1
|
Vitali E, Grasso A, Schiavone ML, Trivellin G, Sobacchi C, Mione M, Mazziotti G, Lania A. The direct impact of pegvisomant on osteoblast functions and bone development. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1385-1394. [PMID: 38159174 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acromegaly is a chronic disease characterized by growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion, usually caused by a pituitary adenoma, resulting in elevated circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I). Pegvisomant (PEG), the GH-receptor (GHR) antagonist, is used in treating acromegaly to normalize IGF-I hypersecretion. Exposure to increased levels of GH and IGF-I can cause profound alterations in bone structure that are not completely reverted by treatment of GH hypersecretion. Indeed, there is evidence that drugs used for the treatment of acromegaly might induce direct effects on skeletal health regardless of biochemical control of acromegaly. METHODS We investigated, for the first time, the effect of PEG on cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization in the osteoblast cell lines MC3T3-E1 and hFOB 1.19 and its potential impact on bone development in zebrafish larvae. RESULTS We observed that PEG did not affect osteoblast proliferation, apoptosis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization. After PEG treatment, the analysis of genes related to osteoblast differentiation showed no difference in Alp, Runx2, or Opg mRNA levels in MC3T3-E1 cells. GH significantly decreased cell apoptosis (- 30 ± 11%, p < 0.001) and increased STAT3 phosphorylation; these effects were suppressed by the addition of PEG in MC3T3-E1 cells. GH and PEG did not affect Igf-I, Igfbp2, and Igfbp4 mRNA levels in MC3T3-E1 cells. Finally, PEG did not affect bone development in zebrafish larvae at 5 days post-fertilization. CONCLUSION This study provides a first evidence of the impact of PEG on osteoblast functions both in vitro and in vivo. These findings may have clinically relevant implications for the management of skeletal health in subjects with acromegaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Vitali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - A Grasso
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - M L Schiavone
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - G Trivellin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - C Sobacchi
- National Research Council, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy
| | - M Mione
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - G Mazziotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy.
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
| | - A Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saito M, Nishi H, Takahashi SI, Hakuno F, Miyata I. Growth hormone resistance induced by amino acid deprivation in fao cells is independent of FGF21. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 709:149811. [PMID: 38569244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adequate dietary intake of amino acids is imperative for normal animal growth. Our previous work using rat hepatocarcinoma Fao cells demonstrated that growth hormone (GH) resistance, coupled with a concurrent reduction in insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) mRNA levels, may underlie the growth retardation associated with a low-protein diet (LPD). In this study, we investigated whether FGF21 contributes to liver GH resistance in Fao rat hepatoma cells under amino acid deprivation conditions. Mice subjected to an LPD exhibited growth retardation, compromised GH signaling in the liver, and decreased blood IGF-1 levels compared with those on a control diet. To assess the potential involvement of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, produced in response to amino acid deficiency, in the development of GH resistance, we examined GH signaling and Igf1 mRNA levels in Fao cells cultured in amino acid-deprived medium. Despite the inhibition of Fgf21 expression by the integrated stress response inhibitor, an inhibitor of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2-activating transcription factor 4 pathway, GH resistance persisted in response to amino acid deprivation. Additionally, the introduction of FGF21 into the control medium did not impair either GH signaling or GH-induced Igf1 transcription. These data suggest that, in Fao cells, amino acid deprivation induces GH resistance independently of FGF21 activity. By shedding light on the mechanisms behind growth retardation-associated GH resistance linked to amino acid deficiencies, our findings provide valuable insights for clinicians in formulating effective treatment strategies for individuals facing these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Saito
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishi
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Miyata
- Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Apaydin T, Zonis S, Zhou C, Valencia CW, Barrett R, Strous GJ, Mol JA, Chesnokova V, Melmed S. WIP1 is a novel specific target for growth hormone action. iScience 2023; 26:108117. [PMID: 37876819 PMCID: PMC10590974 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair (DDR) is mediated by phosphorylating effectors ATM kinase, CHK2, p53, and γH2AX. We showed earlier that GH suppresses DDR by suppressing pATM, resulting in DNA damage accumulation. Here, we show GH acting through GH receptor (GHR) inducing wild-type p53-inducible phosphatase 1 (WIP1), which dephosphorylated ATM and its effectors in normal human colon cells and three-dimensional human intestinal organoids. Mice bearing GH-secreting xenografts exhibited induced colon WIP1 with suppressed pATM and γH2AX. WIP1 was also induced in buffy coats derived from patients with elevated GH from somatotroph adenomas. In contrast, decreased colon WIP1 was observed in GHR-/- mice. WIP1 inhibition restored ATM phosphorylation and reversed GH-induced DNA damage. We elucidated a novel GH signaling pathway activating Src/AMPK to trigger HIPK2 nuclear-cytoplasmic relocation and suppressing WIP1 ubiquitination. Concordantly, blocking either AMPK or Src abolished GH-induced WIP1. We identify WIP1 as a specific target for GH-mediated epithelial DNA damage accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Apaydin
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Zonis
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cuiqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Wong Valencia
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Barrett
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ger J. Strous
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Chesnokova
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiong L, Liu J, Han SY, Koppitch K, Guo JJ, Rommelfanger M, Miao Z, Gao F, Hallgrimsdottir IB, Pachter L, Kim J, MacLean AL, McMahon AP. Direct androgen receptor control of sexually dimorphic gene expression in the mammalian kidney. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2338-2358.e5. [PMID: 37673062 PMCID: PMC10873092 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian organs exhibit distinct physiology, disease susceptibility, and injury responses between the sexes. In the mouse kidney, sexually dimorphic gene activity maps predominantly to proximal tubule (PT) segments. Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data demonstrated that sex differences were established from 4 and 8 weeks after birth under gonadal control. Hormone injection studies and genetic removal of androgen and estrogen receptors demonstrated androgen receptor (AR)-mediated regulation of gene activity in PT cells as the regulatory mechanism. Interestingly, caloric restriction feminizes the male kidney. Single-nuclear multiomic analysis identified putative cis-regulatory regions and cooperating factors mediating PT responses to AR activity in the mouse kidney. In the human kidney, a limited set of genes showed conserved sex-linked regulation, whereas analysis of the mouse liver underscored organ-specific differences in the regulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression. These findings raise interesting questions on the evolution, physiological significance, disease, and metabolic linkage of sexually dimorphic gene activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Xiong
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seung Yub Han
- Graduate Program in Genomics and Computational Biology, Biomedical Graduate Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kari Koppitch
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jin-Jin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Megan Rommelfanger
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhen Miao
- Graduate Program in Genomics and Computational Biology, Biomedical Graduate Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center at Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ingileif B Hallgrimsdottir
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lior Pachter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam L MacLean
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Voltan G, Mazzeo P, Regazzo D, Scaroni C, Ceccato F. Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor in GH-Secreting Adenomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9920. [PMID: 37373068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a rare disease with several systemic complications that may lead to increased overall morbidity and mortality. Despite several available treatments, ranging from transsphenoidal resection of GH-producing adenomas to different medical therapies, complete hormonal control is not achieved in some cases. Some decades ago, estrogens were first used to treat acromegaly, resulting in a significant decrease in IGF1 levels. However, due to the consequent side effects of the high dose utilized, this treatment was later abandoned. The evidence that estrogens are able to blunt GH activity also derives from the evidence that women with GH deficiency taking oral estro-progestins pills need higher doses of GH replacement therapy. In recent years, the role of estrogens and Selective Estrogens Receptor Modulators (SERMs) in acromegaly treatment has been re-evaluated, especially considering poor control of the disease under first- and second-line medical treatment. In this review, we analyze the state of the art concerning the impact of estrogen and SERMs on the GH/IGF1 axis, focusing on molecular pathways and the possible implications for acromegaly treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Voltan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mazzeo
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Regazzo
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Ceccato
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiong L, Liu J, Han SY, Koppitch K, Guo JJ, Rommelfanger M, Gao F, Hallgrimsdottir IB, Pachter L, Kim J, MacLean AL, McMahon AP. Direct androgen receptor regulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression in the mammalian kidney. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.06.539585. [PMID: 37205355 PMCID: PMC10187285 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.06.539585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian organs exhibit distinct physiology, disease susceptibility and injury responses between the sexes. In the mouse kidney, sexually dimorphic gene activity maps predominantly to proximal tubule (PT) segments. Bulk RNA-seq data demonstrated sex differences were established from 4 and 8 weeks after birth under gonadal control. Hormone injection studies and genetic removal of androgen and estrogen receptors demonstrated androgen receptor (AR) mediated regulation of gene activity in PT cells as the regulatory mechanism. Interestingly, caloric restriction feminizes the male kidney. Single-nuclear multiomic analysis identified putative cis-regulatory regions and cooperating factors mediating PT responses to AR activity in the mouse kidney. In the human kidney, a limited set of genes showed conserved sex-linked regulation while analysis of the mouse liver underscored organ-specific differences in the regulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression. These findings raise interesting questions on the evolution, physiological significance, and disease and metabolic linkage, of sexually dimorphic gene activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Xiong
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seung Yub Han
- Graduate Program in Genomics and Computational Biology, Biomedical Graduate Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kari Koppitch
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jin-Jin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Megan Rommelfanger
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center at Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Lior Pachter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam L. MacLean
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Lead Contact
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan J, Pernicova I, Nisar K, Korbonits M. Mechanisms of ageing: growth hormone, dietary restriction, and metformin. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:261-281. [PMID: 36848915 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Tackling the mechanisms underlying ageing is desirable to help to extend the duration and improve the quality of life. Life extension has been achieved in animal models by suppressing the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis and also via dietary restriction. Metformin has become the focus of increased interest as a possible anti-ageing drug. There is some overlap in the postulated mechanisms of how these three approaches could produce anti-ageing effects, with convergence on common downstream pathways. In this Review, we draw on evidence from both animal models and human studies to assess the effects of suppression of the growth hormone-IGF-1 axis, dietary restriction, and metformin on ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jansher Khan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ida Pernicova
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kiran Nisar
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mastromauro C, Giannini C, Chiarelli F. Short stature related to Growth Hormone Insensitivity (GHI) in childhood. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1141039. [PMID: 37008935 PMCID: PMC10050683 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1141039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear growth during childhood is the result of the synergic contribution of different factors. The best growth determinant system during each period of life is represented by the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis (GH-IGF), even if several other factors are involved in normal growth. Within the broad spectrum of growth disorders, an increased importance has been placed on growth hormone insensitivity (GHI). GHI was reported for the first time by Laron as a syndrome characterized by short stature due to GH receptor (GHR) mutation. To date, it is recognized that GHI represents a wide diagnostic category, including a broad spectrum of defects. The peculiar characteristic of GHI is the low IGF-1 levels associated with normal or elevated GH levels and the lack of IGF-1 response after GH administration. Recombinant IGF-1 preparations may be used in the treatment of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology – CAST (ex CesSI-MeT), University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology – CAST (ex CesSI-MeT), University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Essential Amino Acid Intake Is Required for Sustaining Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Levels but Is Not Necessarily Needed for Body Growth. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091523. [PMID: 35563827 PMCID: PMC9105520 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential amino acids (EAAs) are those that cannot be synthesized enough to meet organismal demand; therefore, it is believed that they must be taken from the diet for optimal growth. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system is also considered significant for growth regulation in mammals. This study aimed to evaluate the relative contributions of protein nutrition and the GH/IGF-I system to body growth regulation. Experiments using rodents and hepatocyte-derived cell lines subjected to EAA deficiency showed that a reduction in the serum EAA concentration hinders Igf1 transcription in the liver in a cell-autonomous manner, thereby decreasing serum IGF-I levels. Remarkably, when the serum IGF-I level of mice on a low-protein diet was restored by the recombinant IGF-I infusion, the body growth was mostly rescued, although the mice were still deficient in EAA intake. Meanwhile, the GH signal activation and subsequent Igf1 transcription were also dramatically diminished by EAA deprivation in the cell culture model. Altogether, we demonstrate that EAAs are not strictly necessary for animal growth as building blocks but are required as IGF-I-tropic cues. The results will bring a paradigm shift regarding the definition of “essential” amino acids.
Collapse
|
10
|
He J, Zhu K. A New Cell Signal Regulation Theory: Blocking the Signal from being Reactivated Before a New Activation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:273-275. [PMID: 35247149 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the concept of cell signal regulation has two basic steps: activation and deactivation. There are many activators of the signals in vivo (e.g., hormones, growth factors, signal cross-talk, etc.). According to the two step theory, cell signals are expected to keep activating, deactivating, activating, deactivating,……However, cell signals in vivo are usually quiescent for the most of the time. This indicates that, there is a mechanism that blocks the signal from being reactivated for a certain period of time after an activation is terminated. Here, we propose that cell's signal regulation consists of three basic steps: activation, deactivation, and blocking the signal from being reactivated for a certain period of time until cells are ready for a new activation. We explain the third step of regulation using GH/STAT5 and insulin/AKT signal pathways as examples, and discuss why the third step in regulation is important for cell homeostasis and the development of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiman He
- Liver Research Center, Brown University, Providence, USA.
| | - Kongqin Zhu
- Linyi First People Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Puigdevall L, Michiels C, Stewardson C, Dumoutier L. JAK/STAT: Why choose a classical or an alternative pathway when you can have both? J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1865-1875. [PMID: 35238133 PMCID: PMC8980962 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of cytokines triggers the JAK‐STAT pathway to exert various functions such as the induction of inflammation and immune responses. The receptors for these cytokines are dimers/trimers of transmembrane proteins devoid of intracellular kinase activity. Instead, they rely on Janus kinases (JAKs) for signal transduction. Classical JAK‐STAT signalling involves phosphorylation of cytokine receptors' intracellular tyrosines, which subsequently serve as docking sites for the recruitment and activation of STATs. However, there is evidence to show that several cytokine receptors also use a noncanonical, receptor tyrosine‐independent path to induce activation of STAT proteins. We identified two main alternative modes of STAT activation. The first involves an association between a tyrosine‐free region of the cytokine receptor and STATs, while the second seems to depend on a direct interaction between JAK and STAT proteins. We were able to identify the use of noncanonical mechanisms by almost a dozen cytokine receptors, suggesting they have some importance. These alternative pathways and the receptors that employ them are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léna Puigdevall
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Michiels
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clara Stewardson
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fragiadaki M. Lessons from microRNA biology: Top key cellular drivers of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166358. [PMID: 35150832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous microRNAs (miRs), small RNAs that target several pathways, have been implicated in the development of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), which is the most common genetic cause of kidney failure. The hallmark of ADPKD is tissue overgrowth and hyperproliferation, eventually leading to kidney failure. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Many miRs are dysregulated in disease, yet the intracellular pathways regulated by miRs are less well described in ADPKD. Here, I summarise all the differentially expressed miRs in ADPKD and highlight the top miR-regulated cellular driver of disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Literature review has identified 53 abnormally expressed miRs in ADPKD. By performing bioinformatics analysis of their target genes I present 10 key intracellular pathways that drive ADPKD progression. The top key drivers are divided into three main areas: (i) hyperproliferation and the role of JAK/STAT and PI3K pathways (ii) DNA damage and (iii) inflammation and NFκB. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The description of the 10 top cellular drivers of ADPKD, derived by analysis of miR signatures, is of paramount importance in better understanding the key processes resulting in pathophysiological changes that underlie disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Takasawa K, Kanegane H, Kashimada K, Morio T. Endocrinopathies in Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786241. [PMID: 34887872 PMCID: PMC8650088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), caused by hereditary or genetic defects, are a group of more than 400 disorders, in which the immune system, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and complements, does not function properly. The endocrine system is frequently affected by IEI as an associated clinical feature and a complex network of glands which regulate many important body functions, including growth, reproduction, homeostasis, and energy regulation. Most endocrine disorders associated with IEI are hypofunction which would be treated with supplementation therapy, and early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential for favorable long-term outcomes in patients with IEI. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize and discuss the current understanding on the clinical features and the pathophysiology of endocrine disorders in IEI. This review is composed with three parts. First, we discuss the two major pathophysiology of endocrinopathy in IEI, autoimmune response and direct effects of the responsible genes. Next, the details of each endocrinopathy, such as growth failure, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus (DM) are specified. We also illustrated potential endocrinopathy due to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, including hypogonadism and adrenal insufficiency due to glucocorticoid therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takasawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Deparment of Child Health Development, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee YY, Irfan M, Quah Y, Saba E, Kim SD, Park SC, Jeong MG, Kwak YS, Rhee MH. The increasing hematopoietic effect of the combined treatment of Korean Red Ginseng and Colla corii asini on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:591-598. [PMID: 34803429 PMCID: PMC8587481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematopoiesis is the production of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that reside in the bone marrow. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a chemotherapy drug that suppresses the immune system. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and Colla corii asini (CCA) have been traditionally used for boosting the immune system. Methods HSCs in the bone marrow, and immune cell subtype in splenocytes, PBMCs, and thymocytes were investigated. Serum levels of hematopoietic-related markers were analyzed using ELISA. Protein expression in spleen tissue was analyzed using western blot analysis. Hematoxylin & eosin staining in the femurs of mice were also conducted. Results The combination of KRG and CCA with a ratio of 3:2 increased HSCs, CD3 and CD8+ T cells in the circulation, and CD3 T cells in the spleen. A ratio of 2:3 (KRG:CCA) increased the thymic regulatory T cells and recovered the CD3 T cells in the spleen and circulation while recovering proteins in the JAK-STAT pathway in the spleen. Overall, blood cell population and differentiating factors vital for cell differentiation were also significantly recovered by all combinations especially in ratios of 3:2 and 2:3. Conclusion A ratio of 3:2 (KRG:CCA) is the most ideal combination as it recovered the HSC population in the bone marrow of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Yixian Quah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Evelyn Saba
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Dae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Jeong
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakagawa Y, Kumagai K, Han SI, Mizunoe Y, Araki M, Mizuno S, Ohno H, Matsuo K, Yamada Y, Kim JD, Miyamoto T, Sekiya M, Konishi M, Itoh N, Matsuzaka T, Takahashi S, Sone H, Shimano H. Starvation-induced transcription factor CREBH negatively governs body growth by controlling GH signaling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21663. [PMID: 34042217 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002784rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
cAMP responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH) is a hepatic transcription factor to be activated during fasting. We generated CREBH knock-in flox mice, and then generated liver-specific CREBH transgenic (CREBH L-Tg) mice in an active form. CREBH L-Tg mice showed a delay in growth in the postnatal stage. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly increased in CREBH L-Tg mice, but plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were significantly decreased, indicating GH resistance. In addition, CREBH overexpression significantly increased hepatic mRNA and plasma levels of FGF21, which is thought to be as one of the causes of growth delay. However, the additional ablation of FGF21 in CREBH L-Tg mice could not correct GH resistance at all. CREBH L-Tg mice sustained GH receptor (GHR) reduction and the increase of IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in the liver regardless of FGF21. As GHR is a first step in GH signaling, the reduction of GHR leads to impairment of GH signaling. These data suggest that CREBH negatively regulates growth in the postnatal growth stage via various pathways as an abundant energy response by antagonizing GH signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kae Kumagai
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Song-Iee Han
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Mizunoe
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaya Araki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsuo
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasunari Yamada
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jun-Dal Kim
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center (TMRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center (TMRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Long-Lasting Growth Hormone Regulated by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126268. [PMID: 34200910 PMCID: PMC8230561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase the half-life of growth hormones, we proposed its long-lasting regulation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). We identified lysine residues (K67, K141, and K166) that are involved in the ubiquitination of human growth hormone (hGH) using ubiquitination site prediction programs to validate the ubiquitination sites, and then substituted these lysine residues with arginine residues. We identified the most effective substituent (K141R) to prevent ubiquitination and named it AUT-hGH. hGH was expressed and purified in the form of hGH-His, and ubiquitination was first verified at sites containing K141 in the blood stream. Through the study, we propose that AUT-hGH with an increased half-life could be used as a long-lasting hGH in the blood stream.
Collapse
|
17
|
A novel peptide antagonist of the human growth hormone receptor. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100588. [PMID: 33774052 PMCID: PMC8086144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess circulating human growth hormone (hGH) in vivo is linked to metabolic and growth disorders such as cancer, diabetes, and acromegaly. Consequently, there is considerable interest in developing antagonists of hGH action. Here, we present the design, synthesis, and characterization of a 16-residue peptide (site 1-binding helix [S1H]) that inhibits hGH-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation in cultured cells. S1H was designed as a direct sequence mimetic of the site 1 mini-helix (residues 36-51) of wild-type hGH and acts by inhibiting the interaction of hGH with the human growth hormone receptor (hGHR). In vitro studies indicated that S1H is stable in human serum and can adopt an α-helix in solution. Our results also show that S1H mitigates phosphorylation of STAT5 in cells co-treated with hGH, reducing intracellular STAT5 phosphorylation levels to those observed in untreated controls. Furthermore, S1H was found to attenuate the activity of the hGHR and the human prolactin receptor, suggesting that this peptide acts as an antagonist of both lactogenic and somatotrophic hGH actions. Finally, we used alanine scanning to determine how discrete amino acids within the S1H sequence contribute to its structural organization and biological activity. We observed a strong correlation between helical propensity and inhibitory effect, indicating that S1H-mediated antagonism of the hGHR is largely dependent on the ability for S1H to adopt an α-helix. Taken together, these results show that S1H not only acts as a novel peptide-based antagonist of the hGHR but can also be applied as a chemical tool to study the molecular nature of hGH-hGHR interactions.
Collapse
|
18
|
STAT5 Regulation of Sex-Dependent Hepatic CpG Methylation at Distal Regulatory Elements Mapping to Sex-Biased Genes. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:MCB.00166-20. [PMID: 33199496 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00166-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone-activated STAT5b is an essential regulator of sex-differential gene expression in mouse liver; however, its impact on hepatic gene expression and epigenetic responses is poorly understood. Here, we found a substantial, albeit incomplete loss of liver sex bias in hepatocyte-specific STAT5a/STAT5b (collectively, STAT5)-deficient mouse liver. In male liver, many male-biased genes were downregulated in direct association with the loss of STAT5 binding; many female-biased genes, which show low STAT5 binding, were derepressed, indicating an indirect mechanism for repression by STAT5. Extensive changes in CpG methylation were seen in STAT5-deficient liver, where sex differences were abolished at 88% of ∼1,500 sex-differentially methylated regions, largely due to increased DNA methylation upon STAT5 loss. STAT5-dependent CpG hypomethylation was rarely found at proximal promoters of STAT5-dependent genes. Rather, STAT5 primarily regulated the methylation of distal enhancers, where STAT5 deficiency induced widespread hypermethylation at genomic regions enriched for accessible chromatin, enhancer histone marks (histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation [H3K4me1] and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation [H3K27ac]), STAT5 binding, and DNA motifs for STAT5 and other transcription factors implicated in liver sex differences. Thus, the sex-dependent binding of STAT5 to liver chromatin is closely linked to the sex-dependent demethylation of distal regulatory elements linked to STAT5-dependent genes important for liver sex bias.
Collapse
|
19
|
Padzik N, Szewczuk M, Ropka-Molik K. Distribution of JAK2 genotypes across Suffolk and Pomeranian sheep. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Gutiérrez M. Activating mutations of STAT3: Impact on human growth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110979. [PMID: 32818584 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is the most ubiquitous member of the STAT family and fulfills fundamental functions in immune and non-immune cells. Mutations in the STAT3 gene lead to different human diseases. Germline STAT3 activating or gain-of-function (GOF) mutations result in early-onset multiorgan autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, recurrent infections and short stature. Since the first description of the disease, the clinical manifestations of STAT3 GOF mutations have expanded considerably. However, due to the complexity of immunological characteristics in patients carrying STAT3 GOF mutations, most of attention was focused on the immune alterations. This review summarizes current knowledge on STAT3 GOF mutations with special focus on the growth defects, since short stature is a predominant feature in this condition. Underlying mechanisms of STAT3 GOF disease are still poorly understood, and potential effects of STAT3 GOF mutations on the growth hormone signaling pathway are unclear. Functional studies of STAT3 GOF mutations and the broadening of clinical growth-related data in these patients are necessary to better delineate implications of STAT3 GOF mutations on growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE) CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Gallo 1360, Buenos Aires, CP1425EFD, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Strous GJ, Almeida ADS, Putters J, Schantl J, Sedek M, Slotman JA, Nespital T, Hassink GC, Mol JA. Growth Hormone Receptor Regulation in Cancer and Chronic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597573. [PMID: 33312162 PMCID: PMC7708378 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The GHR signaling pathway plays important roles in growth, metabolism, cell cycle control, immunity, homeostatic processes, and chemoresistance via both the JAK/STAT and the SRC pathways. Dysregulation of GHR signaling is associated with various diseases and chronic conditions such as acromegaly, cancer, aging, metabolic disease, fibroses, inflammation and autoimmunity. Numerous studies entailing the GHR signaling pathway have been conducted for various cancers. Diverse factors mediate the up- or down-regulation of GHR signaling through post-translational modifications. Of the numerous modifications, ubiquitination and deubiquitination are prominent events. Ubiquitination by E3 ligase attaches ubiquitins to target proteins and induces proteasomal degradation or starts the sequence of events that leads to endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we discuss the role of first line effectors that act directly on the GHR at the cell surface including ADAM17, JAK2, SRC family member Lyn, Ubc13/CHIP, proteasome, βTrCP, CK2, STAT5b, and SOCS2. Activity of all, except JAK2, Lyn and STAT5b, counteract GHR signaling. Loss of their function increases the GH-induced signaling in favor of aging and certain chronic diseases, exemplified by increased lung cancer risk in case of a mutation in the SOCS2-GHR interaction site. Insight in their roles in GHR signaling can be applied for cancer and other therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ger J. Strous
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- BIMINI Biotech B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ana Da Silva Almeida
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Putters
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julia Schantl
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Sedek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Slotman
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Nespital
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Hassink
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gharibi T, Babaloo Z, Hosseini A, Abdollahpour-alitappeh M, Hashemi V, Marofi F, Nejati K, Baradaran B. Targeting STAT3 in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 878:173107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
23
|
Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE, Puri V, Lee KY, Jorgensen JOL. The effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue: old observations, new mechanisms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:135-146. [PMID: 31780780 PMCID: PMC7180987 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of growth hormone (GH) to induce adipose tissue lipolysis has been known for over five decades; however, the molecular mechanisms that mediate this effect and the ability of GH to inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake have scarcely been documented. In this same time frame, our understanding of adipose tissue has evolved to reveal a complex structure with distinct types of adipocyte, depot-specific differences, a biologically significant extracellular matrix and important endocrine properties mediated by adipokines. All these aforementioned features, in turn, can influence lipolysis. In this Review, we provide a historical and current overview of the lipolytic effect of GH in humans, mice and cultured cells. More globally, we explain lipolysis in terms of GH-induced intracellular signalling and its effect on obesity, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity. In this regard, findings that define molecular mechanisms by which GH induces lipolysis are described. Finally, data are presented for the differential effect of GH on specific adipose tissue depots and on distinct classes of metabolically active adipocytes. Together, these cellular, animal and human studies reveal novel cellular phenotypes and molecular pathways regulating the metabolic effects of GH on adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jens O L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Katz TA, Grimm SL, Kaushal A, Dong J, Treviño LS, Jangid RK, Gaitán AV, Bertocchio JP, Guan Y, Robertson MJ, Cabrera RM, Finegold MJ, Foulds CE, Coarfa C, Walker CL. Hepatic Tumor Formation in Adult Mice Developmentally Exposed to Organotin. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17010. [PMID: 31939706 PMCID: PMC7015627 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tributyltin (TBT) is a persistent and bioaccumulative environmental toxicant. Developmental exposure to TBT has been shown to cause fatty liver disease (steatosis), as well as increased adiposity in many species, leading to its characterization as an obesogen. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the long-term effects of developmental TBT exposure on the liver. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were exposed to a dose of TBT (0.5 mg / kg body weight per day; 3.07 μ M ) below the current developmental no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) via drinking water, or drinking water alone, provided to the dam from preconception through lactation. Sires were exposed during breeding and lactation. Pups from two parity cycles were included in this study. Animals were followed longitudinally, and livers of offspring were analyzed by pathological evaluation, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS Developmental exposure to TBT led to increased adiposity and hepatic steatosis at 14 and 20 weeks of age and increased liver adenomas at 45 weeks of age in male offspring. Female offspring displayed increased adiposity as compared with males, but TBT did not lead to an increase in fatty liver or tumor development in female offspring. Liver tumors in male mice were enriched in pathways and gene signatures associated with human and rodent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This includes down-regulation of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and of STAT5 signaling, which occurred in response to TBT exposure and preceded liver tumor development. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a previously unappreciated ability of TBT to increase risk for liver tumorigenesis in mice in a sex-specific manner. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into how early life environmental exposures contribute to liver disease in adulthood. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5414.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A. Katz
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra L. Grimm
- Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kaushal
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianrong Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey S. Treviño
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rahul K. Jangid
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adriana V. Gaitán
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Bertocchio
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Youchen Guan
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Robert M. Cabrera
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Milton J. Finegold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles E. Foulds
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nakao R, Abe T, Yamamoto S, Oishi K. Ketogenic diet induces skeletal muscle atrophy via reducing muscle protein synthesis and possibly activating proteolysis in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19652. [PMID: 31873138 PMCID: PMC6928149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KD) that are very high in fat and low in carbohydrates are thought to simulate the metabolic effects of starvation. We fed mice with a KD for seven days to assess the underlying mechanisms of muscle wasting induced by chronic starvation. This diet decreased the weight of the gastrocnemius (Ga), tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (Sol) muscles by 23%, 11% and 16%, respectively. The size of Ga, TA, Sol muscle fibers and the grip strength of four limbs also significantly declined by 20%, 28%, 16% and 22%, respectively. The muscle atrophy-related genes Mafbx, Murf1, Foxo3, Lc3b and Klf15 were upregulated in the skeletal muscles of mice fed with the KD. In accordance with the reduced expression of anabolic genes such as Igf1, surface sensing of translation (SUnSET) analyses of fast-twitch Ga, TA and Sol muscles revealed that the KD suppressed muscle protein synthesis. The mRNA expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes such as Sod1 was significantly increased in all muscles examined. In addition to hypercorticosteronemia, hypoinsulinemia and reduced IGF-1, oxidative stress might also be involved in KD-induced muscle atrophy. Feeding mice with a KD is a novel experimental animal model of muscle-wasting induced by chronic starvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Nakao
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoki Abe
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Saori Yamamoto
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan. .,Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan. .,Department of Computational and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan. .,School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schneider A, Wood HN, Geden S, Greene CJ, Yates RM, Masternak MM, Rohde KH. Growth hormone-mediated reprogramming of macrophage transcriptome and effector functions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19348. [PMID: 31852980 PMCID: PMC6920138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of the innate immune response. Priming and activation of macrophages is stimulated by cytokines (i.e IFNγ). However, growth hormone (GH) can also stimulate macrophage activation. Based on these observations, the goal of this work was to 1) to compare the transcriptome profile of macrophages activated in vitro with GH and IFNγ, and 2) to assess the impact of GH on key macrophage functional properties like reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagosomal proteolysis. To assess the global transcriptional and functional impact of GH on macrophage programming, bone marrow derived macrophages were treated with GH or IFNγ. Our data strongly support a potential link between GH, which wanes with age, and impaired macrophage function. The notable overlap of GH with IFNγ-induced pathways involved in innate immune sensing of pathogens and antimicrobial responses argue for an important role for GH in macrophage priming and maturation. By using functional assays that report on biochemical activities within the lumen of phagosomes, we have also shown that GH alters physiologically relevant processes such as ROS production and proteolysis. These changes could have far reaching impacts on antimicrobial capacity, signaling, and antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Hillary N Wood
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Sandra Geden
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Catherine J Greene
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michal M Masternak
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Kyle H Rohde
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Modulation of growth hormone receptor-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis by dietary protein in young ruminants. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:652-663. [PMID: 31775916 PMCID: PMC7025161 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A reduced protein intake causes a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) concentrations and modulates Ca homoeostasis in young goats. IGF1 is synthesised by the liver in response to stimulation by growth hormone (GH). Due to rumino-hepatic circulation of urea, ruminants are suitable for investigating the effects of protein reduction despite sufficient energy intake. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of a protein-reduced diet on the expression of components of the somatotropic axis. Male young goats were divided into two feeding groups receiving either a control diet (20 % crude protein (CP)) or a reduced-protein diet (9 % CP). Blood concentrations of IGF1 and GH were measured, and a 24-h GH secretion profile was compiled. Moreover, ionised Ca and insulin concentrations as well as mRNA and protein expression levels of hepatic proteins involved in GH signalling were quantified. Due to the protein-reduced diet, concentrations of ionised Ca, insulin and IGF1 decreased significantly, whereas GH concentrations remained unchanged. Expression levels of the hepatic GH receptor (GHR) decreased during protein reduction. GHR expression was down-regulated due to diminished insulin concentrations as both parameters were positively correlated. Insulin itself might be reduced due to reduced blood Ca levels that are involved in insulin release. The protein-reduced diet had an impact on the expression of components of the somatotropic axis as a disruption of the GH–IGF1 axis brought about by diminished GHR expression was shown in response to a protein-reduced diet.
Collapse
|
28
|
Schumann NAB, Mendonça AS, Silveira MM, Vargas LN, Leme LO, de Sousa RV, Franco MM. Procaine and S-Adenosyl-l-Homocysteine Affect the Expression of Genes Related to the Epigenetic Machinery and Change the DNA Methylation Status of In Vitro Cultured Bovine Skin Fibroblasts. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 39:37-49. [PMID: 31750745 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has many potential applications such as in transgenic and genomic-edited animal production. Abnormal epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei is probably the major cause of the low efficiency associated with SCNT. Strategies to alter DNA reprogramming in donor cell nuclei may help improve the cloning efficiency. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the effects of procaine and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) as demethylating agents during the cell culture of bovine skin fibroblasts. We characterized the effects of procaine and SAH on the expression of genes related to the epigenetic machinery, including the DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A), DNA methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3B), TET1, TET2, TET3, and OCT4 genes, and on DNA methylation levels of bovine skin fibroblasts. We found that DNA methylation levels of satellite I were reduced by SAH (p = 0.0495) and by the combination of SAH and procaine (p = 0.0479) compared with that in the control group. Global DNA methylation levels were lower in cells that were cultivated with both compounds than in control cells (procaine [p = 0.0116], SAH [p = 0.0408], and both [p = 0.0163]). Regarding gene expression, there was a decrease in the DNMT1 transcript levels in cells cultivated with SAH (p = 0.0151) and SAH/procaine (0.0001); a decrease in the DNMT3A transcript levels in cells cultivated with SAH/procaine (p = 0.016); and finally, a decrease in the DNMT3B transcript levels in cells cultivated with procaine (p = 0.0007), SAH (p = 0.0060), and SAH/procaine (p = 0.0021) was found. Higher levels of TET3 transcripts in cells cultivated with procaine (p = 0.0291), SAH (p = 0.0373), and procaine/SAH (p = 0.0013) compared with the control were also found. Regarding the OCT4 gene, no differences were found. Our results showed that the use of procaine and SAH during bovine cell culture was able to alter the epigenetic profile of the cells. This approach may be a useful alternative strategy to improve the efficiency of reprogramming the somatic nuclei after fusion, which in turn will improve the SCNT efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara A B Schumann
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Anelise S Mendonça
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Márcia M Silveira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luna N Vargas
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ligiane O Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Regivaldo V de Sousa
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maurício M Franco
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bolamperti S, Guidobono F, Rubinacci A, Villa I. The Role of Growth Hormone in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Commitment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215264. [PMID: 31652811 PMCID: PMC6862273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is best known for its prominent role in promoting prepubertal growth and in regulating body composition and metabolism during adulthood. In recent years, the possible role of GH in the modulation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) commitment has gained interest. MSCs, characterized by active self-renewal and differentiation potential, express GH receptors. In MSCs derived from different adult tissues, GH induces an inhibition of adipogenic differentiation and favors MSC differentiation towards osteogenesis. This activity of GH indicates that regulation of body composition by GH has already started in the tissue progenitor cells. These findings have fostered research on possible uses of MSCs treated with GH in those pathologies, where a lack of or delays in bone repair occur. After an overview of GH activities, this review will focus on the research that has characterized GH’s effects on MSCs and on preliminary studies on the possible application of GH in bone regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bolamperti
- Bone Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics & Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Guidobono
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rubinacci
- Bone Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics & Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Isabella Villa
- Bone Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics & Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guo J, Cui L, Lu Q, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Dai M. Cyadox regulates the transcription of different genes by activation of the PI3K signaling pathway in porcine primary hepatocytes. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7623-7634. [PMID: 30417433 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyadox, a new derivative of quinoxalines, has been ascertained as an antibiotic with significant growth promoting, low poison, quick absorption, swift elimination, brief residual period, and noncumulative effect. Seven differential expressed genes, including Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 ( IGF-1), Epidermal Growth Factor ( EGF), Poly ADP-ribose polymerase ( PARP), the Defender Against Apoptotic Death 1 ( DAD1), Complement Component 3 ( C3), Transketolase ( TK) and a New gene, were induced by cyadox in swine liver tissues by messenger RNA differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) in our laboratory. However, the signal mechanism that cyadox altered these genes expression is not completely elucidated. The signaling pathways involved in the expressions of seven genes induced by cyadox were determined in porcine primary hepatocytes by RT-qPCR and the application of various signal pathway inhibitors. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed that cyadox could stimulate proliferation of porcine primary hepatocytes in a time-dependent manner. In porcine primary cultured hepatocytes, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signal pathways were the main signal pathways involved in the expressions of seven genes induced by cyadox. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that seven cyadox-related genes expressions in porcine primary hepatocytes treated with cyadox are mediated mainly through the PI3K signaling pathway, potentially leading to enhanced cell growth and cell immunity. EGF might be the early response gene of cyadox, and a primary regulator of the other gene expressions such as IGF-1 and DAD1, playing an important role in cell proliferation promoted by cyadox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Guo
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luqing Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qirong Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A Cell-Based Strategy for Bioactivity Determination of Long-Acting Fc-Fusion Recombinant Human Growth Hormone. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071389. [PMID: 30970583 PMCID: PMC6479951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) is a promising alternative biopharmaceutical to treat growth hormone (GH) deficiency in children, and it was developed using a variety of technologies by several pharmaceutical companies. Most LAGH preparations, such as Fc fusion protein, are currently undergoing preclinical study and clinical trials. Accurate determination of bioactivity is critical for the efficacy of quality control systems of LAGH. The current in vivo rat weight gain assays used to determine the bioactivity of recombinant human GH (rhGH) in pharmacopoeias are time-consuming, expensive, and imprecise, and there are no recommended bioassays for LAGH bioactivity in pharmacopoeias. Therefore, we developed a cell-based bioassay for bioactivity determination of therapeutic long-acting Fc-fusion recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH-Fc) based on the luciferase reporter gene system, which is involved in the full-length human GH receptor (hGHR) and the SG (SIE and GAS) response element. The established bioassay was comprehensively validated according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R1) guidelines and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and is highly precise, time-saving, simple, and robust. The validated bioassay could be qualified for bioactivity determination during the research, development, and manufacture of rhGH-Fc, and other LAGH formulations.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tawfik KO, Klepper K, Saliba J, Friedman RA. Advances in understanding of presbycusis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:1685-1697. [PMID: 30950547 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of age-related hearing loss (ARHL), or presbycusis, involves a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. The fundamental biomolecular mechanisms of ARHL have been well described, including the roles of membrane transport, reactive oxygen species, cochlear synaptopathy, vascular insults, hormones, and microRNA, to name a few. The genetic basis underlying these mechanisms remains under-investigated and poorly understood. The emergence of genome-wide association studies has allowed for the identification of specific groups of genes involved in ARHL. This review highlights recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of ARHL, the genetic basis underlying these processes and suggests future directions for research and potential therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kareem O Tawfik
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Kristin Klepper
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joe Saliba
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Rick A Friedman
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hack NL, Strobel JS, Journey ML, Beckman BR, Lema SC. Response of the insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1) system to nutritional status and growth rate variation in olive rockfish (Sebastes serranoides). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 224:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
34
|
Verma N, Kaur A, Sharma R, Bhalla A, Sharma N, De A, Singh V. Outcomes after multiple courses of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and growth hormone in decompensated cirrhosis: A randomized trial. Hepatology 2018; 68:1559-1573. [PMID: 29278428 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Decompensated cirrhosis (DC) carries a high mortality. Liver transplantation (LT) is the treatment of choice; however, the limited availability of donor organs has resulted in high waitlist mortality. The present study investigated the impact of multiple courses of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) with or without growth hormone (GH) in these patients. Sixty-five patients with DC were randomized to standard medical therapy (SMT) plus G-CSF 3 monthly plus GH daily (group A; n = 23) or SMT plus G-CSF (group B; n = 21) or SMT alone (group C; n = 21). The primary outcome was transplant-free survival (TFS) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were mobilization of CD34+ cells at day 6 and improvement in clinical scores, liver stiffness, nutrition, episodes of infection, and quality of life (QOL) at 12 months. There was significantly better 12-month TFS in groups A and B than in group C (P = 0.001). At day 6 of therapy, CD34+ cells increased in groups A and B compared to baseline (P < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in clinical scores, improvement in nutrition, better control of ascites, reduction in liver stiffness, lesser infection episodes, and improvement in QOL scores in groups A and B at 12 months as compared to baseline (P < 0.05). The therapies were well tolerated. CONCLUSION Multiple courses of G-CSF improved 12-month TFS, mobilized hematopoietic stem cells, improved disease severity scores, nutrition, fibrosis, QOL scores, ascites control, reduced infections, and the need for LT in patients with DC. However, the use of GH was not found to have any additional benefit. (Hepatology 2017).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nipun Verma
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amritjyot Kaur
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ratiram Sharma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arka De
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gutiérrez M, Scaglia P, Keselman A, Martucci L, Karabatas L, Domené S, Martin A, Pennisi P, Blanco M, Sanguineti N, Bezrodnik L, Di Giovanni D, Caldirola MS, Azcoiti ME, Gaillard MI, Denson LA, Zhang K, Husami A, Yayah Jones NH, Hwa V, Revale S, Vázquez M, Jasper H, Kumar A, Domené H. Partial growth hormone insensitivity and dysregulatory immune disease associated with de novo germline activating STAT3 mutations. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 473:166-177. [PMID: 29378236 PMCID: PMC6143347 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Germinal heterozygous activating STAT3 mutations represent a novel monogenic defect associated with multi-organ autoimmune disease and, in some cases, severe growth retardation. By using whole-exome sequencing, we identified two novel STAT3 mutations, p.E616del and p.C426R, in two unrelated pediatric patients with IGF-I deficiency and immune dysregulation. The functional analyses showed that both variants were gain-of-function (GOF), although they were not constitutively phosphorylated. They presented differences in their dephosphorylation kinetics and transcriptional activities under interleukin-6 stimulation. Both variants increased their transcriptional activities in response to growth hormone (GH) treatment. Nonetheless, STAT5b transcriptional activity was diminished in the presence of STAT3 GOF variants, suggesting a disruptive role of STAT3 GOF variants in the GH signaling pathway. This study highlights the broad clinical spectrum of patients presenting activating STAT3 mutations and explores the underlying molecular pathway responsible for this condition, suggesting that different mutations may drive increased activity by slightly different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Scaglia
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Martucci
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Karabatas
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabina Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ayelen Martin
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Pennisi
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Sanguineti
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Inmunología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - María Isabel Gaillard
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lee A Denson
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ammar Husami
- Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nana-Hawa Yayah Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Santiago Revale
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario (INDEAR), CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Martín Vázquez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario (INDEAR), CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Héctor Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Division of BM Transplantation and Immunodeficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Horacio Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá' (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wójcik M, Krawczyńska A, Antushevich H, Herman AP. Post-Receptor Inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT Pathway in the Growth Hormone Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1843. [PMID: 29932147 PMCID: PMC6073700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes in an organism. Determination of the correct structure and functioning of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) allowed for a more detailed research of its post-receptor regulators, which substantially influences its signal transduction. This review is focused on the description of the post-receptor inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT pathway, which is one of the most important pathways in the transduction of the somatotropic axis signal. The aim of this review is the short characterization of the main post-receptor inhibitors, such as: cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS), Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) 1, 2 and 3, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS) 1, 3 and PIAS4, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) 1B and H1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) 1, 2 and signal regulatory protein (SIRP) α1. The equilibrium between these regulators activity and inhibition is of special concern because, as many studies showed, even slight imbalance may disrupt the GH activity causing serious diseases. The regulation of the described inhibitors expression and activity may be a point of interest for pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cui T, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its agonists inhibit hepatic and tumoral secretion of IGF-1. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28745-28756. [PMID: 29983893 PMCID: PMC6033336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary is well established. However, direct effects of GHRH and its agonistic analogs on extra-pituitary cells and tissues have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we first demonstrated that human and rat hepatocytes express receptors for GHRH. We then showed that GHRH(1-29)NH 2 and GHRH agonist, MR-409, downregulated mRNA levels for IGF-1 in human cancer cell lines and inhibited IGF-1 secretion in vitro when these cancer lines were exposed to rhGH. Another GHRH agonist, MR-356, lowered serum IGF-l and inhibited tumor growth in nude mice bearing xenografted NCI-N87 human stomach cancers. GHRH(1-29)NH 2 and MR-409 also suppressed the expression of mRNA for IGF-1 and IGF-2 in rat and human hepatocytes, decreased the secretion of IGF-1 in vitro from rat hepatocytes stimulated with rhGH, and lowered serum IGF-l levels in hypophysectomized rats injected with rhGH. Vasoactive intestinal peptide had no effect on the release of IGF-1 from the hepatocytes. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with MR-409 reduced serum levels of IGF-l from days 1 to 5. These results show that GHRH and its agonists can, by a direct action, inhibit the secretion of IGF-1 from the liver and from tumors. The inhibitory effect of GHRH appears to be mediated by the GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) and GH receptor (GHR), with the involvement of JAK2/STAT5 pathways. Further studies are required to investigate the possible physiopathological role of GHRH in the control of secretion of IGF-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengjiao Cui
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Lassaletta L, Calvino M, Murillo-Cuesta S, Varela-Nieto I. The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in the Progression of Age-Related Hearing Loss. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:411. [PMID: 29311900 PMCID: PMC5733003 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with impairment of sensorial functions and with the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. As pari passu circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) bioavailability progressively decreases, we see a direct correlation with sensory impairment and cognitive performance in older humans. Age-related sensory loss is typically caused by the irreversible death of highly differentiated neurons and sensory receptor cells. Among sensory deficits, age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also named presbycusis, affects one third of the population over 65 years of age and is a major factor in the progression of cognitive problems in the elderly. The genetic and molecular bases of ARHL are largely unknown and only a few genes related to susceptibility to oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and cell death have been identified. IGF-1 is known to be a neuroprotective agent that maintains cellular metabolism, activates growth, proliferation and differentiation, and limits cell death. Inborn IGF-1 deficiency leads to profound sensorineural hearing loss both in humans and mice. IGF-1 haploinsufficiency has also been shown to correlate with ARHL. There is not much information available on the effect of IGF-1 deficiency on other human sensory systems, but experimental models show a long-term impact on the retina. A secondary action of IGF-1 is the control of oxidative stress and inflammation, thus helping to resolve damage situations, acute or made chronic by aging. Here we will review the primary actions of IGF-1 in the auditory system and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Lassaletta
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miryam Calvino
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Murillo-Cuesta
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- “Alberto Sols” Biomedical Research Institute CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Oh HS, Oh SK, Lee JS, Wu C, Lee SJ. Effects of l-arginine on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1749-1754. [PMID: 30263714 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Arginine has been reported to promote cellular and organismal growth. In this study, the effects of l-arginine on the expression of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), the two key growth factors, are investigated in cultured GH3 pituitary epithelium and HepG2 cells, respectively. l-Arginine significantly induced the gene expression of GH and IGF-1 in GH3 pituitary epithelium and HepG2 hepatocytes respectively, and reduced IGF binding protein-1 gene expression in HepG2 cells assessed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. l-Arginine also significantly induced GH and IGF-1 hormone secretion from GH3 and HepG2 cells, respectively. In addition, the multi-target ELISA analysis conducted revealed that phosphorylation of p-38 MAPK, MEK, and JNK were significantly increased in HepG2 cells, suggesting l-arginine-induced activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. These results suggest that l-arginine promotes the synthesis and secretion of GH and IGF-1 in vitro and induces the MAPK signaling cascade in cultured hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seok Oh
- 1Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Se Kwan Oh
- 2Rice Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-857 Korea
| | - Jum Seek Lee
- 2Rice Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-857 Korea
| | - Chunyan Wu
- 1Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- 1Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Doody EE, Groebner JL, Walker JR, Frizol BM, Tuma DJ, Fernandez DJ, Tuma PL. Ethanol metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase or cytochrome P 450 2E1 differentially impairs hepatic protein trafficking and growth hormone signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G558-G569. [PMID: 28864499 PMCID: PMC5814672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00027.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The liver metabolizes alcohol using alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Both enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde, but CYP2E1 activity also results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote oxidative stress. We have previously shown that microtubules are hyperacetylated in ethanol-treated polarized, hepatic WIF-B cells and livers from ethanol-fed rats. We have also shown that enhanced protein acetylation correlates with impaired clathrin-mediated endocytosis, constitutive secretion, and nuclear translocation and that the defects are likely mediated by acetaldehyde. However, the roles of CYP2E1-generated metabolites and ROS in microtubule acetylation and these alcohol-induced impairments have not been examined. To determine if CYP2E1-mediated alcohol metabolism is required for enhanced acetylation and the trafficking defects, we coincubated cells with ethanol and diallyl sulfide (DAS; a CYP2E1 inhibitor) or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; an antioxidant). Both agents failed to prevent microtubule hyperacetylation in ethanol-treated cells and also failed to prevent impaired secretion or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Somewhat surprisingly, both DAS and NAC prevented impaired STAT5B nuclear translocation. Further examination of microtubule-independent steps of the pathway revealed that Jak2/STAT5B activation by growth hormone was prevented by DAS and NAC. These results were confirmed in ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells expressing only ADH or CYP2E1. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we further determined that ethanol exposure led to blunted growth hormone-mediated gene expression. In conclusion, we determined that alcohol-induced microtubule acetylation and associated defects in microtubule-dependent trafficking are mediated by ADH metabolism whereas impaired microtubule-independent Jak2/STAT5B activation is mediated by CYP2E1 activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Impaired growth hormone-mediated signaling is observed in ethanol-exposed hepatocytes and is explained by differential effects of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)- and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated ethanol metabolism on the Jak2/STAT5B pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Doody
- 1Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia;
| | - Jennifer L. Groebner
- 1Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia;
| | - Jetta R. Walker
- 2Northern Virginia Community College, Alexandria, Virginia; and
| | - Brittnee M. Frizol
- 1Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia;
| | - Dean J. Tuma
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Pamela L. Tuma
- 1Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Basu R, Wu S, Kopchick JJ. Targeting growth hormone receptor in human melanoma cells attenuates tumor progression and epithelial mesenchymal transition via suppression of multiple oncogenic pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21579-21598. [PMID: 28223541 PMCID: PMC5400608 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed highest levels of growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) transcripts in melanoma, one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. Yet the mechanism of GH action in melanoma remains mostly unknown. Here, using human malignant melanoma cells, we examined the effects of GH excess or siRNA mediated GHR knock-down (GHRKD) on tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. GH promoted melanoma progression while GHRKD attenuated the same. Western blot analysis revealed drastic modulation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways (JAK2, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, AKT, mTOR, SRC and ERK1/2) following addition of GH or GHRKD. Further, we show that GH excess upregulates expression of markers of epithelial mesenchymal transition in human melanoma, while the effects were reversed by GHRKD. Interestingly, we observed consistent expression of GH transcript in the melanoma cells as well as marked modulation of the IGF receptors and binding proteins (IGF1R, IGF2R, IR, IGFBP2, IGFBP3) and the oncogenic HGF-MET mRNA, in response to excess GH or GHRKD. Our study thus identifies the mechanistic model of GH-GHR action in human melanoma and validates it as an important pharmacological target of intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.,Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xu H, Zhang S, Zhang X, Dang R, Lei C, Chen H, Lan X. Evaluation of novel SNPs and haplotypes within the <i>ATBF1</i> gene and their effects on economically important production traits in cattle. Arch Anim Breed 2017. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-60-285-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. AT motif binding factor 1 (ATBF1) gene can promote the expression level of the growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene by binding to the enhancers of the POU1F1 and PROP1 genes; thus, it affects the growth and development of livestock. Considering that the ATBF1 gene also has a close relationship with the Janus kinase–signal transductor and activator of transcription (JAK–STAT) pathway, the objective of this work was to identify novel single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations and their association with growth traits in native Chinese cattle breeds. Five novel SNPs within the ATBF1 gene were found in 644 Qinchuan and Jinnan cattle for first time using 25 pairs of screening and genotyping primers. The five novel SNPs were named as AC_000175:g.140344C>G (SNP1), g.146573T>C (SNP2), g.205468C>T (SNP3), g.205575A>G (SNP4) and g.297690C<T (SNP5). Among them, SNP1 and SNP2 were synonymous coding SNPs, while SNP5 was a missense coding SNP, and the other SNPs were intronic. Haplotype analysis found 18 haplotypes in the two breeds, and three and five closely linked loci were revealed in Qinchuan and Jinnan breeds, respectively. Association analysis revealed that SNP1 was significantly associated with the height across the hip in Qinchuan cattle. SNP2 was found to be significantly related to chest circumference and body side length traits in Jinnan cattle. SNP3 was found to have significant associations with four growth traits in Qinchuan cattle. Moreover, the different combined genotypes, SNP1–SNP3, SNP1–SNP4 and SNP2–SNP5 were significantly associated with the growth traits in cattle. These findings indicated that the bovine ATBF1 gene had marked effects on growth traits, and the growth-trait-related loci can be used as DNA markers for maker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding programs in cattle.
Collapse
|
43
|
Seif F, Khoshmirsafa M, Aazami H, Mohsenzadegan M, Sedighi G, Bahar M. The role of JAK-STAT signaling pathway and its regulators in the fate of T helper cells. Cell Commun Signal 2017. [PMID: 28637459 PMCID: PMC5480189 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway plays critical roles in orchestrating of immune system, especially cytokine receptors and they can modulate the polarization of T helper cells. This pathway is regulated by an array of regulator proteins, including Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS), Protein Inhibitors of Activated STATs (PIAS) and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) determining the initiation, duration and termination of the signaling cascades. Dysregulation of the JAK-STAT pathway in T helper cells may result in various immune disorders. In this review, we represent how the JAK-STAT pathway is generally regulated and then in Th cell subsets in more detail. Finally, we introduce novel targeted strategies as promising therapeutic approaches in the treatment of immune disorders. Studies are ongoing for identifying the other regulators of the JAK-STAT pathway and designing innovative therapeutic strategies. Therefore, further investigation is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Seif
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of immunology, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Department of immunology, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Aazami
- Department of immunology, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Sedighi
- Department of immunology, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Bahar
- Department of immunology, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Astragalus Extract Mixture HT042 Increases Longitudinal Bone Growth Rate by Upregulating Circulatory IGF-1 in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6935802. [PMID: 28713437 PMCID: PMC5496125 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6935802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astragalus extract mixture HT042 is a standardized ingredient of health functional food approved by Korean FDA with a claim of “height growth of children.” HT042 stimulates bone growth rate and increases local IGF-1 expression in growth plate of rats which can be considered as direct stimulation of GH and its paracrine/autocrine actions. However, it remains unclear whether HT042 stimulates circulatory IGF-1 which also plays a major role to stimulate bone growth. To determine the effects on circulatory IGF-1, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 expressions and phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT5 were evaluated in the liver after 10 days of HT042 administration. HT042 upregulated liver IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression, IGF-1 protein expression, and phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT5. HT042 also increased bone growth rate and proliferative zonal height in growth plate. In conclusion, HT042 stimulates bone growth rate via increment of proliferative rate by upregulation of liver IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 mRNA followed by IGF-1 protein expression through phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT5, which can be regarded as normal functioning of GH-dependent endocrine pathway.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chaudhari A, Gupta R, Patel S, Velingkaar N, Kondratov R. Cryptochromes regulate IGF-1 production and signaling through control of JAK2-dependent STAT5B phosphorylation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:834-842. [PMID: 28100634 PMCID: PMC5349790 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates IGF-1 production and signaling through proteins called cryptochromes, which regulate the activity of transcriptional factor STAT5B and control mouse body and organ size. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling plays an important role in cell growth and proliferation and is implicated in regulation of cancer, metabolism, and aging. Here we report that IGF-1 level in blood and IGF-1 signaling demonstrates circadian rhythms. Circadian control occurs through cryptochromes (CRYs)—transcriptional repressors and components of the circadian clock. IGF-1 rhythms are disrupted in Cry-deficient mice, and IGF-1 level is reduced by 80% in these mice, which leads to reduced IGF signaling. In agreement, Cry-deficient mice have reduced body (∼30% reduction) and organ size. Down-regulation of IGF-1 upon Cry deficiency correlates with reduced Igf-1 mRNA expression in the liver and skeletal muscles. Igf-1 transcription is regulated through growth hormone–induced, JAK2 kinase–mediated phosphorylation of transcriptional factor STAT5B. The phosphorylation of STAT5B on the JAK2-dependent Y699 site is significantly reduced in the liver and skeletal muscles of Cry-deficient mice. At the same time, phosphorylation of JAK2 kinase was not reduced upon Cry deficiency, which places CRY activity downstream from JAK2. Thus CRYs link the circadian clock and JAK-STAT signaling through control of STAT5B phosphorylation, which provides the mechanism for circadian rhythms in IGF signaling in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chaudhari
- Center for Gene Regulation and Health and Disease and Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Richa Gupta
- Center for Gene Regulation and Health and Disease and Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Sonal Patel
- Center for Gene Regulation and Health and Disease and Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Nikkhil Velingkaar
- Center for Gene Regulation and Health and Disease and Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Roman Kondratov
- Center for Gene Regulation and Health and Disease and Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Association of STAT5A Gene Variants with Milk Production Traits in Agerolese Cattle. Biochem Genet 2016; 55:158-167. [PMID: 27885437 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-016-9781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two polymorphisms at STAT5A gene were investigated in a sample of Agerolese cows. The aims of the present study were to estimate the allele and genotype frequencies and to investigate the relationship among genotypes and milk production traits. Milk production traits were analyzed for each animal in the first, second, third, and fourth lactation. No genetic variability was found at STAT5A/AvaI locus. At STAT5A/MslI locus, the frequencies of T and C alleles were 0.875 and 0.125, respectively. Significant differences between genotypes were found: TT cow produced a milk with a higher content of fat and protein when compared with TC.
Collapse
|
47
|
Futawaka K, Tagami T, Fukuda Y, Koyama R, Nushida A, Nezu S, Imamoto M, Kasahara M, Moriyama K. Growth hormone regulates the expression of UCP2 in myocytes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 29:57-62. [PMID: 27150070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if and how growth hormone (GH) signaling is involved in energy metabolism. DESIGN We used human embryonic kidney TSA201 cells, human H-EMC-SS chondrosarcoma cells, rat L6 skeletal muscle cells, and murine C2C12 skeletal muscle myoblasts to investigate GH-induced expression of uncoupling protein2 (UCP2) to the GHR/JAK/STAT5 pathway by a combination of a reporter assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting. RESULTS We demonstrated that the regulation energy metabolism, which was hypothesized to be directly acted on by GH, involves UCP2 via activated STAT5B, a signal transducer downstream of GH. We also showed that the sequence at the -586 'TTCnGA' may function as a novel putative consensus sequence of STAT5s. CONCLUSION The results suggest that GH regulates energy metabolism directly in myocytes and that UCP2 participates in the signal transduction pathway that functions downstream of the GHR/JAK/STAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Futawaka
- Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Tagami
- Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Fukuda
- Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Rie Koyama
- Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nushida
- Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Syoko Nezu
- Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Miyuki Imamoto
- Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Kasahara
- Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Moriyama
- Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan; Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan; Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe Medical Frontier Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Smith AA, Navasa N, Yang X, Wilder CN, Buyuktanir O, Marques A, Anguita J, Pal U. Cross-Species Interferon Signaling Boosts Microbicidal Activity within the Tick Vector. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:91-8. [PMID: 27374407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of hematophagy in blood-sucking parasites likely involves communication with their hosts. We find that Ixodes ticks are responsive to IFNγ acquired in a blood meal from mice infected with the Lyme disease-causing bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, leading to induction of antimicrobial responses. Ixodes ticks parasitizing B. burgdorferi-infected mice upregulated an I. scapularis Rho-like GTPase (IGTPase). IGTPase knockdown enhanced B. burgdorferi levels in post-fed ticks, suggesting this protein controls spirochete survival. Notably, IGTPase was only induced during pathogen acquisition from mice and not upon transmission to naive hosts. Microinjection of ticks with IFNγ induced IGTPase, and ticks parasitizing IFNγ knockout mice, failed to upregulate IGTPase. Additionally, ticks lacking the transcription factor STAT, which signals downstream of IFNγ, did not induce IGTPase. IGTPase expression induced antimicrobial peptides, including Dae2, previously shown to inhibit B. burgdorferi. These results identify an interspecies signaling cascade allowing ticks to detect invading bacteria and mount microbicidal responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cara N Wilder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ozlem Buyuktanir
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Adriana Marques
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan Anguita
- CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Impaired phosphorylation of JAK2-STAT5b signaling in fibroblasts from uremic children. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:965-74. [PMID: 26747624 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is characterized by severe growth failure. The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis in uremic animals shows a post-receptor impaired phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) proteins. The objective of our study was to characterize the intracellular phosphorylation of JAK-STAT signaling in fibroblasts from children with CKD on chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS Serum GH-binding protein (GHBP), IGF-1 and IGFBP3 were measured in 15 prepubertal CKD stage-5 children on PD. Cytoplasmic JAK2, cytoplasmic/nuclear STAT5b and nuclear IGFBP3, acid-labile subunit (ALS) and IGF-1 mRNA expression were quantified in fibroblasts obtained from skin biopsies before and after stimulation with 200 ng/ml recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). Phosphorylation activity at both the cytoplasmic and nuclear level was expressed as the ratio phosphorylated (p)/total (t) abundance of the product (p/t) at 30 and 60 min. Fifteen healthy children were recruited as the control group. Values were expressed in arbitrary units (AU) and normalized for comparison. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS Thirty minutes after rhGH stimulus, the cytoplasmic (p/t) JAK2 ratio was significantly lower in patients than in controls [median and interquartile range (IQR): 7.4 (4.56) vs. 20.5 (50.06) AU]. At 60 min after rhGH stimulation, median JAK2 phosphorylation activity was still significantly lower in the patients [7.14 (IQR 3.8) vs. 10.2 (IQR 29.8) AU; p < 0.05]. The increase in the cytoplasmic (p/t) STAT5b/β-actin ratio was lower at both measurement points in the patients compared to the controls, without reaching statistical significance between groups. Median IGFBP3 mRNA abundance was significantly decreased in fibroblasts from uremic patients 24 h after rhGH stimulation compared to the healthy controls [1.27 (IQR 0.83) vs. 2.37 (IQR 0.80) AU]. Median ALS and IGF-1 mRNA expression changed in response to rhGH stimuli at 24 and 48 h. CONCLUSION In this study, children with CKD undergoing PD therapy showed an impaired phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT5b signaling in fibroblasts after GH stimulation, as well as impaired IGFBP3 mRNA abundance. Both impairments may be partially responsible for the observed resistance to the growth-promoting actions of GH in chronic kidney failure.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The incidence of many types of cancer arising in organs with non-reproductive functions is significantly higher in male populations than in female populations, with associated differences in survival. Occupational and/or behavioural factors are well-known underlying determinants. However, cellular and molecular differences between the two sexes are also likely to be important. In this Opinion article, we focus on the complex interplay that sex hormones and sex chromosomes can have in intrinsic control of cancer-initiating cell populations, the tumour microenvironment and systemic determinants of cancer development, such as the immune system and metabolism. A better appreciation of these differences between the two sexes could be of substantial value for cancer prevention as well as treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clocchiatti
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Elisa Cora
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Yosra Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - G Paolo Dotto
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, CH-1066, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|