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Kawahara R, Usami T, Arakawa S, Kamo H, Suzuki T, Komatsu R, Hara H, Niwa Y, Shimizu E, Dohmae N, Shimizu S, Simizu S. Biogenesis of fibrils requires C-mannosylation of PMEL. FEBS J 2023; 290:5373-5394. [PMID: 37552474 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Premelanosome protein (PMEL), a melanocyte-specific glycoprotein, has an essential role in melanosome maturation, assembling amyloid fibrils for melanin deposition. PMEL undergoes several post-translational modifications, including N- and O-glycosylations, which are associated with proper melanosome development. C-mannosylation is a rare type of protein glycosylation at a tryptophan residue that might regulate the secretion and localization of proteins. PMEL has one putative C-mannosylation site in its core amyloid fragment (CAF); however, there is no report focusing on C-mannosylation of PMEL. To investigate this, we expressed recombinant PMEL in SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells and purified the protein. Mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that human PMEL is C-mannosylated at multiple tryptophan residues in its CAF and N-terminal fragment (NTF). In addition to the W153 or W156 residue (CAF), which lies in the consensus sequence for C-mannosylation, the W104 residue (NTF) was C-mannosylated without the consensus sequence. To determine the effects of the modifications, we deleted the PMEL gene by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and re-expressed wild-type or C-mannosylation-defective mutants of PMEL, in which the C-mannosylated tryptophan was replaced with a phenylalanine residue (WF mutation), in SK-MEL-28 cells. Importantly, fibril-containing melanosomes were significantly decreased in W104F mutant PMEL-re-expressing cells compared with wild-type PMEL, observed using transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis suggested that the W104F mutation may cause mild endoplasmic reticulumretention, possibly associated with early misfolding, and lysosomal misaggregation, thus reducing functional fibril formation. Our results demonstrate that C-mannosylation of PMEL is required for proper melanosome development by regulating PMEL-derived fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kawahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Usami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoko Arakawa
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
- Research Core, Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kamo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Komatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hara
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Erina Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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2
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Tian X, Cui Z, Liu S, Zhou J, Cui R. Melanosome transport and regulation in development and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107707. [PMID: 33075361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized membrane-bound organelles that synthesize and organize melanin, ultimately providing color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Disorders in melanogenesis and melanosome transport are linked to pigmentary diseases, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and Griscelli syndrome. Clinical cases of these pigmentary diseases shed light on the molecular mechanisms that control melanosome-related pathways. However, only an improved understanding of melanogenesis and melanosome transport will further the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the current literature surrounding melanosomes with particular emphasis on melanosome membrane transport and cytoskeleton-mediated melanosome transport. We also provide perspectives on melanosome regulatory mechanisms which include hormonal action, inflammation, autophagy, and organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ziyong Cui
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Guo W, Yin G, Liu H, Duan H, Huang Z, Chen X. Matched analysis of the prognosis of amelanotic and pigmented melanoma in head and neck. Acta Otolaryngol 2020; 140:785-788. [PMID: 32449432 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2020.1763456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: The prognosis of mucosal melanoma is poor, and the difference in clinical prognosis between patients with and without pigment needs further study.Aim: To analyze data with head and neck mucosal melanoma, and compare the prognosis of patients with and without pigment.Material and methods: The patients of amelanotic melanoma were matched with pigmented type according to age, sex, stage, location of disease, treatment history, tobacco and alcohol history. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional risk regression model was used for analyzation.Results: 46 patients of amelanotic melanoma and 46 of pigmented type were included in this study. The overall survival rate and progression-free survival rate of patients with pigmented melanoma were higher than in patients with amelanotic melanoma (HR = 0.533, p = .035, 95% CI = 0.296-0.957; HR = 0.530, p = .034, 95% CI = 0.294-0.953, respectively), and the risk of distant metastases in patients with amelanotic melanoma was significantly higher than that in patients with pigmented melanoma (HR = 0.474, p = .046, 95% CI = 0.228-0.987).Conclusions and significance: The prognosis and disease-free survival of amelanotic melanoma is worse than for the pigmented type group. More identifying the differences in clinical characteristics will help to further individualized treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gaofei Yin
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyuan Duan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Crawford M, Liu N, Mahdipour E, Barr K, Heit B, Dagnino L. Integrin-linked kinase regulates melanosome trafficking and melanin transfer in melanocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:768-781. [PMID: 32049584 PMCID: PMC7185957 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are melanin-containing organelles that provide pigmentation and protection from solar UV radiation to the skin. In melanocytes, melanosomes mature and traffic to dendritic tips, where they are transferred to adjacent epidermal keratinocytes through pathways that involve microtubule networks and the actin cytoskeleton. However, the role of scaffold proteins in these processes is poorly understood. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffold protein that regulates microtubule stability and F-actin dynamics. Here we show that ILK is necessary for normal trafficking of melanosomes along microtubule tracks. In the absence of ILK, immature melanosomes are not retained in perinuclear regions, and mature melanosome trafficking along microtubule tracks is impaired. These deficits can be attenuated by microtubule stabilization. Microtubules are also necessary for the formation of dendrites in melanocytes, and Ilk inactivation reduces melanocyte dendricity. Activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) interferes with microtubule assembly. Significantly, inhibition of GSK-3 activity or exogenous expression of the GSK-3 substrate collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) in ILK-deficient melanocytes restored dendricity. ILK is also required for normal melanin transfer, and GSK-3 inhibition in melanocytes partially restored melanin transfer to neighboring keratinocytes. Thus, our work shows that ILK is a central modulator of melanosome movements in primary epidermal melanocytes and identifies ILK and GSK-3 as important modulators of melanin transfer to keratinocytes, a key process for epidermal UV photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
| | - Nancy Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
| | - Elahe Mahdipour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kevin Barr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2C4, Canada
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5
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Du Z, Huang K, Zhao J, Song X, Xing X, Wu Q, Zhang L, Xu C. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Raccoon Dog Skin to Determine Melanin Content in Hair and Melanin Distribution in Skin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40903. [PMID: 28098220 PMCID: PMC5241637 DOI: 10.1038/srep40903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an important canid fur-bearing animal species worldwide. Chinese raccoon dogs that present a white mutation, especially those with a white coat. Exploring melanin biosynthesis in the hair and skin of raccoon dogs is important for understanding the survival and evolutionary mechanisms of them. In this study, we measured the content of melanin in the hair of two types of raccoon dog and generated stained slices of skin tissue. The results indicated that melanin biosynthesis occurs in the wild-type (W) and white-type (B) raccoon dog skin, although less melanin is produced in B skin. We then sequenced the skin transcriptomes of W and B, compared the similarities and differences in expressed genes. A comparison of the gene expression showed 60 up-regulated genes and 127 down-regulated genes in B skin. We analyzed the unigenes and pathways related to the melanogenesis pathway and found that TYR, TYRP1, MC1R, SLC24a5, SLC45a2 and OCA2 were significantly down-regulated in B skin and these results were verified via qRT-PCR. We surmised that the phenotypic characteristics of the white mutation might be caused by the reduced expression of these genes and this finding provides new insights for future experiments in raccoon dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyu Du
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street NO. 4899 130112, Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street NO. 2888 130118, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Beijing Gene-Health Huachuang Biotech Co., Ltd, Xueqing Rode NO. 9 100089, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street NO. 4899 130112, Changchun, China
| | - Xingchao Song
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street NO. 4899 130112, Changchun, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street NO. 4899 130112, Changchun, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street NO. 4899 130112, Changchun, China
| | - Linbo Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street NO. 2888 130118, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street NO. 4899 130112, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture (nzdsys2016-3), Yuangmingyuan West-Rode NO. 2 100193, Beijing, China
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6
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Vaman V. S. A, Poppe H, Houben R, Grunewald TGP, Goebeler M, Butt E. LASP1, a Newly Identified Melanocytic Protein with a Possible Role in Melanin Release, but Not in Melanoma Progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129219. [PMID: 26061439 PMCID: PMC4465371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) is a focal adhesion protein. Its expression is increased in many malignant tumors. However, little is known about the physiological role of the protein. In the present study, we investigated the expression and function of LASP1 in normal skin, melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma. In normal skin, a distinct LASP1 expression is visible only in the basal epidermal layer while in nevi LASP1 protein is detected in all melanocytes. Melanoma exhibit no increase in LASP1 mRNA compared to normal skin. In melanocytes, the protein is bound to dynamin and mainly localized at late melanosomes along the edges and at the tips of the cell. Knockdown of LASP1 results in increased melanin concentration in the cells. Collectively, we identified LASP1 as a hitherto unknown protein in melanocytes and as novel partner of dynamin in the physiological process of membrane constriction and melanosome vesicle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Vaman V. S.
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Poppe
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas G. P. Grunewald
- Laboratory for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elke Butt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Silverman-Gavrila RV, Silverman-Gavrila LB, Bilal KH, Bendeck MP. Spectrin alpha is important for rear polarization of the microtubule organizing center during migration and spindle pole assembly during division of neointimal smooth muscle cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:157-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khawaja Hasan Bilal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Michelle P. Bendeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
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8
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Delto CF, Heisler FF, Kuper J, Sander B, Kneussel M, Schindelin H. The LisH motif of muskelin is crucial for oligomerization and governs intracellular localization. Structure 2015; 23:364-73. [PMID: 25579817 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons regulate the number of surface receptors by balancing the transport to and from the plasma membrane to adjust their signaling properties. The protein muskelin was recently identified as a key factor guiding the transport of α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors. Here we present the crystal structure of muskelin, comprising its N-terminal discoidin domain and Lis1-homology (LisH) motif. The molecule crystallized as a dimer with the LisH motif exclusively mediating oligomerization. Our subsequent biochemical analyses confirmed that the LisH motif acts as a dimerization element in muskelin. Together with an intermolecular head-to-tail interaction, the LisH-dependent dimerization is required to assemble a muskelin tetramer. Intriguingly, our cellular studies revealed that the loss of this dimerization results in a complete redistribution of muskelin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and impairs muskelin's function in GABAA receptor transport. These studies demonstrate that the LisH-dependent dimerization is a crucial factor for muskelin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn F Delto
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank F Heisler
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kuper
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Sander
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Schindelin
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Kondo T, Hearing VJ. Update on the regulation of mammalian melanocyte function and skin pigmentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:97-108. [PMID: 21572549 DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the unique process of producing pigmented biopolymers that are sequestered within melanosomes, which provides color to the skin, hair and eyes of animals and, in the case of human skin, also protects the underlying tissues from UV damage. We review the current understanding of melanogenesis, focusing on factors important to the biochemistry of pigment synthesis, the biogenesis of melanosomes, signaling pathways and factors that regulate melanogenesis, intramelanosomal pH, transport and transfer of melanosomes, and pigmentary disorders related to the dysfunction of melanosome-related proteins. Although it has been known for some time that many of the factors that affect melanogenesis are derived from keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hormones, inflammatory cells and nerves, a number of new factors that are involved in that regulation have recently been reported, such as factors that regulate melanosome pH and ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kondo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Fodrin in centrosomes: implication of a role of fodrin in the transport of gamma-tubulin complex in brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76613. [PMID: 24098540 PMCID: PMC3788121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-tubulin is the major protein involved in the nucleation of microtubules from centrosomes in eukaryotic cells. It is present in both cytoplasm and centrosome. However, before centrosome maturation prior to mitosis, gamma-tubulin concentration increases dramatically in the centrosome, the mechanism of which is not known. Earlier it was reported that cytoplasmic gamma-tubulin complex isolated from goat brain contains non-erythroid spectrin/fodrin. The major role of erythroid spectrin is to help in the membrane organisation and integrity. However, fodrin or non-erythroid spectrin has a distinct pattern of localisation in brain cells and evidently some special functions over its erythroid counterpart. In this study, we show that fodrin and γ-tubulin are present together in both the cytoplasm and centrosomes in all brain cells except differentiated neurons and astrocytes. Immunoprecipitation studies in purified centrosomes from brain tissue and brain cell lines confirm that fodrin and γ-tubulin interact with each other in centrosomes. Fodrin dissociates from centrosome just after the onset of mitosis, when the concentration of γ-tubulin attains a maximum at centrosomes. Further it is observed that the interaction between fodrin and γ-tubulin in the centrosome is dependent on actin as depolymerisation of microfilaments stops fodrin localization. Image analysis revealed that γ-tubulin concentration also decreased drastically in the centrosome under this condition. This indicates towards a role of fodrin as a regulatory transporter of γ-tubulin to the centrosomes for normal progression of mitosis.
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11
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Mutations in ABCB6 Cause Dyschromatosis Universalis Hereditaria. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2221-8. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Mikami M, Sonoki T, Ito M, Funasaka Y, Suzuki T, Katagata Y. Glycosylation of tyrosinase is a determinant of melanin production in cultured melanoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:818-22. [PMID: 23900309 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of malignant melanoma cell types are able to produce melanin and the degree of melanin synthesis in various types of cultured cell line differs. In this study, we evaluated three types of cultured cell line, MNT‑1, HM3KO and G‑361, with differing melanin production levels. The level was greatest in the MNT‑1 cells, lower in the HM3KO cells and lowest in the G‑361 cells. In addition, a positive correlation between melanin production and tyrosinase activity was observed. The molecular masses of tyrosinases from HM3KO and G‑361 cells were marginally lower than those from MNT‑1 cells. Glycosylation inhibitor treatment on MNT‑1 cells caused decreases in the molecular mass of tyrosinase, its activity and melanin production. An immunoprecipitation assay using anti‑tyrosinase indicated that the immature glycosylated tyrosinases were associated with a type of chaperone, Hsp70. The interaction between tyrosinase and Hsp70 was also detected in HM3KO and G‑361 cells. The results indicated that the immature glycosylation of tyrosinase has a critical effect on the melanin-producing ability of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Mikami
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
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Abstract
AbstractThe majority of melanocytes originate from the neural crest cells (NCC) that migrate, spread on the whole embryo’s body to form elements of the nervous system and skeleton, endocrinal glands, muscles and melanocytes. Human melanocytes differentiate mainly from the cranial and trunk NCC. Although melanocyte development has traditionally been associated with the dorsally migrating trunk NCC, there is evidence that a part of melanocytes arise from cells migrating ventrally. The ventral NCC differentiate into neurons and glia of the ganglia or Schwann cells. It has been suggested that the precursors for Schwann cells differentiate into melanocytes. As melanoblasts travel through the dermis, they multiply, follow the process of differentiation and invade the forming human fetal epidermis up to third month. After birth, melanocytes lose the ability to proliferate, except the hair melanocytes that renew during the hair cycle. The localization of neural crest-derived melanocytes in non-cutaneous places e.g. eye (the choroid and stroma of the iris and the ciliary body), ear (cells of the vestibular organ, cochlear stria vascularis), meninges of the brain, heart seems to indicate that repertoire of melanocyte functions is much wider than we expected e.g. the protection of tissues from potentially harmful factors (e.g. free radicals, binding toxins), storage ions, and anti-inflammatory action.
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Cichorek M, Wachulska M, Stasiewicz A, Tymińska A. Skin melanocytes: biology and development. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2013; 30:30-41. [PMID: 24278043 PMCID: PMC3834696 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2013.33376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human skin, melanocytes are present in the epidermis and hair follicles. The basic features of these cells are the ability to melanin production and the origin from neural crest cells. This last element is important because there are other cells able to produce melanin but of different embryonic origin (pigmented epithelium of retina, some neurons, adipocytes). The life cycle of melanocyte consists of several steps including differentiation of melanocyte lineage/s from neural crest, migration and proliferation of melanoblasts, differentiation of melanoblasts into melanocytes, proliferation and maturation of melanocytes at the target places (activity of melanogenic enzymes, melanosome formation and transport to keratinocytes) and eventual cell death (hair melanocytes). Melanocytes of the epidermis and hair are cells sharing some common features but in general they form biologically different populations living in unique niches of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Cichorek
- Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. Head: Mirosława Cichorek PhD
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Salcedo-Sicilia L, Granell S, Jovic M, Sicart A, Mato E, Johannes L, Balla T, Egea G. βIII spectrin regulates the structural integrity and the secretory protein transport of the Golgi complex. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2157-66. [PMID: 23233669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.406462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A spectrin-based cytoskeleton is associated with endomembranes, including the Golgi complex and cytoplasmic vesicles, but its role remains poorly understood. Using new generated antibodies to specific peptide sequences of the human βIII spectrin, we here show its distribution in the Golgi complex, where it is enriched in the trans-Golgi and trans-Golgi network. The use of a drug-inducible enzymatic assay that depletes the Golgi-associated pool of PI4P as well as the expression of PH domains of Golgi proteins that specifically recognize this phosphoinositide both displaced βIII spectrin from the Golgi. However, the interference with actin dynamics using actin toxins did not affect the localization of βIII spectrin to Golgi membranes. Depletion of βIII spectrin using siRNA technology and the microinjection of anti-βIII spectrin antibodies into the cytoplasm lead to the fragmentation of the Golgi. At ultrastructural level, Golgi fragments showed swollen distal Golgi cisternae and vesicular structures. Using a variety of protein transport assays, we show that the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi and post-Golgi protein transports were impaired in βIII spectrin-depleted cells. However, the internalization of the Shiga toxin subunit B to the endoplasmic reticulum was unaffected. We state that βIII spectrin constitutes a major skeletal component of distal Golgi compartments, where it is necessary to maintain its structural integrity and secretory activity, and unlike actin, PI4P appears to be highly relevant for the association of βIII spectrin the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Salcedo-Sicilia
- Department de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Computational prediction of protein-protein interactions of human tyrosinase. Enzyme Res 2012; 2012:192867. [PMID: 22577521 PMCID: PMC3335181 DOI: 10.1155/2012/192867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The various studies on tyrosinase have recently gained the attention of researchers due to their potential application values and the biological functions. In this study, we predicted the 3D structure of human tyrosinase and simulated the protein-protein interactions between tyrosinase and three binding partners, four and half LIM domains 2 (FHL2), cytochrome b-245 alpha polypeptide (CYBA), and RNA-binding motif protein 9 (RBM9). Our interaction simulations showed significant binding energy scores of -595.3 kcal/mol for FHL2, -859.1 kcal/mol for CYBA, and -821.3 kcal/mol for RBM9. We also investigated the residues of each protein facing toward the predicted site of interaction with tyrosinase. Our computational predictions will be useful for elucidating the protein-protein interactions of tyrosinase and studying its binding mechanisms.
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17
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Spectrin labeling during oogenesis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acta Histochem 2012; 114:177-81. [PMID: 21531010 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Progression through mitosis and meiosis during early zebrafish ovarian development is accompanied by highly regulated series of transformations in the architecture of oocytes. These cytoskeletal-dependent membrane events may be assumed to be brought about by deployment of proteins. While the cytoskeleton and its associated proteins play a pivotal role in each of these developmental transitions, it remains unclear how specific cytoskeletal proteins participate in regulating diverse processes of oocyte development in zebrafish. Results from this study show that a pool of spectrin accumulates during oogenesis and parallels an increase in volume of oocytes at pre-vitellogenic stages of development. Spectrin labeling is restricted to the surface of oogonia, the cortex of post-pachytene oocytes and later accumulates on the cytoplasm of pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes. Results here suggest a correlation between spectrin labeling, increased cytoplasm volume of oocytes, an increase in the number of nucleoli and accumulation of cytoplasmic organelles. Overall, these results suggest that synthesis and storage of spectrin during pre-vitellogenic stages of oogenesis primes the egg with a pre-established pool of membrane-cytoskeletal precursors for use during embryogenesis, and that the presence of spectrin at the oocyte sub-cortex is essential for maintaining oocyte structure.
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18
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Heisler FF, Loebrich S, Pechmann Y, Maier N, Zivkovic AR, Tokito M, Hausrat TJ, Schweizer M, Bähring R, Holzbaur ELF, Schmitz D, Kneussel M. Muskelin regulates actin filament- and microtubule-based GABA(A) receptor transport in neurons. Neuron 2011; 70:66-81. [PMID: 21482357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport regulates protein turnover including endocytosis. Because of the spatial segregation of F-actin and microtubules, internalized cargo vesicles need to employ myosin and dynein motors to traverse both cytoskeletal compartments. Factors specifying cargo delivery across both tracks remain unknown. We identified muskelin to interconnect retrograde F-actin- and microtubule-dependent GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R) trafficking. GABA(A)Rs regulate synaptic transmission, plasticity, and network oscillations. GABA(A)R α1 and muskelin interact directly, undergo neuronal cotransport, and associate with myosin VI or dynein motor complexes in subsequent steps of GABA(A)R endocytosis. Inhibition of either transport route selectively interferes with receptor internalization or degradation. Newly generated muskelin KO mice display depletion of both transport steps and a high-frequency ripple oscillation phenotype. A diluted coat color of muskelin KOs further suggests muskelin transport functions beyond neurons. Our data suggest the concept that specific trafficking factors help cargoes to traverse both F-actin and microtubule compartments, thereby regulating their fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F Heisler
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University of Hamburg Medical School, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Miyamura Y, Coelho SG, Schlenz K, Batzer J, Smuda C, Choi W, Brenner M, Passeron T, Zhang G, Kolbe L, Wolber R, Hearing VJ. The deceptive nature of UVA tanning versus the modest protective effects of UVB tanning on human skin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:136-47. [PMID: 20979596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between human skin pigmentation and protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an important element underlying differences in skin carcinogenesis rates. The association between UV damage and the risk of skin cancer is clear, yet a strategic balance in exposure to UV needs to be met. Dark skin is protected from UV-induced DNA damage significantly more than light skin owing to the constitutively higher pigmentation, but an as yet unresolved and important question is what photoprotective benefit, if any, is afforded by facultative pigmentation (i.e. a tan induced by UV exposure). To address that and to compare the effects of various wavelengths of UV, we repetitively exposed human skin to suberythemal doses of UVA and/or UVB over 2 weeks after which a challenge dose of UVA and UVB was given. Although visual skin pigmentation (tanning) elicited by different UV exposure protocols was similar, the melanin content and UV-protective effects against DNA damage in UVB-tanned skin (but not in UVA-tanned skin) were significantly higher. UVA-induced tans seem to result from the photooxidation of existing melanin and its precursors with some redistribution of pigment granules, while UVB stimulates melanocytes to up-regulate melanin synthesis and increases pigmentation coverage, effects that are synergistically stimulated in UVA and UVB-exposed skin. Thus, UVA tanning contributes essentially no photoprotection, although all types of UV-induced tanning result in DNA and cellular damage, which can eventually lead to photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Miyamura
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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KATO H, INOUE Y, ISHIHARA T, KAGESHITA T, IHN H. Amelanotic malignant melanoma where primary lesion was discovered 5 years after metastasis in the lymph node. J Dermatol 2010; 37:730-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Protein–protein interactions involving voltage-gated sodium channels: Post-translational regulation, intracellular trafficking and functional expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1471-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Lee C, Le MP, Cannatella D, Wallingford JB. Changes in localization and expression levels of Shroom2 and spectrin contribute to variation in amphibian egg pigmentation patterns. Dev Genes Evol 2009; 219:319-30. [PMID: 19554350 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-009-0292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One contributing factor in the worldwide decline in amphibian populations is thought to be the exposure of eggs to UV light. Enrichment of pigment in the animal hemisphere of eggs laid in the sunlight defends against UV damage, but little is known about the cell biological mechanisms controlling such polarized pigment patterns. Even less is known about how such mechanisms were modified during evolution to achieve the array of amphibian egg pigment patterns. Here, we show that ectopic expression of the gamma-tubulin regulator, Shroom2, is sufficient to induce co-accumulation of pigment granules, spectrin, and dynactin in Xenopus blastomeres. Shroom2 and spectrin are enriched and co-localize specifically in the pigmented animal hemisphere of Xenopus eggs and blastulae. Moreover, Shroom2 messenger RNA (mRNA) is expressed maternally at high levels in Xenopus. In contrast to Xenopus, eggs and blastulae of Physalaemus pustulosus have very little surface pigmentation. Rather, we find that pigment is enriched in the perinuclear region of these embryos, where it co-localizes with spectrin. Moreover, maternal Shroom2 mRNA was barely detectable in Physaleamus, though zygotic levels were comparable to Xenopus. We therefore suggest that a Shroom2/spectrin/dynactin-based mechanism controls pigment localization in amphibian eggs and that variation in maternal Shroom2 mRNA levels accounts in part for variation in amphibian egg pigment patterns during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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23
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Abstract
More than 150 genes have been identified that affect skin color either directly or indirectly, and we review current understanding of physiological factors that regulate skin pigmentation. We focus on melanosome biogenesis, transport and transfer, melanogenic regulators in melanocytes, and factors derived from keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hormones, inflammatory cells, and nerves. Enzymatic components of melanosomes include tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and dopachrome tautomerase, which depend on the functions of OA1, P, MATP, ATP7A, and BLOC-1 to synthesize eumelanins and pheomelanins. The main structural component of melanosomes is Pmel17/gp100/Silv, whose sorting involves adaptor protein 1A (AP1A), AP1B, AP2, and spectrin, as well as a chaperone-like component, MART-1. During their maturation, melanosomes move from the perinuclear area toward the plasma membrane. Microtubules, dynein, kinesin, actin filaments, Rab27a, melanophilin, myosin Va, and Slp2-a are involved in melanosome transport. Foxn1 and p53 up-regulate skin pigmentation via bFGF and POMC derivatives including alpha-MSH and ACTH, respectively. Other critical factors that affect skin pigmentation include MC1R, CREB, ASP, MITF, PAX3, SOX9/10, LEF-1/TCF, PAR-2, DKK1, SCF, HGF, GM-CSF, endothelin-1, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, neurotrophins, and neuropeptides. UV radiation up-regulates most factors that increase melanogenesis. Further studies will elucidate the currently unknown functions of many other pigment genes/proteins. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamaguchi
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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Cook D, Brooks S, Bellone R, Bailey E. Missense mutation in exon 2 of SLC36A1 responsible for champagne dilution in horses. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000195. [PMID: 18802473 PMCID: PMC2535566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Champagne coat color in horses is controlled by a single, autosomal-dominant gene (CH). The phenotype produced by this gene is valued by many horse breeders, but can be difficult to distinguish from the effect produced by the Cream coat color dilution gene (CR). Three sires and their families segregating for CH were tested by genome scanning with microsatellite markers. The CH gene was mapped within a 6 cM region on horse chromosome 14 (LOD = 11.74 for theta = 0.00). Four candidate genes were identified within the region, namely SPARC [Secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (osteonectin)], SLC36A1 (Solute Carrier 36 family A1), SLC36A2 (Solute Carrier 36 family A2), and SLC36A3 (Solute Carrier 36 family A3). SLC36A3 was not expressed in skin tissue and therefore not considered further. The other three genes were sequenced in homozygotes for CH and homozygotes for the absence of the dilution allele (ch). SLC36A1 had a nucleotide substitution in exon 2 for horses with the champagne phenotype, which resulted in a transition from a threonine amino acid to an arginine amino acid (T63R). The association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with the champagne dilution phenotype was complete, as determined by the presence of the nucleotide variant among all 85 horses with the champagne dilution phenotype and its absence among all 97 horses without the champagne phenotype. This is the first description of a phenotype associated with the SLC36A1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Cook
- Department of Veterinary Science, MH Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America.
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Chapter 6 New Insights into Melanosome Transport in Vertebrate Pigment Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 272:245-302. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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