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Kanegi R, Hatoya S, Tsujimoto Y, Takenaka S, Nishimura T, Wijewardana V, Sugiura K, Takahashi M, Kawate N, Tamada H, Inaba T. Production of feline leukemia inhibitory factor with biological activity in Escherichia coli. Theriogenology 2016; 86:604-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kawaharada K, Kawamata M, Ochiya T. Rat embryonic stem cells create new era in development of genetically manipulated rat models. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1054-1063. [PMID: 26328021 PMCID: PMC4550629 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i7.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, and are used for the generation of gene-modified animals. In mice, the transplantation of gene-modified ES cells into recipient blastocysts leads to the creation of gene-targeted mice such as knock-in and knock-out mice; these gene-targeted mice contribute greatly to scientific development. Although the rat is considered a useful laboratory animal alongside the mouse, fewer gene-modified rats have been produced due to the lack of robust establishment methods for rat ES cells. A new method for establishing rat ES cells using signaling inhibitors was reported in 2008. By considering the characteristics of rat ES cells, recent research has made progress in improving conditions for the stable culture of rat ES cells in order to generate gene-modified rats efficiently. In this review, we summarize several advanced methods to maintain rat ES cells and generate gene-targeted rats.
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Zschemisch NH, Eisenblätter R, Rudolph C, Glage S, Dorsch M. Immortalized tumor derived rat fibroblasts as feeder cells facilitate the cultivation of male embryonic stem cells from the rat strain WKY/Ztm. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:588. [PMID: 25332888 PMCID: PMC4197200 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Feeder cells are essential for the establishment and culture of pluripotent rat embryonic stem cells (ESC) in vitro. Therefore, we tested several fibroblast and epithelial cell lines derived from the female genital tract as feeder cells to further improve ESC culture conditions. The immortalized tumor derived rat fibroblast TRF-O3 cells isolated from a Dnd1-deficient teratoma were identified as optimal feeder cells supporting stemness and proliferation of rat ESC. The TRF-O3 cells were characterized as myofibroblasts by expression of fibroblast specific genes alpha-2 type I collagen, collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha (II), vimentin, S100A4, and smooth muscle α-actin. Culture of inner cell masses (ICM) derived from WKY/Ztm rat blastocysts in 2i-LIF medium on TRF-O3 feeder cells lacking LIF, SCF and FGF2 expression resulted in pluripotent and germ-line competent rat ESC lines. Therein, genotyping confirmed up to 26% male ESC lines. On the other hand the TRF-O3 specific BMP4 expression was correlated with transcriptional activity of the mesodermal marker T-brachyury and the ectoderm specific nestin in the ESC line ES21 demonstrating mesodermal or ectodermal cell lineage differentiation processes within the ESC population. Substitution of 2i-LIF by serum-containing YPAC medium supplemented with TGF-β and rho kinase inhibitors or by 4i medium in combination with TRF-O3 feeder cells led to enhanced differentiation of ES21 cells and freshly isolated ICMs. These results suggest that the ESC culture conditions using TRF-O3 feeder cells and 2i-LIF medium supported the establishment of male ESC lines from WKY/Ztm rats, which represent a favored, permissive genetic background for rat ESC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Holger Zschemisch
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Eisenblätter
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Rudolph
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Dorsch
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Ogai K, Kuwana A, Hisano S, Nagashima M, Koriyama Y, Sugitani K, Mawatari K, Nakashima H, Kato S. Upregulation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) during the early stage of optic nerve regeneration in zebrafish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106010. [PMID: 25162623 PMCID: PMC4146584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury, whereas mammalian RGCs normally fail to do so. Interleukin 6 (IL-6)-type cytokines are involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and axon regrowth; thus, they may play a role in the regeneration of zebrafish RGCs after injury. In this study, we assessed the expression of IL-6-type cytokines and found that one of them, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is upregulated in zebrafish RGCs at 3 days post-injury (dpi). We then demonstrated the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a downstream target of LIF, at 3–5 dpi. To determine the function of LIF, we performed a LIF knockdown experiment using LIF-specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (LIF MOs). LIF MOs, which were introduced into zebrafish RGCs via a severed optic nerve, reduced the expression of LIF and abrogated the activation of STAT3 in RGCs after injury. These results suggest that upregulated LIF drives Janus kinase (Jak)/STAT3 signaling in zebrafish RGCs after nerve injury. In addition, the LIF knockdown impaired axon sprouting in retinal explant culture invitro; reduced the expression of a regeneration-associated molecule, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43); and delayed functional recovery after optic nerve injury invivo. In this study, we comprehensively demonstrate the beneficial role of LIF in optic nerve regeneration and functional recovery in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ogai
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kuwana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Suguru Hisano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mikiko Nagashima
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kayo Sugitani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mawatari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kato
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kawamata M, Ochiya T. Gene-manipulated embryonic stem cells for rat transgenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1911-5. [PMID: 21437643 PMCID: PMC11115010 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from blastocysts and are capable of differentiating into whole tissues and organs. Transplantation of ESCs into recipient blastocysts leads to the generation of germline-competent chimeras in mice. Transgenic, knockin, and knockout gene manipulations are available in mouse ESCs, enabling the production of genetically modified animals. Rats have important advantages over mice as an experimental system for physiological and pharmacological investigations. However, in contrast to mouse ESCs, rat ESCs were not established until 2008 because of the difficulty of maintaining pluripotency. Although the use of signaling inhibitors has allowed the generation of rat ESCs, the production of genetically modified rats has been difficult due to problems in rat ESCs after gene introduction. In this review, we will focus on some well-documented examples of gene manipulation in rat ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kawamata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji, 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji, 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
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6
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Abstract
At present, genetically modified rats have not been generated from ES cells because stable ES cells and a suitable injection method are not available. To monitor the pluripotency of rat ES cells, we generated Oct4-Venus transgenic (Tg) rats via a conventional method, in which Venus is expressed by the Oct4 promoter/enhancer. This monitoring system enabled us to define a significant condition of culture to establish authentic rat ES cells based on a combination of 20% FBS and cell signaling inhibitors for Rho-associated kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, TGF-beta, and glycogen synthase kinase-3. The rat ES cells expressed ES cell markers such as Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and Rex1 and retained a normal karyotype. Embryoid bodies and teratomas were also produced from the rat ES cells. All six ES cell lines derived from three different rat strains successfully achieved germline transmission, which strongly depended on the presence of the inhibitors during the injection process. Most importantly, high-quality Tg rats possessing a correct transgene expression pattern were successfully generated via the selection of gene-manipulated ES cell clones through germline transmission. Our rat ES cells should be sufficiently able to receive gene targeting as well as Tg manipulation, thus providing valuable animal models for the study of human diseases.
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Abstract
Rats have important advantages over mice as an experimental system for physiological and pharmacological investigations. Their embryonic stem (ES) cells, after differentiation into each tissue or organ, are applied in regenerative medicine, which enables examination of the effects of drugs for various diseases. Knockout rats will also provide a suitable model system for many human diseases and a great amount of new insights into gene functions, which have not been revealed by knockout mice. In 2008, we experienced the world's first success in establishing rat ES cells with chimeric contribution. Following on the heels of our report, others reported the establishment of rat ES cells that could complete a germline transmission. Recent studies on rat as well as mouse ES cells suggest that modifications of signal inhibitors and serum in the medium are critical for the maintenance of the pluripotency of ES cells. In this chapter, we discuss techniques for the successful establishment and maintenance of rat ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kawamata
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Ueda S, Kawamata M, Teratani T, Shimizu T, Tamai Y, Ogawa H, Hayashi K, Tsuda H, Ochiya T. Establishment of rat embryonic stem cells and making of chimera rats. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2800. [PMID: 18665239 PMCID: PMC2483735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat is a reference animal model for physiological studies and for the analysis of multigenic human diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, neurological disorders, and cancer. The rats have long been used in extensive chemical carcinogenesis studies. Thus, the rat embryonic stem (rES) cell is an important resource for the study of disease models. Attempts to derive ES cells from various mammals, including the rat, have not succeeded. Here we have established two independent rES cells from Wister rat blastocysts that have undifferentiated characters such as Nanog and Oct3/4 genes expression and they have stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA) -1, -3, -4, and TRA-1-81 expression. The cells were successfully cultured in an undifferentiated state and can be possible over 18 passages with maintaining more than 40% of normal karyotype. Their pluripotent potential was confirmed by the differentiation into derivatives of the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most importantly, the rES cells are capable of producing chimera rats. Therefore, we established pluripotent rES cell lines that are widely used to produce genetically modified experimental rats for study of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Ueda
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kawamata
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Teratani
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Shimizu
- BANYU, Tsukuba Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Lehtimäki KA, Peltola J, Koskikallio E, Keränen T, Honkaniemi J. Expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors in the rat brain after kainic acid-induced seizures. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 110:253-60. [PMID: 12591161 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that IL-6 protein levels are increased in cerebrospinal fluid in humans after recent tonic-clonic seizures with unchanged levels of IL-1beta and TNFalpha. Here we studied the expression of cytokines IL-6, LIF, IL-1beta and TNFalpha and cytokine receptors IL-6R, LIFR and Gp130 in the rat brain after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization histochemistry. After seizures, IL-6 mRNA was induced in the hippocampus, cortex, amygdala and meninges, and IL-6R was up-regulated in the hippocampus. LIF was up-regulated in the hippocampus, cortex and meninges after seizures, and LIFR mRNA was induced in the hippocampus and cortex. Gp130 was constitutively expressed in the brain. After seizures, Gp130 transcription was rapidly induced in the meninges. In thalamus, cortex, amygdala and hippocampus Gp130 mRNA was induced in a delayed fashion. IL-1beta transcription was induced in the temporal lobe cortex and thalamus, and TNFalpha in the hippocampus. In general, the cytokine and their receptor mRNA levels were low in intact rat brain, but were induced by seizures. Since IL-6 and LIF transcripts were induced in the meninges after seizures, the protein products of these transcripts may be more readily released in cerebrospinal fluid after seizures. In addition, the activity of IL-6 and LIF signaling pathways may be influenced by increased expression of their receptors after seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Lehtimäki
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 607, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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Buehr M, Nichols J, Stenhouse F, Mountford P, Greenhalgh CJ, Kantachuvesiri S, Brooker G, Mullins J, Smith AG. Rapid loss of Oct-4 and pluripotency in cultured rodent blastocysts and derivative cell lines. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:222-9. [PMID: 12493717 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.006197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The POU transcription factor Oct-4 is essential for the pluripotent character of the mouse inner cell mass (ICM) and derivative embryonic stem (ES) cells. We analyzed the expression of Oct-4 during culture and establishment of cell lines from mouse and rat preimplantation embryos. Oct-4 was rapidly lost in primary outgrowths of the majority of cultured embryos prior to any evidence of morphological differentiation. Oct-4 persisted in only a minority of strain 129 cultures, which can go on to give ES cells. We used transgenic rats in which the dual reporter/selection marker beta-geo is under control of Oct-4 regulatory elements to investigate the effect of direct selection for Oct-4 expressing cells. Ablation of all cells occurred, consistent with complete downregulation of Oct-4. Without selection, in contrast, continuous cultures of morphologically undifferentiated cells could be derived readily from rat blastocysts and ICMs. However, these cells did not express significant Oct-4 and, although capable of differentiating into extraembryonic cell types, appeared incapable of producing fetal germ layer derivatives. Downregulation of Oct-4 appears to be a limiting factor in attempts to derive pluripotent cell lines from preimplantation embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buehr
- Centre for Genome Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, United Kingdom.
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Takimoto Y, Aoyama T, Iwanaga Y, Izumi T, Kihara Y, Pennica D, Sasayama S. Increased expression of cardiotrophin-1 during ventricular remodeling in hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282:H896-901. [PMID: 11834484 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00591.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) stimulates longitudinal myocardial cell hypertrophy. We examined the expression of CT-1, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and gp130 by competitive RT-PCR and Western blotting in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats with a high-salt diet, which showed a distinct transition from left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to congestive heart failure (CHF). The expression levels of CT-1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased at the CHF stage compared with the LVH stage and age-matched Dahl salt-resistant (DR) rats (n = 6 for each group). mRNA expression of LIF was not changed in the left ventricle at any stage by RT-PCR. gp130 mRNA and protein levels of DS rats at 11 and 17 wk were significantly increased compared with age-matched DR rats. The isolated myocyte length of DS rats at 17 wk was the longest among the four groups of rats. The LV end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) of DS rats, determined by echocardiography, was significantly increased at the CHF stage. There was a significant correlation between the CT-1 protein level and LVDd. CT-1 may play a role in ventricular remodeling during transition from LVH to CHF in the rat hypertensive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Takimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Hammarberg H, Piehl F, Risling M, Cullheim S. Differential regulation of trophic factor receptor mRNAs in spinal motoneurons after sciatic nerve transection and ventral root avulsion in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2000; 426:587-601. [PMID: 11027401 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20001030)426:4<587::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After sciatic nerve lesion in the adult rat, motoneurons survive and regenerate, whereas the same lesion in the neonatal animal or an avulsion of ventral roots from the spinal cord in adults induces extensive cell death among lesioned motoneurons with limited or no axon regeneration. A number of substances with neurotrophic effects have been shown to increase survival of motoneurons in vivo and in vitro. Here we have used semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry to detect the regulation in motoneurons of mRNAs for receptors to ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) 1-42 days after the described three types of axon injury. After all types of injury, the mRNAs for GDNF receptors (GFRalpha-1 and c-RET) and the LIF receptor LIFR were distinctly (up to 300%) up-regulated in motoneurons. The CNTF receptor CNTFRalpha mRNA displayed only small changes, whereas the mRNA for membrane glycoprotein 130 (gp130), which is a critical receptor component for LIF and CNTF transduction, was profoundly down-regulated in motoneurons after ventral root avulsion. The BDNF full-length receptor trkB mRNA was up-regulated acutely after adult sciatic nerve lesion, whereas after ventral root avulsion trkB was down-regulated. The NT-3 receptor trkC mRNA was strongly down-regulated after ventral root avulsion. The results demonstrate that removal of peripheral nerve tissue from proximally lesioned motor axons induces profound down-regulations of mRNAs for critical components of receptors for CNTF, LIF, and NT-3 in affected motoneurons, but GDNF receptor mRNAs are up-regulated in the same situation. These results should be considered in relation to the extensive cell death among motoneurons after ventral root avulsion and should also be important for the design of therapeutical approaches in cases of motoneuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hammarberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Nobels v. 12A, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Vassilieva S, Guan K, Pich U, Wobus AM. Establishment of SSEA-1- and Oct-4-expressing rat embryonic stem-like cell lines and effects of cytokines of the IL-6 family on clonal growth. Exp Cell Res 2000; 258:361-73. [PMID: 10896787 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate long-term cultivation of alkaline phosphatase-positive rat embryonic stem-like (RES) cell lines. RES cells were characterized by their typical growth in highly compacted cell clusters, which were found to be sensitive against enzymatic dissociation. RES cells expressed stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) and transcription factor Oct-4, but Oct-4 mRNA was detected at lower levels compared to mouse ES cells. Once established to tissue culture, RES cells were able to grow in the absence of feeder cells under clonal conditions. Cytokines of the interleukin-6 family known to maintain the undifferentiated state of mouse ES cells were comparatively analyzed for their capacity to maintain the undifferentiated growth of two cell lines, RES-1 and RES-15, in a clonal assay. Rat ciliary neurotrophic factor (rCNTF), human oncostatin M (hOSM), and interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6/sIL-6R) were found to support clonal growth of RES cells, but the cytokines did not reach the efficiency of the colony forming ability of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). When RES-1 and RES-15 cells were cultivated without feeder cells, SSEA-1 expression was maintained after clonal growth in the presence of LIF and LIF + rCNTF, respectively. Oct-4 mRNA was significantly detected in RES-15 cells when cultivated in the absence of feeder cells in media substituted by LIF and/or IL-6/sIL-6R, as well as without cytokines. In summary, rat embryonic stem-like cell lines could be established from rat blastocysts and were able to proliferate as undifferentiated alkaline phosphatase-positive cells. Embryonal stem cell properties, such as SSEA-1 and Oct-4 expression, were maintained by members of the IL-6 family of cytokines, but most significantly by LIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vassilieva
- In Vitro Differentiation Group, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
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Abstract
Leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed by multiple tissue types. The LIF receptor shares a common gp130 receptor subunit with the IL-6 cytokine superfamily. LIF signaling is mediated mainly by JAK-STAT (janus-kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathways and is abrogated by the SOCS (suppressor-of cytokine signaling) and PIAS (protein inhibitors of activated STAT) proteins. In addition to classic hematopoietic and neuronal actions, LIF plays a critical role in several endocrine functions including the utero-placental unit, the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, bone cell metabolism, energy homeostasis, and hormonally responsive tumors. This paper reviews recent advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating LIF expression and action and also provides a systemic overview of LIF-mediated endocrine regulation. Local and systemic LIF serve to integrate multiple developmental and functional cell signals, culminating in maintaining appropriate hormonal and metabolic homeostasis. LIF thus functions as a critical molecular interface between the neuroimmune and endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Auernhammer
- Academic Affairs, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, 90048, USA
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Suzuki S, Tanaka K, Nogawa S, Ito D, Dembo T, Kosakai A, Fukuuchi Y. Immunohistochemical detection of leukemia inhibitory factor after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20:661-8. [PMID: 10779010 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200004000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) modulates neuronal function during development and promotes neuronal survival after peripheral nerve injury, but little is known about LIF expression after cerebral ischemia. In the present study, the localization of LIF protein was immunohistochemically examined in rats after 3.5, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours of reperfusion following 1.5 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced by the intraluminal suture method. Double-staining immunohistochemistry with microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), lectin histochemistry, and interleukin (IL) 6 was also performed. The sham group and immunosorption test did not show any clear LIF immunoreactivity. Definite LIF immunoreactivity was first detected after 12 hours of reperfusion in each of the brain regions examined: ischemic core, periinfarct region, and contralateral cortex. However, expression of LIF was most prominent in the periinfarct region at each time point, peaked at 24 hours, and then gradually declined until 96 hours of reperfusion. Some LIF-positive neurons in the periinfarct region expressed IL-6. At 96 hours of reperfusion, GFAP-labeled astrocytes around the infarct core also expressed LIF protein. Induction of LIF mRNA and protein was also confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. These findings suggest that LIF expression in ischemically threatened neurons may reflect a repair or defense mechanism against the ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Suzuki T, Sasaki H, Kuh HJ, Agui M, Tatsumi Y, Tanabe S, Terada M, Saijo N, Nishio K. Detailed structural analysis on both human MRP5 and mouse mrp5 transcripts. Gene 2000; 242:167-73. [PMID: 10721709 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant phenotype in tumor cells is attributed in part to anti-cancer drug efflux transporters such as the MRP family. The amino-terminal structure of MRP5 has not been refined. To determine the amino-terminal structure of a major transcript of the MRP5 gene, we performed primer extension analysis to determine a major transcriptional start site of this gene and compared the structure of human MRP5 and that of mouse mrp5. We successfully determined the structures of human MRP5 and mouse mrp5. Estimated amino acid sequences are 1437 and 1436 amino acids for human MRP5 and mouse mrp5 respectively, and were highly conserved (94.1%). We further showed that our previously identified SMRP mRNA was a splicing variant of the MRP5 gene, which was expressed in various human tissues, suggesting that a short form of MRP5 protein encoded by the SMRP mRNA may have a physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Ueda T, Sasaki H, Aoyagi K, Narikiyo M, Tsubosa Y, Kuwahara Y, Sakamoto H, Mafune K, Yoshida T, Makuuchi M, Terada M. Novel exons located more than 200 kb downstream of the previously described 3' exon of the K-sam gene for generating activated forms of KGF receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265:739-45. [PMID: 10600490 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The K-sam gene was first identified as an amplified gene in the poorly differentiated types, especially in the scirrhous type, of gastric cancers. We have recently found and reported that the carboxyl-terminal exons of K-sam are frequently deleted in the scirrhous type of gastric cancer. The deletion generates preferential expression of at least six novel K-sam-II mRNAs: K-sam-IIH1, -IIH2 and -IIH3/O4, and K-sam-IIO1, -IIO2, and -IIO3, which encode novel proteins lacking the transformation-inhibitory sequence or activated K-sam proteins. In this study, we investigated expression of the previously described K-sam-IIC1 and -IIC3 mRNAs and the novel six K-sam-II mRNAs in 14 gastric cancer cell lines, 7 breast cancer cell lines, and 20 human normal tissues. All the six novel K-sam-II mRNAs were expressed preferentially in the cell lines derived from the scirrhous type of gastric cancers but not in the 7 breast cancer cell lines and the 20 human normal tissues. We further determined the positional relationship of four exons of H1, O1, O2, and O3 out of the six exons of H1, H2, H3/O4, O1, O2, and O3, and found that these four novel K-sam exons were located more than 200 kb downstream of the previously described carboxyl-terminal exon of the K-sam gene. Expression of K-sam-IIH1, -IIO1, and -IIO2 mRNAs encoding activated K-sam products in the scirrhous type of gastric cancer cell lines HSC39, OCUM2M, HSC59, and HSC60 was not due to the deletion of the C1 exon of K-sam.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ueda
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
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