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McDonough AA, Harris AN, Xiong LI, Layton AT. Sex differences in renal transporters: assessment and functional consequences. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:21-36. [PMID: 37684523 PMCID: PMC11090267 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys are specialized to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The epithelial transport processes along the renal tubule that match output to input have long been the subject of experimental and theoretical study. However, emerging data have identified a new dimension of investigation: sex. Like most tissues, the structure and function of the kidney is regulated by sex hormones and chromosomes. Available data demonstrate sex differences in the abundance of kidney solute and electrolyte transporters, establishing that renal tubular organization and operation are distinctly different in females and males. Newer studies have provided insights into the physiological consequences of these sex differences. Computational simulations predict that sex differences in transporter abundance are likely driven to optimize reproduction, enabling adaptive responses to the nutritional requirements of serial pregnancies and lactation - normal life-cycle changes that challenge the ability of renal transporters to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Later in life, females may also undergo menopause, which is associated with changes in disease risk. Although numerous knowledge gaps remain, ongoing studies will provide further insights into the sex-specific mechanisms of sodium, potassium, acid-base and volume physiology throughout the life cycle, which may lead to therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A McDonough
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Autumn N Harris
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lingyun Ivy Xiong
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anita T Layton
- Departments of Applied Mathematics and Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Klein T, Funke F, Rossbach O, Lehmann G, Vockenhuber M, Medenbach J, Suess B, Meister G, Babinger P. Investigating the Prevalence of RNA-Binding Metabolic Enzymes in E. coli. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11536. [PMID: 37511294 PMCID: PMC10380284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An open research field in cellular regulation is the assumed crosstalk between RNAs, metabolic enzymes, and metabolites, also known as the REM hypothesis. High-throughput assays have produced extensive interactome data with metabolic enzymes frequently found as hits, but only a few examples have been biochemically validated, with deficits especially in prokaryotes. Therefore, we rationally selected nineteen Escherichia coli enzymes from such datasets and examined their ability to bind RNAs using two complementary methods, iCLIP and SELEX. Found interactions were validated by EMSA and other methods. For most of the candidates, we observed no RNA binding (12/19) or a rather unspecific binding (5/19). Two of the candidates, namely glutamate-5-kinase (ProB) and quinone oxidoreductase (QorA), displayed specific and previously unknown binding to distinct RNAs. We concentrated on the interaction of QorA to the mRNA of yffO, a grounded prophage gene, which could be validated by EMSA and MST. Because the physiological function of both partners is not known, the biological relevance of this interaction remains elusive. Furthermore, we found novel RNA targets for the MS2 phage coat protein that served us as control. Our results indicate that RNA binding of metabolic enzymes in procaryotes is less frequent than suggested by the results of high-throughput studies, but does occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klein
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Funke
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lehmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Vockenhuber
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Medenbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Beatrix Suess
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gunter Meister
- Institute of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Babinger
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Lin Z, Song J, Gao Y, Huang S, Dou R, Zhong P, Huang G, Han L, Zheng J, Zhang X, Wang S, Xiong B. Hypoxia-induced HIF-1α/lncRNA-PMAN inhibits ferroptosis by promoting the cytoplasmic translocation of ELAVL1 in peritoneal dissemination from gastric cancer. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102312. [PMID: 35447413 PMCID: PMC9043498 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is the main site of gastric cancer (GC) distant metastasis and indicates an extremely poor prognosis and survival. Hypoxia is a common feature of peritoneal metastases and up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) may be a potential driver in the occurrence of PM. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated cell death and closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. However, the underlying mechanism link HIF-1α to ferroptosis in PM of GC remains unknown. Here, lncRNA-microarrays and RNA library construction/lncRNA-seq results shown that lncRNA-PMAN was highly expressed in PM and significantly modulated by HIF-1α. Upregulation of PMAN is associated with poor prognosis and PM in patients with GC. PMAN was up-regulated by HIF-1α and improved the stability of SLC7A11 mRNA by promoting the cytoplasmic distribution of ELAVL1, which was identified in RNA-pulldown/mass spectrometry results. Accumulation of SLC7A11 increases the level of l-Glutathione (GSH) and inhibits the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and irons in the GC cells. Finally protect GC cells against ferroptosis induced by Erastin and RSL3. Our findings have elucidated the effect of HIF-1α/PMAN/ELAVL1 in GC cells ferroptosis and provides theoretical support for the potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PM in GC. HIF-1⍺ mediates abnormally high expression of PMAN in PM from GC under hypoxia. GC cells suppress ferroptosis by relieving ROS and irons accumulation through HIF-1⍺/PMAN under hypoxia. Inhibition of ferroptosis may contributes to the development of PM from GC. Increased cytoplasmic translocation of ELAVL1 is a key intermediate factor in PMAN inhibition of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaihuan Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jialin Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuke Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Sihao Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Rongzhang Dou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Panyi Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guoquan Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinsen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xinyao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors & Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors & Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China; Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Center, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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4
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Lee HW, Verlander JW, Shull GE, Harris AN, Weiner ID. Acid-base effects of combined renal deletion of NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F208-F224. [PMID: 35001662 PMCID: PMC8836747 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00358.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating ammonia metabolism are fundamental to acid-base homeostasis. Deletion of the A splice variant of Na+-bicarbonate cotransporter, electrogenic, isoform 1 (NBCe1-A) partially blocks the effect of acidosis to increase urinary ammonia excretion, and this appears to involve the dysregulated expression of ammoniagenic enzymes in the proximal tubule (PT) in the cortex but not in the outer medulla (OM). A second NBCe1 splice variant, NBCe1-B, is present throughout the PT, including the OM, where NBCe1-A is not present. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of combined renal deletion of NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B on systemic and PT ammonia metabolism. We generated NBCe1-A/B deletion using Cre-loxP techniques and used Cre-negative mice as controls. As renal NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B expression is limited to the PT, Cre-positive mice had PT NBCe1-A/B deletion [PT-NBCe1-A/B knockout (KO)]. Although on a basal diet, PT-NBCe1-A/B KO mice had severe metabolic acidosis, yet urinary ammonia excretion was not changed significantly. PT-NBCe1-A/B KO decreased the expression of phosphate-dependent glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and increased the expression of glutamine synthetase, an ammonia-recycling enzyme, in PTs in both the cortex and OM. Exogenous acid loading increased ammonia excretion in control mice, but PT-NBCe1-A/B KO prevented any increase. PT-NBCe1-A/B KO significantly blunted acid loading-induced changes in phosphate-dependent glutaminase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glutamine synthetase expression in PTs in both the cortex and OM. We conclude that NBCe1-B, at least in the presence of NBCe1-A deletion, contributes to PT ammonia metabolism in the OM and thereby to systemic acid-base regulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of the present study show that combined deletion of both A and B splice variants of electrogenic Na+-bicarbonate cotransporter 1 from the proximal tubule impairs acid-base homeostasis and completely blocks changes in ammonia excretion in response to acidosis, indicating that both proteins are critical to acid-base homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jill W Verlander
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gary E Shull
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Autumn N Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Deparment of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - I David Weiner
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Nephrology and Hypertension Section, Gainesville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
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5
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Mizutani Y, Kinoshita M, Lin YC, Fukaya S, Kato S, Hisano T, Hida H, Iwata S, Saitoh S, Iwata O. Temporal inversion of the acid-base equilibrium in newborns: an observational study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11240. [PMID: 33954050 PMCID: PMC8052977 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A considerable fraction of newborn infants experience hypoxia-ischaemia and metabolic acidosis at birth. However, little is known regarding the biological response of newborn infants to the pH drift from the physiological equilibrium. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the pH drift at birth and postnatal acid-base regulation in newborn infants. Methods Clinical information of 200 spontaneously breathing newborn infants hospitalised at a neonatal intensive care centre were reviewed. Clinical variables associated with venous blood pH on days 5-7 were assessed. Results The higher blood pH on days 5-7 were explained by lower cord blood pH (-0.131, -0.210 to -0.052; regression coefficient, 95% confidence interval), greater gestational age (0.004, 0.002 to 0.005) and lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide on days 5-7 (-0.005, -0.006 to -0.004) (adjusted for sex, postnatal age and lactate on days 5-7). Conclusion In relatively stable newborn infants, blood pH drift from the physiological equilibrium at birth might trigger a system, which reverts and over-corrects blood pH within the first week of life. Given that the infants within the study cohort was spontaneously breathing, the observed phenomenon might be a common reaction of newborn infants to pH changes at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yung-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Satoko Fukaya
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shin Kato
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hisano
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideki Hida
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iwata
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Osuke Iwata
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Johmura Y, Yamanaka T, Omori S, Wang TW, Sugiura Y, Matsumoto M, Suzuki N, Kumamoto S, Yamaguchi K, Hatakeyama S, Takami T, Yamaguchi R, Shimizu E, Ikeda K, Okahashi N, Mikawa R, Suematsu M, Arita M, Sugimoto M, Nakayama KI, Furukawa Y, Imoto S, Nakanishi M. Senolysis by glutaminolysis inhibition ameliorates various age-associated disorders. Science 2021; 371:265-270. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Johmura
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamanaka
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satotaka Omori
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Teh-Wei Wang
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Narumi Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kumamoto
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Clinical Genome Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seira Hatakeyama
- Clinical Genome Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Takami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eigo Shimizu
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okahashi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryuta Mikawa
- Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011, Japan
| | - Masataka Sugimoto
- Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Clinical Genome Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Health Intelligence Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Drug metabolizing enzymes catalyze the biotransformation of many of drugs and chemicals. The drug metabolizing enzymes are distributed among several evolutionary families and catalyze a range of detoxication reactions, including oxidation/reduction, conjugative, and hydrolytic reactions that serve to detoxify potentially toxic compounds. This detoxication function requires that drug metabolizing enzymes exhibit substrate promiscuity. In addition to their catalytic functions, many drug metabolizing enzymes possess functions unrelated to or in addition to catalysis. Such proteins are termed 'moonlighting proteins' and are defined as proteins with multiple biochemical or biophysical functions that reside in a single protein. This review discusses the diverse moonlighting functions of drug metabolizing enzymes and the roles they play in physiological functions relating to reproduction, vision, cell signaling, cancer, and transport. Further research will likely reveal new examples of moonlighting functions of drug metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Board
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Lulli M, Nencioni D, Papucci L, Schiavone N. Zeta-crystallin: a moonlighting player in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:965-976. [PMID: 31563996 PMCID: PMC11104887 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crystallins were firstly found as structural proteins of the eye lens. To this family belong proteins, such as ζ-crystallin, expressed ubiquitously, and endowed with enzyme activity. ζ-crystallin is a moonlighting protein endowed with two main different functions: (1) mRNA binding with stabilizing activity; (2) NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase. ζ-crystallin has been clearly demonstrated to stabilize mRNAs encoding proteins involved in renal glutamine catabolism during metabolic acidosis resulting in ammoniagenesis and bicarbonate ion production that concur to compensate such condition. ζ-crystallin binds also mRNAs encoding for antiapoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2 in leukemia cells. On the other hand, the physiological role of its enzymatic activity is still elusive. Gathering research evidences and data mined from public databases, we provide a framework where all the known ζ-crystallin properties are called into question, making it a hypothetical pivotal player in cancer, allowing cells to hijack or subjugate the acidity response mechanism to increase their ability to resist oxidative stress and apoptosis, while fueling their glutamine addicted metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, Firenze, 50134, Italy.
| | - Daniele Nencioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Laura Papucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Nicola Schiavone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, Firenze, 50134, Italy.
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9
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Wesson DE, Buysse JM, Bushinsky DA. Mechanisms of Metabolic Acidosis-Induced Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:469-482. [PMID: 31988269 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrospective analyses and single-center prospective studies identify chronic metabolic acidosis as an independent and modifiable risk factor for progression of CKD. In patients with CKD, untreated chronic metabolic acidosis often leads to an accelerated reduction in GFR. Mechanisms responsible for this reduction include adaptive responses that increase acid excretion but lead to a decline in kidney function. Metabolic acidosis in CKD stimulates production of intrakidney paracrine hormones including angiotensin II, aldosterone, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) that mediate the immediate benefit of increased kidney acid excretion, but their chronic upregulation promotes inflammation and fibrosis. Chronic metabolic acidosis also stimulates ammoniagenesis that increases acid excretion but also leads to ammonia-induced complement activation and deposition of C3 and C5b-9 that can cause tubule-interstitial damage, further worsening disease progression. These effects, along with acid accumulation in kidney tissue, combine to accelerate progression of kidney disease. Treatment of chronic metabolic acidosis attenuates these adaptive responses; reduces levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ET-1; reduces ammoniagenesis; and diminishes inflammation and fibrosis that may lead to slowing of CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Wesson
- Baylor Scott & White Health and Wellness Center, Dallas, Texas; .,Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | | | - David A Bushinsky
- Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
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10
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Asleh R, Snipelisky D, Hathcock M, Kremers W, Liu D, Batzler A, Jenkins G, Kushwaha S, Pereira NL. Genomewide association study reveals novel genetic loci associated with change in renal function in heart transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2018; 32:e13395. [PMID: 30160337 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal dysfunction occurs commonly after heart transplantation (HTx) with wide inter-individual variability but whether a genetic predisposition exists in these patients is unknown. Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have not been performed to assess the association of genetic variation with change in renal function after HTx. METHODS Clinical and demographic data of patients who underwent HTx and provided blood samples and consent for genetic analysis were included. Genotyping was performed using Illumina Infinium Human CoreExome v1.0 analysis kit. A GWAS utilizing linear regression models was performed with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 1 year as the phenotype after adjusting for baseline eGFR prior to HTx and conversion from calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus as primary immunosuppression therapy. RESULTS A total of 251 HTx recipients were genotyped for 314,903 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The mean (SD) age was 50 (12.5) years; most patients were of European origin (n = 243, 96.8%) and males (n = 179, 71.3%). After adjustment for potential confounders, two variants, rs17033285 (P = 4.3 × 10-7 ) and rs4917601 (P = 6.46 × 10-7 ), in a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) gene LINC01121 and a pseudogene BTBD7P2, were identified to have a significant association with change in GFR at 1 year after HTx. CONCLUSIONS Our first of its kind GWAS demonstrates that genetic variation affects renal function after HTx independent of other risk factors. Agnostic genetic approaches such as these may lead to identification of novel biological pathways such as the role of lncRNAs in the development of renal dysfunction post-HTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Asleh
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David Snipelisky
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Hathcock
- Department of Biomedical Statistic and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Walter Kremers
- Department of Biomedical Statistic and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anthony Batzler
- Department of Biomedical Statistic and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Statistic and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sudhir Kushwaha
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Naveen L Pereira
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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11
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Fang W, Wang Z, Li Q, Wang X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Tang W, Ma C, Sun J, Li N, Yi F. Gpr97 Exacerbates AKI by Mediating Sema3A Signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018. [PMID: 29531097 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017080932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) participate in a variety of physiologic functions, and several GPCRs have critical physiologic and pathophysiologic roles in the regulation of renal function. We investigated the role of Gpr97, a newly identified member of the adhesion GPCR family, in AKI.Methods AKI was induced by ischemia-reperfusion or cisplatin treatment in Gpr97-deficient mice. We assessed renal injury in these models and in patients with acute tubular necrosis by histologic examination, and we conducted microarray analysis and in vitro assays to determine the molecular mechanisms of Gpr97 function.Results Gpr97 was upregulated in the kidneys from mice with AKI and patients with biopsy-proven acute tubular necrosis compared with healthy controls. In AKI models, Gpr97-deficient mice had significantly less renal injury and inflammation than wild-type mice. Gpr97 deficiency also attenuated the AKI-induced expression of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a potential early diagnostic biomarker of renal injury. In NRK-52E cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Gpr97 further increased the expression of survivin and phosphorylated STAT3 and reduced toll-like receptor 4 expression. Cotreatment with recombinant murine Sema3A protein counteracted these effects. Finally, additional in vivo and in vitro studies, including electrophoretic mobility shift assays and luciferase reporter assays, showed that Gpr97 deficiency attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced expression of the RNA-binding protein human antigen R, which post-transcriptionally regulates Sema3A expression.Conclusions Gpr97 is an important mediator of AKI, and pharmacologic targeting of Gpr97-mediated Sema3A signaling at multiple levels may provide a novel approach for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu Sun
- Departments of Pharmacology
| | | | | | - Jinpeng Sun
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, and
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Fan Yi
- Departments of Pharmacology, .,The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China; and
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12
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Passey C. Reducing the Dietary Acid Load: How a More Alkaline Diet Benefits Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2017; 27:151-160. [PMID: 28117137 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that a low-protein diet will slow progression of chronic kidney disease although studies have not always supported this belief. The accepted practice is that 60% to 70% of protein comes from high biological value (HBV) protein, but this limits patient choice and patients struggle to follow the diet. When a diet with only 30% HBV protein was trialed, there was a significant increase in serum bicarbonate, and patients preferred the diet. The dietary advice given in predialysis clinics was changed. HBV protein was restricted to approximately 50% of total protein, bread and cereal foods were allowed freely, and fruits and vegetables (F&V) were encouraged. Patients who followed the diet have seen a slowing of progression and occasionally regression of their renal function. Both observations and scientific literature indicate that this is because of a reduction in the acid content of the diet. When foods are metabolized, most proteins produce acid, and most F&V produce alkali. A typical 21st-century diet produces 50 to 100 mEq H+ per day which the kidney is challenged to excrete. Acid is excreted with phosphate and is limited to about 45 mEq H+ per day. With chronic kidney disease, this falls progressively to below 20 mEq H+ per day. Historically, ammonium excretion was believed to be excretion of acid (NH3+ + H+ → NH4+), but it is now understood to be a by-product in the neutralization of acid by glutamine. The remaining acid is neutralized or stored within the body. Bone and muscle are lost in order to neutralize the acid. Acid also accumulates within cells, and serum bicarbonate falls. The author postulates that reducing the acid load through a low-protein diet with greater use of vegetable proteins and increased F&V intake will slow progression or occasionally improve renal function while maintaining the nutritional status of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Passey
- Nutrition and Dietetic Department, Wessex Kidney Centre, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom.
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13
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Feigerlová E, Battaglia-Hsu SF. Role of post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA stability in renal pathophysiology: focus on chronic kidney disease. FASEB J 2016; 31:457-468. [PMID: 27849555 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601087rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an important public health problem. Its progression to end-stage renal disease is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The determinants of renal function decline are not fully understood. Recent progress in the understanding of post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA stability has helped the identification of both the trans- and cis-acting elements of mRNA as potential markers and therapeutic targets for difficult-to-diagnose and -treat diseases, including CKDs such as diabetic nephropathy. Human antigen R (HuR), a trans-acting element of mRNA, is an RNA binding factor (RBF) best known for its ability to stabilize AU-rich-element-containing mRNAs. Deregulated HuR subcellular localization or expression occurs in a wide range of renal diseases, such as metabolic acidosis, ischemia, and fibrosis. Besides RBFs, recent evidence revealed that noncoding RNA, such as microRNA and long noncoding RNA, participates in regulating mRNA stability and that aberrant noncoding RNA expression accounts for many pathologic renal conditions. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of our current understanding of the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA stability in renal pathophysiology and to offer perspectives for this class of diseases. We use examples of diverse renal diseases to illustrate different mRNA stability pathways in specific cellular compartments and discuss the roles and impacts of both the cis- and trans-activating factors on the regulation of mRNA stability in these diseases.-Feigerlová, E., Battaglia-Hsu, S.-F. Role of post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA stability in renal pathophysiology: focus on chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Feigerlová
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Pôle DUNE, Poitiers, France; .,Université de Poitiers, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Médecine Pharmacie, Poitiers, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre 1402, Unité 1082, INSERM, Poitiers, France; and
| | - Shyue-Fang Battaglia-Hsu
- Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, INSERM Unité 954, Université de Lorraine et Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
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14
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Sandoval PC, Claxton JS, Lee JW, Saeed F, Hoffert JD, Knepper MA. Systems-level analysis reveals selective regulation of Aqp2 gene expression by vasopressin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34863. [PMID: 27725713 PMCID: PMC5057153 DOI: 10.1038/srep34863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin-mediated regulation of renal water excretion is defective in a variety of water balance disorders in humans. It occurs in part through long-term mechanisms that regulate the abundance of the aquaporin-2 water channel in renal collecting duct cells. Here, we use deep DNA sequencing in mouse collecting duct cells to ask whether vasopressin signaling selectively increases Aqp2 gene transcription or whether it triggers a broadly targeted transcriptional network. ChIP-Seq quantification of binding sites for RNA polymerase II was combined with RNA-Seq quantification of transcript abundances to identify genes whose transcription is regulated by vasopressin. (View curated dataset at https://helixweb.nih.gov/ESBL/Database/Vasopressin/). The analysis revealed only 35 vasopressin-regulated genes (of 3659) including Aqp2. Increases in RNA polymerase II binding and mRNA abundances for Aqp2 far outstripped corresponding measurements for all other genes, consistent with the conclusion that vasopressin-mediated transcriptional regulation is highly selective for Aqp2. Despite the overall selectivity of the net transcriptional response, vasopressin treatment was associated with increased RNA polymerase II binding to the promoter proximal region of a majority of expressed genes, suggesting a nearly global positive regulation of transcriptional initiation with transcriptional pausing. Thus, the overall net selectivity appears to be a result of selective control of transcriptional elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo C Sandoval
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1603, USA
| | - J'Neka S Claxton
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1603, USA
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1603, USA
- National Cancer Center, Goyang Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Fahad Saeed
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1603, USA
| | - Jason D Hoffert
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1603, USA
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1603, USA
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15
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Kasap M, Yeğenağa I, Akpinar G, Tuncay M, Aksoy A, Karaoz E. Comparative Proteome Analysis of hAT-MSCs Isolated from Chronic Renal Failure Patients with Differences in Their Bone Turnover Status. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142934. [PMID: 26575497 PMCID: PMC4648497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the stem cells and the bone turnover in uremic bone disease due to chronic renal failure (CRF) is not described. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bone turnover status on stem cell properties. To search for the presence of such link and shed some light on stem-cell relevant mechanisms of bone turnover, we carried out a study with mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue biopsies were taken from the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of a CRF patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism with the high turnover bone disease. This patient underwent parathyroidectomy operation (PTX) and another sample was taken from this patient after PTX. A CRF patient with adynamic bone disease with low turnover and a healthy control were also included. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the subjects were analyzed using proteomic and molecular approaches. Except ALP activity, the bone turnover status did not affect common stem cell properties. However, detailed proteome analysis revealed the presence of regulated protein spots. A total of 32 protein spots were identified following 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF analyzes. The identified proteins were classified into seven distinct groups and their potential relationship to bone turnover were discussed. Distinct protein expression patterns emerged in relation to the bone turnover status indicate a possible link between the stem cells and bone turnover in uremic bone disease due to CRF.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/cytology
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Bone Diseases/complications
- Bone Diseases/diagnosis
- Bone Remodeling
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Humans
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/complications
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/diagnosis
- Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/surgery
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Parathyroidectomy
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteomics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Telomerase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Itır Yeğenağa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Medical Biology/DEKART Proteomics Laboratory, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuncay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ayça Aksoy
- Department of Stem Cell, Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Liv Hospital Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Manufacturing, İstanbul, Turkey
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16
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Lee JW, Chou CL, Knepper MA. Deep Sequencing in Microdissected Renal Tubules Identifies Nephron Segment-Specific Transcriptomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2669-77. [PMID: 25817355 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of each renal tubule segment depends on the genes expressed therein. High-throughput methods used for global profiling of gene expression in unique cell types have shown low sensitivity and high false positivity, thereby limiting the usefulness of these methods in transcriptomic research. However, deep sequencing of RNA species (RNA-seq) achieves highly sensitive and quantitative transcriptomic profiling by sequencing RNAs in a massive, parallel manner. Here, we used RNA-seq coupled with classic renal tubule microdissection to comprehensively profile gene expression in each of 14 renal tubule segments from the proximal tubule through the inner medullary collecting duct of rat kidneys. Polyadenylated mRNAs were captured by oligo-dT primers and processed into adapter-ligated cDNA libraries that were sequenced using an Illumina platform. Transcriptomes were identified to a median depth of 8261 genes in microdissected renal tubule samples (105 replicates in total) and glomeruli (5 replicates). Manual microdissection allowed a high degree of sample purity, which was evidenced by the observed distributions of well established cell-specific markers. The main product of this work is an extensive database of gene expression along the nephron provided as a publicly accessible webpage (https://helixweb.nih.gov/ESBL/Database/NephronRNAseq/index.html). The data also provide genome-wide maps of alternative exon usage and polyadenylation sites in the kidney. We illustrate the use of the data by profiling transcription factor expression along the renal tubule and mapping metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Lee
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Shang J, Wan Q, Wang X, Duan Y, Wang Z, Wei X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Wang R, Yi F. Identification of NOD2 as a novel target of RNA-binding protein HuR: evidence from NADPH oxidase-mediated HuR signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:217-27. [PMID: 25528059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although our recent studies have demonstrated that NOD2 is one of the critical components of a signal transduction pathway that links renal injury to inflammation in diabetic nephropathy (DN), the regulatory mechanisms for NOD2 expression under hyperglycemia have not yet been elucidated. Considering that NOD2 mRNA from different species bears a long 3'-UTR with various AU-rich elements, the present study was designed to investigate the potential contribution of the RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR) on the posttranscriptional regulation of NOD2 expression. In this study, we first found upregulation of HuR in the kidney from DN subjects, which was correlated with proteinuria, indicating a role for HuR in the pathogenesis of DN. In vitro, high glucose (HG) induced a distinct increase in cytoplasmic HuR in rat glomerular mesangial cells. By RNA EMSA, we found that HuR bound to the 3'-UTR of NOD2, and HuR silencing reduced HG-induced NOD2 expression and mRNA stability. Mechanistically, we further found that NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling contributed to the expression and translocation of HuR and NOD2 mRNA stability. Finally, we evaluated the role of HuR showing that in vivo gene silencing of HuR by intrarenal lentiviral gene delivery ameliorated renal injury as well as reducing NOD2 expression in diabetic rats. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that HuR acts as a key posttranscriptional regulator of NOD2 expression, suggesting that targeting of HuR-NOD2 signaling might be crucial for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yiqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
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18
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Kawada N, Isaka Y, Rakugi H, Moriyama T. SCAD syndrome: A vicious cycle of kidney stones, CKD, and AciDosis. World J Clin Urol 2014; 3:113-118. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v3.i2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has shown that kidney stone formers are at high risk for developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this mini-review is to summarize the present knowledge about the close relationships among kidney stone formation, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and plasma and urine acidosis (SCAD). Part of the cause of the positive relationships between higher risk of developing ESRD and cardiovascular diseases in stone formers may be explained by inflammation and cell death due to the components of kidney stones. In CKD patients, acidic urine and loss of anti-crystallization factors may cause stone formation. Acidosis can promote tissue inflammation and may affect vascular tone. Correction of plasma and urine acidosis may improve renal and cardiovascular outcome of stone formers and CKD patients. More intensive and long-term interventions, which include correction of plasma and urine pH in patients with reduced renal function and correction of urine pH in patients with normal renal function, may be considered in treating patients with SCAD syndrome.
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19
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Balkrishna S, Bröer A, Welford SM, Hatzoglou M, Bröer S. Expression of glutamine transporter Slc38a3 (SNAT3) during acidosis is mediated by a different mechanism than tissue-specific expression. Cell Physiol Biochem 2014; 33:1591-606. [PMID: 24854847 PMCID: PMC4424794 DOI: 10.1159/000358722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite homeostatic pH regulation, systemic and cellular pH changes take place and strongly influence metabolic processes. Transcription of the glutamine transporter SNAT3 (Slc38a3) for instance is highly up-regulated in the kidney during metabolic acidosis to provide glutamine for ammonia production. Methods Slc38a3 promoter activity and messenger RNA stability were measured in cultured cells in response to different extracellular pH values. Results Up-regulation of SNAT3 mRNA was mediated both by the stabilization of its mRNA and by the up-regulation of gene transcription. Stabilisation of the mRNA involved a pH-response element, while enhanced transcription made use of a second pH-sensitive Sp1 binding site in addition to a constitutive Sp1 binding site. Transcriptional regulation dominated the early response to acidosis, while mRNA stability was more important for chronic adaptation. Tissue-specific expression of SNAT3, by contrast, appeared to be controlled by promoter methylation and histone modifications. Conclusions Regulation of SNAT3 gene expression by extracellular pH involves post-transcriptional and transcriptional mechanisms, the latter being distinct from the mechanisms that control the tissue-specific expression of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarojini Balkrishna
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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20
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Curthoys NP, Gstraunthaler G. pH-responsive, gluconeogenic renal epithelial LLC-PK1-FBPase+cells: a versatile in vitro model to study renal proximal tubule metabolism and function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1-F11. [PMID: 24808535 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00067.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammoniagenesis and gluconeogenesis are prominent metabolic features of the renal proximal convoluted tubule that contribute to maintenance of systemic acid-base homeostasis. Molecular analysis of the mechanisms that mediate the coordinate regulation of the two pathways required development of a cell line that recapitulates these features in vitro. By adapting porcine renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells to essentially glucose-free medium, a gluconeogenic subline, termed LLC-PK1-FBPase(+) cells, was isolated. LLC-PK1-FBPase(+) cells grow in the absence of hexoses and pentoses and exhibit enhanced oxidative metabolism and increased levels of phosphate-dependent glutaminase. The cells also express significant levels of the key gluconeogenic enzymes, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Thus the altered phenotype of LLC-PK1-FBPase(+) cells is pleiotropic. Most importantly, when transferred to medium that mimics a pronounced metabolic acidosis (9 mM HCO3 (-), pH 6.9), the LLC-PK1-FBPase(+) cells exhibit a gradual increase in NH4 (+) ion production, accompanied by increases in glutaminase and cytosolic PEPCK mRNA levels and proteins. Therefore, the LLC-PK1-FBPase(+) cells retained in culture many of the metabolic pathways and pH-responsive adaptations characteristic of renal proximal tubules. The molecular mechanisms that mediate enhanced expression of the glutaminase and PEPCK in LLC-PK1-FBPase(+) cells have been extensively reviewed. The present review describes novel properties of this unique cell line and summarizes the molecular mechanisms that have been defined more recently using LLC-PK1-FBPase(+) cells to model the renal proximal tubule. It also identifies future studies that could be performed using these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman P Curthoys
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
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Pullmann R, Rabb H. HuR and other turnover- and translation-regulatory RNA-binding proteins: implications for the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F569-76. [PMID: 24431206 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00270.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression occurs through cis RNA regulatory elements by the action of trans factors, which are represented by noncoding RNAs (especially microRNAs) and turnover- and translation-regulatory (TTR) RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). These multifactorial proteins are a group of heterogeneous RBPs primarily implicated in controlling the decay and translation rates of target mRNAs. TTR-RBPs usually shuttle between cellular compartments (the nucleus and cytoplasm) in response to various stimuli and undergo posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation or methylation to ensure their proper subcellular localization and function. TTR-RBPs are emerging as key regulators of a wide variety of genes influencing kidney physiology and pathology. This review summarizes the current knowledge of TTR-RBPs that influence renal metabolism. We will discuss the role of TTR-RBPs as regulators of kidney ischemia, fibrosis and matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, membrane transport, immunity, vascular tone, hypertension, and acid-base balance as well as anemia, bone mineral disease, and vascular calcification.
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Shah GN, Rubbelke TS, Hendin J, Nguyen H, Waheed A, Shoemaker JD, Sly WS. Targeted mutagenesis of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases VA and VB implicates both enzymes in ammonia detoxification and glucose metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7423-8. [PMID: 23589845 PMCID: PMC3645511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305805110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies with carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors implicated mitochondrial CA in ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis. Subsequent studies identified two mitochondrial CAs. To distinguish the contribution of each enzyme, we studied the effects of targeted disruption of the murine CA genes, called Car5A and Car5B. The Car5A mutation had several deleterious consequences. Car5A null mice were smaller than wild-type littermates and bred poorly. However, on sodium-potassium citrate-supplemented water, they produced offspring in expected numbers. Their blood ammonia concentrations were markedly elevated, but their fasting blood sugars were normal. By contrast, Car5B null mice showed normal growth and normal blood ammonia levels. They too had normal fasting blood sugars. Car5A/B double-knockout (DKO) mice showed additional abnormalities. Impaired growth was more severe than for Car5A null mice. Hyperammonemia was even greater as well. Although fertile, DKO animals were produced in less-than-predicted numbers even when supplemented with sodium-potassium citrate in their drinking water. Survival after weaning was also reduced, especially for males. In addition, fasting blood glucose levels for DKO mice were significantly lower than for controls (153 ± 33 vs. 230 ± 24 mg/dL). The enhanced hyperammonemia and lower fasting blood sugar, which are both seen in the DKO mice, indicate that both Car5A and Car5B contribute to both ammonia detoxification (ureagenesis) and regulation of fasting blood sugar (gluconeogenesis). Car5A, which is expressed mainly in liver, clearly has the predominant role in ammonia detoxification. The contribution of Car5B to ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis was evident only on a Car5A null background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy S. Rubbelke
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Joshua Hendin
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Hien Nguyen
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - James D. Shoemaker
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - William S. Sly
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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Parker MD, Boron WF. The divergence, actions, roles, and relatives of sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:803-959. [PMID: 23589833 PMCID: PMC3768104 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Slc4 (Solute carrier 4) family of transporters is a functionally diverse group of 10 multi-spanning membrane proteins that includes three Cl-HCO3 exchangers (AE1-3), five Na(+)-coupled HCO3(-) transporters (NCBTs), and two other unusual members (AE4, BTR1). In this review, we mainly focus on the five mammalian NCBTs-NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NDCBE, and NBCn2. Each plays a specialized role in maintaining intracellular pH and, by contributing to the movement of HCO3(-) across epithelia, in maintaining whole-body pH and otherwise contributing to epithelial transport. Disruptions involving NCBT genes are linked to blindness, deafness, proximal renal tubular acidosis, mental retardation, and epilepsy. We also review AE1-3, AE4, and BTR1, addressing their relevance to the study of NCBTs. This review draws together recent advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic origins and physiological relevance of NCBTs and their progenitors. Underlying these advances is progress in such diverse disciplines as physiology, molecular biology, genetics, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and structural biology. This review highlights the key similarities and differences between individual NCBTs and the genes that encode them and also clarifies the sometimes confusing NCBT nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.
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Abstract
Renal ammonia metabolism and transport mediates a central role in acid-base homeostasis. In contrast to most renal solutes, the majority of renal ammonia excretion derives from intrarenal production, not from glomerular filtration. Renal ammoniagenesis predominantly results from glutamine metabolism, which produces 2 NH4(+) and 2 HCO3(-) for each glutamine metabolized. The proximal tubule is the primary site for ammoniagenesis, but there is evidence for ammoniagenesis by most renal epithelial cells. Ammonia produced in the kidney is either excreted into the urine or returned to the systemic circulation through the renal veins. Ammonia excreted in the urine promotes acid excretion; ammonia returned to the systemic circulation is metabolized in the liver in a HCO3(-)-consuming process, resulting in no net benefit to acid-base homeostasis. Highly regulated ammonia transport by renal epithelial cells determines the proportion of ammonia excreted in the urine versus returned to the systemic circulation. The traditional paradigm of ammonia transport involving passive NH3 diffusion, protonation in the lumen and NH4(+) trapping due to an inability to cross plasma membranes is being replaced by the recognition of limited plasma membrane NH3 permeability in combination with the presence of specific NH3-transporting and NH4(+)-transporting proteins in specific renal epithelial cells. Ammonia production and transport are regulated by a variety of factors, including extracellular pH and K(+), and by several hormones, such as mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and angiotensin II. This coordinated process of regulated ammonia production and transport is critical for the effective maintenance of acid-base homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I David Weiner
- Nephrology and Hypertension Section, NF/SGVHS, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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25
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Ince-Dunn G, Okano HJ, Jensen KB, Park WY, Zhong R, Ule J, Mele A, Fak JJ, Yang C, Zhang C, Yoo J, Herre M, Okano H, Noebels JL, Darnell RB. Neuronal Elav-like (Hu) proteins regulate RNA splicing and abundance to control glutamate levels and neuronal excitability. Neuron 2012; 75:1067-80. [PMID: 22998874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The paraneoplastic neurologic disorders target several families of neuron-specific RNA binding proteins (RNABPs), revealing that there are unique aspects of gene expression regulation in the mammalian brain. Here, we used HITS-CLIP to determine robust binding sites targeted by the neuronal Elav-like (nElavl) RNABPs. Surprisingly, nElav protein binds preferentially to GU-rich sequences in vivo and in vitro, with secondary binding to AU-rich sequences. nElavl null mice were used to validate the consequence of these binding events in the brain, demonstrating that they bind intronic sequences in a position dependent manner to regulate alternative splicing and to 3'UTR sequences to regulate mRNA levels. These controls converge on the glutamate synthesis pathway in neurons; nElavl proteins are required to maintain neurotransmitter glutamate levels, and the lack of nElavl leads to spontaneous epileptic seizure activity. The genome-wide analysis of nElavl targets reveals that one function of neuron-specific RNABPs is to control excitation-inhibition balance in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulayse Ince-Dunn
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Mizumoto C, Kawabata H, Uchiyama T, Sakamoto S, Kanda J, Tomosugi N, Takaori-Kondo A. Acidic milieu augments the expression of hepcidin, the central regulator of iron homeostasis. Int J Hematol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Filipowicz R, Greene T, Wei G, Cheung AK, Raphael KL, Baird BC, Beddhu S. Associations of serum skeletal alkaline phosphatase with elevated C-reactive protein and mortality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 8:26-32. [PMID: 23124780 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.12031111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Higher serum total alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels are associated with increased serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and mortality in the general and CKD populations. It is unclear to what extent these associations are related to bone disease. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS In a nationally representative sample of 10,707 adult participants from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, serum nonskeletal AP levels were estimated from the measured serum skeletal and total AP levels. The associations of serum skeletal AP and nonskeletal AP levels with elevated serum CRP concentrations (>3 mg/L) and mortality were examined in multivariable models. RESULTS Skeletal AP was not associated with elevated CRP (for each doubling in non-CKD: odds ratio [OR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.90-1.11; in CKD: OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.83-1.70) or mortality (for each doubling in non-CKD: hazard ratio [HR], 1.10; 95% CI, 0.94-1.29; in CKD: HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.75-1.28). In contrast, nonskeletal AP was associated with elevated CRP (for each doubling in non-CKD: OR, 4.51; 95% CI, 3.80-5.35; in CKD: OR, 5.98; 95% CI, 3.40-10.51). Nonskeletal AP was associated with mortality in non-CKD (for each doubling: HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.37-2.80) but not in CKD (for each doubling: HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.51-1.67) (interaction P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Bone disease is unlikely to account for the known associations of serum total AP with increased inflammation and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Filipowicz
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 85 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Kimonis VE, Steller J, Sahai I, Grange DK, Shoemaker J, Zelaya BM, Mandell R, Shih K, Shih V. Mild fumarase deficiency and a trial of low protein diet. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:241-2. [PMID: 22595425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report clinical findings in a 12-year-old girl with a mild case of fumarase deficiency who continues to make progress. She has two novel mutations of the fumarase gene [c.521C>G (p.P174R) and c.908T>C (p.L303S)]. A trial of low protein diet did not reduce fumaric aciduria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Kimonis
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Brown D, Wagner CA. Molecular mechanisms of acid-base sensing by the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:774-80. [PMID: 22362904 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A major function of the kidney is to collaborate with the respiratory system to maintain systemic acid-base status within limits compatible with normal cell and organ function. It achieves this by regulating the excretion and recovery of bicarbonate (mainly in the proximal tubule) and the secretion of buffered protons (mainly in the distal tubule and collecting duct). How proximal tubular cells and distal professional proton transporting (intercalated) cells sense and respond to changes in pH, bicarbonate, and CO(2) status is a question that has intrigued many generations of renal physiologists. Over the past few years, however, some candidate molecular pH sensors have been identified, including acid/alkali-sensing receptors (GPR4, InsR-RR), kinases (Pyk2, ErbB1/2), pH-sensitive ion channels (ASICs, TASK, ROMK), and the bicarbonate-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Some acid-sensing mechanisms in other tissues, such as CAII-PDK2L1 in taste buds, might also have similar roles to play in the kidney. Finally, the function of a variety of additional membrane channels and transporters is altered by pH variations both within and outside the cell, and the expression of several metabolic enzymes are altered by acid-base status in parts of the nephron. Thus, it is possible that a master pH sensor will never be identified. Rather, the kidney seems equipped with a battery of molecules that scan the epithelial cell environment to mount a coordinated physiologic response that maintains acid-base homeostasis. This review collates current knowledge on renal acid-base sensing in the context of a whole organ sensing and response process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Brown
- MGH Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated HCN2 channel transports ammonium in the distal nephron. Kidney Int 2011; 80:832-40. [PMID: 21796099 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified Rhesus proteins as important molecules for ammonia transport in acid-secreting intercalated cells in the distal nephron. Here, we provide evidence for an additional molecule that can mediate NH3/NH4 excretion, the subtype 2 of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel family (HCN2), in collecting ducts in rat renal cortex and medulla. Chronic metabolic acidosis in rats did not alter HCN2 protein expression but downregulated the relative abundance of HCN2 mRNA. Its cDNA was identical to the homolog from the brain and the protein was post-translationally modified by N-type glycosylation. Electrophysiological recordings in Xenopus oocytes injected with HCN2 cRNA found that potassium was transported better than ammonium, each of which was transported significantly better than sodium, criteria that are compatible with a role for HCN2 in ammonium transport. In microperfused rat outer medullary collecting duct segments, the initial rate of acidification, upon exposure to a basolateral ammonium chloride pulse, was higher in intercalated than in principal cells. A specific inhibitor of HCN2 (ZD7288) decreased acidification only in intercalated cells from control rats. In rats with chronic metabolic acidosis, the rate of acidification doubled in both intercalated and principal cells; however, ZD7288 had no significant inhibitory effect. Thus, HCN2 is a basolateral ammonium transport pathway of intercalated cells and may contribute to the renal regulation of body pH under basal conditions.
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31
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Wagner CA, Devuyst O, Belge H, Bourgeois S, Houillier P. The rhesus protein RhCG: a new perspective in ammonium transport and distal urinary acidification. Kidney Int 2011; 79:154-61. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Effects of metabolic acidosis on expression levels of renal drug transporters. Pharm Res 2010; 28:1023-30. [PMID: 21161335 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the renal proximal tubular cells, various transporters play important roles in the secretion and reabsorption of drugs. When metabolic acidosis is induced, a number of adaptive changes occur in the kidney. The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes of drug transporters under the acidosis and the effects of these changes on urinary drug excretion. METHODS Wistar/ST rats were given 1.5% NH₄Cl in tap water for 48 h to induce the acidosis. Pharmacokinetics of PSP or metformin was evaluated. In addition, expression levels of drug transporters were examined by Western Blotting. RESULTS The renal clearance of PSP was markedly decreased, whereas the creatinine clearance and renal clearance of metformin were unchanged. Furthermore, Western blots indicated that the protein expression level of organic anion transporter (OAT) 3 was decreased. In contrast to OAT3 levels, OAT1 and organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 levels were unaffected. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that the OAT3 protein in the proximal tubules was localized in the basolateral membrane both of the normal and the acidosis rats. CONCLUSION The decrease of renal excretion of anionic drugs during metabolic acidosis might be partly due to a reduction in the level of OAT3 protein.
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Balkrishna S, Bröer A, Kingsland A, Bröer S. Rapid downregulation of the rat glutamine transporter SNAT3 by a caveolin-dependent trafficking mechanism in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C1047-57. [PMID: 20739622 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00209.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glutamine transporter SNAT3 is involved in the uptake and release of glutamine in the brain, liver, and kidney. Substrate transport is accompanied by Na(+) cotransport and H(+) antiport. In this study, treatment of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat SNAT3 with the phorbol ester PMA resulted in a rapid downregulation of glutamine uptake in less than 20 min. PMA treatment of oocytes coexpressing SNAT3 and the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 reduced SNAT3 activity only, demonstrating the specificity of the regulatory mechanism. Single or combined mutations of seven putative phosphorylation sites in the SNAT3 sequence did not affect the regulation of SNAT3 by PMA. Expression of an EGFP-SNAT3 fusion protein in oocytes established that the downregulation was caused by the retrieval of the transporter from the plasma membrane. Coexpression of SNAT3 with dominant-negative mutants of dynamin or caveolin revealed that SNAT3 trafficking occurs in a dynamin-independent manner and is influenced by caveolin. Although system N activity was not affected by PMA in cultured astrocytes, a downregulation was observed in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarojini Balkrishna
- Research School of Biology, Australian National Univ., Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Danilin S, Sourbier C, Thomas L, Lindner V, Rothhut S, Dormoy V, Helwig JJ, Jacqmin D, Lang H, Massfelder T. Role of the RNA-binding protein HuR in human renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1018-26. [PMID: 20219773 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human conventional renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) remains resistant to therapy. The RNA-binding protein HuR regulates the stability and/or translation of multiple messenger RNAs involved in malignant transformation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential role of HuR in this pathology. Using seven human CRCC cell lines expressing or not the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene as well as 15 normal/renal cell carcinoma tumor pairs, we showed that HuR is overexpressed in all tumors independently of the VHL status. Futhermore, HuR cytoplasmic presence appears to be more common in early tumor stages, suggesting a role in tumor promotion. We then assessed the effect of HuR knockdown using small interfering RNA in cultured cell and in tumor-bearing mice. Both in vitro and in vivo, we observed that cell growth was inhibited by 60% and that this effect was obtained through an inhibition of cell proliferation and an induction of cell apoptosis. Finally, we found that expression of vascular endothelium growth factor, tumor growth factor-beta and of the hypoxia-induced transcription factor-2alpha as well as the constitutive activation of the oncogenic phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways were decreased in HuR-depleted cells and tumors. All these results suggest a pivotal role for HuR in human CRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Danilin
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U682, Section of Renal Cancer and Physiopathology, University de Strasbourg, School of Medicine, Strasbourg, 67085 France
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Lapucci A, Lulli M, Amedei A, Papucci L, Witort E, Di Gesualdo F, Bertolini F, Brewer G, Nicolin A, Bevilacqua A, Schiavone N, Morello D, Donnini M, Capaccioli S. zeta-Crystallin is a bcl-2 mRNA binding protein involved in bcl-2 overexpression in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. FASEB J 2010; 24:1852-65. [PMID: 20103721 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-140459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human antiapoptotic bcl-2 gene has been discovered in t(14;18) B-cell leukemias/lymphomas because of its overexpression caused at a transcriptional control level by the bcl-2/IgH fusion gene. We were the first to disclose the post-transcriptional control of bcl-2 expression mediated by interactions of an adenine + uracil (AU)-rich element (ARE) in the 3'-UTR of bcl-2 mRNA with AU-binding proteins (AUBPs). Here, we identify and characterize zeta-crystallin as a new bcl-2 AUBP, whose silencing or overexpression has impact on bcl-2 mRNA stability. An increased Bcl-2 level observed in normal phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated T lymphocytes, acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) T-cell lines, and T cells of patients with leukemia in comparison with normal non-PHA-activated T lymphocytes was concomitant with an increase in zeta-crystallin level. The specific association of zeta-crystallin with the bcl-2 ARE was significantly enhanced in T cells of patients with ALL, which accounts for the higher stability of bcl-2 mRNA and suggests a possible contribution of zeta-crystallin to bcl-2 overexpression occurring in this leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lapucci
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Szutkowska et al. demonstrate that zeta-crystallin plays an essential role in the stabilization of the Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter mRNA in the medullary thick ascending limb. However, differential effects of experiments using small interfering RNA to knock down zeta-crystallin in proximal tubule and thick ascending limb cells suggest that additional proteins must contribute to the rapid turnover and selective stabilization of the various mRNAs during metabolic acidosis.
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM. Progressive histone alterations and proinflammatory gene activation: consequences of heme protein/iron-mediated proximal tubule injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 298:F827-37. [PMID: 20032114 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00683.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis (Fe)-induced acute renal failure (ARF) causes renal inflammation, and, with repetitive insults, progressive renal failure can result. To gain insights into these phenomena, we assessed the impact of a single episode of glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis on proinflammatory/profibrotic [TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)] gene expression and the time course of these changes. CD-1 mice were studied 1-7 days after glycerol injection. Normal mice served as controls. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) binding to the TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and TGF-beta1 genes, "gene-activating" histone modifications [histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) trimethylation (H3K4m3) and histone 2 variant H2A.Z], and cognate mRNA levels were assessed. Results were contrasted to changes in anti-inflammatory heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Glycerol produced severe ARF (blood urea nitrogen approximately 150-180 mg/dl) followed by marked improvement by day 7 (blood urea nitrogen approximately 40 mg/dl). Early increases in TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and TGF-beta1 mRNAs, Pol II gene binding, and H3K4m3/H2A.Z levels were observed. These progressed with time, despite resolution of azotemia. Comparable early HO-1 changes were observed. However, HO-1 mRNA normalized by day 7, and progressive Pol II binding/histone alterations did not occur. Fe-mediated injury to cultured proximal tubule (HK-2) cells recapitulated these in vivo results. Hence, this in vitro model was used for mechanistic assessments. On the basis of these studies, it was determined that 1) the H3K4m3/H2A.Z increases are early events (i.e., they precede mRNA increases), 2) subsequent mRNA elevations reflect transcription, not mRNA stabilization (actinomycin D assessments), and 3) increased transcription, per se, helps sustain elevated H2A.Z levels. We conclude that 1) Fe/glycerol-induced tubular injury causes sustained proinflammatory gene activation, 2) decreasing HO-1 expression, as reflected by mRNA levels, may facilitate this proinflammatory state, and 3) gene-activating histone modifications are early injury events and progressively increase at selected proinflammatory genes. Thus they may help sustain a proinflammatory state, despite resolving ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Zager
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Zahmatkesh M, Kadkhodaee M, Seifi B, Shams S. Effect of Bicarbonate Administration on Cyclosporine-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2905-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Porté S, Valencia E, Yakovtseva EA, Borràs E, Shafqat N, Debreczeny JÉ, Pike ACW, Oppermann U, Farrés J, Fita I, Parés X. Three-dimensional structure and enzymatic function of proapoptotic human p53-inducible quinone oxidoreductase PIG3. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17194-17205. [PMID: 19349281 PMCID: PMC2719357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 regulates the expression of p53-induced genes (PIG) that trigger apoptosis. PIG3 or TP53I3 is the only known member of the medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily induced by p53 and is used as a proapoptotic marker. Although the participation of PIG3 in the apoptotic pathway is proven, the protein and its mechanism of action were never characterized. We analyzed human PIG3 enzymatic function and found NADPH-dependent reductase activity with ortho-quinones, which is consistent with the classification of PIG3 in the quinone oxidoreductase family. However, the activity is much lower than that of zeta-crystallin, a better known quinone oxidoreductase. In addition, we report the crystallographic structure of PIG3, which allowed the identification of substrate- and cofactor-binding sites, with residues fully conserved from bacteria to human. Tyr-59 in zeta-crystallin (Tyr-51 in PIG3) was suggested to participate in the catalysis of quinone reduction. However, kinetics of Tyr/Phe and Tyr/Ala mutants of both enzymes demonstrated that the active site Tyr is not catalytic but may participate in substrate binding, consistent with a mechanism based on propinquity effects. It has been proposed that PIG3 contribution to apoptosis would be through oxidative stress generation. We found that in vitro activity and in vivo overexpression of PIG3 accumulate reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, an inactive PIG3 mutant (S151V) did not produce reactive oxygen species in cells, indicating that enzymatically active protein is necessary for this function. This supports that PIG3 action is through oxidative stress produced by its enzymatic activity and provides essential knowledge for eventual control of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Porté
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Valencia
- Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) and IRB Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep-Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evgenia A Yakovtseva
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Borràs
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naeem Shafqat
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Research Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Judit É Debreczeny
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Research Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C W Pike
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Research Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Research Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom; Botnar Research Center, Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - Jaume Farrés
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Institut de Biologia Molecular (IBMB-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) and IRB Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep-Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Parés
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Wagner CA, Devuyst O, Bourgeois S, Mohebbi N. Regulated acid–base transport in the collecting duct. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:137-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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