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Elawa S, Fredriksson I, Steinvall I, Zötterman J, Farnebo S, Tesselaar E. Skin perfusion and oxygen saturation after mastectomy and radiation therapy in breast cancer patients. Breast 2024; 75:103704. [PMID: 38460441 PMCID: PMC10943105 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2024.103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanism behind complications associated with postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) and subsequent implant-based breast reconstruction are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to examine if there is a relationship between PMRT and microvascular perfusion and saturation in the skin after mastectomy and assess if there is impaired responsiveness to a topically applied vasodilator (Methyl nicotinate - MN). Skin microvascular perfusion and oxygenation >2 years after PMRT were measured using white light diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in the irradiated chest wall of 31 women with the contralateral breast as a control. In the non-irradiated breast, the perfusion after application of MN (median 0.84, 25th-75th centile 0.59-1.02 % RBC × mm/s) was higher compared to the irradiated chest wall (median 0.51, 25th-75th centile 0.21-0.68 % RBC × mm/s, p < 0.001). The same phenomenon was noted for saturation (median 91 %, 25th-75th centile 89-94 % compared to 89 % 25th-75th centile 77-93 %, p = 0.001). Eight of the women (26%) had a ≥10 % difference in skin oxygenation between the non-irradiated breast and the irradiated chest wall. These results indicate that late microvascular changes caused by radiotherapy of the chest wall significantly affect skin perfusion and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Elawa
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ingemar Fredriksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Perimed AB, Järfälla, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Steinvall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Zötterman
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Elawa S, Mirdell R, Stefanis A, Tesselaar E, Farnebo S. Microcirculatory changes in the skin after postmastectomy radiotherapy in women with breast cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4149. [PMID: 38378732 PMCID: PMC10879083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) increases the risk for complications after breast reconstruction. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying this increased risk is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to examine if there is a relationship between PMRT and microvascular perfusion in the skin directly after, and at 2 and 6 months after PMRT and to assess if there is impaired responsiveness to a topically applied vasodilator (Methyl nicotinate-MN) after PMRT. Skin microvascular responses after PMRT were measured on two sites in the irradiated chest wall of 22 women before, immediately after, and at 2 and 6 months after unilateral PMRT with the contralateral breast as a control. A significant increase in basal skin perfusion was observed in the irradiated chest wall immediately after RT (p < 0.0001). At 2 and 6 months after RT, there was no longer a difference in basal skin perfusion compared to the contralateral breast and compared to baseline. Similarly, the blood flow response in the skin after application of MN was stronger immediately after RT compared to before RT (p < 0.0001), but there was no difference at later time points. These results indicate that the increased risk for complications after surgical procedures are not directly related to changes in skin perfusion and microvascular responsiveness observed after postmastectomy RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Elawa
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Robin Mirdell
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Aristotelis Stefanis
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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3
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Park PJ, Mondal H, Pi BS, Kim ST, Jee JP. The effect of oxygen supply using perfluorocarbon-based nanoemulsions on human hair growth. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:991-1000. [PMID: 38193597 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Hair dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) play a crucial role in hair growth and regeneration, and their function is influenced by nutrient and oxygen supply. A microenvironment with significantly low oxygen (O2) levels, known as anoxic conditions (<0.2%) due to oxygen deficiency, hinders hDPC promotion and retards hair regrowth. Here, a nanoemulsion (NE) based on perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB), a member of the perfluorocarbon family, is presented to provide a sustainable O2 supply and maintain physical stability in vitro. The PFOB-NE has been shown to continuously release oxygen for 36 h, increasing and maintaining the O2 concentration in the anoxic microenvironment of up to 0.8%. This sustainable O2 supply using PFOB-NE has promoted hDPC growth and also induced a complex cascade of effects. These effects encompass regulation via inhibiting lactate accumulation caused via oxygen deficiency, increasing lactate dehydrogenase activity, and promoting the expression of genes, such as the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 family and NADPH oxidase 4 under anoxic conditions. Sustained O2 supply is shown to enhance human hair organ elongation approximately four times compared to the control under anoxic conditions. In conclusion, the perfluorocarbon-based NE containing oxygen proves to be an important strategic tool for improving hair growth and alleviating hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil June Park
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, AMOREPACIFIC R&I Center, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Himangsu Mondal
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Soo Pi
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, AMOREPACIFIC R&I Center, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering/Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
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Fowler EA, Amorim CF, Mostacada K, Yan A, Sacramento LA, Stanco RA, Hales EDS, Varkey A, Zong W, Wu GD, de Oliveira CI, Collins PL, Novais FO. Pathogenic CD8 T cell responses are driven by neutrophil-mediated hypoxia in cutaneous leishmaniasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562926. [PMID: 37904953 PMCID: PMC10614852 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania parasites exhibits a wide range of clinical manifestations. Although parasites influence disease severity, cytolytic CD8 T cell responses mediate disease. While these responses originate in the lymph node, we find that expression of the cytolytic effector molecule granzyme B is restricted to lesional CD8 T cells in Leishmania - infected mice, suggesting that local cues within inflamed skin induce cytolytic function. Expression of Blimp-1 ( Prdm1 ), a transcription factor necessary for cytolytic CD8 T cell differentiation, is driven by hypoxia within the inflamed skin. Hypoxia is further enhanced by the recruitment of neutrophils that consume oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species, ultimately increasing granzyme B expression in CD8 T cells. Importantly, lesions from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients exhibit hypoxia transcription signatures that correlate with the presence of neutrophils. Thus, targeting hypoxia-driven signals that support local differentiation of cytolytic CD8 T cells may improve the prognosis for patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as other inflammatory skin diseases where cytolytic CD8 T cells contribute to pathogenesis.
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5
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Little AJ, Chen PM, Vesely MD, Khan RN, Fiedler J, Garritano J, Maisha FI, McNiff JM, Craft J. HIF-1 regulates pathogenic cytotoxic T cells in lupus skin disease. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166076. [PMID: 37526979 PMCID: PMC10543720 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a disfiguring autoimmune skin disease characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate rich in T cells, which are strongly implicated in tissue damage. How these cells adapt to the skin environment and promote tissue inflammation and damage is not known. In lupus nephritis, we previously identified an inflammatory gene program in kidney-infiltrating T cells that is dependent on HIF-1, a transcription factor critical for the cellular and developmental response to hypoxia as well as inflammation-associated signals. In our present studies using a mouse model of lupus skin disease, we find that skin-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells also express high levels of HIF-1. Skin-infiltrating T cells demonstrated a strong cytotoxic signature at the transcript and protein levels, and HIF-1 inhibition abrogated skin and systemic diseases in association with decreased T cell cytotoxic activity. We also demonstrate in human CLE tissue that the T cell-rich inflammatory infiltrate exhibited increased amounts of HIF-1 and a cytotoxic signature. Granzyme B-expressing T cells were concentrated at sites of skin tissue damage in CLE, suggesting relevance of this pathway to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping-Min Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. McNiff
- Department of Dermatology and
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology)
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Stabell AR, Lee GE, Jia Y, Wong KN, Wang S, Ling J, Nguyen SD, Sen GL, Nie Q, Atwood SX. Single-cell transcriptomics of human-skin-equivalent organoids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112511. [PMID: 37195865 PMCID: PMC10348600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several methods for generating human-skin-equivalent (HSE) organoid cultures are in use to study skin biology; however, few studies thoroughly characterize these systems. To fill this gap, we use single-cell transcriptomics to compare in vitro HSEs, xenograft HSEs, and in vivo epidermis. By combining differential gene expression, pseudotime analyses, and spatial localization, we reconstruct HSE keratinocyte differentiation trajectories that recapitulate known in vivo epidermal differentiation pathways and show that HSEs contain major in vivo cellular states. However, HSEs also develop unique keratinocyte states, an expanded basal stem cell program, and disrupted terminal differentiation. Cell-cell communication modeling shows aberrant epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated signaling pathways that alter upon epidermal growth factor (EGF) supplementation. Last, xenograft HSEs at early time points post transplantation significantly rescue many in vitro deficits while undergoing a hypoxic response that drives an alternative differentiation lineage. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of organoid cultures and identifies areas for potential innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Stabell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Grace E Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yunlong Jia
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kirsten N Wong
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ji Ling
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandrine D Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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7
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Segawa R, Kyoda T, Yagisawa M, Muramatsu T, Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors suppressed thymic stromal lymphopoietin production and allergic responses in a mouse air-pouch-type ovalbumin sensitization model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110127. [PMID: 37030118 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic skin disease, triggered by excessive type 2 immune reactions. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial-derived cytokine that induces type 2 immune response through dendritic cell activation. Therefore, TSLP inhibitors may serve as novel antiallergic drugs. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation in the epithelia contributes to several homeostatic phenomena, such as re-epithelialization. However, the effects of HIF activation on TSLP production and immune activation in the skin remain unclear. In this study, we found that selective HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHD inhibitors), which induce HIF activation, suppressed TSLP production in a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization model. PHD inhibitors also suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which is a major inducer of TSLP production, in this mouse model and in a macrophage cell line. Consistent with these findings, PHD inhibitors suppressed OVA-specific IgE levels in the serum and OVA-induced allergic responses. Furthermore, we found a direct suppressive effect on TSLP expression in a human keratinocyte cell line mediated by HIF activation. Taken together, our findings suggest that PHD inhibitors exert antiallergic effects by suppressing TSLP production. Controlling the HIF activation system has therapeutic potential in AD.
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8
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Hypoxia in Skin Cancer: Molecular Basis and Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054430. [PMID: 36901857 PMCID: PMC10003002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the Caucasian population. In the United States, it is estimated that at least one in five people will develop skin cancer in their lifetime, leading to significant morbidity and a healthcare burden. Skin cancer mainly arises from cells in the epidermal layer of the skin, where oxygen is scarce. There are three main types of skin cancer: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Accumulating evidence has revealed a critical role for hypoxia in the development and progression of these dermatologic malignancies. In this review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in treating and reconstructing skin cancers. We will summarize the molecular basis of hypoxia signaling pathways in relation to the major genetic variations of skin cancer.
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Jarrold BB, Tan CYR, Ho CY, Soon AL, Lam TT, Yang X, Nguyen C, Guo W, Chew YC, DeAngelis YM, Costello L, De Los Santos Gomez P, Przyborski S, Bellanger S, Dreesen O, Kimball AB, Oblong JE. Early onset of senescence and imbalanced epidermal homeostasis across the decades in photoexposed human skin: Fingerprints of inflammaging. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1748-1760. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chin Yee Ho
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs Singapore City Singapore
| | - Ai Ling Soon
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs Singapore City Singapore
| | - TuKiet T. Lam
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | | | - Wei Guo
- Zymo Research Corporation Irvine California USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexa B. Kimball
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
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10
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Deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-lineage mesenchymal cells leads to congenital truncal alopecia. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101787. [PMID: 35247391 PMCID: PMC8988008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) induce numerous genes regulating oxygen homeostasis. As oxygen sensors of the cells, the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF-P4Hs) regulate the stability of HIFs in an oxygen-dependent manner. During hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis and cycling, the location of dermal papilla (DP) alternates between the dermis and hypodermis and results in varying oxygen levels for the DP cells. These cells are known to express hypoxia-inducible genes, but the role of the hypoxia response pathway in HF development and homeostasis has not been studied. Using conditional gene targeting and analysis of hair morphogenesis, we show here that lack of Hif-p4h-2 in Forkhead box D1 (FoxD1)-lineage mesodermal cells interferes with the normal HF development in mice. FoxD1-lineage cells were found to be mainly mesenchymal cells located in the dermis of truncal skin, including those cells composing the DP of HFs. We found that upon Hif-p4h-2 inactivation, HF development was disturbed during the first catagen leading to formation of epithelial-lined HF cysts filled by unorganized keratins, which eventually manifested as truncal alopecia. Furthermore, the depletion of Hif-p4h-2 led to HIF stabilization and dysregulation of multiple genes involved in keratin formation, HF differentiation, and HIF, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and Notch signaling. We hypothesize that the failure of HF cycling is likely to be mechanistically caused by disruption of the interplay of the HIF, TGF-β, and Notch pathways. In summary, we show here for the first time that HIF-P4H-2 function in FoxD1-lineage cells is essential for the normal development and homeostasis of HFs.
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11
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Bose M, Hagerty J, Boes J, Kim CS, Stoecker W, Nam P. Optical Oxygen Sensor Patch Printed with Polystyrene Microparticles-based Ink on Flexible Substrate. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:21494-21502. [PMID: 35002540 PMCID: PMC8730360 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical oxygen sensors based on photoluminescence quenching have gained increasing attention as a superior method for continuous monitoring of oxygen in a growing number of applications. A simple and low-cost fabrication technique was developed to produce sensor arrays capable of two-dimensional oxygen tension measurement. Sensor patches were printed on polyvinylidene chloride film using an oxygen-sensitive ink cocktail, prepared by immobilizing Pt(II) mesotetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphine (PtTFPP) in monodispersed polystyrene microparticles. The dispersion media of the ink cocktail, high molecular weight polyvinyl pyrrolidone suspended in 50% ethanol (v/v in water), allowed adhesion promotion and compatibility with most common polymeric substrates. Ink phosphorescence intensity was found to vary primarily with fluorophore concentration and to a lesser extent with polystyrene particle size. The sensor performance was investigated as a function of oxygen concentrations employing two different techniques: a multi-frequency phase fluorometer and smart phone-based image acquisition. The printed sensor patch showed fast and repetitive response over 0-21% oxygen concentrations with high linearity (with R2 >0.99) in a Stern-Volmer plot, and sensitivity of I0/I21 >1.55. The optical sensor response on a surface was investigated further using two-dimensional images which were captured and analyzed under different oxygen environment. Printed sensor patch along with imaging read-out technique make an ideal platform for early detection of surface wounds associated with tissue oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA
| | - Jason Hagerty
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA
| | - Jason Boes
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Chang-Soo Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA
| | | | - Paul Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA
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12
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Trojan SE, Dudzik P, Totoń-Żurańska J, Laidler P, Kocemba-Pilarczyk KA. Expression of Alternative Splice Variants of 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-4 in Normoxic and Hypoxic Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8848. [PMID: 34445551 PMCID: PMC8396304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-specific isoenzyme of phosphofructokinase II (PFKFB4), as our previous research has shown, may be one of the most important enzymes contributing to the intensification of glycolysis in hypoxic malignant melanoma cells. Although the PFKFB4 gene seems to play a crucial role in the progression of melanoma, so far there are no complete data on the expression of PFKFB4 at the isoform level and the influence of hypoxia on alternative splicing. Using RT-qPCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, we presented the PFKFB4 gene expression profile at the level of six isoforms described in the OMIM NCBI database in normoxic and hypoxic melanoma cells. Additionally, using VMD software, we analyzed the structure of isoforms at the protein level, concluding about the catalytic activity of individual isoforms. Our research has shown that five isoforms of PFKFB4 are expressed in melanoma cells, of which the D and F isoforms are highly constitutive, while the canonical B isoform seems to be the main isoform induced in hypoxia. Our results also indicate that the expression profile at the level of the PFKFB4 gene does not reflect the expression at the level of individual isoforms. Our work clearly indicates that the PFKFB4 gene expression profile should be definitely analyzed at the level of individual isoforms. Moreover, the analysis at the protein level allowed the selection of those isoforms whose functional validation should be performed to fully understand the importance of PFKFB4 expression in the metabolic adaptation of malignant melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia E. Trojan
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Medical Biochemistry, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (S.E.T.); (P.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Paulina Dudzik
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Medical Biochemistry, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (S.E.T.); (P.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Justyna Totoń-Żurańska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Medical Genomics-OMICRON, 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Piotr Laidler
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Medical Biochemistry, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (S.E.T.); (P.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Kinga A. Kocemba-Pilarczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Medical Biochemistry, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (S.E.T.); (P.D.); (P.L.)
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13
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Velalopoulou A, Karagounis IV, Cramer GM, Kim MM, Skoufos G, Goia D, Hagan S, Verginadis II, Shoniyozov K, Chiango J, Cerullo M, Varner K, Yao L, Qin L, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Minn AJ, Putt M, Lanza M, Assenmacher CA, Radaelli E, Huck J, Diffenderfer E, Dong L, Metz J, Koumenis C, Cengel KA, Maity A, Busch TM. FLASH proton radiotherapy spares normal epithelial and mesenchymal tissues while preserving sarcoma response. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4808-4821. [PMID: 34321243 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In studies of electron and proton radiotherapy, ultrahigh dose rates of FLASH radiation therapy appear to produce fewer toxicities than standard dose rates while maintaining local tumor control. FLASH-proton radiotherapy (F-PRT) brings the spatial advantages of PRT to FLASH dose rates (>40 Gy/sec), making it important to understand if and how F-PRT spares normal tissues while providing anti-tumor efficacy that is equivalent to standard-proton radiotherapy (S-PRT). Here we studied PRT damage to skin and mesenchymal tissues of muscle and bone and found that F-PRT of the C57BL/6 murine hind leg produced fewer severe toxicities leading to death or requiring euthanasia than S-PRT of the same dose. RNAseq analyses of murine skin and bone revealed pathways upregulated by S-PRT yet unaltered by F-PRT, such as apoptosis signaling and keratinocyte differentiation in skin, as well as osteoclast differentiation and chondrocyte development in bone. Corroborating these findings, F-PRT reduced skin injury, stem cell depletion, and inflammation, mitigated late effects including lymphedema, and decreased histopathologically detected myofiber atrophy, bone resorption, hair follicle atrophy, and epidermal hyperplasia. F-PRT was equipotent to S-PRT in control of two murine sarcoma models, including at an orthotopic intramuscular site, thereby establishing its relevance to mesenchymal cancers. Finally, S-PRT produced greater increases in TGF-β1 in murine skin and the skin of canines enrolled in a phase 1 study of F-PRT versus S-PRT. Collectively, these data provide novel insights into F-PRT-mediated tissue sparing and support its ongoing investigation in applications that would benefit from this sparing of skin and mesenchymal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michele M Kim
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | | | - Denisa Goia
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Hagan
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - June Chiango
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Michelle Cerullo
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Kelley Varner
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Lutian Yao
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Ling Qin
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Andy J Minn
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia
| | - Mary Putt
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Lanza
- Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine
| | | | | | - Jennifer Huck
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | | | - Lei Dong
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - James Metz
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Amit Maity
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
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14
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Signaling in Macrophages Promotes Lymphangiogenesis in Leishmania major Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0012421. [PMID: 34031127 PMCID: PMC8281282 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00124-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is a phenomenon seen in the cutaneous lesions formed during infection with Leishmania parasites. Within the lesion, Leishmania major infection leads to the infiltration of inflammatory cells, including macrophages, and is associated with hypoxic conditions and lymphangiogenesis in the local site. This low-oxygen environment is concomitant with the expression of hypoxic inducible factors (HIFs), which initiate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in macrophages during the infection. Here, we found that macrophage hypoxia is elevated in the skin, and the HIF target Vegfa is preferentially expressed at the site of infection. Further, transcripts indicative of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α activation were increased at the site of infection. Given that HIF mediates VEGF-A and that VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling induces lymphangiogenesis, we wanted to investigate the link between myeloid HIF activation and lymphangiogenesis during L. major infection. We show that myeloid aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)/HIF/VEGF-A signaling promotes lymphangiogenesis (the generation of newly formed vessels within the local lymphatic network), which helps resolve the lesion by draining away inflammatory cells and fluid. Concomitant with impaired lymphangiogenesis, we find the deletion of myeloid ARNT/HIF signaling leads to an exacerbated inflammatory response associated with a heightened CD4+ Th1 immune response following L. major infection. Altogether, our data suggest that VEGF-A-mediated lymphangiogenesis occurs through myeloid ARNT/HIF activation following Leishmania major infection and this process is critical in limiting immunopathology.
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15
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Hasan F, Chiu Y, Shaw RM, Wang J, Yee C. Hypoxia acts as an environmental cue for the human tissue-resident memory T cell differentiation program. JCI Insight 2021; 6:138970. [PMID: 34027895 PMCID: PMC8262358 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) provide frontline defense against infectious diseases and contribute to antitumor immunity; however, aside from the necessity of TGF-β, knowledge regarding TRM-inductive cues remains incomplete, particularly for human cells. Oxygen tension is an environmental cue that distinguishes peripheral tissues from the circulation, and here, we demonstrate that differentiation of human CD8+ T cells in the presence of hypoxia and TGF-β1 led to the development of a TRM phenotype, characterized by a greater than 5-fold increase in CD69+CD103+ cells expressing human TRM hallmarks and enrichment for endogenous human TRM gene signatures, including increased adhesion molecule expression and decreased expression of genes involved in recirculation. Hypoxia and TGF-β1 synergized to produce a significantly larger population of TRM phenotype cells than either condition alone, and comparison of these cells from the individual and combination conditions revealed distinct phenotypic and transcriptional profiles, indicating a programming response to milieu rather than a mere expansion. Our findings identify a likely previously unreported cue for the TRM differentiation program and can enable facile generation of human TRM phenotype cells in vitro for basic studies and translational applications such as adoptive cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Hasan
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas (UT) MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yulun Chiu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas (UT) MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca M Shaw
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas (UT) MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas (UT) MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas (UT) MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Xia J, Sonkusale S. Flexible thread-based electrochemical sensors for oxygen monitoring. Analyst 2021; 146:2983-2990. [PMID: 33949371 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a key role in human physiology and is abnormally modulated in various disease pathologies making its in situ monitoring quite important. Most oxygen sensors are not able to measure oxygen levels deep inside the tissue or have mismatched electrode-tissue interfaces. In this study we developed a flexible thread-based oxygen sensor that combines the unique advantages of minimal invasiveness and superior flexibility offering the possibility for tissue integration. The sensor is featured by a simple and low-cost fabrication approach which allows for measuring the overall oxygen concentration either over a large surface area or locally at any spot in any three-dimensional environment with high spatial accuracy and high sensitivity. The sensor can sensitively detect dissolved oxygen levels within the physiological range of tissue oxygenation. The sensor's performance is insensitive to pH variation from 5.8 to 8.0. The sensor shows good repeatability and stability over a period of one week in phosphate buffered saline. In addition, the signal variation is less than 10% after hundreds of cycles of physical bending. Using a hydrogel-based tissue model the sensor has been shown to probe dissolved oxygen levels at different spatial locations inside a tissue-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Xia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA. and Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Sameer Sonkusale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA. and Nano Lab, Advanced Technology Laboratory, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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17
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Hypoxia and Extracellular Acidification as Drivers of Melanoma Progression and Drug Resistance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040862. [PMID: 33918883 PMCID: PMC8070386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and elevated extracellular acidification are prevalent features of solid tumors and they are often shown to facilitate cancer progression and drug resistance. In this review, we have compiled recent and most relevant research pertaining to the role of hypoxia and acidification in melanoma growth, invasiveness, and response to therapy. Melanoma represents a highly aggressive and heterogeneous type of skin cancer. Currently employed treatments, including BRAF V600E inhibitors and immune therapy, often are not effective due to a rapidly developing drug resistance. A variety of intracellular mechanisms impeding the treatment were discovered. However, the tumor microenvironment encompassing stromal and immune cells, extracellular matrix, and physicochemical conditions such as oxygen level or acidity, may also influence the therapy effectiveness. Hypoxia and acidification are able to reprogram the metabolism of melanoma cells, enhance their survival and invasiveness, as well as promote the immunosuppressive environment. For this reason, these physicochemical features of the melanoma niche and signaling pathways related to them emerge as potential therapeutic targets.
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18
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Redox Active Antimicrobial Peptides in Controlling Growth of Microorganisms at Body Barriers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030446. [PMID: 33805777 PMCID: PMC7998263 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia in the skin, gut and other environmentally exposed organs display a variety of mechanisms to control microbial communities and limit potential pathogenic microbial invasion. Naturally occurring antimicrobial proteins/peptides and their synthetic derivatives (here collectively referred to as AMPs) reinforce the antimicrobial barrier function of epithelial cells. Understanding how these AMPs are functionally regulated may be important for new therapeutic approaches to combat microbial infections. Some AMPs are subject to redox-dependent regulation. This review aims to: (i) explore cysteine-based redox active AMPs in skin and intestine; (ii) discuss casual links between various redox environments of these barrier tissues and the ability of AMPs to control cutaneous and intestinal microbes; (iii) highlight how bacteria, through intrinsic mechanisms, can influence the bactericidal potential of redox-sensitive AMPs.
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19
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Metabolomic Alteration of Oral Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in Hypoxia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061156. [PMID: 33801898 PMCID: PMC8001958 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygen concentration in normal human tissue under physiologic conditions is lower than the atmospheric oxygen concentration. The more hypoxic condition has been observed in the cells with wound healing and cancer. Somatic stem cells reside in a hypoxic microenvironment in vivo and prefer hypoxic culture conditions in vitro. Oral mucosa contains tissue-specific stem cells, which is an excellent tissue source for regenerative medicine. For clinical usage, maintaining the stem cell in cultured cells is important. We previously reported that hypoxic culture conditions maintained primary oral keratinocytes in an undifferentiated and quiescent state and enhanced their clonogenicity. However, the metabolic mechanism of these cells is unclear. Stem cell biological and pathological findings have shown that metabolic reprogramming is important in hypoxic culture conditions, but there has been no report on oral mucosal keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Herein, we conducted metabolomic analyses of oral mucosal keratinocytes and fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxic oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts showed a drastic change of metabolite concentrations in urea cycle metabolites and polyamine pathways. The changes of metabolic profiles in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway under hypoxic conditions in the oral keratinocytes were consistent with those of other somatic stem cells. The metabolic profiles in oral fibroblasts showed only little changes in any pathway under hypoxia except for a significant increase in the antioxidant 2-oxoglutaric acid. This report firstly provides the holistic changes of various metabolic pathways of hypoxic cultured oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
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20
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Abstract
Over the last few years, cancer immunotherapy experienced tremendous developments and it is nowadays considered a promising strategy against many types of cancer. However, the exclusion of lymphocytes from the tumor nest is a common phenomenon that limits the efficiency of immunotherapy in solid tumors. Despite several mechanisms proposed during the years to explain the immune excluded phenotype, at present, there is no integrated understanding about the role played by different models of immune exclusion in human cancers. Hypoxia is a hallmark of most solid tumors and, being a multifaceted and complex condition, shapes in a unique way the tumor microenvironment, affecting gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. In this review, we speculate about an upstream role for hypoxia as a common biological determinant of immune exclusion in solid tumors. We also discuss the current state of ex vivo and in vivo imaging of hypoxic determinants in relation to T cell distribution that could mechanisms of immune exclusion and discover functional-morphological tumor features that could support clinical monitoring.
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21
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Estrada-Bernal A, Le AT, Doak AE, Tirunagaru VG, Silva S, Bull MR, Smaill JB, Patterson AV, Kim C, Liu SV, Doebele RC. Tarloxotinib Is a Hypoxia-Activated Pan-HER Kinase Inhibitor Active Against a Broad Range of HER-Family Oncogenes. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1463-1475. [PMID: 33355298 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Approved therapies for EGFR exon 20, ERBB2 mutations, and NRG1 fusions are currently lacking for non-small cell lung cancer and other cancers. Tarloxotinib is a prodrug that harnesses tumor hypoxia to generate high levels of a potent, covalent pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tarloxotinib-effector (tarloxotinib-E), within the tumor microenvironment. This tumor-selective delivery mechanism was designed to minimize the dose-limiting toxicities that are characteristic of systemic inhibition of wild-type EGFR. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Novel and existing patient-derived cell lines and xenografts harboring EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations, ERBB2 mutations and amplification, and NRG1 fusions were tested in vitro and in vivo with tarloxotinib to determine its impact on cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell signaling. RESULTS Tarloxotinib-E inhibited cell signaling and proliferation in patient-derived cancer models in vitro by directly inhibiting phosphorylation and activation of EGFR, HER2, and HER2/HER3 heterodimers. In vivo, tarloxotinib induced tumor regression or growth inhibition in multiple murine xenograft models. Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed markedly higher levels of tarloxotinib-E in tumor tissue than plasma or skin. Finally, a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring an ERBB2 exon 20 p.A775_G776insYVMA mutation demonstrated a dramatic clinical response to tarloxotinib. CONCLUSIONS Experimental data with tarloxotinib validate the novel mechanism of action of a hypoxia-activated prodrug in cancer models by concentrating active drug in the tumor versus normal tissue, and this activity can translate into clinical activity in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Estrada-Bernal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anh T Le
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrea E Doak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Shevan Silva
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Bull
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeff B Smaill
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam V Patterson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, c/o The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chul Kim
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Stephen V Liu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Robert C Doebele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
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22
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Riverain-Gillet É, Guet-Revillet H, Jais JP, Ungeheuer MN, Duchatelet S, Delage M, Lam T, Hovnanian A, Nassif A, Join-Lambert O. The Surface Microbiome of Clinically Unaffected Skinfolds in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cross-Sectional Culture-Based and 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing Study in 60 Patients. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1847-1855.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Liu Y, Wang J, Chen D, Kam WR, Sullivan DA. The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α in the Regulation of Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:1. [PMID: 32150252 PMCID: PMC7401459 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We recently discovered that a hypoxic environment is beneficial for meibomian gland (MG) function. The mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown, but we hypothesize that it is due to an increase in the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). In other tissues, HIF1α is the primary regulator of cellular responses to hypoxia, and HIF1α expression can be induced by multiple stimuli, including hypoxia and hypoxia-mimetic agents. The objective of this study was to test our hypothesis. Methods Human eyelid tissues were stained for HIF1α. Immortalized human MG epithelial cells (IHMGECs) were cultured for varying time periods under normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2) conditions, in the presence or absence of the hypoxia-mimetic agent roxadustat (Roxa). IHMGECs were then processed for the analysis of cell number, HIF1α expression, lipid-containing vesicles, neutral and polar lipid content, DNase II activity, and intracellular pH. Results Our results show that HIF1α protein is present in human MG acinar epithelial cells in vivo. Our findings also demonstrate that exposure to 1% O2 or to Roxa increases the expression of HIF1α, the number of lipid-containing vesicles, the content of neutral lipids, and the activity of DNase II and decreases the pH in IHMGECs in vitro. Conclusions Our data support our hypothesis that the beneficial effect of hypoxia on the MG is mediated through an increased expression of HIF1α.
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Hypoxia inhibits TNF-α-induced TSLP expression in keratinocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224705. [PMID: 31682627 PMCID: PMC6827910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine which greatly contributes to the induction of type I allergy, is upregulated in chronic inflammation such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. As hypoxia in the epidermis is important for maintaining skin homeostasis, we examined the regulation of TSLP expression by hypoxic conditions in normal skin epithelial tissues. TNF-α-induced expression of TSLP in human keratinocyte HaCaT and in mouse keratinocyte PAM212 cell lines were inhibited under hypoxic condition (1% O2), although the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF-A were not inhibited. Hypoxia-mimicking conditions, which include NiCl2, CoCl2, and DMOG, an inhibitor of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzymes, also selectively inhibited TNF-α-induced TSLP expression. These results suggested that inactivation of prolyl hydroxylase by hypoxia and hypoxia-mimicking conditions is involved in the repression of TNF-α-induced TSLP expression. Interestingly, the inhibition of TSLP production by hypoxic treatment was significantly reversed by treatment with the HIF-2α antagonist but not with the HIF-1α inhibitor. DMOG-induced inhibition of TSLP promoter activity was dependent on the -71 to +185 bp promoter region, suggesting that the binding of HIF-2 to hypoxia response element (HRE) in this region repressed the TSLP expression. These results indicated that hypoxia and hypoxia-mimicking conditions inhibited TSLP expression via HIF-2 and HRE-dependent mechanisms. Therefore, PHD and HIF-2α could be a new strategy for treatment of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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25
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Khalil S, Ariel Gru A, Saavedra AP. Cutaneous extramedullary haematopoiesis: Implications in human disease and treatment. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1201-1209. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Khalil
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Alejandro Ariel Gru
- Department of Pathology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Arturo P. Saavedra
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
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26
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Koh R, Szeverényi I, Lee B, Denil SLIJ, Lim SYJ, Benny PA, Grasset N, Tan BK, Lane EB. Oxygen-Mediated Control of the Keratinocyte Proliferation-Differentiation Axis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:235-238.e3. [PMID: 31283927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Koh
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bien-Keem Tan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore.
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27
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Human skin equivalents cultured under hypoxia display enhanced epidermal morphogenesis and lipid barrier formation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7811. [PMID: 31127151 PMCID: PMC6534609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are three-dimensional cell models mimicking characteristics of native human skin (NHS) in many aspects. However, a limitation of HSEs is the altered in vitro morphogenesis and barrier formation. Differences between in vitro and in vivo skin could have been induced by suboptimal cell culture conditions, of which the level of oxygen in vitro (20%) is much higher than in vivo (0.5-8%). Our aim is to study how external oxygen levels affect epidermal morphogenesis and barrier formation in HSEs. In the present study, fibroblast and keratinocyte monocultures, and HSEs were generated under 20% (normoxia) and 3% (hypoxia) oxygen level. In all cultures under hypoxia, expression of hypoxia-inducible factor target genes was increased. Characterization of HSEs generated under hypoxia using immunohistochemical analyses of morphogenesis biomarkers revealed a reduction in epidermal thickness, reduced proliferation, similar early differentiation, and an attenuated terminal differentiation program compared to normoxia, better mimicking NHS. The stratum corneum ceramide composition was studied with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Under hypoxia, HSEs exhibited a ceramide composition that more closely resembles that of NHS. Consequently, the lipid organization was improved. In conclusion, epidermal morphogenesis and barrier formation in HSEs reconstructed under hypoxia better mimics that of NHS.
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Fat Chance: The Rejuvenation of Irradiated Skin. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2092. [PMID: 30881833 PMCID: PMC6416118 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) helps cure and palliate thousands of patients with a range of malignant diseases. A major drawback, however, is the collateral damage done to tissues surrounding the tumor in the radiation field. The skin and subcutaneous tissue are among the most severely affected regions. Immediately following RT, the skin may be inflamed, hyperemic, and can form ulcers. With time, the dermis becomes progressively indurated. These acute and chronic changes cause substantial patient morbidity, yet there are few effective treatment modalities able to reduce radiodermatitis. Fat grafting is increasingly recognized as a tool able to reverse the fibrotic skin changes and rejuvenate the irradiated skin. This review outlines the current progress toward describing and understanding the cellular and molecular effects of fat grafting in irradiated skin. Identification of the key factors involved in the pathophysiology of fibrosis following RT will inform therapeutic interventions to enhance its beneficial effects.
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29
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Liu Y, Chen D, Chen X, Kam WR, Hatton MP, Sullivan DA. Hypoxia: A breath of fresh air for the meibomian gland. Ocul Surf 2018; 17:310-317. [PMID: 30528291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Optimal meibomian gland (MG) function is critically important for the health and wellbeing of the ocular surface. We hypothesize that low oxygen (O2) conditions promote the function of human MG epithelial cells (HMGECs) and that human MGs exist in a relatively hypoxic environment. The purpose of this study was to test our hypotheses. METHODS We used human and mouse eyelid segments, and immortalized human MG epithelial cells (IHMGECs) in our studies. To evaluate oxygen (O2) levels in the mouse MG and vicinity, we injected pimonidazole (pimo), a hypoxia marker, before sacrifice. Human eyelid samples were stained with the hypoxia marker glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1). To determine the effect of low O2 levels on IHMGECs, we cultured cells under proliferating and differentiating conditions in both normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (3% O2) conditions for 5-15 days. IHMGECs were evaluated for cell number, neutral lipid content, lysosome accumulation, expression of biomarker proteins and DNase II activity. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that human and mouse MGs, but not the surrounding connective tissue, exist in a relatively hypoxic environment in vivo. In addition, our findings show that hypoxia does not influence IHMGEC numbers in basal or proliferating culture conditions, but does stimulate the expression of SREBP-1 in differentiating IHMGECs. Hypoxia also significantly increased DNase II activity, and apparently IHMGEC terminal differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our Results support our hypotheses, and indicate that relative hypoxia promotes MG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA.
| | - Di Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA; Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wendy R Kam
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Mark P Hatton
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA; Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA
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30
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Ferguson DCJ, Smerdon GR, Harries LW, Dodd NJF, Murphy MP, Curnow A, Winyard PG. Altered cellular redox homeostasis and redox responses under standard oxygen cell culture conditions versus physioxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:322-333. [PMID: 30142453 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In vivo, mammalian cells reside in an environment of 0.5-10% O2 (depending on the tissue location within the body), whilst standard in vitro cell culture is carried out under room air. Little is known about the effects of this hyperoxic environment on treatment-induced oxidative stress, relative to a physiological oxygen environment. In the present study we investigated the effects of long-term culture under hyperoxia (air) on photodynamic treatment. Upon photodynamic irradiation, cells which had been cultured long-term under hyperoxia generated higher concentrations of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, compared with cells in a physioxic (2% O2) environment. However, there was no significant difference in viability between hyperoxic and physioxic cells. The expression of genes encoding key redox homeostasis proteins and the activity of key antioxidant enzymes was significantly higher after the long-term culture of hyperoxic cells compared with physioxic cells. The induction of antioxidant genes and increased antioxidant enzyme activity appear to contribute to the development of a phenotype that is resistant to oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and death when using standard cell culture conditions. The results from experiments using selective inhibitors suggested that the thioredoxin antioxidant system contributes to this phenotype. To avoid artefactual results, in vitro cellular responses should be studied in mammalian cells that have been cultured under physioxia. This investigation provides new insights into the effects of physioxic cell culture on a model of a clinically relevant photodynamic treatment and the associated cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary R Smerdon
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK; DDRC Healthcare, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Lorna W Harries
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alison Curnow
- University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Paul G Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK.
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31
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Liang D, Wu X, Hasinoff BB, Herbert DE, Tranmer GK. Evaluation of Nitrobenzyl Derivatives of Camptothecin as Anti-Cancer Agents and Potential Hypoxia Targeting Prodrugs. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082041. [PMID: 30111719 PMCID: PMC6222813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our initial efforts into developing a tumor-targeting therapy, C-10 substituted derivatives of a camptothecin analog (SN-38) have been synthesized (2-, 3- and 4-nitrobenzyl) for use as potential hypoxia-activated prodrugs and evaluated for their cytotoxicity, topoisomerase I inhibition and electrochemical (reductive) properties. All three derivatives were found to possess reduced toxicity towards human leukemia K562 cells compared to SN-38, validating a condition for prodrug action. Using an MTS assay, IC50's were found to be 3.0, 25.9, 12.2 and 58.0 nM for SN-38, 2-nitro-, 3-nitro- and 4-nitrobenzyl-C10-substituted-SN-38, respectively, representing an 8-, 4- and 19-fold decrease in cytotoxicity. Using a topoisomerase I assay, one of the analogs (4-nitrobenzyl) was shown to inhibit the ability of this enzyme to relax supercoiled pBR322 DNA, at a similar concentration to the clinically-approved active metabolite SN-38. Cyclic voltammetry detailed the reductive nature of the analogs, and was used to infer the potential of these compounds to serve as hypoxia-targeting prodrugs. The electrochemical results also validated the quasi-reversible nature of the first reduction step, and served as a proof-of-principle that hypoxia-targeting prodrugs of SN-38 can participate in a redox-futile cycle, the proposed mechanism of activation and targeting. Chemical reduction of the 4-nitrobenzyl analog led to the formation/release of SN-38 and validated the prodrug ability of the C-10 substituted derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghua Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Xing Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Brian B Hasinoff
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - David E Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Geoffrey K Tranmer
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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32
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Koch CJ. A Two-Component Assay for Hypoxia Incorporating Long-Term Nitroreduction and Short-Term DNA-Damage Allows Differentiation of the Three Hypoxia Sub-types. Radiat Res 2018; 190:72-87. [PMID: 29746214 DOI: 10.1667/rr15029.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia in tumors has many well-characterized effects that are known to prevent optimal cancer treatment. Despite the existence of a large number of assays that have supported hypoxia as an important diagnostic, there is no routine clinical assay in use, and anti-hypoxia therapies have often not included parallel hypoxia measurements. Even with a functioning hypoxia assay, it is difficult to match the oxygen dependence of treatment resistance to that of the assay, and this mismatch can vary substantially from assay to assay and even from tumor to tumor [e.g., caused by endogenous variations in non-protein sulfhydryls (NPSH)]. An underlying concern is the current inability to measure the three types of hypoxia; in particular, cycling hypoxia can affect all aspects of detection and treatment strategy. Here we present data that help validate a new two-component hypoxia assay recently suggested by our laboratory. This assay incorporates the long-term bioreduction of the 2-nitroimidazole, EF5, and the short-term production of γ-H2AX (e.g., time of ionizing radiation exposure). The former can be calibrated to provide the average tissue pO2 over the EF5 exposure time while the latter provides the combined sum of microenvironmental radiation response modifiers (e.g., oxygen and NPSH) at the time of irradiation. Importantly, formation of γ-H2AX is not dependent on blood flow, while EF5 binding is only minimally so, due to the rapid and extensive diffusion characteristics of lipophilic compounds. While both individual assays have their limitations, which are addressed in this article, their combination can dissect the type of hypoxia present. In particular, a mismatch between the two assays can directly detect cycling hypoxia in a therapeutically relevant manner. Preliminary use of this two-component assay in small PC3 tumors showed essentially no binding of EF5. Similarly, there were no tumor regions (for uniform irradiation with 12 Gy) with the low levels of γ-H2AX expected for a condition of cycling hypoxia. Thus, both assays were consistent with an essentially aerobic, radiation-responsive tumor. In a larger PC3 tumor, all regions of high EF5 binding had low levels of γ-H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Koch
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6072
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33
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HOXA9 inhibits HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis through interacting with CRIP2 to repress cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1480. [PMID: 29662084 PMCID: PMC5902613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolytic reprogramming is a typical feature of many cancers; however, key regulators of glucose metabolism reengineering are poorly understood, especially in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Here, Homeobox A9 (HOXA9), a direct target of onco-miR-365, is identified to be significantly downregulated in cSCC tumors and cell lines. HOXA9 acts as a tumor suppressor and inhibits glycolysis in cSCC in vitro and in vivo by negatively regulating HIF-1α and its downstream glycolytic regulators, HK2, GLUT1 and PDK1. Mechanistic studies show that HOXA9-CRIP2 interaction at glycolytic gene promoters impeds HIF-1α binding, repressing gene expression in trans. Our results reveal a miR-365-HOXA9-HIF-1α regulatory axis that contributes to the enhanced glycolysis in cSCC development and may represent an intervention target for cSCC therapy. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1α promotes glycolysis allowing cell survival under stress. Here the authors show, using both cell lines and animal models, that in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma HOXA9 acts as a tumor suppressor and inhibits glycolysis by associating with CRIP2 to repress HIF-1α binding to target genes.
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34
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Aurich MK, Fleming RMT, Thiele I. A systems approach reveals distinct metabolic strategies among the NCI-60 cancer cell lines. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005698. [PMID: 28806730 PMCID: PMC5570491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic phenotype of cancer cells is reflected by the metabolites they consume and by the byproducts they release. Here, we use quantitative, extracellular metabolomic data of the NCI-60 panel and a novel computational method to generate 120 condition-specific cancer cell line metabolic models. These condition-specific cancer models used distinct metabolic strategies to generate energy and cofactors. The analysis of the models’ capability to deal with environmental perturbations revealed three oxotypes, differing in the range of allowable oxygen uptake rates. Interestingly, models based on metabolomic profiles of melanoma cells were distinguished from other models through their low oxygen uptake rates, which were associated with a glycolytic phenotype. A subset of the melanoma cell models required reductive carboxylation. The analysis of protein and RNA expression levels from the Human Protein Atlas showed that IDH2, which was an essential gene in the melanoma models, but not IDH1 protein, was detected in normal skin cell types and melanoma. Moreover, the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) protein, whose loss is associated with non-hypoxic HIF-stabilization, reductive carboxylation, and promotion of glycolysis, was uniformly absent in melanoma. Thus, the experimental data supported the predicted role of IDH2 and the absence of VHL protein supported the glycolytic and low oxygen phenotype predicted for melanoma. Taken together, our approach of integrating extracellular metabolomic data with metabolic modeling and the combination of different network interrogation methods allowed insights into the metabolism of cells. Altered metabolism is characteristic for many human diseases including cancer. Disease progression and treatment efficacy vary between patients. Hence, we need personalized approaches to define metabolic disease phenotypes. This definition will enable us to unravel the underlying disease mechanisms and to treat individuals more efficiently. Computational modeling increasingly supports the analysis of disease mechanisms and complex data sets. The interpretation of extracellular metabolomic data sets is particularly promising since this data type is proximal to the actual metabolic phenotype altered in human diseases. Moreover, it might enable us to directly interpret disease states from serum samples in the future. Herein, we took a first step towards this ambitious goal. We generated a large set of cancer metabolic models from extracellular metabolomic data and computationally stratified the models based on their metabolic characteristics into different phenotype groups. Melanoma emerged as an interesting example of how our approach can provide insights into the intracellular metabolism from extracellular measurements. Taken together, this work paves the way to generate condition-specific models from extracellular metabolomic data and demonstrates the many ways by which distinct phenotypes can be stratified and phenotype-specific intervention targets can be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike K. Aurich
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ronan M. T. Fleming
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ines Thiele
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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35
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Li H, Zhou L, Dai J. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor RORα regulates differentiation and survival of keratinocytes during hypoxia. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:641-650. [PMID: 28332183 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Low O2 pressures present in the microenvironment of epidermis control keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal barrier function through hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) dependent gene expression. This study focuses on investigating relations of the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) to HIF-1α in keratinocytes under hypoxic conditions. The expression level of RORα is significantly elevated under hypoxia in both human and murine keratinocytes. Gene silencing of RORA attenuates hypoxia-stimulated expression of genes related to late differentiation and epidermal barrier function, and leads to an enhanced apoptotic response. While the hypoxic induction of RORα is dependent on HIF-1α, RORα is in turn critical for nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α and activation of HIF transcriptional activity. These results collectively suggest that RORα functions as an important mediator of HIF-1α activities in regulating keratinocyte differentiation/survival and epidermal barrier function during the oxygen sensing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Longjian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jun Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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36
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Loftus SK, Baxter LL, Cronin JC, Fufa TD, Pavan WJ. Hypoxia-induced HIF1α targets in melanocytes reveal a molecular profile associated with poor melanoma prognosis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:339-352. [PMID: 28168807 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and HIF1α signaling direct tissue-specific gene responses regulating tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. By integrating HIF1α knockdown and hypoxia-induced gene expression changes, this study identifies a melanocyte-specific, HIF1α-dependent/hypoxia-responsive gene expression signature. Integration of these gene expression changes with HIF1α ChIP-Seq analysis identifies 81 HIF1α direct target genes in melanocytes. The expression levels for 10 of the HIF1α direct targets - GAPDH, PKM, PPAT, DARS, DTWD1, SEH1L, ZNF292, RLF, AGTRAP, and GPC6 - are significantly correlated with reduced time of disease-free status in melanoma by logistic regression (P-value = 0.0013) and ROC curve analysis (AUC = 0.826, P-value < 0.0001). This HIF1α-regulated profile defines a melanocyte-specific response under hypoxia, and demonstrates the role of HIF1α as an invasive cell state gatekeeper in regulating cellular metabolism, chromatin and transcriptional regulation, vascularization, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie K Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura L Baxter
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia C Cronin
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Temesgen D Fufa
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | -
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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37
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Thompson A, Dickinson R, Murphy F, Thomson JP, Marriott H, Tavares A, Willson J, Williams L, Lewis A, Mirchandani A, Dos Santos Coelho P, Doherty C, Ryan E, Watts E, Morton NM, Forbes S, Stimson RH, Hameed AG, Arnold N, Preston J, Lawrie A, Finisguerra V, Mazzone M, Sadiku P, Goveia J, Taverna F, Carmeliet P, Foster S, Chilvers E, Cowburn A, Dockrell D, Johnson R, Meehan RR, Whyte M, Walmsley S. Hypoxia determines survival outcomes of bacterial infection through HIF-1alpha dependent re-programming of leukocyte metabolism. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:eaal2861. [PMID: 28386604 PMCID: PMC5380213 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and bacterial infection frequently co-exist, in both acute and chronic clinical settings, and typically result in adverse clinical outcomes. To ameliorate this morbidity, we investigated the interaction between hypoxia and the host response. In the context of acute hypoxia, both S. aureus and S. pneumoniae infections rapidly induced progressive neutrophil mediated morbidity and mortality, with associated hypothermia and cardiovascular compromise. Preconditioning animals through longer exposures to hypoxia, prior to infection, prevented these pathophysiological responses and profoundly dampened the transcriptome of circulating leukocytes. Specifically, perturbation of HIF pathway and glycolysis genes by hypoxic preconditioning was associated with reduced leukocyte glucose utilisation, resulting in systemic rescue from a global negative energy state and myocardial protection. Thus we demonstrate that hypoxia preconditions the innate immune response and determines survival outcomes following bacterial infection through suppression of HIF-1α and neutrophil metabolism. The therapeutic implications of this work are that in the context of systemic or tissue hypoxia therapies that target the host response could improve infection associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A.R. Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - R.S. Dickinson
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F. Murphy
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. P. Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H.M. Marriott
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A. Tavares
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. Willson
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L. Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A. Lewis
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A. Mirchandani
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P. Dos Santos Coelho
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C. Doherty
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E. Ryan
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E. Watts
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N. M. Morton
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S. Forbes
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R. H. Stimson
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A. G. Hameed
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - N. Arnold
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J.A. Preston
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A. Lawrie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - V. Finisguerra
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
| | - M. Mazzone
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
| | - P. Sadiku
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. Goveia
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, K.U. Leuven, B3000, Belgium
| | - F. Taverna
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, K.U. Leuven, B3000, Belgium
| | - P. Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, K.U. Leuven, B3000, Belgium
| | - S.J. Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - E.R. Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A.S. Cowburn
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - D.H. Dockrell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - R.S. Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - R. R. Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M.K.B. Whyte
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S.R. Walmsley
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Manoochehri Khoshinani H, Afshar S, Najafi R. Hypoxia: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer Therapy. Cancer Invest 2016; 34:536-545. [PMID: 27824512 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1245317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of malignant tumors. There is an interactive connection between hypoxia and chemoresistance, radioresistance, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Therefore, tumor hypoxia has been considered as a validated target for treating cancer. This review focuses on the role of hypoxia on chemoresistance and radioresistance. In addition, we address several approaches targeting tumor hypoxia, known as hypoxia-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeid Afshar
- a Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- a Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
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39
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Hernandez S, Dominko T. Novel Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 8 Isoform Is Essential for Cell Proliferation. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2056-66. [PMID: 26851891 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Identification of molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular replicative lifespan is needed to better understand the transition between a normal and a neoplastic cell phenotype. We have previously reported that low oxygen-mediated activity of FGF2 leads to an increase in cellular lifespan and acquisition of regeneration competence in human dermal fibroblasts (iRC cells). Though cells display a more plastic developmental phenotype, they remain non-tumorigenic when injected into SCID mice (Page et al. [2009] Cloning Stem Cells 11:417-426; Page et al. [2011] Eng Part A 17:2629-2640) allowing for investigation of mechanisms that regulate increased cellular lifespan in a non-tumorigenic system. Analysis of chromatin modification enzymes by qRT-PCR revealed a 13.3-fold upregulation of the arginine methyltransferase PRMT8 in iRC cells. Increased protein expression was confirmed in both iRC and human embryonic stem cells-the first demonstration of endogenous human PRMT8 expression outside the brain. Furthermore, iRC cells express a novel PRMT8 mRNA variant. Using siRNA-mediated knockdown we demonstrated that this novel variant was required for proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) and grade IV glioblastomas. PRMT8 upregulation in a non-tumorigenic system may offer a potential diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for cells in pre-cancerous and cancerous states. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2056-2066, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hernandez
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA.,Bioengineering Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA.,Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia
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Laugier F, Delyon J, André J, Bensussan A, Dumaz N. Hypoxia and MITF regulate KIT oncogenic properties in melanocytes. Oncogene 2016; 35:5070-7. [PMID: 26973244 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
KIT mutations are frequent in acral, mucosal and chronic sun-damage (CSD) melanoma, but little is known about the mechanisms driving the transformation of KIT-mutated melanocytes into melanoma cells. We showed that exposition of melanocytes harboring the (L576P)KIT mutation to a hypoxic environment induced their transformation into malignant cells. Transformed (L576P)KIT melanocytes showed downregulation of MITF expression characteristic of melanoma initiating cells (MICs). In agreement, these cells were able to form spheres in neural crest cell medium and low-adherence conditions, also a characteristic of MICs. Downregulation of MITF by RNA interference induced transformation of KIT-mutated melanocytes in normoxia and acquisition of a MIC phenotype by these cells. Hence, low level of MITF cooperates with oncogenic KIT to transform melanocytes. Activation of the cAMP pathway in transformed (L576P)KIT melanocytes stimulated MITF expression, and reduced cellular proliferation and sphere formation. These findings highlight the essential role of MITF in revealing the oncogenic activity of KIT in melanocytes and suggest that the cAMP pathway is a therapeutic target in KIT-mutated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laugier
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - J Delyon
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - J André
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - A Bensussan
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - N Dumaz
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
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Abstract
Uncontrolled or non-resolving inflammation underpins a range of disease states including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerosis. Hypoxia is a prominent feature of chronically inflamed tissues. This is due to elevated oxygen consumption by highly metabolically active inflamed resident cells and activated infiltrating immunocytes, as well as diminished oxygen supply due to vascular dysfunction. Tissue hypoxia can have a significant impact upon inflammatory signaling pathways in immune and non-immune cells and this can impact upon disease progression. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between tissue hypoxia and inflammation and identify how hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways are potential therapeutic targets in chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Cummins
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel Crean
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Medical Science & The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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de Almeida CM, de Jesus SF, Poswar FDO, Gomes ESB, Fraga CADC, Farias LC, Santos SHS, Feltenberger JD, de Paula AMB, Guimarães ALS. Increasing demonstration of angiogenic markers in skin neoplastic lesions. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 212:101-5. [PMID: 26708385 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer represents the most common worldwide malignancy. Angiogenesis is an important factor in tumor growth and metastasis. Given these facts, the purpose of the current study was to compare the levels of angiogenic proteins in the context of the most common malignant and premalignant skin lesions. METHODS Immunohistochemistry of CD31, HIF1A, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 was performed in basal cell carcinoma (BCC), actinic keratosis (AK) and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCCS). RESULTS SCCS presented with increased levels of HIF1A, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in comparison to AK. In addition, SCCS also demonstrated increased levels of HIF1A to BCCLR or BCCHR. BCC presented with more vessels than AK. However, no correlation was observed among CD31, HIF1A, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. CONCLUSIONS SCCS presented with higher levels of HIF1A, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, while BCC demonstrated an increased number of vessels in relation to AK. These data suggest that antiangiogenic therapy might be useful for skin cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabiano de Oliveira Poswar
- Department of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
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Hypoxia leads to abnormal epidermal differentiation via HIF-independent pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:251-6. [PMID: 26646290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxygen is important for the epidermis, as the skin epidermis is not greatly affected by blood circulation. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the effect of hypoxic signals on the epidermis as some environmental stimuli can induce skin hypoxia. Here, we investigated how hypoxia (1% O2) affected skin equivalents (SEs) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes. We found that hypoxia specifically decreased the protein levels of keratin 1 (K1)/keratin 10 (K10), a representative marker of the epidermal spinous layer in the epidermis. However, hypoxia-inducible factors, the major regulators of hypoxia, did not affect hypoxia-induced down-regulation of K1/K10. We also found that N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species scavenger, antagonized the hypoxia-induced reduction of K1/K10 in keratinocytes and SEs. In contrast to the findings for NAC, inhibitors that blocked reactive oxygen species generation did not cause recovery of K1/K10 protein levels under hypoxic conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that hypoxia leads to abnormal keratinocyte differentiation by down-regulating K1/K10 and that this phenomenon can be ameliorated by NAC.
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Abstract
Clinical studies using Eppendorf needle sensors have invariably documented the resistance of hypoxic human tumors to therapy. These studies first documented the need for individual patient measurement of hypoxia, as hypoxia varied from tumor to tumor. Furthermore, hypoxia in sarcomas and cervical cancer leads to distant metastasis or local or regional spread, respectively. For various reasons, the field has moved away from direct needle sensor oxygen measurements to indirect assays (hypoxia-inducible factor-related changes and bioreductive metabolism) and the latter can be imaged noninvasively. Many of hypoxia's detrimental therapeutic effects are reversible in mice but little treatment improvement in hypoxic human tumors has been seen. The question is why? What factors cause human tumors to be refractory to antihypoxia strategies? We suggest the primary cause to be the complexity of hypoxia formation and its characteristics. Three basic types of hypoxia exist, encompassing various diffusional (distance from perfused vessel), temporal (on or off cycling), and perfusional (blood flow efficiency) limitations. Surprisingly, there is no current information on their relative prevalence in human tumors and even animal models. This is important because different hypoxia subtypes are predicted to require different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, but the implications of this remain unknown. Even more challenging, no agreement exists for the best way to measure hypoxia. Some results even suggest that hypoxia is unlikely to be targetable therapeutically. In this review, the authors revisit various critical aspects of this field that are sometimes forgotten or misrepresented in the recent literature. As most current noninvasive imaging studies involve PET-isotope-labeled 2-nitroimidazoles, we emphasize key findings made in our studies using 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide (EF5) and F-18-labeled EF5. These show the importance of differentiating hypoxia subtypes, optimizing drug pharmacology, ensuring drug and isotope stability, identifying key biochemical and physiological variables in tumors, and suggesting therapeutic strategies that are most likely to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Koch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Sydney M Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Desai PR, van Wijlick L, Kurtz D, Juchimiuk M, Ernst JF. Hypoxia and Temperature Regulated Morphogenesis in Candida albicans. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005447. [PMID: 26274602 PMCID: PMC4537295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common commensal in the human gut but in predisposed patients it can become an important human fungal pathogen. As a commensal, C. albicans adapts to low-oxygen conditions and represses its hyphal development by the transcription factor Efg1, which under normoxia activates filamentation. The repressive hypoxic but not the normoxic function of Efg1 required its unmodified N-terminus, was prevented by phosphomimetic residues at normoxic phosphorylation sites T179 and T206 and occurred only at temperatures ≤35°C. Genome-wide binding sites for native Efg1 identified 300 hypoxia-specific target genes, which overlapped partially with hypoxic binding sites for Ace2, a known positive regulator of hypoxic filamentation. Transcriptional analyses revealed that EFG1, ACE2 and their identified targets BCR1 and BRG1 encode an interconnected regulatory hub, in which Efg1/Bcr1 act as negative and Ace2/Brg1 act as positive regulators of gene expression under hypoxia. In this circuit, the hypoxic function of Ace2 was stimulated by elevated CO2 levels. The hyperfilamentous phenotype of efg1 and bcr1 mutants depended on Ace2/Brg1 regulators and required increased expression of genes encoding Cek1 MAP kinase and its downstream target Cph1. The intricate temperature-dependent regulatory mechanisms under hypoxia suggest that C. albicans restricts hyphal morphogenesis in oxygen-poor body niches, possibly to persist as a commensal in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant R. Desai
- Department Biologie, Molekulare Mykologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lasse van Wijlick
- Department Biologie, Molekulare Mykologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Manchot Graduate School Molecules of Infection, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kurtz
- Department Biologie, Molekulare Mykologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mateusz Juchimiuk
- Department Biologie, Molekulare Mykologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim F. Ernst
- Department Biologie, Molekulare Mykologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Manchot Graduate School Molecules of Infection, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Habryka A, Gogler-Pigłowska A, Sojka D, Kryj M, Krawczyk Z, Scieglinska D. Cell type-dependent modulation of the gene encoding heat shock protein HSPA2 by hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1: Down-regulation in keratinocytes and up-regulation in HeLa cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1155-69. [PMID: 26164067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HSPA2 belongs to the multigene HSPA family, whose members encode chaperone proteins. Although expression and function of HSPA2 is mainly associated with spermatogenesis, recent studies demonstrated that in humans, the gene is active in various cancers, as well as in normal tissues, albeit in a cell type-specific manner. In the epidermis, HSPA2 is expressed in keratinocytes in the basal layer. Currently, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of HSPA2 expression remain unknown. This study was aimed at determining whether HIF-1 and its binding site, the hypoxia-response element (HRE) located in the HSPA2 promoter, are involved in HSPA2 regulation. As a model system, we used an immortal human keratinocyte line (HaCaT) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) grown under control or hypoxic conditions. Using an in vitro gene reporter assay, we demonstrated that in keratinocytes HSPA2 promoter activity is reduced under conditions that facilitate stabilization of HIF-1α, whereas HIF-1 inhibitors abrogated the suppressive effect of hypoxia on promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that HIF-1α binds to the HSPA2 promoter. In keratinocytes, hypoxia or overexpression of a stable form of HIF-1α attenuated the expression of endogenous HSPA2, whereas targeted repression of HIF-1α by RNAi increased transcription of HSPA2 under hypoxia. Conversely, in HeLa cells, HSPA2 expression increased under conditions that stimulated HIF-1α activity, whereas inhibition of HIF-1α abrogated hypoxia-induced up-regulation of HSPA2 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HIF-1 can exert differential, cell context-dependent regulatory control of the HSPA2 gene. Additionally, we also showed that HSPA2 expression can be stimulated during hypoxia/reoxygenation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Habryka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gogler-Pigłowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Damian Sojka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kryj
- The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Krawczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Scieglinska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.
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Scieglinska D, Krawczyk Z. Expression, function, and regulation of the testis-enriched heat shock HSPA2 gene in rodents and humans. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:221-35. [PMID: 25344376 PMCID: PMC4326386 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HSPA2 gene is a poorly characterized member of the HSPA (HSP70) family. HSPA2 was originally described as testis-specific and expressed at the highest level in pachytene spermatocytes of rodents, the expression of which is not induced by heat shock. HSPA2 is crucial for male fertility. However, recent advances have shown that HSPA2 is expressed in various tumors and in certain types of somatic tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the HSPA2 expression pattern, including information on transcriptional, translational, posttranslational, and epigenetic mechanisms which regulate HSPA2 expression. We also present and discuss the current views concerning the functions of the HSPA2 protein in spermatogenetic, somatic, and cancer cells. The knowledge of the properties of HSPA2, although limited, shows this protein as a unique member of the HSPA family. However, understanding whether this protein could become a relevant cancer biomarker or a therapeutically applicable target requires extensive further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Scieglinska
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland,
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Brinkhuizen T, Weijzen CAH, Eben J, Thissen MR, van Marion AM, Lohman BG, Winnepenninckx VJL, Nelemans PJ, van Steensel MAM. Immunohistochemical analysis of the mechanistic target of rapamycin and hypoxia signalling pathways in basal cell carcinoma and trichoepithelioma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106427. [PMID: 25181405 PMCID: PMC4152244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in Caucasians. Trichoepithelioma (TE) is a benign neoplasm that strongly resembles BCC. Both are hair follicle (HF) tumours. HFs are hypoxic microenvironments, therefore we hypothesized that hypoxia-induced signalling pathways could be involved in BCC and TE as they are in other human malignancies. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are key players in these pathways. OBJECTIVES To determine whether HIF1/mTOR signalling is involved in BCC and TE. METHODS We used immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded BCC (n = 45) and TE (n = 35) samples to assess activity of HIF1, mTORC1 and their most important target genes. The percentage positive tumour cells was assessed manually in a semi-quantitative manner and categorized (0%, <30%, 30-80% and >80%). RESULTS Among 45 BCC and 35 TE examined, expression levels were respectively 81% and 57% (BNIP3), 73% and 75% (CAIX), 79% and 86% (GLUT1), 50% and 19% (HIF1α), 89% and 88% (pAKT), 55% and 61% (pS6), 15% and 25% (pMTOR), 44% and 63% (PHD2) and 44% and 49% (VEGF-A). CAIX, Glut1 and PHD2 expression levels were significantly higher in TE when only samples with at least 80% expression were included. CONCLUSIONS HIF and mTORC1 signalling seems active in both BCC and TE. There are no appreciable differences between the two with respect to pathway activity. At this moment immunohistochemical analyses of HIF, mTORC1 and their target genes does not provide a reliable diagnostic tool for the discrimination of BCC and TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjinta Brinkhuizen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Chantal A. H. Weijzen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Eben
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique R. Thissen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Björn G. Lohman
- Department of Pathology, Laurentius Hospital, Roermond, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique J. L. Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patty J. Nelemans
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maurice A. M. van Steensel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
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Mahnke A, Meier RJ, Schatz V, Hofmann J, Castiglione K, Schleicher U, Wolfbeis OS, Bogdan C, Jantsch J. Hypoxia in Leishmania major Skin Lesions Impairs the NO-Dependent Leishmanicidal Activity of Macrophages. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2339-2346. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Higgins CA, Christiano AM. Regenerative medicine and hair loss: how hair follicle culture has advanced our understanding of treatment options for androgenetic alopecia. Regen Med 2014; 9:101-11. [PMID: 24351010 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the current drug therapies for androgenetic alopecia were discovered serendipitously, with hair growth observed as an off-target effect when drugs were used to treat a different disorder. Subsequently, several studies using cultured cells have enabled identification of hair growth modulators with similar properties to the currently available drugs, which may also provide clinical benefit. In situations where the current therapeutics do not work, follicular unit transplantation is an alternative surgical option. More recently, the concept of follicular cell implantation, or hair follicle neogenesis, has been attempted, exploiting the inherent properties of cultured hair follicle cells to induce de novo hair growth in balding scalp. In this review, we discuss both the advances in cell culture techniques that have led to a wider range of potential therapeutics to promote hair growth, in addition to detailing current knowledge on follicular cell implantation, and the challenges in making this approach a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Higgins
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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