1
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Leeman-Neill RJ, Bhagat G, Basu U. AID in non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas: The consequences of on- and off-target activity. Adv Immunol 2024; 161:127-164. [PMID: 38763700 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a key element of the adaptive immune system, required for immunoglobulin isotype switching and affinity maturation of B-cells as they undergo the germinal center (GC) reaction in peripheral lymphoid tissue. The inherent DNA damaging activity of this enzyme can also have off-target effects in B-cells, producing lymphomagenic chromosomal translocations that are characteristic features of various classes of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (B-NHL), and generating oncogenic mutations, so-called aberrant somatic hypermutation (aSHM). Additionally, AID has been found to affect gene expression through demethylation as well as altered interactions between gene regulatory elements. These changes have been most thoroughly studied in B-NHL arising from GC B-cells. Here, we describe the most common classes of GC-derived B-NHL and explore the consequences of on- and off-target AID activity in B and plasma cell neoplasms. The relationships between AID expression, including effects of infection and other exposures/agents, mutagenic activity and lymphoma biology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Leeman-Neill
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Lee AC, Pingali SR, Pinilla-Ibarz JA, Atchison ML, Koumenis C, Argon Y, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, De Trez C, Hu CCA, Tang CHA. Loss of AID exacerbates the malignant progression of CLL. Leukemia 2022; 36:2430-2442. [PMID: 36042317 PMCID: PMC9522595 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been implicated as both a positive and a negative factor in the progression of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but the role that it plays in the development and progression of this disease is still unclear. We generated an AID knockout CLL mouse model, AID-/-/Eμ-TCL1, and found that these mice die significantly earlier than their AID-proficient counterparts. AID-deficient CLL cells exhibit a higher ER stress response compared to Eμ-TCL1 controls, particularly through activation of the IRE1/XBP1s pathway. The increased production of secretory IgM in AID-deficient CLL cells contributes to their elevated expression levels of XBP1s, while secretory IgM-deficient CLL cells express less XBP1s. This increase in XBP1s in turn leads AID-deficient CLL cells to exhibit higher levels of B cell receptor signaling, supporting leukemic growth and survival. Further, AID-/-/Eμ-TCL1 CLL cells downregulate the tumor suppressive SMAD1/S1PR2 pathway and have altered homing to non-lymphoid organs. Notably, CLL cells from patients with IgHV-unmutated disease express higher levels of XBP1s mRNA compared to those from patients with IgHV-mutated CLL. Our studies thus reveal novel mechanisms by which the loss of AID leads to worsened CLL and may explain why unmutated CLL is more aggressive than mutated CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery C Lee
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sai Ravi Pingali
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Javier A Pinilla-Ibarz
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yair Argon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chih-Chi Andrew Hu
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Chih-Hang Anthony Tang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Miyaoka M, Kikuti YY, Carreras J, Itou A, Ikoma H, Tomita S, Shiraiwa S, Ando K, Nakamura N. AID is a poor prognostic marker of high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements. Pathol Int 2021; 72:35-42. [PMID: 34727403 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with MYC rearrangement is defined as double/triple-hit lymphoma (DHL/THL) or single-hit lymphoma (SHL) by the inclusion of the BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangements status. DHL/THL is called as "high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements" in the World Health Organization 2017 Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. To find a prognostic biomarker of DHL/THL, we firstly examined 19 cases (molecular analysis series;10 cases of DHL/THL and 9 cases of SHL) with gene expression profile analysis. The gene expression profile analysis showed that the high expression of AICDA was associated with an adverse prognosis in DHL/THL, but not in SHL. Then, we evaluated immunohistochemical expression of AID, the protein product of AICDA, in 50 cases (molecular analysis series of 19 cases and additional immunohistochemistry series of 31 cases; 12 cases of DHL/THL and 19 cases of SHL) and confirmed that its expression was also associated with an adverse prognosis in DHL/THL. Therefore, AICDA and AID can be a predictor of an adverse clinical outcome in DHL/THL and immunohistochemistry of AID is useful to find DHL/THL-adverse prognosis group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miyaoka
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yara Yukie Kikuti
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Joaquim Carreras
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Atsushi Itou
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Haruka Ikoma
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Sakura Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Sawako Shiraiwa
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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4
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B-prolymphocytic leukemia: Is it time to retire this entity? Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 54:151790. [PMID: 34293709 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
B-prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) is included as a distinct entity in the current World Health Organization classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. However, the diagnosis of B-PLL has presented several challenges since its conception, and over the past decades investigations of B-PLL have revealed substantial biologic and molecular heterogeneity. These data have shown that many B-PLL cases present many similarities with other types of small B-cell lymphomas, and that small B-cell lymphomas can undergo prolymphocytoid transformation. As a result, the frequency of B-PLL has markedly decreased, and currently B-PLL is a very rare entity. Most recent studies focused on B-PLL cases have been conducted on limited cohorts, precluding robust conclusions. In this article, we provide a concise historical review of B-PLL and describe the diagnostic and clinical challenges associated with establishing this diagnosis. We also argue that cases currently classified as B-PLL are unlikely to be a unique biologic entity, but rather represent a state of morphologic transformation characterized by many prolymphocytes that is shared by various types of small B-cell lymphoma.
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5
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Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Hashim IF, Mohd Zaini Makhtar M, Salikin NH, Amin-Nordin S. The Role of RhoH in TCR Signalling and Its Involvement in Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:950. [PMID: 33923951 PMCID: PMC8072805 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an atypical member of the Rho family small GTPases, RhoH shares less than 50% sequence similarity with other members, and its expression is commonly observed in the haematopoietic lineage. To date, RhoH function was observed in regulating T cell receptor signalling, and less is known in other haematopoietic cells. Its activation may not rely on the standard GDP/GTP cycling of small G proteins and is thought to be constitutively active because critical amino acids involved in GTP hydrolysis are absent. Alternatively, its activation can be regulated by other types of regulation, including lysosomal degradation, somatic mutation and transcriptional repressor, which also results in an altered protein expression. Aberrant protein expression of RhoH has been implicated not only in B cell malignancies but also in immune-related diseases, such as primary immunodeficiencies, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, wherein its involvement may provide the link between immune-related diseases and cancer. RhoH association with these diseases involves several other players, including its interacting partner, ZAP-70; activation regulators, Vav1 and RhoGDI and other small GTPases, such as RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. As such, RhoH and its associated proteins are potential attack points, especially in the treatment of cancer and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Ilie Fadzilah Hashim
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Syafinaz Amin-Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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6
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Bhushan M, Kumar KR. An unusual case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with trisomy 12 presenting with prolymphocytic transformation and t(8;21)(q22;q22). Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:2504-2506. [PMID: 33936733 PMCID: PMC8077250 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
First report of t(8;21)(q22;q22) in a patient with CLL. RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion gene resulting from the translocation may have played a role in the prolymphocytic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishi Bhushan
- HematopathologyMedical City DallasMedical City Children's HospitalDallasTXUSA
| | - Kirthi R. Kumar
- HematopathologyForward Pathology SolutionsMedical City DallasMedical City Children's HospitalDallasTXUSA
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7
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Montolio Breva S, Sánchez Parrilla R, Giménez Pérez T, Araguás Arasanz C. Prolymphocytic or Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia? Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:e338-e340. [PMID: 33629575 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Montolio Breva
- Laboratori Clínic ICS Camp de Tarragona - Terres de l'Ebre - Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez Parrilla
- Laboratori Clínic ICS Camp de Tarragona - Terres de l'Ebre - Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Teresa Giménez Pérez
- Servei Hematologia, Institut Català d'Oncologia - Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carmen Araguás Arasanz
- Servei Hematologia, Institut Català d'Oncologia - Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
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8
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Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia can be divided into three categories: those who are minimally affected by the problem, often never requiring therapy; those that initially follow an indolent course but subsequently progress and require therapy; and those that from the point of diagnosis exhibit an aggressive disease necessitating treatment. Likewise, such patients pass through three phases: development of the disease, diagnosis, and need for therapy. Finally, the leukemic clones of all patients appear to require continuous input from the exterior, most often through membrane receptors, to allow them to survive and grow. This review is presented according to the temporal course that the disease follows, focusing on those external influences from the tissue microenvironment (TME) that support the time lines as well as those internal influences that are inherited or develop as genetic and epigenetic changes occurring over the time line. Regarding the former, special emphasis is placed on the input provided via the B-cell receptor for antigen and the C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor-4 and the therapeutic agents that block these inputs. Regarding the latter, prominence is laid upon inherited susceptibility genes and the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that lead to the developmental and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
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9
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Zhang J, Shi Y, Zhao M, Hu H, Huang H. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase overexpression in double-hit lymphoma: potential target for novel anticancer therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14164. [PMID: 32843697 PMCID: PMC7447639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is one kind of the mutant enzymes, which target regulating the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene in Burkitt's lymphoma to initiate class switch recombination (CSR), resulting in c-Myc chromosomal translocation. However, it is not clear that whether AID induces c-Myc/IgH translocation in double-hit lymphoma (DHL) with c-Myc gene translocation. In this study, the AID in DHL tissues and classical diffuse large b-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) tissues were compared. The results suggested that AID is of important value in predicting DHL, stronger CSR of AID was observed in DHL patients, which exhibited AID overexpression and c-Myc gene translocation of DHL after CSR induction. It is concluded that AID directly induces CSR in DHL and may result in c-Myc gene translocation. Targeting AID may be a good treatment regimen for DHL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cytidine Deaminase/biosynthesis
- Cytidine Deaminase/genetics
- Cytidine Deaminase/physiology
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, bcl-2
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/blood
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/genetics
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Ki-67 Antigen/genetics
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejian, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), Jinhua, 321100, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifen Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), Jinhua, 321100, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixian Hu
- Department of Hematology, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University (Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital), Jinhua, 321100, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejian, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Nagaharu K, Izumi T, Ueda M, Usui E, Shikami M, Ohishi K, Tamaki S. High expression of c-Myc in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with t(8;14)(q24.1;q32): A case report. Leuk Res 2020; 96:106424. [PMID: 32721643 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiki Nagaharu
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
| | - Takuya Izumi
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Mari Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Japanease Red Cross Ise Hospital, Japan
| | - Eiji Usui
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Shikami
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Kohshi Ohishi
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Tamaki
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
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11
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Puła B, Salomon-Perzyński A, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Jamroziak K. Immunochemotherapy for Richter syndrome: current insights. Immunotargets Ther 2019; 8:1-14. [PMID: 30788335 PMCID: PMC6368420 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s167456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Richter syndrome (RS) is recognized as the development of a secondary and aggressive lymphoma during the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Most of such histological transformations are from RS to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL-RS, 90%) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL-RS, 10%). Histopathological examination is a prerequisite for diagnosis. It is crucial to assess the relationship between the RS clone and the underlying CLL/SLL because clonally related DLBCL-RS has a poor outcome, while clonally unrelated cases have a prognosis similar to de novo DLBCL. An anti-CD20 antibody-based immunochemotherapy is hitherto the frontline treatment of choice for DLBCL-RS; nonetheless, the results are unsatisfactory. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation should be offered to younger and fit patients as a consolidative treatment; however, the majority of the patients may not be qualified for this procedure. The HL-RS transformation has better outcomes than those of DLBCL-RS and can effectively be treated by the adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine regimen. Although novel agents are currently being investigated for RS, immunochemotherapy nevertheless remains a standard treatment for DLBCL-RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Puła
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland,
| | | | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jamroziak
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland,
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12
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Zaprazna K, Reblova K, Svobodova V, Radova L, Bystry V, Baloun J, Durechova K, Tom N, Loja T, Buresova M, Stranska K, Oltova A, Doubek M, Atchison ML, Trbusek M, Malcikova J, Pospisilova S. Activation-induced deaminase and its splice variants associate with trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2018; 98:423-435. [PMID: 30368590 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a mutator enzyme essential for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) during effective adaptive immune responses. Its aberrant expression and activity have been detected in lymphomas, leukemias, and solid tumors. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) increased expression of alternatively spliced AID variants has been documented. We used real-time RT-PCR to quantify the expression of AID and its alternatively spliced transcripts (AIDΔE4a, AIDΔE4, AIDivs3, and AIDΔE3E4) in 149 CLL patients and correlated this expression to prognostic markers including recurrent chromosomal aberrations, the presence of complex karyotype, mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene, and recurrent mutations. We report a previously unappreciated association between higher AID transcript levels and trisomy of chromosome 12. Functional analysis of AID splice variants revealed loss of their activity with respect to SHM, CSR, and induction of double-strand DNA breaks. In silico modeling provided insight into the molecular interactions and structural dynamics of wild-type AID and a shortened AID variant closely resembling AIDΔE4, confirming its loss-of-function phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/enzymology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Computer Simulation
- Cytidine Deaminase/biosynthesis
- Cytidine Deaminase/chemistry
- Cytidine Deaminase/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Trisomy/genetics
- Trisomy/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Zaprazna
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamila Reblova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Svobodova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Bystry
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Baloun
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Durechova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Tom
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Loja
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Buresova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Stranska
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Oltova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael L Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martin Trbusek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Malcikova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A35, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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13
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Jurj A, Pop L, Petrushev B, Pasca S, Dima D, Frinc I, Deak D, Desmirean M, Trifa A, Fetica B, Gafencu G, Selicean S, Moisoiu V, Micu WT, Berce C, Sacu A, Moldovan A, Colita A, Bumbea H, Tanase A, Dascalescu A, Zdrenghea M, Stiufiuc R, Leopold N, Tetean R, Burzo E, Tomuleasa C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Exosome-carried microRNA-based signature as a cellular trigger for the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia into Richter syndrome. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:501-515. [PMID: 30238808 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1499707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Even if considered a cumulative and not a proliferative CD5+ B-cell neoplasm, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a proliferation rate higher than that recognized earlier, especially in the lymphoid tissues. Some patients with CLL develop a clinical syndrome entitled Richter syndrome (RS). Understanding CLL genetics and epigenetics may help to elucidate the molecular basics of the clinical heterogeneity of this type of malignancy. In the present project we aimed to identify a microRNA species that can predict the evolution of therapy-resistant CLL towards RS. In the first phase of our study, microRNA-19b was identified as a possible target, and in the second phase, we transfected three different CLL cell lines with microRNA-19b mimic and inhibitor and assessed the potential role on leukemia cells in vitro. The mechanism by which miR-19b acts were identified as the upregulation of Ki67 and downregulation of p53. This was further supported through RT-PCR and western blotting on CLL cell lines, as well as by next generation sequencing on two patients diagnosed with CLL that evolved into RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Jurj
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Laura Pop
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- b Department of Pathology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Ioana Frinc
- c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Dalma Deak
- c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Minodora Desmirean
- d Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Adrian Trifa
- c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Bogdan Fetica
- b Department of Pathology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Grigore Gafencu
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sonia Selicean
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Vlad Moisoiu
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Wilhelm-Thomas Micu
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Cristian Berce
- e Center for Experimental Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Alexandra Sacu
- d Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Alin Moldovan
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,f Department of Hematology , Carol Davilla University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Andrei Colita
- g Department of Hematology , Coltea Hospital , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Horia Bumbea
- f Department of Hematology , Carol Davilla University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest , Romania.,h Department of Hematology , University Hospital , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Alina Tanase
- h Department of Hematology , University Hospital , Bucharest , Romania.,i Department of Hematology , Fundeni Clinical Hospital , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Angela Dascalescu
- j Department of Hematology , Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Iasi , Romania.,k Department of Hematology , Regional Institute of Oncology , Iasi , Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- d Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Rares Stiufiuc
- d Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Nicolae Leopold
- l Department of Physics , Babes Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Romulus Tetean
- l Department of Physics , Babes Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Emil Burzo
- l Department of Physics , Babes Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,m Romanian Academy , Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
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Abstract
Hematopoietic cancers are often initiated by deregulation of the transcriptional machinery. Prominent among such regulators are the sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs), which bind to enhancer and promoter elements in the genome to control gene expression through the recruitment of cofactors. Remarkably, perturbing the function of even a single TF or cofactor can modulate the active enhancer landscape of a cell; conversely, knowledge of the enhancer configuration can be used to discover functionally important TFs in a given cellular process. Our expanding insight into enhancer function can be attributed to the emergence of genome-scale measurements of enhancer activity, which can be applied to virtually any cell type to expose regulatory mechanisms. Such approaches are beginning to reveal the abnormal enhancer configurations present in cancer cells, thereby providing a framework for understanding how transcriptional dysregulation can lead to malignancy. Here, we review the evidence for alterations in enhancer landscapes contributing to the pathogenesis of leukemia, a malignancy in which enhancer-binding proteins and enhancer DNA itself are altered via genetic mutation. We will also highlight examples of small molecules that reprogram the enhancer landscape of leukemia cells in association with therapeutic benefit.
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15
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Arima H, Fujimoto M, Nishikori M, Kitano T, Kishimoto W, Hishizawa M, Kondo T, Yamashita K, Hirata M, Haga H, Takaori-Kondo A. Prognostic impact of activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:2085-2095. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1410884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Fujimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Momoko Nishikori
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kitano
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Kishimoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Hishizawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadakazu Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamashita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Khan M, Siddiqi R, Thompson PA. Approach to Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the era of novel therapies. Ann Hematol 2017; 97:1-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-017-3149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Kawamura F, Inaki M, Katafuchi A, Abe Y, Tsuyama N, Kurosu Y, Yanagi A, Higuchi M, Muto S, Yamaura T, Suzuki H, Noji H, Suzuki S, Yoshida MA, Sasatani M, Kamiya K, Onodera M, Sakai A. Establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells from normal B cells and inducing AID expression in their differentiation into hematopoietic progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1659. [PMID: 28490810 PMCID: PMC5431994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell derived induced pluripotent stem cells (BiPSCs) were recently established from peripheral blood B cells by the simultaneous transfection of Yamanaka factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) and C/EBPα using a Sendai virus vector. Here, using a different method, we established BiPSCs with immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement from normal B cells purified from lymph nodes. The critical points of our method are pre-stimulation of B cells with IL-21 and CD40-ligand (CD40L), followed by consecutive transfection of highly concentrated Yamanaka factors using a retroviral vector. Following each transfection the cells were centrifuged onto a retronectin coated plate and the activated by IL-4, IL-2, and CD40L. Furthermore, we established BiPSCs (BiPSC-A) in which activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) could be induced using the doxycycline-controlled. Both the parental BiPSC and BiPSC-A showed the capability of differentiating into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) based on confirmation of CD34 expression and colony-formation from CD34-positive cells. The findings that BiPSC-A can differentiate into HPCs suggest that there is a possibility that induction of AID expression would result in chromosomal translocations in the process of differentiation from BiPSCs, and therefore that these BiPSCs could be useful in elucidating the tumor origin of abnormal B cells in myelomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kawamura
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Inaki
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Katafuchi
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yu Abe
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naohiro Tsuyama
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kurosu
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Aki Yanagi
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Higuchi
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Muto
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamaura
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Noji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shinichi Suzuki
- Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Sakai
- Department of Radiation Life Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
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18
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19
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AID-associated DNA repair pathways regulate malignant transformation in a murine model of BCL6-driven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2015; 127:102-12. [PMID: 26385350 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-628164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination of the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes occur in germinal center (GC) B cells and are initiated through deamination of cytidine to uracil by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Resulting uracil-guanine mismatches are processed by uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG)-mediated base-excision repair and MSH2-mediated mismatch repair (MMR) to yield mutations and DNA strand lesions. Although off-target AID activity also contributes to oncogenic point mutations and chromosome translocations associated with GC and post-GC B-cell lymphomas, the role of downstream AID-associated DNA repair pathways in the pathogenesis of lymphoma is unknown. Here, we show that simultaneous deficiency of UNG and MSH2 or MSH2 alone causes genomic instability and a shorter latency to the development of BCL6-driven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in a murine model. The additional development of several BCL6-independent malignancies in these mice underscores the critical role of MMR in maintaining general genomic stability. In contrast, absence of UNG alone is highly protective and prevents the development of BCL6-driven DLBCL. We further demonstrate that clonal and nonclonal mutations arise within non-Ig AID target genes in the combined absence of UNG and MSH2 and that DNA strand lesions arise in an UNG-dependent manner but are offset by MSH2. These findings lend insight into a complex interplay whereby potentially deleterious UNG activity and general genomic instability are opposed by the protective influence of MSH2, producing a net protective effect that promotes immune diversification while simultaneously attenuating malignant transformation of GC B cells.
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20
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Jamroziak K, Tadmor T, Robak T, Polliack A. Richter syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: updates on biology, clinical features and therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1949-58. [PMID: 25356923 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.979411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Richter syndrome (RS) or Richter transformation is the development of secondary aggressive lymphoma in the setting of underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Most frequently CLL transforms into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (90%) and rarely (10%) into Hodgkin lymphoma, termed Hodgkin variant of Richter syndrome (HvRS). RS is generally characterized by an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. In recent years, major advances have been made in understanding genetic events which relate to the progression of CLL or transformation into RS. Better understanding of the molecular pathways has revealed that RS is not a single homogeneous entity. The majority of cases are clonally related to the original CLL clone, while a minority develop from an unrelated clone. This review summarizes new data relating to the molecular biology and the genetic/epigenetic changes occurring during Richter transformation, and also considers the clinical features and therapy for both DLBCL-RS and Hodgkin variant-RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Jamroziak
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
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21
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Huemer M, Rebhandl S, Zaborsky N, Gassner FJ, Hainzl S, Weiss L, Hebenstreit D, Greil R, Geisberger R. AID induces intraclonal diversity and genomic damage in CD86(+) chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3747-57. [PMID: 25179679 PMCID: PMC4276288 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mediates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of the Ig genes by directly deaminating cytosines to uracils. As AID causes a substantial amount of off-target mutations, its activity has been associated with lymphomagenesis and clonal evolution of B-cell malignancies. Although it has been shown that AID is expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a clear analysis of in vivo AID activity in this B-cell malignancy remained elusive. In this study performed on primary human CLL samples, we report that, despite the presence of a dominant VDJ heavy chain region, a substantial intraclonal diversity was observed at VDJ as well as at IgM switch regions (Sμ), showing ongoing AID activity in vivo during disease progression. This AID-mediated heterogeneity was higher in CLL subclones expressing CD86, which we identified as the proliferative CLL fraction. Finally, CD86 expression correlated with shortened time to first treatment and increased γ-H2AX focus formation. Our data demonstrate that AID is active in CLL in vivo and thus, AID likely contributes to clonal evolution of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huemer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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22
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Rebhandl S, Huemer M, Gassner FJ, Zaborsky N, Hebenstreit D, Catakovic K, Grössinger EM, Greil R, Geisberger R. APOBEC3 signature mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 28:1929-32. [PMID: 24840555 PMCID: PMC4140768 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Rebhandl
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Huemer
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - F J Gassner
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N Zaborsky
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Hebenstreit
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - K Catakovic
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - E M Grössinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Geisberger
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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23
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Rasul E, Salamon D, Nagy N, Leveau B, Banati F, Szenthe K, Koroknai A, Minarovits J, Klein G, Klein E. The MEC1 and MEC2 lines represent two CLL subclones in different stages of progression towards prolymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106008. [PMID: 25162594 PMCID: PMC4146575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The EBV carrying lines MEC1 and MEC2 were established earlier from explants of blood derived cells of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient at different stages of progression to prolymphocytoid transformation (PLL). This pair of lines is unique in several respects. Their common clonal origin was proven by the rearrangement of the immunoglobulin genes. The cells were driven to proliferation in vitro by the same indigenous EBV strain. They are phenotypically different and represent subsequent subclones emerging in the CLL population. Furthermore they reflect the clinical progression of the disease. We emphasize that the support for the expression of the EBV encoded growth program is an important differentiation marker of the CLL cells of origin that was shared by the two subclones. It can be surmised that proliferation of EBV carrying cells in vitro, but not in vivo, reflects the efficient surveillance that functions even in the severe leukemic condition. The MEC1 line arose before the aggressive clinical stage from an EBV carrying cell within the subclone that was in the early prolymphocytic transformation stage while the MEC2 line originated one year later, from the subsequent subclone with overt PLL characteristics. At this time the disease was disseminated and the blood lymphocyte count was considerably elevated. The EBV induced proliferation of the MEC cells belonging to the subclones with markers of PLL agrees with earlier reports in which cells of PLL disease were infected in vitro and immortalized to LCL. They prove also that the expression of EBV encoded set of proteins can be determined at the event of infection. This pair of lines is particularly important as they provide in vitro cells that represent the subclonal evolution of the CLL disease. Furthermore, the phenotype of the MEC1 cells shares several characteristics of ex vivo CLL cells.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Clonal Evolution/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Clone Cells/virology
- Disease Progression
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/virology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/immunology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/pathology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/virology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Time Factors
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eahsan Rasul
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Salamon
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Leveau
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Banati
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Kalman Szenthe
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Anita Koroknai
- Microbiological Research Group, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Microbiological Research Group, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Szeged, Hungary
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Instititet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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25
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Burkhard R, Bhagat G, Cogliatti SB, Rossi D, Gaidano G, Pasqualucci L, Novak U. BCL2mutation spectrum in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and patterns associated with evolution of follicular lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2014; 33:23-30. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regula Burkhard
- Experimental Oncology/Hematology, Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center; Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York NY USA
| | | | - Davide Rossi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine; Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont; Novara Italy
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine; Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont; Novara Italy
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center; Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York NY USA
- Institute for Cancer Genetics; Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - Urban Novak
- Experimental Oncology/Hematology, Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital; Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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26
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Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is an enzyme responsible for somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination. Because AID causes double-stranded breaks in DNA, its expression is highly regulated and is normally restricted to germinal-center B cells. Dysregulated AID expression can lead to cancer as a result of AID-mediated chromosomal translocations. Many transcription factors including paired box protein 5 (Pax5) have been implicated in regulating the expression of Aicda, the gene encoding AID. In this study, we demonstrate that exogenous expression of Pax5 in a murine plasmacytoma cell line, 558LμM, leads to robust activation of endogenous Aicda transcription. Pax5 is known to initiate transcription through both its N-terminal-paired DNA-binding domain and its C-terminal-activation domain. Through mutational analysis, we demonstrate that Pax5 regulates Aicda transcription through its C-terminal-activation domain. Together, our work describes a novel system that will be useful for determining how Pax5 regulates Aicda transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Dege
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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IGHV-unmutated and IGHV-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells produce activation-induced deaminase protein with a full range of biologic functions. Blood 2012; 120:4802-11. [PMID: 23071276 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-449744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal evolution occurs during the course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and activation-induced deaminase (AID) could influence this process. However, this possibility has been questioned in CLL because the number of circulating AID mRNA(+) cells is exceedingly low; synthesis of AID protein by blood CLL cells has not been demonstrated; the full range of AID functions is lacking in unmutated CLL (U-CLL), and no prospective analysis linking AID expression and disease severity has been reported. The results of the present study show that circulating CLL cells and those within secondary lymphoid tissues can make AID mRNA and protein. This production is related to cell division because more AID mRNA was detected in recently divided cells and AID protein was limited to the dividing fraction and was up-regulated on induction of cell division. AID protein was functional because AID(+) dividing cells exhibited more double-stranded DNA breaks, IGH class switching, and new IGHV-D-J mutations. Each of these actions was documented in U-CLL and mutated CLL (M-CLL). Furthermore, AID protein was associated with worse patient outcome and adverse cytogenetics. We conclude that the production of fully functional AID protein by U-CLL and M-CLL cells could be involved in clonal evolution of the disease.
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28
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29
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Honjo T, Kobayashi M, Begum N, Kotani A, Sabouri S, Nagaoka H. The AID dilemma: infection, or cancer? Adv Cancer Res 2012; 113:1-44. [PMID: 22429851 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394280-7.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is both essential and sufficient for forming antibody memory, is also linked to tumorigenesis. AID is found in many B lymphomas, in myeloid leukemia, and in pathogen-induced tumors such as adult T cell leukemia. Although there is no solid evidence that AID causes human tumors, AID-transgenic and AID-deficient mouse models indicate that AID is both sufficient and required for tumorigenesis. Recently, AID's ability to cleave DNA has been shown to depend on topoisomerase 1 (Top1) and a histone H3K4 epigenetic mark. When the level of Top1 protein is decreased by AID activation, it induces irreversible cleavage in highly transcribed targets. This finding and others led to the idea that there is an evolutionary link between meiotic recombination and class switch recombination, which share H3K4 trimethyl, topoisomerase, the MRN complex, mismatch repair family proteins, and exonuclease 3. As Top1 has recently been shown to be involved in many transcription-associated genome instabilities, it is likely that AID took advantage of basic genome instability or diversification to evolve its mechanism for immune diversity. AID targets are therefore not highly specific to immunoglobulin genes and are relatively abundant, although they have strict requirements for transcription-induced H3K4 trimethyl modification and repetitive sequences prone to forming non-B structures. Inevitably, AID-dependent cleavage takes place in nonimmunoglobulin targets and eventually causes tumors. However, battles against infection are waged in the context of acute emergencies, while tumorigenesis is rather a chronic, long-term process. In the interest of survival, vertebrates must have evolved AID to prevent infection despite its long-term risk of causing tumorigenesis.
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30
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Fangazio M, De Paoli L, Rossi D, Gaidano G. Predictive markers and driving factors behind Richter syndrome development. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:433-42. [PMID: 21417856 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is known as Richter syndrome (RS). In the entire CLL population, the cumulative prevalence of RS development steadily increases at a rate of 1% per year. Considering conventional predictors of CLL, patient subgroups at high risk of developing RS are characterized by the expression of CD38, absence of del13q14, and a lymph node size >3 cm. Novel risk factors for predicting RS development at CLL diagnosis have been recently identified and include: the host genotype of the CD38 locus and of other genes; telomere length of CLL cells; stereotyped B-cell receptor; and usage of specific immunoglobulin variable genes (IGHV4-39). Importantly, although some risk factors predict both CLL progression and transformation to RS, others (CD38 genotype, absence of del13q14, IGHV4-39 usage, stereotyped B-cell receptor) appear to specifically predict RS. The definition of RS encompasses at least two different conditions: DLBCLs that are clonally related to the pre-existing CLL (accounting for most cases), or DLBCL unrelated to the CLL clone. The transition from CLL to clonally related RS is accompanied by the acquisition of novel genetic alterations that may account for the chemorefractoriness of RS. Genome-wide studies that are currently ongoing are important for identifying novel molecular lesions implicated in RS that might represent a suitable target for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fangazio
- Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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31
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Abstract
An increasing number of neoplasms are associated with variably specific genetic abnormalities. This is best exemplified by hematological malignancies, in which there is a growing list of entities that are defined by their genetic lesion(s); this is not (yet) the case in mature B-cell lymphomas. However, enhanced insights into the pathogenesis of this large and diverse group of lymphomas have emerged with the ongoing unraveling of a plethora of fascinating genetic abnormalities. The purpose of this review is to synthesize well-recognized data and nascent discoveries in our understanding of the genetic basis of a spectrum of mature B-cell lymphomas, and how this may be applied to contemporary clinical practice. Despite the explosion of new and exciting knowledge in this arena, with the potential for enhanced diagnostic and prognostic strategies, it is essential to remain cognizant of the limitations (and complexity) of genetic investigations, so that assays can be developed and used both judiciously and rationally.
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32
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Scandurra M, Rossi D, Deambrogi C, Rancoita PMV, Chigrinova E, Mian M, Cerri M, Rasi S, Sozzi E, Forconi F, Ponzoni M, Moreno SM, Piris MA, Inghirami G, Zucca E, Gattei V, Rinaldi A, Kwee I, Gaidano G, Bertoni F. Genomic profiling of Richter's syndrome: recurrent lesions and differences with de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 2010; 28:62-7. [PMID: 20014148 DOI: 10.1002/hon.932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Richter's syndrome (RS) represents the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) to aggressive lymphoma and is mostly represented by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), with a post-germinal centre (GC) phenotype, clonally related to the pre-existing CLL. RS has a very poor prognosis and its pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood. In order to gain additional hints in RS pathogenesis, we performed a genome-wide DNA profiling study of 13 RS phases and eight matched CLL phases using the Affymetrix Human Mapping 250K NspI SNP arrays. Individual genomic profiles were heterogeneous, with no individual lesions occurring in more than half of the cases. However, several observations suggest that MYC pathway might be involved in RS. The 13q13.3-qter region containing MIRHG1 (MIR-17-92), a cluster of microRNA interacting with c-MYC, was acquired at the time of transformation. The 13q gain was coupled with the gain of c-MYC and loss of TP53. Translocation of c-MYC was acquired at transformation in a fraction of cases and this event appeared mutually exclusive with gain of MIRHG1. MYCN, a c-MYC homologue, was also recurrently gained. By comparing RS with 48 de novo DLBCL, RS presented a significantly lower prevalence of deletions affecting the PRDM1 and TNFAIP3, genes on 6q, known to be associated with a post-GC phenotype. In conclusion, the genomic profile of RS seems to differ from what observed in de novo DLBCL and in other transformed DLBCL. Genomic lesions occurring in RS are heterogeneous suggesting the existence of different RS subsets, possibly due to different transforming mechanisms. A deregulation of MYC pathway might represent one of the main transformation events in the pathogenesis of a subset of RS clonally related to the previous CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Scandurra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
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33
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Leuenberger M, Frigerio S, Wild PJ, Noetzli F, Korol D, Zimmermann DR, Gengler C, Probst-Hensch NM, Moch H, Tinguely M. AID protein expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is associated with poor prognosis and complex genetic alterations. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:177-86. [PMID: 19898425 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological behavior of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma is unpredictable. Nonetheless, non-mutated IgV(H) gene rearrangement, ATM (11q22-23) and p53 (17p13) deletion are recognized as unfavorable prognosticators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The mRNA expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme indispensable for somatic hypermutation processes, was claimed to be predictive of non-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in blood. Here, we evaluated AID protein expression compared with known molecular and immunohistochemical prognostic indicators in 71 chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma patients using a tissue microarray approach. We found AID heterogeneously expressed in tumor cells as shown by colocalization analysis for CD5 and CD23. Ki-67 positive paraimmunoblasts of the proliferation centers displayed the highest expression. This observation is reflected by a significant association of AID positivity with a high proliferation rate (P=0.012). ATM deletion was detected in 10% (6/63) of patients and p53 deletion in 19% (13/67) of patients. Moreover, both ATM (P=0.002) and p53 deletion (P=0.004) were significantly associated with AID. IgV(H) gene mutation was seen in 45% (27/60) of patients. Twenty-five percent (17/69) of patients with AID-positive chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma displayed a shorter survival than AID-negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma patients (61 vs 130 months, P=0.001). Although there was a trend, we could not show an association with the IgV(H) gene mutation status. Taken together, our study shows that AID expression is an indicator of an unfavorable prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma patients, although it is not a surrogate marker for the IgV(H) status. Furthermore, the microenvironment of proliferation centers seems to influence AID regulation and might be an initiating factor in its transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Leuenberger
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, CH-8091Zurich, Switzerland
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Dal-Bo M, Bertoni F, Forconi F, Zucchetto A, Bomben R, Marasca R, Deaglio S, Laurenti L, Efremov DG, Gaidano G, Del Poeta G, Gattei V. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the clinical course of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prognostic markers with pathogenetic relevance. J Transl Med 2009; 7:76. [PMID: 19715592 PMCID: PMC2747913 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent leukemia in the Western world, is characterized by extremely variable clinical courses with survivals ranging from 1 to more than 15 years. The pathogenetic factors playing a key role in defining the biological features of CLL cells, hence eventually influencing the clinical aggressiveness of the disease, are here divided into "intrinsic factors", mainly genomic alterations of CLL cells, and "extrinsic factors", responsible for direct microenvironmental interactions of CLL cells; the latter group includes interactions of CLL cells occurring via the surface B cell receptor (BCR) and dependent to specific molecular features of the BCR itself and/or to the presence of the BCR-associated molecule ZAP-70, or via other non-BCR-dependent interactions, e.g. specific receptor/ligand interactions, such as CD38/CD31 or CD49d/VCAM-1. A putative final model, discussing the pathogenesis and the clinicobiological features of CLL in relationship of these factors, is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dal-Bo
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano (PN), Italy.
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35
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Rossi D, Gaidano G. Richter syndrome: molecular insights and clinical perspectives. Hematol Oncol 2009; 27:1-10. [PMID: 19206112 DOI: 10.1002/hon.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Richter syndrome (RS) represents the clinico-pathologic transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) to an aggressive lymphoma, most commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The clinical definition of RS is heterogeneous, and encompasses at least two biologically different conditions: (i) CLL transformation to a clonally related DLBCL, that accounts for the majority of cases; (ii) development of a DLBCL unrelated to the CLL clone. In clonally related RS, the pathogenetic link between the CLL and the DLBCL phases is substantiated by the acquisition of novel molecular lesions at the time of clinico-pathologic transformation. RS is not a rare event in the natural history of CLL, since the cumulative incidence of RS at 10 years exceeds 10%. Prompt recognition of RS is known to be clinically useful, and may be favoured by close monitoring of CLL patients harbouring clinical and/or biological risk factors of RS development. Conventional risk factors that are independent predictors of RS development at the time of CLL diagnosis include: (i) expression of CD38; (ii) absence of del13q14 and (iii) lymph node size > or =3 cm. Other risk factors of RS development include CD38 genotype and usage of specific immunoglobulin variable genes. The molecular pathogenesis of RS has been elucidated to a certain extent. Acquisition of TP53 mutations and/or 17p13 deletion is a frequent molecular event in RS, as it is in other types of transformation from indolent to aggressive B-cell malignancies. Additional molecular alterations are being revealed by genome wide studies. Once that transformation has occurred, RS prognosis may be predicted by the RS score, based on performance status, LDH, platelet count, tumour size and number of prior therapies. Depending on patient's age and RS score, the therapeutic options for RS may range from conventional immunochemotherapy to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rossi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and BRMA, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy.
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36
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Stano-Kozubik K, Malcikova J, Tichy B, Kotaskova J, Borsky M, Hrabcakova V, Francova H, Valaskova I, Bourkova L, Smardova J, Doubek M, Brychtova Y, Pospisilova S, Mayer J, Trbusek M. Inactivation of p53 and amplification of MYCN gene in a terminal lymphoblastic relapse in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 189:53-8. [PMID: 19167613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease with a highly variable clinical course. A proportion of patients eventually progress to a higher stage of malignancy. A recent association has been observed between the presence of aberrant somatic hypermutations in leukemic cells (hypermutations occurring outside of the immunoglobulin locus) and the transformation to a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or prolymphocytic leukemia. In this study, we report on the rarely observed blastic transformation in a CLL patient who had previously been shown to harbor aberrant somatic hypermutations in the TP53 tumor-suppressor gene (Mol Immunol 2008;45:1525-29). The enzyme responsible, the activation-induced cytidine deaminase, was still active within the transformation, as evidenced by the ongoing class-switch recombination of cytoplasmic immunoglobulins. The transformation was accompanied by a complete p53 inactivation, as well as complex karyotype changes including prominent amplification of MYCN oncogene. Our case-study supports the view that the aberrant somatic hypermutation is associated with transformation of CLL to a more aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stano-Kozubik
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematooncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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37
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Fueller F, Kubatzky KF. The small GTPase RhoH is an atypical regulator of haematopoietic cells. Cell Commun Signal 2008; 6:6. [PMID: 18823547 PMCID: PMC2565660 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a distinct subfamily of the superfamily of Ras GTPases. The best-characterised members are RhoA, Rac and Cdc42 that regulate many diverse actions such as actin cytoskeleton reorganisation, adhesion, motility as well as cell proliferation, differentiation and gene transcription. Among the 20 members of that family, only Rac2 and RhoH show an expression restricted to the haematopoietic lineage. RhoH was first discovered in 1995 as a fusion transcript with the transcriptional repressor LAZ3/BCL6. It was therefore initially named translation three four (TTF) but later on renamed RhoH due to its close relationship to the Ras/Rho family of GTPases. Since then, RhoH has been implicated in human cancer as the gene is subject to somatic hypermutation and by the detection of RHOH as a translocation partner for LAZ3/BCL6 or other genes in human lymphomas. Underexpression of RhoH is found in hairy cell leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia. Some of the amino acids that are crucial for GTPase activity are mutated in RhoH so that the protein is a GTPase-deficient, so-called atypical Rho GTPase. Therefore other mechanisms of regulating RhoH activity have been described. These include regulation at the mRNA level and tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein's unique ITAM-like motif. The C-terminal CaaX box of RhoH is mainly a target for farnesyl-transferase but can also be modified by geranylgeranyl-transferase. Isoprenylation of RhoH and changes in subcellular localisation may be an additional factor to fine-tune signalling. Little is currently known about its signalling, regulation or interaction partners. Recent studies have shown that RhoH negatively influences the proliferation and homing of murine haematopoietic progenitor cells, presumably by acting as an antagonist for Rac1. In leukocytes, RhoH is needed to keep the cells in a resting, non-adhesive state, but the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated. RhoH has also been implicated as a regulatory molecule in the NFκB, PI3 kinase and Map kinase pathways. The recent generation of RhoH knockout mice showed a defect in thymocyte selection and TCR signalling of thymic and peripheral T-cells. However, RhoH-deficient mice did not develop lymphomas or showed obvious defects in haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fueller
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Hygiene Institut, Abteilung für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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38
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Rossi D, Cerri M, Capello D, Deambrogi C, Rossi FM, Zucchetto A, De Paoli L, Cresta S, Rasi S, Spina V, Franceschetti S, Lunghi M, Vendramin C, Bomben R, Ramponi A, Monga G, Conconi A, Magnani C, Gattei V, Gaidano G. Biological and clinical risk factors of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia transformation to Richter syndrome. Br J Haematol 2008; 142:202-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is the commonest form of leukaemia in Europe and North America, and mainly, though not exclusively, affects older individuals. It has a very variable course, with survival ranging from months to decades. Major progress has been made in identification of molecular and cellular markers that could predict disease progression in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In particular, the mutational profile of immunoglobulin genes and some cytogenetic abnormalities are important predictors of prognosis. However, these advances have raised new questions about the biology, prognosis, and management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, some of which are addressed here. In particular, we discuss how better understanding of the function of the B-cell receptor, the nature of genetic lesions, and the balance between proliferation and apoptosis have affected our ability to assess prognosis and to manage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Available treatments generally induce remission, although nearly all patients relapse, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia remains an incurable disease. Advances in molecular biology have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and, together with development of new therapeutic agents, have made management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia more rational and more effective than previously. Unfortunately, we know of no way that chronic lymphocytic leukaemia can be prevented. Early detection is practised widely, but seemingly makes no difference to the patient's eventual outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Male
- Prognosis
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dighiero
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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40
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Halldórsdóttir AM, Frühwirth M, Deutsch A, Aigelsreiter A, Beham-Schmid C, Agnarsson BA, Neumeister P, Richard Burack W. Quantifying the role of aberrant somatic hypermutation in transformation of follicular lymphoma. Leuk Res 2008; 32:1015-21. [PMID: 18180034 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) aberrantly targets proto-oncogenes in various non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. To test the association of SHM with transformation of follicular lymphoma (FL), we sequenced mutational hot spots in five proto-oncogenes (BCL6, PAX5, RHOH, MYC and PIM1) in 32 low-grade FL (lgFL) with follicular histology and 26 transformed FL (tFL) with diffuse large cell histology. No difference was detected in the fraction of specimens mutated (75% of lgFL and 77% of tFL) or in the mutation load (0.08 for lgFL vs. 0.06 mutations/100 bp/allele for tFL). Serial specimens were examined from 25 patients showing stable low-grade FL (slgFL; n=6) or a low-grade FL that later transformed into diffuse large cell lymphoma (tFL; n=19). slgFL and tFL patients accumulated similar numbers of mutations in the interval between biopsies. These data indicate that mutations attributable to aberrant SHM occur with similar frequency in low-grade and transformed FL; transformation is not associated with a higher rate of aberrant SHM. Moreover, the frequency of mutations attributable to aberrant SHM in tFL was significantly lower than that reported for de novo diffuse large B cell lymphoma, suggesting differing oncogenic mechanisms in transformed follicular lymphoma and de novo diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
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41
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Hamblin TJ, Davis ZA, Oscier DG. Determination of how many immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain mutations are allowable in unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - long-term follow up of patients with different percentages of mutations. Br J Haematol 2007; 140:320-3. [PMID: 18053068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The choice of 98% sequence homology for immunoglobulin heavy chains to distinguish between mutated and unmutated versions of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) was arbitrary and was chosen to account for supposed polymorphisms. Some authors chose 97% or even 95%. This study examined survival curves for cohorts of patients with varying degrees of sequence homology. All patients with <97% homology behaved as if mutated. Those with 97-98% homology were more aggressive than the mutated cases, but less aggressive than those with >98% homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Hamblin
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK.
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42
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Abstract
A hallmark of mature B-cell lymphomas is reciprocal chromosomal translocations involving the Ig locus and a proto-oncogene, which usually result in the deregulated, constitutive expression of the translocated gene. In addition to such translocations, proto-oncogenes are frequently hypermutated in germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell lymphomas. Although aberrant, mistargeted class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) events have long been suspected of causing chromosomal translocations and mutations in oncogenes, and thus of playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of most B-cell lymphomas, the molecular basis for such deregulation of CSR and SHM is only beginning to be elucidated by recent genetic approaches. The tumorigenic ability of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a key enzyme that initiates CSR and SHM, was revealed in studies on AID transgenic mice. In addition, experiments with AID-deficient mice clearly showed that AID is required not only for the c-myc/IgH translocation but also for the malignant progression of translocation-bearing lymphoma precursor cells, probably by introducing additional genetic hits. Normally, AID expression is only transiently and specifically induced in activated B cells in GCs. However, recent studies indicate that AID can be induced directly in B cells outside the GCs by various pathogens, including transforming viruses associated with human malignancies. Indeed, AID expression is not restricted to GC-derived B-cell lymphomas, but is also found in other types of B-cell lymphoma and even in nonlymphoid tumors, suggesting that ectopically expressed AID is involved in tumorigenesis and disease progression in a wide variety of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-mi Okazaki
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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43
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Deutsch AJA, Aigelsreiter A, Staber PB, Beham A, Linkesch W, Guelly C, Brezinschek RI, Fruhwirth M, Emberger W, Buettner M, Beham-Schmid C, Neumeister P. MALT lymphoma and extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are targeted by aberrant somatic hypermutation. Blood 2006; 109:3500-4. [PMID: 17197434 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a novel mechanism introducing genetic instability, termed aberrant somatic hypermutation (ASHM), has been described in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. To further investigate whether ASHM also occurs in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT) lymphoma, we studied the mutation profile of PIM1, PAX5, RhoH/TTF, and c-MYC in 17 MALT lymphomas and 17 extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) still exhibiting a low-grade MALT lymphoma component (transformed MALT lymphoma). Mutations in one or more genes were detected in 13 (76.5%) of 17 cases of MALT lymphomas and in all of 17 (100%) cases of extranodal DLBCL. A total of 100 sequence variants were found in 30 of 34 cases, 28 in the MALT lymphomas and 72 in extranodal DLBCL. Further, in PIM1 and c-MYC some of the mutations were found to affect coding exons, leading to amino acid exchanges, thus potentially altering gene function. Expression levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme essential for somatic hypermutation (SHM), was associated with the mutational load. These data indicate that aberrant SHM is associated with extranodal DLBCL and MALT lymphoma, likewise. By mutating regulatory and coding sequences of the targeted genes, ASHM may represent a major contributor to their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J A Deutsch
- Division of Haematology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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