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Gnawali GR, Okumura K, Perez K, Gallagher R, Wulfkuhle J, Petricoin EF, Padi SKR, Bearss J, He Z, Wang W, Kraft AS. Synthesis of 2-oxoquinoline derivatives as dual pim and mTORC protein kinase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022; 31:1154-1175. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nowak KL, Edelstein CL. Apoptosis and autophagy in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Cell Signal 2019; 68:109518. [PMID: 31881325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis in the cystic epithelium is observed in most rodent models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and in human autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD). Apoptosis inhibition decreases cyst growth, whereas induction of apoptosis in the kidney of Bcl-2 deficient mice increases proliferation of the tubular epithelium and subsequent cyst formation. However, alternative evidence indicates that both induction of apoptosis as well as increased overall rates of apoptosis are associated with decreased cyst growth. Autophagic flux is suppressed in cell, zebra fish and mouse models of PKD and suppressed autophagy is known to be associated with increased apoptosis. There may be a link between apoptosis and autophagy in PKD. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and caspase pathways that are known to be dysregulated in PKD, are also known to regulate both autophagy and apoptosis. Induction of autophagy in cell and zebrafish models of PKD results in suppression of apoptosis and reduced cyst growth supporting the hypothesis autophagy induction may have a therapeutic role in decreasing cyst growth, perhaps by decreasing apoptosis and proliferation in PKD. Future research is needed to evaluate the effects of direct autophagy inducers on apoptosis in rodent PKD models, as well as the cause and effect relationship between autophagy, apoptosis and cyst growth in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Nowak
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Univ. of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles L Edelstein
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Univ. of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Transcriptional Response to Acute Thermal Exposure in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Determined by RNAseq. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:1335-49. [PMID: 25911227 PMCID: PMC4502368 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.017699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermal exposure is a serious and growing challenge facing fish species worldwide. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) living in the southern portion of their native range are particularly likely to encounter warmer water due to a confluence of factors. River alterations have increased the likelihood that juveniles will be exposed to warm water temperatures during their freshwater life stage, which can negatively impact survival, growth, and development and pose a threat to dwindling salmon populations. To better understand how acute thermal exposure affects the biology of salmon, we performed a transcriptional analysis of gill tissue from Chinook salmon juveniles reared at 12° and exposed acutely to water temperatures ranging from ideal to potentially lethal (12° to 25°). Reverse-transcribed RNA libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform and a de novo reference transcriptome was created. Differentially expressed transcripts were annotated using Blast2GO and relevant gene clusters were identified. In addition to a high degree of downregulation of a wide range of genes, we found upregulation of genes involved in protein folding/rescue, protein degradation, cell death, oxidative stress, metabolism, inflammation/immunity, transcription/translation, ion transport, cell cycle/growth, cell signaling, cellular trafficking, and structure/cytoskeleton. These results demonstrate the complex multi-modal cellular response to thermal stress in juvenile salmon.
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Parker LJ, Watanabe H, Tsuganezawa K, Tomabechi Y, Handa N, Shirouzu M, Yuki H, Honma T, Ogawa N, Nagano T, Yokoyama S, Tanaka A. Flexibility of the P-loop of Pim-1 kinase: observation of a novel conformation induced by interaction with an inhibitor. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:860-6. [PMID: 22869110 PMCID: PMC3412761 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112027108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Pim-1 is emerging as a promising target for cancer therapeutics. Much attention has recently been focused on identifying potential Pim-1 inhibitor candidates for the treatment of haematopoietic malignancies. The outcome of a rational drug-design project has recently been reported [Nakano et al. (2012), J. Med. Chem. 55, 5151-5156]. The report described the process of optimization of the structure-activity relationship and detailed from a medicinal chemistry perspective the development of a low-potency and nonselective compound initially identified from in silico screening into a potent, selective and metabolically stable Pim-1 inhibitor. Here, the structures of the initial in silico hits are reported and the noteworthy features of the Pim-1 complex structures are described. A particular focus was placed on the rearrangement of the glycine-rich P-loop region that was observed for one of the initial compounds, (Z)-7-(azepan-1-ylmethyl)-2-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methylidene]-6-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one (compound 1), and was also found in all further derivatives. This novel P-loop conformation, which appears to be stabilized by an additional interaction with the β3 strand located above the binding site, is not usually observed in Pim-1 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorien J. Parker
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Keiko Tsuganezawa
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuri Tomabechi
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Handa
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yuki
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Ogawa
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Bouquet C, Melchers F. Pim1 and Myc reversibly transform murine precursor B lymphocytes but not mature B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:522-32. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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TrehanPati N, Geffers R, Sukriti, Hissar S, Riese P, Toepfer T, Buer J, Kumar M, Guzman CA, Sarin SK. Gene expression signatures of peripheral CD4+ T cells clearly discriminate between patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology 2009; 49:781-90. [PMID: 19185001 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD4+ T and regulatory T cells (Tregs) seem to play a key role in persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the molecular events by which Tregs exert their modulatory activity are largely unknown. The transcriptional profiles of CD4+ T cells of healthy controls (HCs) and patients affected by acute hepatitis B (AVH-B) or chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection were established using a custom expression array consisting of 350 genes relevant for CD4+ T cell and Treg function. These studies were complemented by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also analyzed for the presence of Tregs, which were more abundant in the acute stage of the disease (7%) than in HCs and CHB infection (HCs versus AVH-B, P = 0.003; AVH-B versus CHB, P = 0.04). One hundred eighteen genes (34%) intrinsically differentiate HBV-infected patients from HCs. Using gene ontology, we identified T cell receptor signaling and clusterization, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase signaling, cell adhesion, cytokines and inflammatory responses, cell cycle/cell proliferation, and apoptosis as the most prominent affected modules. A higher expression of CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, and CCR8 was seen in AVH-B than in CHB-infected patients and HCs. Annotation of the interconnected functional network of genes provided a unique representation of global immune activation during acute infection. Almost all genes were down-regulated in patients with CHB infection. CONCLUSION The fingerprints enable clear discrimination between patients suffering from AVH-B or CHB infection. The observed profiles suggest accumulation of effector T cells with a potential role in necro-inflammation during the acute stage. Subsequent down-regulated effector functions support the hypothesis of suppressed CD4+ effector T cells favoring viral persistence in the chronic infection stage.
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Guo R, Zhong L, Ren J. Overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 attenuates chronic alcohol exposure-induced apoptosis, change in Akt and Pim signalling in liver. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:463-8. [PMID: 19215238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1. The liver, the main site of ethanol oxidation, is extremely vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol. Chronic alcohol intake has been shown to result in alcoholic liver disease, although the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood. 2. The present study was designed to examine the impact of facilitated acetaldehyde metabolism via overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) on chronic alcohol ingestion-induced hepatic damage. Mice (wild-type Friend Virus B (FVB) and ALDH2 transgenic mice) were placed on a 4% alcohol or control diet for 12 weeks. Pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, including p53, Omi/HtrA2, Bcl-2, Bax, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), Akt, phosphorylated (p) Akt, the Akt downstream signalling molecule Pim and pPim, were examined using immunoblot analysis. Apoptosis and protein damage were assessed using the caspase 3 assay and protein carbonyl formation, respectively. 3. The data revealed that alcohol intake enhanced expression of p53, Omi/HtrA2, Bcl-2 and Bax without affecting XIAP expression or the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Total Akt and pPim were downregulated in response to alcohol, whereas total Pim was upregulated in conjunction with unchanged pAkt. As a result, the pAkt : Akt and pPim : Pim ratios were elevated and reduced, respectively, in response to alcohol. All these effects that resulted from alcohol exposure were attenuated or ablated by ALDH2. 4. Collectively, the results suggest that ALDH2 may effectively ameliorate alcohol-induced hepatic apoptosis and changes in Akt as well as Pim signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming School of Pharmacy, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Cibull TL, Jones TD, Li L, Eble JN, Ann Baldridge L, Malott SR, Luo Y, Cheng L. Overexpression of Pim-1 during progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:285-8. [PMID: 16505280 PMCID: PMC1860332 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.027672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pim-1 is a serine/threonine kinase that has been shown to play an integral role in the development of a number of human cancers, such as haematolymphoid malignancies. Recently, evidence has shown Pim-1 to be important in prostatic carcinogenesis. In order to further our understanding of its role in prostate cancer, we investigated Pim-1 expression in normal, premalignant, and malignant prostate tissue. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, Pim-1 expression was analysed in prostate tissue from 120 radical prostatectomy specimens. In each case, Pim-1 staining was evaluated in benign prostatic epithelium, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and prostatic adenocarcinoma. The number of positively staining cells was estimated, and the intensity of staining was scored on a scale of 0 to 3+. RESULTS Pim-1 immunoreactivity was identified in 120 cases (100%) of adenocarcinoma, 120 cases (100%) of high grade PIN, and 62 cases (52%) of benign glands. The number of cells staining in benign epithelium (mean 34%) was much lower than that in high grade PIN (mean 80%; p<0.0001) or adenocarcinoma (mean, 84%; p<0.0001). There was no significant difference between high grade PIN and adenocarcinoma in the percentage of cells staining positively for Pim-1 (p = 0.34). The staining intensity for Pim-1 was significantly lower in benign prostatic epithelium than in PIN and adenocarcinoma (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant correlation between the level of Pim-1 expression and Gleason score, patient age, tumour stage, lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, surgical margin status, extraprostatic extension, or seminal vesicle invasion. CONCLUSIONS Pim-1 expression is elevated in PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma compared with benign prostatic epithelium. This finding suggests that upregulation of Pim-1 may play a role in prostatic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Cibull
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Macdonald A, Campbell DG, Toth R, McLauchlan H, Hastie CJ, Arthur JSC. Pim kinases phosphorylate multiple sites on Bad and promote 14-3-3 binding and dissociation from Bcl-XL. BMC Cell Biol 2006; 7:1. [PMID: 16403219 PMCID: PMC1368972 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pim-1, 2 and 3 are a group of enzymes related to the calcium calmodulin family of protein kinases. Over-expression of Pim-1 and Pim-2 in mice promotes the development of lymphomas, and up-regulation of Pim expression has been observed in several human cancers. Results Here we show that the pim kinases are constitutively active when expressed in HEK-293 cells and are able to phosphorylate the Bcl-2 family member Bad on three residues, Ser112, Ser136 and Ser155 in vitro and in cells. In vitro mapping showed that Pim-2 predominantly phosphorylated Ser112, while Pim-1 phosphorylated Ser112, but also Ser136 and Ser155 at a reduced rate compared to Ser112. Pim-3 was found to be the least specific for Ser112, and the most effective at phosphorylating Ser136 and Ser155. Pim-3 was also able to phosphorylate other sites in Bad in vitro, including Ser170, another potential in vivo site. Mutation of Ser136 to alanine prevented the phosphorylation of Ser112 and Ser155 by Pim kinases in HEK-293 cells, suggesting that this site must be phosphorylated first in order to make the other sites accessible. Pim phosphorylation of Bad was also found to promote the 14-3-3 binding of Bad and block its association with Bcl-XL. Conclusion All three Pim kinase family members predominantly phosphorylate Bad on Ser112 and in addition are capable of phosphorylating Bad on multiple sites associated with the inhibition of the pro-apoptotic function of Bad in HEK-293 cells. This would be consistent with the proposed function of Pim kinases in promoting cell proliferation and preventing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Macdonald
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David G Campbell
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Hilary McLauchlan
- Division of Signal Transduction Therapy, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - C James Hastie
- Division of Signal Transduction Therapy, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Chuma M, Sakamoto M, Yasuda J, Fujii G, Nakanishi K, Tsuchiya A, Ohta T, Asaka M, Hirohashi S. Overexpression of cortactin is involved in motility and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2004; 41:629-36. [PMID: 15464244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The molecular basis of the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the crucial genes involved in metastasis of HCC. METHODS We compared expression profiles among highly metastatic HCC cell lines and non-metastatic HCC cell lines by using oligonucleotide array to identify genes associated with metastasis. We further investigated the effect of identified gene on cell motility and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we examined immunohistochemistry in human tissue samples. RESULTS We identified 39 genes whose expression levels were significantly correlated with metastatic ability (P<0.05). Of these genes, we further investigated cortactin, because this cortical actin-associated protein is a substrate of Src, whose activation has been shown to be involved in HCC cell migration and metastasis. Overexpression of cortactin in a non-metastatic HCC cell line increased cell motility, and resulted in metastasis in an orthotopic model. Furthermore, immunohistochemical expression of cortactin revealed its significant overexpression in HCC with intrahepatic metastasis compared with HCC without intrahepatic metastasis (P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of cortactin may play a role in the metastasis of HCC by influencing cell motility, and cortactin could be a sensitive marker for HCC with intrahepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Chuma
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Deneen B, Welford SM, Ho T, Hernandez F, Kurland I, Denny CT. PIM3 proto-oncogene kinase is a common transcriptional target of divergent EWS/ETS oncoproteins. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:3897-908. [PMID: 12748291 PMCID: PMC155223 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.11.3897-3908.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant structural diversity, present evidence suggests that EWS/ETS fusion proteins promote oncogenesis by transcriptionally modulating a common set of target genes. In order to identify these genes, microarray expression analyses were performed on NIH 3T3 polyclonal populations expressing one of three EWS/ETS fusion genes. The majority of these genes can be grouped into seven functional categories, including cellular metabolism and signal transduction. The biologic significance of these target genes was pursued. The effects of modulating genes involved in metabolism were assessed by flux studies and demonstrated shifts in glucose utilization and lactate production as a result of EWS/FLI1 expression. The proto-oncogene coding for serine/threonine kinase PIM3 was found to one of several genes encoding signal transduction proteins that were up-regulated by EWS/ETS fusions. PIM3 was found to be expressed in a panel of human Ewing's family tumor cell lines. Forced expression of PIM3 promoted anchorage-independent growth. Coexpression of a kinase-deficient PIM3 mutant attenuated EWS/FLI1-mediated NIH 3T3 tumorigenesis in immunodeficent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Deneen
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Sepulveda AR, Tao H, Carloni E, Sepulveda J, Graham DY, Peterson LE. Screening of gene expression profiles in gastric epithelial cells induced by Helicobacter pylori using microarray analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16 Suppl 2:145-57. [PMID: 11966535 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.16.s2.4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND H. pylori infection is a major risk factor in gastric cancer development. The availability of cDNA microarrays creates the unprecedented opportunity to examine simultaneously dynamic changes of multiple pathways affected by H. pylori infection. AIM In this study we examined broad patterns of gene expression induced by H. pylori in the gastric cancer cell line 1739-CRL AGS cells in culture using the U95A microarray. METHODS H. pylori were cocultured with AGS cells for 4, 12, 24 and 48 h. Total RNA was extracted and after labelling was used for detection of genes represented in the human U95A microarray set. Data analyses were performed using GeneChip and CLUSFAVOR software. RESULTS Nearly 6000 genes present in the array were expressed by AGS cells. We report approximately 200 genes that showed the most marked changes. Our studies confirm the up-regulation of c-jun, jun-B, c-fos and cyclin D1 by H. pylori. We report for the first time the induction of the serine threonine kinase pim-1 and ATF3 by H. pylori infection of AGS cells. CONCLUSIONS In this microarray analysis of gene expression induced by H. pylori in gastric epithelial cells, we identified a large number of unsuspected genes affected by H. pylori. Further, we show that unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis can provide useful insight into the possible contribution of genes in specific pathways, based on their profile of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sepulveda
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA.
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Ishibashi Y, Maita H, Yano M, Koike N, Tamai K, Ariga H, Iguchi-Ariga SM. Pim-1 translocates sorting nexin 6/TRAF4-associated factor 2 from cytoplasm to nucleus. FEBS Lett 2001; 506:33-8. [PMID: 11591366 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pim-1, an oncogene product of serine/threonine kinase, has been found to play roles in apoptosis induction/suppression, cell-cycle progression and transcriptional regulation by phosphorylating the target proteins involved in these processes. The target proteins phosphorylated by Pim-1, including p100, Cdc25A, PAP-1 and heterochromatin protein 1, have been identified. The precise functions of Pim-1, however, are still poorly understood. In this study, we identified tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4-associated factor 2/sorting nexin 6 (TFAF2/SNX6) as a Pim-1-binding protein, and we found that TFAF2/SNX6 was phosphorylated and translocated from the cytoplasm to nucleus by Pim-1. This translocation of the protein was not affected by Pim-1-dependent phosphorylation. Since sorting nexins, including TFAF2/SNX6, have been reported to be located in the cytoplasm or membrane by association with several receptors of tyrosine- or serine/threonine-kinase, this is the first report of TFAF2/SNX6 being located in the nucleus after binding to Pim-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Soriani M, Williams NA, Hirst TR. Escherichia coli enterotoxin B subunit triggers apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells by activating transcription factor c-myc. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4923-30. [PMID: 11447169 PMCID: PMC98583 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.8.4923-4930.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli is not only an important cause of diarrhea in humans and domestic animals but also possesses potent immunomodulatory properties. Recently, the nontoxic, receptor-binding B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (EtxB) was found to induce the selective death of CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that EtxB may trigger activation of proapoptotic signaling pathways. Here we show that EtxB treatment of CD8(+) T cells but not of CD4(+) T cells triggers the specific up-regulation of the transcription factor c-myc, implicated in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. A concomitant elevation in Myc protein levels was also evident, with peak expression occurring 4 h posttreatment. Preincubation with c-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides demonstrated that Myc expression was necessary for EtxB-mediated apoptosis. Myc activation was also associated with an increase of IkappaBalpha turnover, suggesting that elevated Myc expression may be dependent on NF-kappaB. When CD8(+) T cells were pretreated with inhibitors of IkappaBalpha turnover and NF-kappaB translocation, this resulted in a marked reduction in both EtxB-induced apoptosis and Myc expression. Further, a non-receptor-binding mutant of EtxB, EtxB(G33D), was shown to lack the capacity to activate Myc transcription. These findings provide further evidence that EtxB is a signaling molecule that triggers activation of transcription factors involved in cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soriani
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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15
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Wang Z, Bhattacharya N, Meyer MK, Seimiya H, Tsuruo T, Tonani JA, Magnuson NS. Pim-1 negatively regulates the activity of PTP-U2S phosphatase and influences terminal differentiation and apoptosis of monoblastoid leukemia cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 390:9-18. [PMID: 11368509 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The levels of Pim-1, a serine/threonine kinase, increase during phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced myeloid cell differentiation. The tyrosine phosphatase PTP-U2S is also associated with PMA-induced differentiation of myeloid cells and has been shown to enhance differentiation and the onset of apoptosis. PTP-U2S contains a Pim-1 phosphorylation consensus sequence, KKRKLTN, which is efficiently phosphorylated by Pim-1. Immunoprecipitated PTP-U2S from U937 cells was phosphorylated by recombinant Pim-1, resulting in a decrease in its phosphatase activity. During PMA-induced differentiation, U937 cells transfected with the dominant negative Pim-1 underwent rapid differentiation and accelerated apoptosis. The opposite effect was observed for wild-type Pim-1. Our results, therefore, provide compelling evidence that Pim-1 functions to negatively regulate PMA-induced differentiation in part through the phosphorylation of PTP-U2S. Together these data suggest that Pim-1 phosphorylates PTP-U2S in vivo to decrease the phosphatase activity that may be necessary to prevent the premature onset of apoptosis following differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Kaneita Y, Yoshida S, Ishiguro N, Sawada U, Horie T, Mori S, Moriyama M. Detection of reciprocal fusion 5'-BCL6/partner-3' transcripts in lymphomas exhibiting reciprocal BCL6 translocations. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:803-6. [PMID: 11380473 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been believed that replacement of the endogenous promoter and the non-coding first exon of the BCL6 gene by a sequence derived from the translocational partner gene is a main mechanism of the BCL6 dysregulation resulting from translocation. In this study, we found that reciprocal BCL6 translocation led to the expression of not only the 5'-partner/BCL6-3' fusion transcripts but also the 5'-BCL6/partner-3' fusion transcripts, suggesting that reciprocal 5'-BCL6/partner-3' fusion genes are transcriptionally active. These findings raise the possibility that reciprocal BCL-6 translocation may lead to dysregulation of the partner gene as well as the BCL6 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaneita
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Wang Z, Petersen K, Weaver MS, Magnuson NS. cDNA cloning, sequencing and characterization of bovine pim-1. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 78:177-95. [PMID: 11182156 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA clone of bovine pim-1 has been isolated from phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and concanavalin A (ConA)-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The full-length cDNA contains a 411bp 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR), followed by a 939bp coding region and a 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) that contains 1403bp. Comparison of the bovine pim-1 coding sequence with the human, rat, mouse, frog and zebrafish counterparts reveals 94, 90, 89, 67 and 40% homology at the nucleotide level, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence of bovine Pim-1 shares 98.7, 97.1, 93.3, 68.8, and 52.4% similarity with the sequences of human, rat, mouse, frog, and zebrafish, respectively. The 5'-UTR of bovine pim-1 shares high sequence similarity to the human and mouse counterparts and is G/C-rich (75%) which may promote a high degree of secondary structure. The 3'-UTR of bovine pim-1 contains two potential polyadenylation sites and an A/T-rich motif which has been shown to decrease the stability of polyA mRNA molecules. Southern blot results indicate that a single copy of the gene exists in the bovine genome. Northern blot results show that PMA stimulation of PBLs increases the expression of the pim-1 mRNA. In addition, examination of Pim-1 protein expression in PBLs stimulated with a variety of mitogens including ConA, PMA, anti-CD3 and purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, reveals two different types of expression patterns during the course of a 24h period of stimulation. ConA and PPD gave a biphasic pattern of expression while PMA and anti-CD3 gave single transient pattern of expression suggesting that expression is controlled by more than one signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington Sate University, Pullman, WA 99164-4234, USA
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18
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Blyth K, Terry A, Mackay N, Vaillant F, Bell M, Cameron ER, Neil JC, Stewart M. Runx2: a novel oncogenic effector revealed by in vivo complementation and retroviral tagging. Oncogene 2001; 20:295-302. [PMID: 11313958 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2000] [Revised: 10/23/2000] [Accepted: 11/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Runx2 (Cbfa1, Pebp2alphaA, Aml3) gene was previously identified as a frequent target for transcriptional activation by proviral insertion in T-cell lymphomas of CD2-MYC transgenic mice. We have recently shown that over-expression of the full-length, most highly expressed Runx2 isoform in the thymus perturbs T-cell development, leads to development of spontaneous lymphomas at low frequency and is strongly synergistic with Myc. To gain further insight into the relationship of Runx2 to other lymphomagenic pathways, we tested the effect of combining the CD2-Runx2 transgene either with a Pim1 transgene (E(mu)-Pim1) or with the p53 null genotype, as each of these displays independent synergy with Myc. In both cases we observed synergistic tumour development. However, Runx2 appeared to have a dominant effect on the tumour phenotype in each case, with most tumours conforming to the CD3(+), CD8(+), CD4(+/-) phenotype seen in CD2-Runx2 mice. Neonatal infection of CD2-Runx2 mice with Moloney murine leukaemia virus (Moloney MLV) also led to a dramatic acceleration of tumour onset. Analysis of known Moloney MLV target genes in these lymphomas showed a high frequency of rearrangement at c-Myc or N-Myc (82%), and a significant number at Pim1 or Pim2 (23%), and at Pal1/Gfi1 (18%). These results indicate that Runx2 makes a distinct contribution to T-cell lymphoma development which does not coincide with any of the oncogene complementation groups previously identified by retroviral tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blyth
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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19
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Rahman Z, Yoshikawa H, Nakajima Y, Tasaka K. Down-regulation of Pim-1 and Bcl-2 is accompanied with apoptosis of interleukin-6-depleted mouse B-cell hybridoma 7TD1 cells. Immunol Lett 2001; 75:199-208. [PMID: 11166376 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report, interleukin-6 (IL-6) dependent mouse B-cell hybridoma, 7TD1 cells underwent apoptotic cell death with the starvation of IL-6. First, 7TD1 cells cultured without IL-6 arrested at G0/G1 phase (maximum accumulation at 24 h ) of the cell cycle. After that, the parameters of apoptosis namely, decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation and morphological changes (condensed nucleus and formation of apoptotic bodies) were observed. As evidents by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses, down-regulation of Pim-1 (a serine/threonine kinase) and Bcl-2 was observed in the IL-6-depleted 7TD1 cells. There was no change in the expression of c-Myc, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, even at 48 h of IL-6-depletion. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-6 withdrawn from the 7TD1 cells resulted in G0/G1 arrest and then caspase-dependent apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway by down-regulation of Pim-1 and Bcl-2, which may be essential for anti-apoptotic signals of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rahman
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, Yamanashi Medical University, 1110 Shimokato, Tamaho-cho, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
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20
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Maita H, Harada Y, Nagakubo D, Kitaura H, Ikeda M, Tamai K, Takahashi K, Ariga H, Iguchi-Ariga SM. PAP-1, a novel target protein of phosphorylation by pim-1 kinase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:5168-78. [PMID: 10931201 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protooncogene, pim-1, has been reported to be a predisposition for lymphomagenesis along with myc, and its protein product, Pim-1, has been shown to be a serine/threonine protein kinase, whose activity is involved in proliferation and differentiation of blood cells. The signal transduction pathways neither to nor from Pim-1, however, have been clarified. We have cloned a cDNA encoding a novel Pim-1 binding protein, PAP-1, comprising 213 amino acids with a basic amino-acid cluster near the C-terminus. PAP-1 was colocalized with Pim-1 in human HeLa cell nuclei. The in vitro binding assays using GST fusion proteins of the wild-type and various deletion mutants revealed that the whole molecule of Pim-1 is required for the binding activity to PAP-1 and that Pim-1 binds to the region from amino-acid numbers 1-147 of PAP-1, or to two segments in the region. The association of PAP-1 with Pim-1 was also shown in vivo in transfected cells. Furthermore, PAP-1 was phosphorylated in vitro by Pim-1, but not a kinase-negative Pim-1 mutant. The two serine residues of PAP-1 at amino acids 204 and 206 near the C-terminus were phosphorylated by Pim-1. PAP-1 is thus thought to be a target protein for Pim-1 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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21
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Pircher TJ, Zhao S, Geiger JN, Joneja B, Wojchowski DM. Pim-1 kinase protects hematopoietic FDC cells from genotoxin-induced death. Oncogene 2000; 19:3684-92. [PMID: 10951575 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic cell S/T kinase Pim-1 was originally discovered as a target of murine leukemia provirus integration, and when expressed at increased levels is predisposing to lymphomagenesis. Recently, Pim-1 has been shown to enhance the activities of p100, c-Myb and cdc25a, and in part this might explain reported effects on mitogenesis. In the context of cytokine withdrawal, Pim-1 also can attenuate programmed cell death (PCD). Cytokine withdrawal, however, alters signaling pathways and can complicate the dissection of mitogenic vs apoptotic responses. To better study possible effects of Pim-1 on PCD, a hematopoietic cell model was developed in which proliferation was supported efficiently by SCF plus EPO in the absence of endogenous Pim-1 gene expression. This was provided by factor-dependent FDCW2 cells that express endogenous and functional c-Kit, and were transfected stably with truncated Epo receptor form mutated at a Y343 STAT5 binding site. In proliferating cells, exogenously expressed Pim-1 was observed to efficiently inhibit PCD as induced by either Co60 or adriamycin, and the dose-dependent nature of this effect was established in several independent clones. By comparison, effects of exogenous Pim-1 on mitogenesis were nominal. In addition, in cell fractionation studies an estimated 25% of Mr 34000 Pim-1 (but not Mr 44000 Pim-1) was present in nuclear extracts. Thus, Pim-1 efficiently buffers hematopoietic progenitor cells against death as induced by several clinically important apoptotic agents, and may directly target nuclear effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Pircher
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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22
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Analysis of genes under the downstream control of the t(8;21) fusion protein AML1-MTG8: overexpression of the TIS11b(ERF-1, cMG1) gene induces myeloid cell proliferation in response to G-CSF. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.655.014k10_655_663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The AML1-MTG8 fusion transcription factor generated by t(8;21) translocation is thought to dysregulate genes that are crucial for normal differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors to cause acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Although AML1-MTG8 has been shown to repress the transcription of AML1 targets, none of the known targets of AML1 are probably responsible for AML1-MTG8-mediated leukemogenesis. In this study, 24 genes under the downstream control of AML1-MTG8 were isolated by using a differential display technique. Analysis with deletion mutants of AML1-MTG8 demonstrated that the regulation of the majority of these genes requires the region of 51 residues (488-538) containing the Nervy homology region 2 (NHR2), through which AML1-MTG8 interacts with MTGR1. Among the 24 genes identified, 10 were considered to be genes under the control of AML1, because their expression was altered by AML1b or AML1a or both. However, the other 14 genes were not affected by either AML1b or AML1a, suggesting the possibility that AML1-MTG8 regulates a number of specific target genes that are not normally regulated by AML1. Furthermore, an up-regulated gene, TIS11b (ERF-1,cMG1), was highly expressed in t(8;21) leukemic cells, and the overexpression of TIS11b induced myeloid cell proliferation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. These results suggest that the high-level expression of TIS11b contributes to AML1-MTG8-mediated leukemogenesis.
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23
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Analysis of genes under the downstream control of the t(8;21) fusion protein AML1-MTG8: overexpression of the TIS11b(ERF-1, cMG1) gene induces myeloid cell proliferation in response to G-CSF. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe AML1-MTG8 fusion transcription factor generated by t(8;21) translocation is thought to dysregulate genes that are crucial for normal differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors to cause acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Although AML1-MTG8 has been shown to repress the transcription of AML1 targets, none of the known targets of AML1 are probably responsible for AML1-MTG8-mediated leukemogenesis. In this study, 24 genes under the downstream control of AML1-MTG8 were isolated by using a differential display technique. Analysis with deletion mutants of AML1-MTG8 demonstrated that the regulation of the majority of these genes requires the region of 51 residues (488-538) containing the Nervy homology region 2 (NHR2), through which AML1-MTG8 interacts with MTGR1. Among the 24 genes identified, 10 were considered to be genes under the control of AML1, because their expression was altered by AML1b or AML1a or both. However, the other 14 genes were not affected by either AML1b or AML1a, suggesting the possibility that AML1-MTG8 regulates a number of specific target genes that are not normally regulated by AML1. Furthermore, an up-regulated gene, TIS11b (ERF-1,cMG1), was highly expressed in t(8;21) leukemic cells, and the overexpression of TIS11b induced myeloid cell proliferation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. These results suggest that the high-level expression of TIS11b contributes to AML1-MTG8-mediated leukemogenesis.
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24
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Koike N, Maita H, Taira T, Ariga H, Iguchi-Ariga SM. Identification of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) as a phosphorylation target by Pim-1 kinase and the effect of phosphorylation on the transcriptional repression function of HP1(1). FEBS Lett 2000; 467:17-21. [PMID: 10664448 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pim-1, a protooncogene product, is a serine/threonine kinase and is thought to play a role in signal transduction in blood cells. Few phosphorylated target proteins for Pim-1, however, have been identified. In the present study, two-hybrid screening to clone cDNAs encoding proteins binding to Pim-1 was carried out, and a cDNA for heterochromatin protein 1gamma (HP1gamma) was obtained. Binding assays both in yeast and in vitro pull-down using the purified HP1gamma and Pim-1 expressed in Escherichia coli showed that Pim-1 directly bound to the chromo shadow domain of HP1gamma. HP1gamma was also associated with Pim-1 in human HeLa cells and the serine clusters located at the center of HP1gamma were phosphorylated by Pim-1 in vitro. Furthermore, a transcription repression activity of HP1gamma was further stimulated by the deletion of the serine clusters targeted by Pim-1. These results suggest that Pim-1 affects the structure or silencing of chromatin by phosphorylating HP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koike
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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25
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Wojchowski DM, Gregory RC, Miller CP, Pandit AK, Pircher TJ. Signal transduction in the erythropoietin receptor system. Exp Cell Res 1999; 253:143-56. [PMID: 10579919 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Events relayed via the single transmembrane receptor for erythropoietin (Epo) are essential for the development of committed erythroid progenitor cells beyond the colony-forming unit-erythroid stage, and this clearly involves Epo's inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD). Less well resolved, however, are issues regarding the precise nature of Epo-dependent antiapoptotic mechanisms, the extent to which Epo might also promote mitogenesis and/or terminal erythroid differentiation, and the essential vs modulatory nature of certain Epo receptor cytoplasmic subdomains, signal transducing factors, and downstream pathways. Accordingly, this review focuses on the following aspects of Epo signal transduction: (1) Epo receptor/Jak2 activation mechanisms; (2) the critical vs dispensable nature of (P)Y sites and SH2 domain-encoding effectors in survival, growth, and differentiation responses; (3) primary mechanisms by which Epo inhibits PCD; (4) the integration of signals relayed by coexpressed and possibly directly interacting cytokine receptors; and (5) predictions regarding effector function which are provided by the association of certain primary and familial polycythemias with mutated human Epo receptor forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wojchowski
- Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
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26
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Gündoguş-Ozcanli N, Sayilir C, Criss WE. Effects of polyamines, polyamine synthesis inhibitors, and polyamine analogs on casein kinase II using Myc oncoprotein as substrate. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:251-4. [PMID: 10423165 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines, casein kinase II (CKII), and the myc oncogene are directly involved in the regulation of molecular events in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Each is increased in rapidly growing cancer cells. In our current study, we showed that the Km values for purified CKII were similar for casein and Myc oncoprotein under a variety of assay conditions, and that specific natural and synthetic polyamines stimulated CKII phosphorylation of Myc oncoprotein 2- to 20-fold via increases in Vmax. When polyamine synthesis inhibitors and analogs were studied with this purified enzyme system, two polyamine analogs (N1,N12-bis-(ethyl)-spermine [BESpm] and 1,19-bis-(ethylamino)-5,10,15, triazononadecane [BE4X4]), which did not affect basal enzyme activity, did prevent (or inhibit) polyamine-stimulated CKII activity by approximately 70 and 85 percent, respectively. Because the Myc oncoprotein transactivates several genes for key proteins involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation, including the omithine decarboxylase gene (rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis), we suggest that there may be linkages between polyamines, CKII, and Myc in the control of cellular proliferation. We also suggest that the anticancer drugs BESpm and BE4X4 may inhibit cancer cell proliferation partially through interference with the above-suggested CKII linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gündoguş-Ozcanli
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul University Medical School, Turkey
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27
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Mochizuki T, Kitanaka C, Noguchi K, Muramatsu T, Asai A, Kuchino Y. Physical and functional interactions between Pim-1 kinase and Cdc25A phosphatase. Implications for the Pim-1-mediated activation of the c-Myc signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18659-66. [PMID: 10373478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pim-1 oncogene encodes a serine/threonine kinase (Pim-1) involved in the transduction of cytokine-triggered mitogenic signals. Pim-1 is unique in that it closely cooperates with c-Myc not only in oncogenesis, but also in apoptosis induction. However, the molecular basis of Pim-1 function remains poorly understood, largely because the downstream effector molecule(s) for Pim-1 kinase has not been identified. Here we provide several lines of evidence that Cdc25A cell cycle phosphatase, a direct transcriptional target for c-Myc, is a substrate for Pim-1 kinase and functions as an effector for Pim-1. We found that Pim-1 physically interacts with Cdc25A both in vitro and in vivo and phosphorylates Cdc25A. We also observed that Pim-1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc25A increases its phosphatase activity. In addition, wild-type Pim-1, but not kinase-inactive Pim-1, enhanced Cdc25A-mediated cellular transformation and apoptosis. Our results indicate that Cdc25A might be a key molecule that links Pim-1 and c-Myc and that also ties Pim-1-mediated mitogenic signals to cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mochizuki
- Biophysics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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28
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Park JS, Chew BP, Wong TS, Zhang JX, Magnuson NS. Dietary lutein but not astaxanthin or beta-carotene increases pim-1 gene expression in murine lymphocytes. Nutr Cancer 1999; 33:206-12. [PMID: 10368818 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc330214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of dietary carotenoids on pim-1 gene expression in mouse splenocytes. Female BALB/c mice were fed 0%, 0.02%, or 0.4% astaxanthin, beta-carotene, and lutein for two weeks. Plasma and liver were obtained for the analysis of carotenoids. Splenocytes were isolated and cultured in the presence of concanavalin A, and the level of pim-1 mRNA was determined by Northern blot analysis. None of the carotenoids were detectable in the plasma and liver of unsupplemented mice. In plasma the concentration of astaxanthin (4.9-54.7 mumol/l) was dramatically higher than that of lutein (1.4-2.0 mumol/l) and beta-carotene (0.1-0.7 mumol/l). Carotenoid uptake by the spleen but not the liver reflected that observed in plasma. In mice fed 0.4% of each carotenoid, the absolute concentration of the carotenoid in the liver was highest for astaxanthin (24 nmol/g) followed by beta-carotene (7.5 nmol/g) and lutein (1.58 nmol/g). Mice fed lutein showed a dose-related increase in pim-1 mRNA expression. The steady-state level of pim-1 mRNA in mice fed 0.4% lutein was sixfold higher than in mice fed 0.02% lutein. In contrast, dietary astaxanthin and beta-carotene did not affect pim-1 expression. Therefore, an increase in pim-1 mRNA was observed in splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin A in lutein-fed mice. This appears to be a unique effect of lutein and may be associated with its antitumor activity observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6320, USA
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29
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Motoyama S, Kitamura M, Saito S, Minamiya Y, Suzuki H, Saito R, Terada K, Ogawa J, Inaba H. Bcl-2 is located predominantly in the inner membrane and crista of mitochondria in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 249:628-36. [PMID: 9731187 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 is now recognized as a potent inhibitor of apoptotic cell death. It has been reported that Bcl-2 is located in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear membrane in some cell lines, and it is not expressed in normal human and rat liver. An earlier study showed that Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein. On the contrary, the following investigations using immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that Bcl-2 resides predominantly in the mitochondrial outer membrane. In this study, using a cryo-sectioning immunogold labeling technique and immunoblotting, we carefully determined the subcellular localization of Bcl-2. Here we report that Bcl-2 is expressed in normal rat liver, and it is located predominantly in the inner membrane and crista rather than in the outer membrane of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Motoyama
- Second Department of Surgery, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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