese adolescents and young adults monitored in the resting supine position and during postural and cognitive stress evoked by head-up tilt and mental arithmetic. PID was used to quantify the so-called unique information transferred from RESP to HRV and from SBP to HRV, reflecting, respectively, non-baroreflex and RESP-unrelated baroreflex HRV mechanisms, and the redundant information transferred from (RESP, SBP) to HRV, reflecting RESP-related baroreflex RSA mechanisms. Our results suggest that obesity is associated: (i) with blunted involvement of non-baroreflex RSA mechanisms, documented by the lower unique information transferred from RESP to HRV at rest; and (ii) with a reduced response to postural stress (but not to mental stress), documented by the lack of changes in the unique information transferred from RESP and SBP to HRV in obese subjects moving from supine to upright, and by a decreased redundant information transfer in obese compared to controls in the upright position. These findings were observed in the presence of an unchanged RSA magnitude measured as the high frequency (HF) power of HRV, thus suggesting that the changes in ANS imbalance related to obesity in adolescents and young adults are subtle and can be revealed by dissecting RSA mechanisms into its components during various challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Javorka
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jana Krohova
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Czippelova
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Turianikova
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Nikoleta Mazgutova
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Wiszt
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Miriam Ciljakova
- Department of Pediatrics, National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lubochna, Slovakia
- Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dana Cernochova
- Department of Pediatrics, National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lubochna, Slovakia
- Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Riccardo Pernice
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Luca Faes
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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17
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Park HY, Kim S, Kim Y, Park S, Nam SS. Effects of exercise training at lactate threshold and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress related variables in obese women. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2019; 23:22-28. [PMID: 31743978 PMCID: PMC6823647 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2019.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Subramanian SK, Sharma VK, Arunachalam V, Rajendran R, Gaur A. Comparison of Baroreflex Sensitivity and Cardiac Autonomic Function Between Adolescent Athlete and Non-athlete Boys - A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1043. [PMID: 31507430 PMCID: PMC6713997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It is well known that regular physical activity improves cardiovascular health, and higher baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability are associated with cardiovascular health. Adolescence is the age when an individual's behavior is easily modified; early intervention at this stage in terms of physical conditioning or training prevents future cardiovascular risk. Hence, we conceived the present study to assess and compare the baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic function between adolescent athletes and non-athletes. Methods: We recruited school going athletes (n = 30) and non-athlete boys (n = 30) in the 10-19 age group after obtaining their assent and consent from their parents. We assessed height, weight, heart rate, blood pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiac autonomic function. Comparison between groups was made using the unpaired t-test for height, weight, body mass index, heart rate, blood pressure, and baroreflex sensitivity and using Mann-Whitney U test for cardiac autonomic function parameters. Results: There was a trend for higher baroreflex sensitivity in athletes. Heart rate variability (total power and SDNN) was higher in athletes. The parasympathetic tone was higher in terms of higher RMSSD, and higher HF power. Parasympathetic reactivity was higher in athletes in terms of higher 30:15 ratio and EI ratio. Conclusion: Athletic level physical conditioning has a positive influence on baroreflex function and autonomic function that may prove beneficial to the adolescents' cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kumar Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Vijayawada, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Department of Physiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Rajathi Rajendran
- Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Archana Gaur
- Department of Physiology, Chengalpattu Medical College, Chengalpattu, India
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19
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Phoemsapthawee J, Prasertsri P, Leelayuwat N. Heart rate variability responses to a combined exercise training program: correlation with adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness changes in obese young men. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:114-122. [PMID: 30899746 PMCID: PMC6416511 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836486.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the influence of adiposity indices and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on heart rate variability (HRV) has been demonstrated extensively, the causal link between the changes in adiposity as well as in CRF and the alterations in cardiac autonomic function is unclear. Thus, this study aimed to assess the correlation between the changes in adiposity and CRF and the alterations in HRV after 12-week exercise training. Twenty obese sedentary men aged 20.5±1.2 years were randomly assigned into 2 groups (n=10 each): the control (CG) and the exercise group (EG). The EG trained 60 min of combined aerobic, anaerobic and strengthening exercise, 4 sessions/wk for 12 weeks, whilst the CG remained relatively inactive. Measurements of resting HRV, body composition, and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were obtained at baseline and after the 12-week training program. Compared with CG, the exercise training significantly reduced adiposity indices and improved vagal-related HRV variables and VO2peak. Significant correlations were observed between changes in HRV variables and adiposity indices and VO2peak changes. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that changes in a Poincaré plot index (SD1/SD2 ratio) predicted 32.4% of the variance in the relative VO2peak changes. These findings suggest that obese sedentary young men achieved significant improvements in vagal activity, adiposity indices and aerobic fitness after the exercise training. The higher reduction in fat mass, especially central obesity, the greater alteration of vagal modulation. Moreover, the alteration in resting HRV is a possible predictor for adaptations to exercise training in obese sedentary young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Phoemsapthawee
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Naruemon Leelayuwat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Exercise and Sport Sciences Development and Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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20
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Paniccia M, Taha T, Keightley M, Thomas S, Verweel L, Murphy J, Wilson K, Reed N. Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology. J Vis Exp 2018:58203. [PMID: 30295657 PMCID: PMC6235273 DOI: 10.3791/58203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation in organized sports makes a significant contribution to youth development, but places youth at a higher risk for sustaining a concussion. To date, return-to-activity decision-making has been anchored in the monitoring of self-reported concussion symptoms and neurocognitive testing. However, multi-modal assessments that corroborate objective physiological measures with traditional subjective symptom reporting are needed and can be valuable. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive physiological indicator of the autonomic nervous system, capturing the reciprocal interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. There is a dearth of literature exploring the effect of concussion on HRV in youth athletes, and developmental differences preclude the application of adult findings to a pediatric population. Further, the current state of HRV methodology has primarily included short-term (5-15 min) recordings, by using resting state or short-term physical exertion testing to elucidate changes following concussion. The novelty in utilizing a 24 h recording methodology is that it has the potential to capture natural variation in autonomic function, directly related to the activities a youth athlete performs on a regular basis. Within a prospective, longitudinal research setting, this novel approach to quantifying autonomic function can provide important information regarding the recovery trajectory, alongside traditional self-report symptom measures. Our objectives regarding a 24 h recording methodology were to (1) evaluate the physiological effects of a concussion in youth athletes, and (2) describe the trajectory of physiological change, while considering the resolution of self-reported post-concussion symptoms. To achieve these objectives, non-invasive sensor technology was implemented. The raw beat-to-beat time intervals captured can be transformed to derive time domain and frequency domain measures, which reflect an individual's ability to adapt and be flexible to their ever-changing environment. By using non-invasive heart rate technology, autonomic function can be quantified outside of a traditional controlled research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Paniccia
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital;
| | - Tim Taha
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto
| | - Michelle Keightley
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
| | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto
| | - Lee Verweel
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital
| | - James Murphy
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital
| | - Katherine Wilson
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital
| | - Nick Reed
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
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21
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van Biljon A, McKune AJ, DuBose KD, Kolanisi U, Semple SJ. Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training Is Superior to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Improving Cardiac Autonomic Function in Children. Cardiology 2018; 141:1-8. [PMID: 30227396 DOI: 10.1159/000492457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the impact of 3 isocaloric exercise programs on cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning in children. METHODS One hundred nine children (39% boys and 61% girls) aged 10-13 years (mean 11.07 ± 0.81) were conveniently assigned to 1 of 4 groups as follows: Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; n = 29) at 65-70% of the predicted maximum heart rate (MHR), High-intensity interval training (HIIT; n = 29) at > 80% of the predicted MHR, HIIT and MICT combined on alternate weeks (ALT; n = 27), and a control group (n = 24). Morning ANS activity was assessed via analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), with the patient in supine position for 10 min, before and after the exercise intervention. DATA ANALYSIS A 2-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of training on all HRV parameters (p < 0.05/4 = 0.0125). RESULTS After 5 weeks of training, significant improvements were observed for ln of the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (p < 0.0001), ln of the root mean square of successive difference (p < 0.0001), and ln of standard deviation 1 (p < 0.0001), with superior results reported in the HIIT group (effect size [ES] = 2.22, 2.69, and 2.69) compared with the MICT (ES = 1.67, 1.75, and 1.75) and ALT (ES = 0.87, 1.06, and 1.06) groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Short-term HIIT seems to induce superior alterations in cardiac ANS activity compared to MICT and ALT in children through enhanced vagal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke van Biljon
- Department of Biokinetics and Sports Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina D DuBose
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Unathi Kolanisi
- Department of Consumer Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Stuart J Semple
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia
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Farah BQ, Andrade-Lima A, Germano-Soares AH, Christofaro DGD, de Barros MVG, do Prado WL, Ritti-Dias RM. Physical Activity and Heart Rate Variability in Adolescents with Abdominal Obesity. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:466-472. [PMID: 29164276 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is a protective factor for autonomic dysfunction. However, whether this occurs in adolescents with abdominal obesity is still unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the association between physical activity and heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescents with and without abdominal obesity. This cross-sectional study included 1152 boys (age: 17 ± 1 years). HRV measures of time (root mean square of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals-RMSSD and the percentage of adjacent intervals over 50 ms-PNN50) and frequency domains (balance sympathetic-vagal-LF/HF) were evaluated, as well as total physical activity, commuting physical activity, leisure-time physical activity, and abdominal obesity. All physical activity domains were associated with better RMSSD, PNN50, and LF/HF in normal weight adolescents (p < 0.05), whereas in adolescents with abdominal obesity only leisure-time physical activity was associated with better PNN50 (b = 0.174, p = 0.035) independent of age, period of the day, body mass index, and blood pressure. In conclusion, higher leisure-time physical activity, but not total and commuting physical activity levels, was associated with improved HRV in adolescents with abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aluísio Andrade-Lima
- Exercise Hemodynamic Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Melo Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | | | - Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise - LIVE, Department of Physical Education, University of Paulista State (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Adolescent Health, University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil
| | - Wagner Luiz do Prado
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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23
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Paniccia M, Verweel L, Thomas S, Taha T, Keightley M, Wilson KE, Reed N. Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Non-Concussed Youth Athletes: Exploring the Effect of Age, Sex, and Concussion-Like Symptoms. Front Neurol 2018; 8:753. [PMID: 29403426 PMCID: PMC5778119 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive neurophysiological measure of autonomic nervous system regulation emerging in concussion research. To date, most concussion studies have focused on the university-aged athlete with no research examining healthy active youths. Corroborating changes in HRV alongside traditional subjective self-report measures (concussion symptoms) in the non-concussed state provides a foundation for interpreting change following concussion. The objectives were to (1) explore the influence of age and sex on HRV and (2) examine the relationship between HRV and baseline/pre-injury concussion symptom domains (physical, cognitive, emotional, and fatigue) in healthy youth athletes. METHOD Healthy, youth athletes 13-18 years of age [N = 294, female = 166 (56.5%), male = 128 (43.5%)] participated in this cross-sectional study. Age, sex, and concussion-like symptoms were collected as part of a baseline/pre-injury assessment. The Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory-SR13 (PCSI-SR13) was used to collect domain scores for physical, cognitive, emotional, and fatigue symptoms. HRV was collected for 24 h. HRV measures included time (SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50) and frequency (HF, HFnu, LF, LFnu, and total power) domain HRV measures. Variables were logarithmically transformed to increase robustness of linear regression models. RESULTS Older youth participants displayed significantly higher HRV compared to younger participants (p < 0.05). Females displayed significantly lower HRV compared to males (p < 0.05). A significant interaction effect between concussion-like symptoms and HRV indicated differential patterns as a function of sex (p < 0.05). Youth athletes who reported more cognitive symptoms had lower HRV (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION HRV was found to have a significant relationship with a traditional clinical measure (subjective self-report of concussion-like symptoms) utilized in concussion assessment and management. Baseline/pre-concussion trends in HRV were significantly associated with age and sex, highlighting the value in understanding key demographic factors within the context of concussion-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Paniccia
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Verweel
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tim Taha
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Keightley
- Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine E. Wilson
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nick Reed
- Concussion Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sordi CCD, Lemos MDP, Marocolo M, Chriguer RS, Mendes EL, Mota GRD, Barbosa Neto O. Exercise training reverse autonomic dysfunction and hypertension in rats fed with high-fat diet. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700040004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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25
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Parasympathetic cardio-regulation during social interactions in individuals with obesity-The influence of negative body image. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:330-347. [PMID: 27905081 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with obesity in Western societies often face weight-related stigmatization and social exclusion. Recurrent exposure to prejudice and negative social feedback alters one's behavior in future social interactions. In this study, we aimed to investigate autonomic nervous system and affective responses to social interactions in individuals with obesity. Women and men with (n = 56) and without (n = 56) obesity participated in episodes of social inclusion and social exclusion using a virtual ball-tossing game. During the experiment, heart rate was measured and parasympathetic activity (overall high-frequency power and event-related cardiac slowing) was analyzed. Our results show that in novel social interactions, women with obesity, relative to the other groups, exhibited the strongest increase in parasympathetic activity. Furthermore, parasympathetic activity was related to a more negative body image in individuals with obesity, but not in lean individuals. Additionally, women with obesity reported a stronger decrease in mood after social exclusion than did the other participants. Our results demonstrate influences of objective and subjective bodily characteristics on parasympathetic cardio-regulation during social interactions. In particular, they show behavioral and physiological alterations during social interactions in women with obesity.
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26
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Palmeira AC, Farah BQ, Soares AHG, Cavalcante BR, Christofaro DGD, Barros MVGD, Ritti-Dias RM. ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE A ATIVIDADE FÍSICA DE LAZER E DE DESLOCAMENTO COM A VARIABILIDADE DA FREQUÊNCIA CARDÍACA EM ADOLESCENTES DO SEXO MASCULINO. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2017; 35:302-308. [PMID: 28977292 PMCID: PMC5606175 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;3;00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association between heart rate variability (HRV) parameters with leisure time and commuting physical activities in adolescent boys. Methods: The sample included 1152 male adolescents aged 14 to 19 years. The variation of consecutive heart beats (RR intervals) was assessed and HRV parameters in time (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50) and frequency domains (LF/HF) were calculated. Leisure time and commuting physical activities were obtained using a questionnaire. A binary logistic regression was performed between HRV parameters and physical activity. Results: Leisure time physical activity was associated with SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, while LF/HF was not associated. These associations were stronger when adolescents were also physically active for more than six months. Commuting physical activity was not associated with any HRV parameter. Boys who practiced commuting physical activity and were also physically active for more than six months presented a lower chance of having low SDNN and RMSSD. Conclusions: Leisure time physical activity was associated with better HRV and these associations were enhanced when adolescents were physically active for more than six months. Commuting physical activity was not associated with HRV parameters; however, it became associated with better HRV when adolescents were physically active in commuting for more than six months.
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27
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Costa HA, Silva-Filho AC, Dias CJ, Martins VA, Mendes T, Rabelo A, Navarro F, Silami-Garcia E, Mostarda C, Sevílio M. Cardiovascular Response of an Acute Exergame Session in Prepubertal Obese Children. Games Health J 2017. [PMID: 28628383 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2016.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to analyze the acute autonomic response of obese and eutrophic prepubertal boys to an exergame (EXG) session. MATERIALS AND METHOD Nine eutrophic (8.89 ± 2.71 years of age and 16.42% ± 6.30% body fat) and nine obese boys (8.70 ± 1.16 years of age and 40.76% ± 4.2% body fat) participated. Nutritional state was determined using World Health Organization guidelines. Variables were collected at rest, immediately post (IP), and 60 minutes after a 20 minutes EXG session. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity was assessed using heart rate variability in time and frequency domains, and data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA tests with Tukey post hoc. RESULTS The obese group demonstrated an increased sympathetic activity at rest when compared with the eutrophic group (P < 0.05). The obese group also demonstrated an increased parasympathetic activity 60 minutes after the EXG session when compared with the eutrophic group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that an acute session of EXG promoted ANS super compensation. We encourage research on chronic ANS response to EXG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herikson Araújo Costa
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , Campus Pinheiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Silva-Filho
- 2 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise - LACORE, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , São Luís, Brazil. Brazil
| | - Carlos José Dias
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , Campus Pinheiro, Brazil .,2 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise - LACORE, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , São Luís, Brazil. Brazil
| | - Vicenilma Andrade Martins
- 3 Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde do Adulto e da Criança, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , São Luís, Brazil. Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendes
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , Campus Pinheiro, Brazil
| | - André Rabelo
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , Campus Pinheiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Navarro
- 4 Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , São Luís, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silami-Garcia
- 4 Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Mostarda
- 2 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise - LACORE, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , São Luís, Brazil. Brazil .,4 Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , São Luís, Brazil
| | - Mario Sevílio
- 4 Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão , São Luís, Brazil
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28
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Oliveira RS, Barker AR, Wilkinson KM, Abbott RA, Williams CA. Is cardiac autonomic function associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity in children and adolescents? A systematic review of cross-sectional studies. Int J Cardiol 2017; 236:113-122. [PMID: 28238507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) is considered to explain improvements in cardiovascular health accrued by physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over and above traditional cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE To systematically address associations between HRV, PA and CRF in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES Medline, EMBASE, SportDISCUS and CINAHL Plus were searched on 5th September 2015 and updated on 4th August 2016. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Observational studies comparing HRV in different groups of PA and CRF, and/or studies investigating associations between PA, CRF and HRV. Sports practices and PA intensities were also included. The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD), the spectral density in the high (HF) and low (LF) frequency, and the LF/HF ratio were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). RESULTS Heterogeneity exists in the assessment of the exposures and outcomes, and sample characteristics. Risk of bias (NOS) was observed in most of the studies. Studies with low risk of bias showed positive associations between moderate-to-vigorous PA and RMSSD. The evidence for the associations between PA and frequency indices is weak. Similarly, the evidence for the association between CRF and HRV is weak. CONCLUSIONS Despite the heterogeneity in the studies, moderate-to-vigorous PA is positively associated with RMSSD, but less clear are the associations between CRF and HRV, as well as other PA intensities. Further research is needed to clarify the role of PA and CRF on HRV in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Santos Oliveira
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan Robert Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kelly Michelle Wilkinson
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rebecca Anne Abbott
- Evidence Synthesis and Modelling for Health Improvement (ESMI), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Anthony Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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29
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Hursh BE, Fazeli MS, Wang S, Marchant EA, Woo P, Elango R, Lavoie PM, Chanoine JP, Collet JP. Cardiac Autonomic Function at Baseline and under Stress and Its Relationship to Circulatory Markers of Inflammation in Obese Compared to Nonobese Children: A Pilot Study. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 85:339-46. [PMID: 27105080 DOI: 10.1159/000445685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The autonomic nervous system (ANS) provides neurogenic control of inflammatory reactions. ANS changes in obesity may result in inflammation. This study sought to gain insight into cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inflammation in childhood obesity, and to gather pilot data on the potential relationship between altered ANS and inflammation. METHODS Fifteen obese children and adolescents without metabolic complications and 15 nonobese controls underwent heart rate variability and impedance cardiography testing during rest, mental stress, and physical stress. Inflammatory cytokines and immune reactivity were measured. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between groups in cardiac ANS testing at rest or in response to stress. Median high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was higher in the obese group [obese 2.6 mg/l (IQR 1.6-11.9); nonobese 0.3 mg/l (IQR 0.2-0.7); p < 0.001]. Interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α were similar between groups. Immune reactivity testing (in vitro Toll-like receptor stimulation) revealed a strong, but comparable, inflammatory response in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Obese children and adolescents without metabolic complications did not have cardiac ANS dysfunction. While hsCRP was elevated, systemic cytokines were not raised. Compared to prior studies, which often focused on children with obesity and its complications, it is encouraging that obese children without metabolic complications may not yet have autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden E Hursh
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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30
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Nose Y, Fujinaga R, Suzuki M, Hayashi I, Moritani T, Kotani K, Nagai N. Association of evening smartphone use with cardiac autonomic nervous activity after awakening in adolescents living in high school dormitories. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:653-658. [PMID: 28324186 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smartphones are prevalently used among adolescents; however, nighttime exposure to blue-enriched light, through electric devices, is known to induce delays of the circadian rhythm phases and poor morning somatic conditions. We therefore investigated whether evening smartphone use may affect sleep-wake cycle and cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity after awaking in dormitory students. METHODS The participants were high school students, living under dormitory rules regarding the curfew, study, meals, lights-out, and wake-up times. The students were forbidden from the use of both television and personal computer in their private rooms, and only the use of a smartphone was permitted. According to prior assessment of smartphone use, we chose age-, sex-, exercise time-matched long (n = 22, >120 min) and short (n = 14, ≤60 min) groups and compared sleep-wake cycle and physiological parameters, such as cardiac ANS activity, blood pressure, and intra-aural temperature. All measurements were performed during 6:30 to 7:00 a.m. in the dormitories. RESULTS Compared with the short group, the long group showed a significantly lower cardiac ANS activity (2727 ± 308 vs. 4455 ± 667 ms2, p = 0.030) with a tendency toward a high heart rate, in addition to later bedtimes during weekdays and more delayed wake-up times over the weekend. Blood pressure and intra-aural temperature did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS In this population, evening smartphone use may be associated with altered sleep-wake cycle and a diminished cardiac ANS activity after awakening could be affecting daytime activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nose
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji-city, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan
| | - Rina Fujinaga
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan
| | - Maki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji-city, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Hayashi
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji-city, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 3290498, Japan
| | - Narumi Nagai
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji-city, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan. .,School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan.
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31
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Yadav RL, Yadav PK, Yadav LK, Agrawal K, Sah SK, Islam MN. Association between obesity and heart rate variability indices: an intuition toward cardiac autonomic alteration - a risk of CVD. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017; 10:57-64. [PMID: 28255249 PMCID: PMC5322847 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s123935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese people have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, which is supposed to be due to autonomic dysfunction and/or metabolic disorder. The alterations in cardiac autonomic functions bring out the changes in the heart rate variability (HRV) indicators, an assessing tool for cardiac autonomic conditions. OBJECTIVE To compare the cardiac autonomic activity between obese and normal weight adults and find out the highest association between the indices of HRV and obesity. METHODS The study was conducted in 30 adult obese persons (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m2) and 29 healthy normal weight controls (BMI 18-24 kg/m2). Short-term HRV variables were assessed using standard protocol. Data were compared between groups using Mann-Whitney U test. Obesity indices such as waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and BMI were measured and calculated, and they were correlated with HRV indices using Spearman's correlation analysis. RESULTS In the obese group, there was a significant increase in the mean heart rate, whereas the HRV parasympathetic indicators were less (eg, root mean square of differences of successive RR intervals [28.75 {16.72-38.35} vs 41.55 {30.6-56.75} ms, p=0.018], number of RR intervals that differ by >50 ms, that is, NN50 [15.5 {2-39} vs 83.5 {32.75-116.25}, p=0.010], etc) and the sympathetic indicator low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) ratio (1.2 [0.65-2.20] vs 0.79 [0.5-1.02], p=0.045) was more than that of the normal weight group. Spearman's correlation between HRV and obesity indices showed significant positive correlation of WHR with LF in normalized unit (r=0.478, p<0.01) and LF/HF ratio (r=0.479, p<0.01), whereas it had significant negative correlation with high frequency power ms2 (r=-0.374, p<0.05) and HF in normalized unit (r=-0.478, p<0.01). There was a nonsignificant correlation of BMI with HRV variables in obese individuals. CONCLUSION Increased WHR, by far an indicator of visceral adiposity, was strongly associated with reduced cardiac parasympathetic and increased sympathetic activity in obese individuals defined by BMI. However, BMI itself has a weak relationship with HRV cardiac autonomic markers. Thus, even with a slight increase in WHR in an individual, there could be a greater risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality brought about by cardiac autonomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Lochan Yadav
- Department of Physiology
- Correspondence: Ram Lochan Yadav, Department of Physiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur-13, 44200, Nepal, Tel +977 98 4809 6590, Email
| | | | | | - Kopila Agrawal
- Department of Physiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan
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32
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Kühne B, Genser B, De Bock F. Early determinants of vagal activity at preschool age - With potential dependence on sex. Early Hum Dev 2016; 103:167-174. [PMID: 27693723 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children, autonomic nervous function is related to various highly prevalent health problems and might therefore represent an early indicator of ill health. AIMS We aimed to investigate the role of early-life exposures and physical activity (PA) as potential determinants of autonomic function at preschool age. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS We used an existing longitudinal data set of repeated vagal tone measurements (assessed via heart rate recovery (HRR)) and retrospectively assessed early-life exposures in 1052 children (mean age: 59.4months, 47.5% girls) from 52 preschools in Germany recruited from 2008 to 2010. OUTCOME MEASURES HRR 1min after submaximal exercise served as primary outcome. Through multilevel linear regression analysis adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors, we assessed the association between repeatedly measured HRR and pregnancy smoking status, breastfeeding and objectively measured PA. RESULTS Besides significant regression coefficients for previously described correlates of HRR (sex, age), we could show positive associations of HRR with breastfeeding (six versus zero months: +4.2 beats per minute (BPM), p=0.004) and PA (+1.0BPM for 10min increase of moderate-to-vigorous PA/day, p<0.001). Smoking before and during pregnancy showed no significant association with HRR in the total sample. However, we found interactions between sex and smoking before and during pregnancy as well as between sex and breastfeeding, suggesting significant associations with HRR only in girls. CONCLUSIONS Besides PA, early pre- and postnatal exposures seem to have long-lasting effects on children's autonomic function, still recordable at preschool age. Our data suggest that these effects might be sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kühne
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernd Genser
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Freia De Bock
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of General Pediatrics, University Medicine Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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Ali A, Ganai J, Muthukrishnan S, Kohli S. Evaluation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Obese and Non-Obese Hypertensive Subjects. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:YC01-3. [PMID: 27504394 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18780.7923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity and more specifically, visceral obesity, has been consistently associated with hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk. Epidemiological studies indicate that at least two-third of the prevalence of hypertension can be directly attributed to obesity. Studies also suggest that hypertensive patients have impaired cardiac autonomic function. AIM The objective of the study was to examine any added effects of obesity on cardiac autonomic dysfunction in hypertensive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hypertensive subjects (n=45) between 35-60 years of age were divided into two groups; Group A (n=30) consisted of non-obese hypertensive subjects and Group B (n=15) consisted of obese (BMI≥30kg/m(2)) hypertensive subjects. Cardiac autonomic function was assessed using four tests - Heart rate response to immediate standing (30:15 ratio), standing to lying ratio (S/L ratio), Blood pressure response to immediate standing and Cold Pressor Test (CPT). RESULTS There were no significant differences for autonomic function tests between obese and non-obese hypertensive subjects (p >0.05). CONCLUSION The results showed that there are no significant differences in the cardiac autonomic function responses between obese and non-obese hypertensive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Physiotherapist, Charak Palika Hospital, NDMC , New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Ganai
- Assistant Professor, Department of Rehabilitation Science, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sunil Kohli
- Head of Department, Department of Medicine, HIMSR, Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi, India
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Correlation between physical activity, aerobic fitness and body fat against autonomic function profile in children. Clin Auton Res 2016; 26:197-203. [PMID: 27052321 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-016-0355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate correlations between physical activity, VO2PEAK and body fat versus autonomic function in children. METHODS Children (n = 98) between 10 and 12 years underwent a maximal exercise test (VO2PEAK) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured body fat. General physical activity, moderate to vigorous physical activity and vigorous physical activity were assessed by accelerometers. Deep breath test with E/I-ratio calculation and a head-up tilt test were performed. The sum of z-scores represented an index score for autonomic function profile and included E/I-ratio plus difference in blood pressure and heart rate between supine and tilted position. Correlation analyses were performed between physical activity parameters, body fat and VO2PEAK versus autonomic function profile. RESULTS No significant correlations were found between autonomic function profile and physical activity or body fat (p > 0.05). VO2PEAK was correlated with autonomic function profile in boys (r = 0.30, p < 0.05), but not in girls (r = 0.04, NS). One girl and eight boys terminated head-up tilt test prematurely due to intolerance. Minutes of vigorous physical activity per day was lower in these boys compared with those (n = 48) who completed the head-up tilt test (5.1 ± 3.3 vs. 10.4 ± 6.6, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Physical activity or body fat was not associated with autonomic function profile. VO2PEAK correlated to autonomic function profile in boys.
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Aroused at Home: Basic Autonomic Regulation during Orthostatic and Physical Activation is Altered in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:143-155. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Obesity and Prader-Willi Syndrome Affect Heart Rate Recovery from Dynamic Resistance Exercise in Youth. Diseases 2016; 4:diseases4010004. [PMID: 28933384 PMCID: PMC5456310 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Following exercise, heart rate decline is initially driven by parasympathetic reactivation and later by sympathetic withdrawal. Obesity delays endurance exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) in both children and adults. Young people with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), a congenital cause for obesity, have shown a slower 60-s endurance exercise HRR compared to lean and obese children, suggesting compromised regulation. This study further evaluated effects of obesity and PWS on resistance exercise HRR at 30 and 60 s in children. PWS (8–18 years) and lean and obese controls (8–11 years) completed a weighted step-up protocol (six sets x 10 reps per leg, separated by one-minute rest), standardized using participant stature and lean body mass. HRR was evaluated by calculated HRR value (HRRV = difference between HR at test termination and 30 (HRRV30) and 60 (HRRV60) s post-exercise). PWS and obese had a smaller HRRV30 than lean (p < 0.01 for both). Additionally, PWS had a smaller HRRV60 than lean and obese (p = 0.01 for both). Obesity appears to delay early parasympathetic reactivation, which occurs within 30 s following resistance exercise. However, the continued HRR delay at 60 s in PWS may be explained by either blunted parasympathetic nervous system reactivation, delayed sympathetic withdrawal and/or poor cardiovascular fitness.
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Mondoni GHDO, Vanderlei LCM, Saraiva B, Vanderlei FM. Effects of exercise on cardiac autonomic modulation in children: literature update. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-5150.028.003.ar03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction It is known that physical exercise is beneficial and precipitates adjustments to the autonomic nervous system. However, the effect of exercise on cardiac autonomic modulation in children, despite its importance, is poorly investigated.Objective To bring together current information about the effects of exercise on heart rate variability in healthy and obese children.Methods The literature update was performed through a search for articles in the following databases; PubMed, PEDro, SciELO and Lilacs, using the descriptors “exercise” and “child” in conjunction with the descriptors “autonomic nervous system”, “sympathetic nervous system”, “parasympathetic nervous system” and also with no descriptor, but the key word of this study, “heart rate variability”, from January 2005 to December 2012.Results After removal of items that did not fit the subject of the study, a total of 9 articles were selected, 5 with healthy and 4 with obese children.Conclusion The findings suggest that exercise can act in the normalization of existing alterations in the autonomic nervous system of obese children, as well as serve as a preventative factor in healthy children, enabling healthy development of the autonomic nervous system until the child reaches adulthood.
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Tian Y, Huang C, He Z, Hong P, Zhao J. Autonomic function responses to training: Correlation with body composition changes. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:308-13. [PMID: 26253213 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The causal relation between autonomic function and adiposity is an unresolved issue. Thus, we studied whether resting heart rate variability (HRV) changes could be used to predict changes in body composition after 16 weeks of individualized exercise training. METHODS A total of 117 sedentary overweight/obese adults volunteered to join an intervention group (IN, n=82) or a control group (CON, n=35). The intervention group trained for 30-40 min three times a week with an intensity of 85-100% of individual ventilatory threshold (Thvent). At baseline and after a 16-week training period, resting HRV variables, body composition and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were assessed. RESULTS Compared with CON, exercise training significantly improved HRV and body composition and increased VO2peak (P<0.05). Significant correlations were observed between changes of HRV variables and body composition indices and VO2peak (P<0.05). Greater individual changes in HRV in response to exercise training were observed for those with greater total and central fat loss. CONCLUSION Individual aerobic-based exercise training was for improving autonomic function and resting HRV responses to aerobic training is a potential indicator for adaptations to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Chuanye Huang
- Department of Sports Science, Shandong University of Sport, Shandong, China
| | - Zihong He
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Hong
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Blüher S, Petroff D, Keller A, Wagner A, Classen J, Baum P. Effect of a 1-Year Obesity Intervention (KLAKS Program) on Preexisting Autonomic Nervous Dysfunction in Childhood Obesity. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1174-81. [PMID: 25406153 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814555190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity may involve autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Whether it improves following weight loss remains unclear. Thirty-one obese children (body mass index standard deviation scores 2.33 ± 0.47; age 11.2 ± 2.0) completed a 1-year lifestyle intervention (KLAKS: Concept Leipzig: Adiposity Therapy for School-Aged Children). Anthropometric/biochemical parameters and autonomic nervous system function (heart rate variability, quantitative pupillography) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. A multivariate model for changes in body mass index standard deviation scores considered age, gender, and changes in autonomic nervous system function. Weight status (Δ body mass index standard deviation scores: 0.16 [0.05, 0.29], P = .008), glycemic control, and free fatty acids (all P < .05) improved after the intervention. Redilation velocity increased by 0.22 mm/s [0.06, 0.38] (P = .008), and changes tended to be negatively associated with Δ body mass index standard deviation scores (P = .08 [-0.61, 0.03]). Relative reflex amplitude (23.4 vs 26.3, P = .004) and constriction velocity (4.97 mm/s vs 5.47 mm/s, P < .001) also improved. Our data provide preliminary evidence that lifestyle-intervention induced improvement of weight status/metabolic risk factors may ameliorate some parameters of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Petroff
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Germany Clinical Trial Centre, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Baum
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Rodríguez-Colón SM, He F, Bixler EO, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Vgontzas AN, Calhoun S, Zheng ZJ, Liao D. Metabolic syndrome burden in apparently healthy adolescents is adversely associated with cardiac autonomic modulation--Penn State Children Cohort. Metabolism 2015; 64:626-32. [PMID: 25684658 PMCID: PMC4372460 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults. However, the association between MetS component cluster and CAM has not been examined in adolescents. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Penn State Child Cohort follow-up examination. CAM was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of 39-h RR intervals, including frequency (high frequency, HF; low frequency, LF; and LF/HF ratio) and time (SDNN, standard deviation of all RR intervals; RMSSD, square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals; and HR, heart rate) domain variables. To assess the MetS burden, we used continuous MetS score (cMetS)--sum of the age and sex-adjusted standardized residual (Z-score) of five established MetS components. Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyze the association between cMetS and CAM in the entire population and stratified by gender. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, and race, cMetS was significantly associated with reduced HRV and higher HR. With 1 standard deviation increase in cMetS, there was a significant decrease in HF (-0.10 (SE = 0.02)), LF (-0.07 (SE = 0.01)), SDNN (-1.97 (SE = 0.50)), and RMSSD (-1.70 (SE = 0.72)), and increase in LF/HF (0.08 (SE = 0.02)) and HR (1.40 (SE = 0.26)). All cMetS components, with the exception of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), were associated with significantly decreased HRV and increased HR. High blood pressure (MAP) and triglyceride (TG) levels were also associated with an increase in LF/HF and decrease in RMSSD. An increase in high-density lipoprotein was only associated with higher LF and SDNN. Moreover, cMetS and HRV associations were more pronounced in males than in females. The associations between HRV and. MAP, TG, and HDL were more pronounced in females. CONCLUSIONS cMetS score is associated with lower HRV, suggesting an adverse impact on CAM, even in apparently healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol M Rodríguez-Colón
- Department of Public Health Sciences Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033.
| | - Fan He
- Department of Public Health Sciences Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033.
| | - Edward O Bixler
- Sleep Research &Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033.
| | - Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
- Sleep Research &Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033.
| | - Alexandros N Vgontzas
- Sleep Research &Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033.
| | - Susan Calhoun
- Sleep Research &Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033.
| | - Zhi-Jie Zheng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033.
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Javorka M, Turianikova Z, Tonhajzerova I, Lazarova Z, Czippelova B, Javorka K. Heart rate and blood pressure control in obesity - how to detect early dysregulation? Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 36:337-45. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Javorka
- Department of Physiology; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Martin Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Turianikova
- Department of Physiology; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Martin Slovakia
| | - Ingrid Tonhajzerova
- Department of Physiology; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Martin Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Lazarova
- Department of Physiology; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Martin Slovakia
| | - Barbora Czippelova
- Department of Physiology; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Martin Slovakia
| | - Kamil Javorka
- Department of Physiology; Jessenius Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Martin Slovakia
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Li G, Liu JY, Zhang HX, Li Q, Zhang SW. Exercise training attenuates sympathetic activation and oxidative stress in diet-induced obesity. Physiol Res 2014; 64:355-67. [PMID: 25536322 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that excessive sympathetic activity and oxidative stress are enhanced in obesity. This study aimed to clarify whether exercise training (ET) attenuates sympathetic activation and oxidative stress in obesity. The obesity was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to four groups: regular diet (RD) plus sedentary (RD-S), RD plus ET (RD-ET), HFD plus sedentary (HFD-S), and HFD plus ET (HFD-ET). The rats in RD-ET and HFD-ET groups were trained on a motorized treadmill for 60 min/day, five days/week for 8 weeks. The sympathetic activity was evaluated by the plasma norepinephrine (NE) level. The superoxide anion, malondialdehyde and F2-isoprostanes levels in serum and muscles were measured to evaluate oxidative stress. The ET prevented the increases in the body weight, arterial pressure and white adipose tissue mass in HFD rats. The NE level in plasma and oxidative stress related parameters got lower in HFD-ET group compared with HFD-S group. We have found decreased mRNA and protein levels of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 by ET in HFD rats. These findings suggest that ET may be effective for attenuating sympathetic activation and oxidative stress in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- Physical Education College, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
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Liao D, Rodríguez-Colón SM, He F, Bixler EO. Childhood obesity and autonomic dysfunction: risk for cardiac morbidity and mortality. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2014; 16:342. [PMID: 25143120 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-014-0342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The epidemic of childhood obesity is becoming a major predictor for risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality during adulthood. Alterations in the morphology of the heart due to obesity could be a predictor for the dysfunction of cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM). A number of epidemiologic studies have evaluated the effect of obesity and CAM in children, finding that obesity impaired the balance of CAM toward a sympathetic overflow and reduced parasympathetic modulation, a significant predictor of CVD morbidity and mortality in adults. Lifestyle modifications, for example long-term exercise programs, have been shown to improve CAM in the obese. This review discusses the recent evidence on childhood and adolescent obesity and its impact on CAM, as well as how early lifestyle changes could help improve CAM, which may in turn reduce the burden of CVD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Drive, Suite 2000/A210, PO Box 855, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA,
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Alkon A, Harley KG, Neilands TB, Tambellini K, Lustig RH, Boyce WT, Eskenazi B. Latino children's body mass index at 2-3.5 years predicts sympathetic nervous system activity at 5 years. Child Obes 2014; 10:214-24. [PMID: 24745554 PMCID: PMC4038992 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2013.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand whether the relationship between young children's autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses predicted their BMI, or vice versa, the association between standardized BMI (zBMI) at 2, 3.5, and 5 years of age and ANS reactivity at 3.5-5 years of age, and whether zBMI predicts later ANS reactivity or whether early ANS reactivity predicts later zBMI, was studied. METHODS Low-income, primarily Latino children (n=112) were part of a larger cohort study of mothers recruited during early pregnancy. Study measures included maternal prenatal weight, children's health behaviors (i.e., time watching television, fast food consumption, and time playing outdoors), children's height and weight at 2, 3.5, and 5 years, and children's ANS reactivity at 3.5 and 5 years. ANS measures of sympathetic nervous system (i.e., pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic nervous system (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) activity were monitored during rest and four challenges. Reactivity was calculated as the difference between mean challenge response and rest. Structural equation models analyzed the relationship between children's zBMI at 2, 3.5, and 5 years and ANS reactivity at 3.5 and 5 years, adjusting for mother's BMI, children's behaviors, and changes in height. RESULTS There was no association between zBMI and ANS cross-sectionally. Children with high zBMI at 2 or 3.5 years or large zBMI increases from 2 to 3.5 years of age had decreased sympathetic activity at 5 years. Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic reactivity at 3.5 years predicted later zBMI. CONCLUSIONS Increased zBMI early in childhood may dampen young children's SNS responses later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Alkon
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Torsten B. Neilands
- Center for AIDS Prevention, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Katelyn Tambellini
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Robert H. Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - W. Thomas Boyce
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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Heart rate variability reflects the natural history of physiological development in healthy children and is not associated with quality of life. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91036. [PMID: 24625571 PMCID: PMC3953202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quality of life (QoL), being the sum expression of diverse influencing factors, is not easy to determine. A clinically relevant option would be to identify and measure quality of life on the basis of physiological parameters which correlate plausibly and statistically with psychometrically measured QoL. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) offers readily measurable physiological parameters which could be of use here. A correlation of HRV with both course of disease and QoL has been reported in patients with chronic illness. Various psychometric instruments have been developed for use in paediatric oncology. The aim of this study was to obtain data on HRV and QoL and their correlations, initially in healthy children. Methods Holter ECG and quality of life were examined in 160 children and adolescents (72 male) aged between 8 and 18 years. QoL was determined with the established questionnaire PEDQoL. Standard parameters of HRV from the frequency domain were calculated and correlated with QoL domains using Spearman (nonparametric) correlation analysis. Results Minor but significant associations were revealed only with regard to the PEDQoL domain “autonomy” on the one hand and heart rate and HRV (e.g. MRR, MRRn, MRRd, HRV_ULF, SDNN) parameters which evidently reflect distinct physiological functions on the other. Conclusions In healthy children and adolescents we have a first indication that there is a correlation between parameters of HRV and QoL. However, to a greater extent, HRV reflects associated physiological processes of the autonomic nervous system. A higher correlation is more likely to be found in chronically ill children.
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Norton KN, Luchyshyn TA, Kevin Shoemaker J. Evidence for a medial prefrontal cortex-hippocampal axis associated with heart rate control in conscious humans. Brain Res 2013; 1538:104-15. [PMID: 24076209 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular arousal correlates to activity within the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Additional evidence provides anatomical and functional links between the MPFC and hippocampus (HC). This study tested the hypothesis that the MPFC and HC form a sub-network associated with rapid heart rate (HR) responses to volitional effort. Primary analyses were performed on 29 individuals (18 males) ranging from 21 to 80 years of age, who produced a HR response >3bpm to an isometric handgrip (IHG) task. HR and cortical activity were recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging with blood oxygen level-dependent contrast. The average change in HR from baseline was 6bpm ±2. Activity in the MPFC and left HC was reduced relative to baseline in all subjects when correlated with the HR time course. Measures of connectivity demonstrated that the MPFC engaged in significantly stronger functional connectivity to the left HC during a 40% IHG task. Effective connectivity revealed a directionality of influence from the MPFC to the left HC. A second group (n=15) of individuals without a HR response (~1bpm) to IHG were studied post-hoc and these individuals showed no deactivation in either the MPFC or left HC. These results suggest the presence of a MPFC-HC axis that participates in the neurally-mediated HR response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Norton
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
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Cote AT, Harris KC, Panagiotopoulos C, Sandor GGS, Devlin AM. Childhood obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:1309-19. [PMID: 23954339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related cardiovascular disease in children is becoming more prevalent in conjunction with the rise in childhood obesity. Children with obesity are predisposed to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Importantly, research in children with obesity over the last decade has demonstrated that children may exhibit early signs of cardiovascular dysfunction as a result of their excess adiposity, often independent of other obesity-related comorbidities such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. The clinical evidence is accumulating to suggest that the cardiovascular damage, once observed only in adults, is also occurring in obese children. The objective of this review is to provide a synopsis of the current research on cardiovascular abnormalities in children with obesity and highlight the importance and need for early detection and prevention programs to mitigate this potentially serious health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita T Cote
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Radtke T, Khattab K, Brugger N, Eser P, Saner H, Wilhelm M. High-volume sports club participation and autonomic nervous system activity in children. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:821-8. [PMID: 23713897 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sixty minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) are recommended for children. This study investigated the additional impact of high-volume sports club participation on the autonomic nervous system in active children, while controlling for acute effects of short-term PA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-nine children (29 females) aged 10-13 years were investigated. Sports club participation was assessed with a validated questionnaire. Short-term PA and night-time autonomic tone (spectral power and nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability) were measured with an ambulatory device (Actiheart(®) ). Children were dichotomized into two groups, based on their individual weekly time spent in a sports club: low-volume group < 180 min/week (N = 26) and high-volume group ≥ 180 min/week (N = 23). RESULTS Children in the high-volume group exhibited higher indices of vagal tone compared with the children in the low-volume group. Short-term moderate PA had a significant impact on the night course of autonomic activity. Boys showed a linear increase in vagal activity over the night course in relation to volumes of short-term moderate PA of the previous day. A similar but nonsignificant trend was observed for girls. CONCLUSIONS In active children, higher volumes of sports club participation have an additional benefit on indices of autonomic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Radtke
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Cardiology, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Sookan T, McKune AJ. Heart rate variability in physically active individuals: reliability and gender characteristics. Cardiovasc J Afr 2013; 23:67-72. [PMID: 22447474 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2011.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the reliability of short-term recordings (five minutes) of heart rate variability (HRV) and the association between HRV and gender. METHODS HRV time- and frequency-domain parameters were calculated in 44 physically active students (21 males and 23 females) over four consecutive days. A Suunto t6 heart rate monitor was used to obtain inter-beat intervals (IBIs) that were then transferred to Kubios HRV analysis software. The relative reliability [intra-class correlation (ICC)] and absolute reliability, [typical error of measurement (TEM) and typical error of measurement as a percentage (TEM%)] of the HRV parameters were then calculated for day 2 versus day 3 and day 3 versus day 4, with day 1 being a familiarisation day. The following HRV parameters were calculated: (1) time domain: resting heart rate (RHR), R-R intervals (IBI), standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square differences of the standard deviation (RMSSD), percentage of beats that changed more than 50 ms from the previous beat (pNN50); and (2) frequency domain: low-frequency normalised units (LFnu), high-frequency normalised units (HFnu), low-frequency to high-frequency ratio in normalised units (LF/HFnu). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post-hoc testing was performed to compare HRV parameters in males and females. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The ICCs for both relationship 1 and 2 indicated primarily good to excellent (> 0.8) relative reliability. The lowest value was found in the LF/HFnu ratio (ICC = 0.36) for males. Absolute reliability was low with TEM% greater than 10% for all HRV parameters, except IBIs. Females demonstrated better relative (higher ICCs) and absolute reliability (lower TEM and TEM% ) compared to males for the frequency domain. The relative and absolute reliability for the time domains were similar except for SDNN where the absolute reliability was higher in males. ANOVA illustrated significant gender differences for the LF/HFnu ratio (41% higher in males, p = 0.003), HFnu (12% higher in females, p = 0.02) and IBI (21% higher in females, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Short-term recordings of HRV over three consecutive days demonstrated a high relative reliability. However, a low absolute reliability indicated large day-to-day random variation in HRV, which would make the detection of intervention effects using HRV difficult in individual participants. Females were shown to have a higher parasympathetic modulation of HRV, which may indicate an underlying cardioprotective mechanism in females compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takshita Sookan
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Baum P, Petroff D, Classen J, Kiess W, Blüher S. Dysfunction of autonomic nervous system in childhood obesity: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54546. [PMID: 23358101 PMCID: PMC3554723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the distribution of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction in overweight and obese children. METHODS Parasympathetic and sympathetic ANS function was assessed in children and adolescents with no evidence of impaired glucose metabolism by analysis of heart rate variability (low frequency power ln(LF), high frequency power, ln(HF); ln(LF/HF) ratio, ratio of longest RR interval during expiration to shortest interval during inspiration (E/I ratio), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD); sympathetic skin response (SSR); and quantitative pupillography (pupil diameter in darkness, light reflex amplitude, latency, constriction velocity, re-dilation velocity). The relationship of each ANS variable to the standard deviation score of body mass index (BMI-SDS) was assessed in a linear model considering age, gender and pubertal stage as co-variates and employing an F-statistic to compare the fit of nested models. Group comparisons between normal weight and obese children as well as an analysis of dependence on insulin resistance (as indexed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR) were performed for parameters shown to correlate with BMI-SDS. Statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS Measurements were performed in 149 individuals (mean age 12.0 y; 90 obese 45 boys; 59 normal weight, 34 boys). E/I ratio (p = 0.003), ln(HF) (p = 0.03), pupil diameter in darkness (p = 0.01) were negatively correlated with BMI-SDS, whereas ln(LF/HF) was positively correlated (p = 0.05). Early re-dilation velocity was in trend negatively correlated to BMI-SDS (p = 0.08). None of the parameters that depended significantly on BMI-SDS was found to be significantly correlated with HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate extended ANS dysfunction in obese children and adolescents, affecting several organ systems. Both parasympathetic activity and sympathetic activity are reduced. The conspicuous pattern of ANS dysfunction raises the possibility that obesity may give rise to dysfunction of the peripheral autonomic nerves resembling that observed in normal-weight diabetic children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baum
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Petroff
- Clinical Trial Centre, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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