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Hua T, Xue Y, Sarker DB, Kiran S, Li Y, Sang QXA. Modeling human brain rhabdoid tumor by inactivating tumor suppressor genes in induced pluripotent stem cells. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:136-150. [PMID: 37637078 PMCID: PMC10448240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a rare childhood malignancy that originates in the central nervous system. Over ninety-five percent of ATRT patients have biallelic inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene SMARCB1. ATRT has no standard treatment, and a major limiting factor in therapeutic development is the lack of reliable ATRT models. We employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology to knock out SMARCB1 and TP53 genes in human episomal induced pluripotent stem cells (Epi-iPSCs), followed by brief neural induction, to generate an ATRT-like model. The dual knockout Epi-iPSCs retained their stemness with the capacity to differentiate into three germ layers. High expression of OCT4 and NANOG in neurally induced knockout spheroids was comparable to that in two ATRT cell lines. Beta-catenin protein expression was higher in SMARCB1-deficient cells and spheroids than in normal Epi-iPSC-derived spheroids. Nucleophosmin, Osteopontin, and Ki-67 proteins were also expressed by the SMARCB1-deficient spheroids. In summary, the tumor model resembled embryonal features of ATRT and expressed ATRT biomarkers at mRNA and protein levels. Ribociclib, PTC-209, and the combination of clofilium tosylate and pazopanib decreased the viability of the ATRT-like cells. This disease modeling scheme may enable the establishment of individualized tumor models with patient-specific mutations and facilitate high-throughput drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Drishty B. Sarker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Sonia Kiran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-6046, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4380, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4380, USA
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2
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Shabani M, Wang M, Jenkins GD, Rotter JI, Rich SS, Batzler A, Taylor KD, Mychaleckyj JC, Liu D, Lima JAC, Pereira NL. Myocardial Fibrosis and Cardiomyopathy Risk: A Genetic Link in the MESA. Circ Heart Fail 2023; 16:e010262. [PMID: 37526028 PMCID: PMC10602591 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common genetic variants are associated with risk for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy and with left ventricular (LV) traits. Whether these variants are associated with myocardial fibrosis, an important pathophysiological mediator of cardiomyopathy, is unknown. METHODS Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants with T1-mapping cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in-whom extracellular volume was assessed, and genotyping information was available were included (N=1255). Log extracellular volume (%) was regressed on 50 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (previously identified to be associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and LV traits) adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, blood pressure, and principal components of ancestry. Ancestry-specific results were pooled by fixed-effect meta-analyses. Gene knockdown experiments were performed in human cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS The SMARCB1 rs2186370 intronic variant (minor allele frequency: 0.18 in White and 0.50 in Black participants), previously identified as a risk variant for dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, was significantly associated with increased extracellular volume (P=0.0002) after adjusting for confounding clinical variables. The SMARCB1 rs2070458 locus previously associated with increased LV wall thickness and mass was similarly significantly associated with increased extracellular volume (P=0.0002). The direction of effect was similar in all 4 ancestry groups, but the effect was strongest in Black participants. The variants are strong expression quantitative loci in human LV tissue and associated with genotype-dependent decreased expression of SMARCB1 (P=7.3×10-22). SMARCB1 knockdown in human cardiac fibroblasts resulted in increased TGF (transforming growth factor)-β1-mediated α-smooth muscle actin and collagen expression. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variation in SMARCB1 previously associated with risk for cardiomyopathies and increased LV wall thickness is associated with increased cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-based myocardial fibrosis and increased TGF-β1 mediated myocardial fibrosis in vitro. Whether these findings suggest a pathophysiologic link between myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyopathy risk remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsima Shabani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.S., J.A.C.L.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (M.W., D.L., N.L.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gregory D Jenkins
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (G.D.J., A.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., K.D.T.)
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (S.S.R., J.C.M.)
| | - Anthony Batzler
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (G.D.J., A.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., K.D.T.)
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (S.S.R., J.C.M.)
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (M.W., D.L., N.L.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Joao A C Lima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M.S., J.A.C.L.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (J.A.C.L.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Naveen L Pereira
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (M.W., D.L., N.L.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (N.L.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Kezlarian B, Montecalvo J, Bodd FM, Chang JC, Riedel E, White C, Rekhtman N, Sauter JL. Diagnosis of thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor in cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 2023; 131:526-534. [PMID: 37278102 PMCID: PMC11037264 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although alterations in SMARCA4-deficient occur in non-small cell lung carcinoma (SD-NSCLC), thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor (TSDUT) is recognized as a distinct entity in the 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Thoracic Tumors because of unique morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular features, and worse survival compared with SD-NSCLC. Cytologic diagnosis of TSDUT is clinically important because of its aggressive behavior and because it is often diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration because TSDUTs are usually unresectable at presentation. Here, we identify cytologic features that can be used for recognition of TSDUT and distinction from SD-NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytomorphologic features were investigated in cytology specimens from patients with TSDUT (n = 11) and compared with a control group of patients with SD-NSCLC (n = 20). RESULTS The presence of classic rhabdoid morphology, at least focally, was entirely specific for TSDUT (n = 6, 55%) compared with SD-NSCLC (n = 0) in this study. TSDUT more frequently showed tumor necrosis (n = 11, 100% vs. n = 8, 40%; p = .001), dominant single-cell pattern on aspirate smears or touch preparation slides (n = 8 [of 9], 80% vs. n = 3, 15%; p = .010), nuclear molding (n = 5, 45% vs. n = 1, 5%; p = .013), and indistinct cell borders (n = 11, 100% vs. n = 5, 25%; P < .001) compared with SD-NSCLC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cytomorphologic features occurring more frequently in TSDUT include tumor necrosis, dominant single-cell pattern, nuclear molding indistinct cell borders, and focal rhabdoid cells. Presence of these features in a cytology specimen of an undifferentiated tumor, particularly in a patient with a thoracic mass, should raise suspicion for TSDUT and prompt appropriate ancillary workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie Kezlarian
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Francis M. Bodd
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jason C. Chang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Elyn Riedel
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Charlie White
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer L. Sauter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Walhart TA, Vacca B, Hepperla AJ, Hamad SH, Petrongelli J, Wang Y, McKean EL, Moksa M, Cao Q, Yip S, Hirst M, Weissman BE. SMARCB1 Loss in Poorly Differentiated Chordomas Drives Tumor Progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:456-473. [PMID: 36657718 PMCID: PMC10123523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated (PD) chordoma, a rare, aggressive tumor originating from notochordal tissue, shows loss of SMARCB1 expression, a core component of the Switch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes. To determine the impact of SMARCB1 re-expression on cell growth and gene expression, two SMARCB1-negative PD chordoma cell lines with an inducible SMARCB1 expression system were generated. After 72 hours of induction of SMARCB1, both SMARCB1-negative PD chordoma cell lines continued to proliferate. This result contrasted with those observed with SMARCB1-negative rhabdoid cell lines in which SMARCB1 re-expression caused the rapid inhibition of growth. We found that the lack of growth inhibition may arise from the loss of CDKN2A (p16INK4A) expression in PD chordoma cell lines. RNA-sequencing of cell lines after SMARCB1 re-expression showed a down-regulation for rRNA and RNA processing as well as metabolic processing and increased expression of genes involved in cell adhesion, cell migration, and development. Taken together, these data establish that SMARCB1 re-expression in PD chordomas alters the repertoire of SWI/SNF complexes, perhaps restoring those associated with cellular differentiation. These novel findings support a model in which SMARCB1 inactivation blocks the conversion of growth-promoting SWI/SNF complexes to differentiation-inducing ones, and they implicate SMARCB1 loss as a late event in tumorigenic progression. Importantly, the absence of growth inhibition after SMARCB1 restoration creates a unique opportunity to identify therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Walhart
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bryanna Vacca
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Austin J Hepperla
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samera H Hamad
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James Petrongelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yemin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin L McKean
- Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michelle Moksa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Ueno-Yokohata H, Okita H, Nakasato K, Kiyokawa N. Hypermethylation of RASSF1A gene in pediatric rhabdoid tumor of the kidney and clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30058. [PMID: 36250993 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among pediatric renal tumors, rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK) and clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) are rare and associated with an unfavorable prognosis, while congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) is associated with a good prognosis. Methylation of the Ras association domain-containing protein 1 isoform A (RASSF1A) promoter has been reported to correlate with a poor prognosis in patients with Wilms tumors, while its methylation status is unclear in other types of pediatric renal tumors. METHOD DNA methylation of the RASSF1A promoter in several pediatric renal tumors was analyzed with pyrosequencing. In order to clarify the correlation between expression of RASSF1A and DNA methylation of its promoter, the RTK cell line was treated with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC). RASSF1A was overexpressed in the RTK cell line to evaluate its functional effects. RESULTS Quantitative methylation analysis demonstrated hypermethylation in the RASSF1A promoter region in RTK and CCSK, but not CMN. The 5-Aza-dC treatment induced demethylation of the RASSF1A promoter as well as increased RASSF1A mRNA expression. The transduction of RASSF1A has an effect on the suppression of viability and proliferation of RTK cells. CONCLUSION DNA methylation-mediated deficiency of RASSF1A might be involved in the development and aggressiveness of some pediatric renal tumors and correlated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ueno-Yokohata
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Okita
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakasato
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kiyokawa
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Del Savio E, Maestro R. Beyond SMARCB1 Loss: Recent Insights into the Pathobiology of Epithelioid Sarcoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172626. [PMID: 36078034 PMCID: PMC9454995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is a very rare and aggressive mesenchymal tumor of unclear origin and uncertain lineage characterized by a prevalent epithelioid morphology. The only recurrent genetic alteration reported in ES as yet is the functional inactivation of SMARCB1 (SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1), a key component of the SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) chromatin remodeling complexes. How SMARCB1 deficiency dictates the clinicopathological characteristics of ES and what other molecular defects concur to its malignant progression is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the recent findings about ES pathobiology, including defects in chromatin remodeling and other signaling pathways and their role as therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Graf M, Interlandi M, Moreno N, Holdhof D, Göbel C, Melcher V, Mertins J, Albert TK, Kastrati D, Alfert A, Holsten T, de Faria F, Meisterernst M, Rossig C, Warmuth-Metz M, Nowak J, Meyer Zu Hörste G, Mayère C, Nef S, Johann P, Frühwald MC, Dugas M, Schüller U, Kerl K. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies potential cells of origin of MYC rhabdoid tumors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1544. [PMID: 35318328 PMCID: PMC8941154 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are rare and highly aggressive pediatric neoplasms. Their epigenetically-driven intertumoral heterogeneity is well described; however, the cellular origin of RT remains an enigma. Here, we establish and characterize different genetically engineered mouse models driven under the control of distinct promoters and being active in early progenitor cell types with diverse embryonic onsets. From all models only Sox2-positive progenitor cells give rise to murine RT. Using single-cell analyses, we identify distinct cells of origin for the SHH and MYC subgroups of RT, rooting in early stages of embryogenesis. Intra- and extracranial MYC tumors harbor common genetic programs and potentially originate from fetal primordial germ cells (PGCs). Using PGC specific Smarcb1 knockout mouse models we validate that MYC RT originate from these progenitor cells. We uncover an epigenetic imbalance in MYC tumors compared to PGCs being sustained by epigenetically-driven subpopulations. Importantly, treatments with the DNA demethylating agent decitabine successfully impair tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our work sheds light on the origin of RT and supports the clinical relevance of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors against this disease. Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are aggressive paediatric cancers with yet unknown cells of origin. Here, the authors establish genetically engineered mouse models of RT and, using single-cell RNA-seq and epigenomics, identify potential cells of origin for the SHH and MYC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Graf
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marta Interlandi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia Moreno
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Göbel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Melcher
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julius Mertins
- Department of Neurology, Schlosspark-Klinik, 14059, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas K Albert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis Kastrati
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Amelie Alfert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Holsten
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Flavia de Faria
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Brasìlia, 70684-831, Brasìlia, Brazil
| | - Michael Meisterernst
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Warmuth-Metz
- Neuroradiological Reference Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Nowak
- Neuroradiological Reference Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,SRH Poliklinik Gera GmbH, Radiological Practice Gotha, Gotha, Germany
| | - Gerd Meyer Zu Hörste
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Chloe Mayère
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Johann
- Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael C Frühwald
- Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kerl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Johann PD. Invited Review: Dysregulation of chromatin remodellers in paediatric brain tumours - SMARCB1 and beyond. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 46:57-72. [PMID: 32307752 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in chromatin remodelling genes occur in approximately 25% of all human tumours (Kadoch et al. Nat Genet 45: 592-601, 2013). The spectrum of alterations is broad and comprises single nucleotide variants, insertion/deletions and more complex structural variations. The single most often affected remodelling complex is the SWI/SNF complex (SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable). In the field of paediatric neuro-oncology, the spectrum of affected genes implicated in epigenetic remodelling is narrower with SMARCB1 and SMARCA4 being the most frequent. The low mutation frequencies in many of the SWI/SNF mutant entities underline the fact that perturbed chromatin remodelling is the most salient factor in tumourigenesis and could thus be a potential therapeutic opportunity. Here, I review the genetic basis of aberrant chromatin remodelling in paediatric brain tumours and discuss their impact on the epigenome in the respective entities, mainly medulloblastomas and rhabdoid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Johann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Paediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Ayyanar P, Mishra P, Preetam C, Adhya AK. SMARCB1/INI1 Deficient Sino-Nasal Carcinoma: Extending the Histomorphological Features. Head Neck Pathol 2020; 15:555-565. [PMID: 33141418 PMCID: PMC8134582 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SMARCB1/INI1 deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a variant of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC). There is a paucity of literature describing the histomorphological features of this relatively new entity. Herein we describe the histomorphological features of three such cases and review the literature. We retrospectively reviewed the cases of SNUC diagnosed in our institute in the last 6 years. Immunohistochemistry for INI1, NUT & p16 were performed on these cases. Three cases showed loss of INI1. The histomorphology and clinicopathological features of these cases were studied and compared with non INI1 deficient SNUC. A total of 9 cases of SNUC were identified. Three of these cases showed loss of INI1. These three cases had presented with large sinonasal mass and with intracranial extension. Histopathology of these cases showed a diffuse infiltrative pattern, nest, and islands of predominantly basaloid cells with focal rhabdoid morphology. Additional features like small cell carcinoma like pattern, pseudoalveolar and pseudoglandular patterns, clear vacuoles and pseudopapillary appearance were also noted. We conclude that in presence of a mixed pattern of cells with a predominance of basaloid morphology, the possibility of SMARCB1/INI1 deficient sinonasal carcinoma must be strongly suspected and immunohistochemistry for INI1 must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Ayyanar
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019 India
| | - Pritinanda Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019 India
| | - Chappity Preetam
- Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | - Amit Kumar Adhya
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019 India
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10
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Sugimoto Y, Katsumi Y, Iehara T, Kaneda D, Tomoyasu C, Ouchi K, Yoshida H, Miyachi M, Yagyu S, Kikuchi K, Tsuchiya K, Kuwahara Y, Sakai T, Hosoi H. The Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, OBP-801, Induces Apoptosis in Rhabdoid Tumors by Releasing the Silencing of NOXA. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1992-2000. [PMID: 32847975 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumor is an aggressive, early childhood tumor. Biallelic inactivation of the SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1)/integrase interactor 1 (INI1) gene is the only common genetic feature in rhabdoid tumors. Loss of SMARCB1 function results in downregulation of several tumor suppressor genes including p16, p21, and NOXA The novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, OBP-801, induces p21 and has shown efficacy against various cancers. In our study, OBP-801 strongly inhibited the cell growth of all rhabdoid tumor cell lines in WST-8 assay. However, Western blotting and cell-cycle analysis revealed that OBP-801 did not activate the P21-RB pathway in some cell lines. p21 knockout indicated that p21 did not dominate the OBP-801 antitumor effect in rhabdoid tumor cell lines. We discovered that OBP-801 induced NOXA expression and caspase-dependent apoptosis in rhabdoid tumor cell lines independent of TP53. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that OBP-801 acetylated histone proteins and recruited RNA polymerase II to the transcription start site (TSS) of the NOXA promotor. Moreover, OBP-801 recruited BRG1 and BAF155, which are members of the SWI/SNF complex, to the TSS of the NOXA promotor. These results suggest that OBP-801 epigenetically releases the silencing of NOXA and induces apoptosis in rhabdoid tumors. OBP-801 strongly inhibited tumor growth in human rhabdoid tumor xenograft mouse models in vivo Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and cleaved caspase-3 were stained in tumors treated with OBP-801. In conclusion, OBP-801 induces apoptosis in rhabdoid tumor cells by epigenetically releasing the silencing of NOXA, which is a key mediator of rhabdoid tumor apoptosis. The epigenetic approach for NOXA silencing with OBP-801 is promising for rhabdoid tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katsumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Iehara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kaneda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Health care Organization (JCHO), Kobe Central Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tomoyasu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Miyachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yagyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Tsuchiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Hosoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Heatley N, Kolson Kokohaare E, Strauss DC, Hallin M, Jones RL, Fisher C, Thway K. Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor arising in schwannoma. Rare Tumors 2020; 12:2036361320950862. [PMID: 32913618 PMCID: PMC7443986 DOI: 10.1177/2036361320950862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (EMPNST, malignant epithelioid schwannoma) is a rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor that has morphologic and immunophenotypic overlap with a variety of epithelioid neoplasms. Because of its rarity it may be potentially underrecognized. We describe a case arising in the subcutis of the thigh in a 25 year-old female, and discuss the pathologic features and differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magnus Hallin
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robin L Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Cyril Fisher
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology, Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Robert Aitken Institute for Clinical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Khin Thway
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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12
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Xue Y, Zhu X, Meehan B, Venneti S, Martinez D, Morin G, Maïga RI, Chen H, Papadakis AI, Johnson RM, O'Sullivan MJ, Erdreich-Epstein A, Gotlieb WH, Park M, Judkins AR, Pelletier J, Foulkes WD, Rak J, Huang S. SMARCB1 loss induces druggable cyclin D1 deficiency via upregulation of MIR17HG in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors. J Pathol 2020; 252:77-87. [PMID: 32558936 DOI: 10.1002/path.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a fatal pediatric malignancy of the central neural system lacking effective treatment options. It belongs to the rhabdoid tumor family and is usually caused by biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, encoding a key subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes. Previous studies proposed that SMARCB1 loss drives rhabdoid tumor by promoting cell cycle through activating transcription of cyclin D1 while suppressing p16. However, low cyclin D1 protein expression is observed in most ATRT patient tumors. The underlying mechanism and therapeutic implication of this molecular trait remain unknown. Here, we show that SMARCB1 loss in ATRT leads to the reduction of cyclin D1 expression by upregulating MIR17HG, a microRNA (miRNA) cluster known to generate multiple miRNAs targeting CCND1. Furthermore, we find that this cyclin D1 deficiency in ATRT results in marked in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib as a single agent. Our study identifies a novel genetic interaction between SMARCB1 and MIR17HG in regulating cyclin D1 in ATRT and suggests a rationale to treat ATRT patients with FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geneviève Morin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rayelle I Maïga
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Andreas I Papadakis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Radia M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, The Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexander R Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics and Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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13
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Sali AP, Epari S, Nagaraj TS, Sahay A, Chinnaswamy G, Shetty P, Moiyadi A, Gupta T. Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor: Revisiting Histomorphology and Immunohistochemistry With Analysis of Cyclin D1 Overexpression and MYC Amplification. Int J Surg Pathol 2020; 29:155-164. [PMID: 32703045 DOI: 10.1177/1066896920943289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare malignant pediatric brain tumor, characterized by inactivation of INI1/hSNF5 gene and loss of its protein. We studied the histomorphological and immunohistochemical spectrum of this tumor including cyclin D1 expression and MYC gene amplification. Methods. Cases with INI1 loss by immunohistochemistry (IHC; from 2005 to 2018) were retrieved, reviewed, and evaluated for cyclin D1 expression by additional IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization for MYC genes. Results. A total of 66 cases were identified. Age ranged from 1 to 20 years (≤3 years, 44 cases; >3 years, 22). Male to female ratio was 1.7:1. Tumor locations were as follows: posterior fossa: 30; supratentorial: 31; spinal: 5. AT/RT in patient ≤3 years was frequently located in the posterior fossa, composed of primitive embryonal morphology (P = .02), rarely had ample rhabdoid cells (P = .05), and had a negative impact on overall survival (P = .04). The rhabdoid cells was a conspicuous component of posterior fossa tumors compared with the supratentorial ones (P = .06). The supratentorial tumors (P = .06), absence of rhabdoid cells (P = .06), and the presence of immunological divergent differentiation (P = .11) had a comparatively better outcome. Cyclin D1 overexpression (n = 46) was noted in 32 cases and was frequently seen in the posterior fossa tumors (P = .02). CMYC (n = 42) amplification was seen in 1 case and the NMYC (n = 42) amplification in none. Conclusion. AT/RT can occur in the noninfantile age group, at nonconventional sites and frequently overexpress cyclin D1. The MYC alterations are almost nonexistent in AT/RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Pramod Sali
- 29436Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sridhar Epari
- 29436Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - T S Nagaraj
- 29436Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Ayushi Sahay
- 29436Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Girish Chinnaswamy
- 29436Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Prakash Shetty
- 29436Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Aliasgar Moiyadi
- 29436Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Tejpal Gupta
- 29436Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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14
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Thakur S, Ruan Y, Zhang C, Lun X, Jayanthan A, Narendran A. Human SNF5 arming of double-deleted vaccinia virus shows oncolytic and cytostatic activity against central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:739-744. [PMID: 32678303 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare, aggressive tumor that most often affects very young children. The common decisive molecular defect in AT/RT has been shown to be a single genetic alteration, i.e., the loss of hSNF5 gene that encodes for a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex that modulates chromatin remodeling activities. As a result, AT/RT cells display unregulated cell proliferation due to the dysfunction of an important epigenetic control. We have previously demonstrated the preclinical efficacy of the oncolytic double-deleted vaccinia virus (VVDD) against AT/RT. Here we report the establishment of a modified VVDD engineered to express wild type hSNF5 gene. We show that this reconstructed vaccinia virus retains comparable infectivity and in vitro cytotoxicity of the parent strain. However, in addition, hSNF5-arming of VVDD results in a decreased cell cycle S phase population and down-regulation of cyclin D1. These findings suggest that hSNF5-arming of VVDD may increase the efficacy in the treatment of AT/RT and validates, as a proof-of-concept, an experimental approach to enhance the effective use of novel modified oncolytic viruses in the treatment of tumors with loss of a tumor suppressor gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Thakur
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chunfen Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xueqing Lun
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Aru Narendran
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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15
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Shaverdashvili K, Azimi-Nekoo E, Cohen P, Akbar N, Ow TJ, Halmos B, Castellucci E. INI-1 (SMARCB1)-Deficient Undifferentiated Sinonasal Carcinoma: Novel Paradigm of Molecular Testing in the Diagnosis and Management of Sinonasal Malignancies. Oncologist 2020; 25:738-744. [PMID: 32337786 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinonasal tumors consist of a group of rare heterogeneous malignancies, accounting for 3%-5% of all head and neck cancers. Although squamous cell carcinomas make up a significant portion of cancers arising in the sinonasal tract, there are a variety of aggressive tumor types that can present with a poorly differentiated morphology and continue to pose diagnostic challenges. Accurate classification of these unique malignancies has treatment implications for patients. Recent discoveries have allowed more detailed molecular characterization of subsets of these tumor types, and may lead to individualized treatments. INI-1 (SMARCB1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a recently identified subtype of sinonasal malignancy, which is characterized by deletion of the INI-1 tumor suppressor gene. Loss of INI-1 expression has emerged as an important diagnostic feature in several human malignancies including a subset of sinonasal carcinomas. In this article, we present a case of INI-1 (SMARCB1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma, provide an overview of recent advances in histological and molecular classification of sinonasal malignancies, and discuss challenges of caring for patients with these rare malignancies, as well as potential treatment implications. KEY POINTS: Clinicians and pathologists should recognize that a variety of sinonasal tumors can present with a poorly differentiated morphology that warrants further workup and molecular classification. Routine workup of poorly or undifferentiated sinonasal tumors should include testing for INI-1/SMARCB1, SMARCA4, and NUT. Patients with these molecularly defined subsets of tumors may benefit from clinical trials that seek to exploit these molecular alterations. The EZH2 inhibitor, tazemetostat, has demonstrated some antitumor activity in INI-1-deficient tumors, and is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khvaramze Shaverdashvili
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Elham Azimi-Nekoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Perry Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nadeem Akbar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J Ow
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Enrico Castellucci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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16
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Hayashi A, Fan J, Chen R, Ho YJ, Makohon-Moore AP, Lecomte N, Zhong Y, Hong J, Huang J, Sakamoto H, Attiyeh MA, Kohutek ZA, Zhang L, Boumiza A, Kappagantula R, Baez P, Bai J, Lisi M, Chadalavada K, Melchor JP, Wong W, Nanjangud GJ, Basturk O, O'Reilly EM, Klimstra DS, Hruban RH, Wood LD, Overholtzer M, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA. A unifying paradigm for transcriptional heterogeneity and squamous features in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. NATURE CANCER 2020; 1:59-74. [PMID: 35118421 PMCID: PMC8809486 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-019-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer expression profiles largely reflect a classical or basal-like phenotype. The extent to which these profiles vary within a patient is unknown. We integrated evolutionary analysis and expression profiling in multiregion-sampled metastatic pancreatic cancers, finding that squamous features are the histologic correlate of an RNA-seq-defined basal-like subtype. In patients with coexisting basal and squamous and classical and glandular morphology, phylogenetic studies revealed that squamous morphology represented a subclonal population in an otherwise classical and glandular tumor. Cancers with squamous features were significantly more likely to have clonal mutations in chromatin modifiers, intercellular heterogeneity for MYC amplification and entosis. These data provide a unifying paradigm for integrating basal-type expression profiles, squamous histology and somatic mutations in chromatin modifier genes in the context of clonal evolution of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Hayashi
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruoyao Chen
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvin P Makohon-Moore
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Lecomte
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jungeui Hong
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinlong Huang
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hitomi Sakamoto
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc A Attiyeh
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zachary A Kohutek
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lance Zhang
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aida Boumiza
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajya Kappagantula
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priscilla Baez
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Bai
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marta Lisi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalyani Chadalavada
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry P Melchor
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Winston Wong
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gouri J Nanjangud
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Sali AP, Chaubey V, Kodare D, Sahay A, Epari S. The Rare Phenomenon of Loss of INI1 Expression at Recurrence/Progression of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors: Report of 3 Cases. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:341-347. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896919883942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is extremely rare for loss of immunohistochemical expression of INI1 to occur primarily at recurrence/progression with retained expression at the primary/initial presentation of central nervous system (CNS) tumor. In this article, we present 3 such cases showing loss of INI1 expression primarily at recurrence. All patients were males, aged 7 years (case 1), 11 years (case 2), and 35 years (case 3), diagnosed with low-grade glial/glioneuronal tumor, not otherwise specified (case 1), craniopharyngioma (case 2), and glioblastoma (case 3); all showed retained INI1 protein expression. Case 1 at 12 months recurrence showed a high-grade tumor with relative undifferentiated morphology, case 2 after 104 months showed a sarcomatous progression, and case 3 recurred after 4 months with the presence of relative undifferentiated round cells. All these recurrences showed loss of INI1 expression. Loss of SMARCB1/INI1 gene function resulting in complete loss of INI1 protein expression is not a well-accepted genetic mechanism for transformation/progression as this series emphasizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Pramod Sali
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vishal Chaubey
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Duhita Kodare
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Ayushi Sahay
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sridhar Epari
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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18
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Kawai T, Ogata S, Nakashima H, Urabe S, Murakami I, Hiroshima K. Clinicopathologic study of deciduoid mesothelioma using SMARCB1/INI1 immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Pathol 2019; 93:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Stroup EK, Yeu Y, Budhipramono A, Hwang TH, Rakheja D, Erdreich‐Epstein A, Laetsch TW, Amatruda JF, Chen KS. WT‐CLS1
is a rhabdoid tumor cell line and can be inhibited by
miR
‐16. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kunce Stroup
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Yunku Yeu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA
| | - Albert Budhipramono
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Tae Hyun Hwang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Health Children's Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Anat Erdreich‐Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
- Department of Pathology, Saban Research Institute at Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Theodore W. Laetsch
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood DisordersChildren's Health Children's Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - James F. Amatruda
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood DisordersChildren's Health Children's Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Kenneth S. Chen
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood DisordersChildren's Health Children's Medical Center Dallas TX USA
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20
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Weissmiller AM, Wang J, Lorey SL, Howard GC, Martinez E, Liu Q, Tansey WP. Inhibition of MYC by the SMARCB1 tumor suppressor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2014. [PMID: 31043611 PMCID: PMC6494882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SMARCB1 encodes the SNF5 subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler. SNF5 also interacts with the oncoprotein transcription factor MYC and is proposed to stimulate MYC activity. The concept that SNF5 is a coactivator for MYC, however, is at odds with its role as a tumor-suppressor, and with observations that loss of SNF5 leads to activation of MYC target genes. Here, we reexamine the relationship between MYC and SNF5 using biochemical and genome-wide approaches. We show that SNF5 inhibits the DNA-binding ability of MYC and impedes target gene recognition by MYC in cells. We further show that MYC regulation by SNF5 is separable from its role in chromatin remodeling, and that reintroduction of SNF5 into SMARCB1-null cells mimics the primary transcriptional effects of MYC inhibition. These observations reveal that SNF5 antagonizes MYC and provide a mechanism to explain how loss of SNF5 can drive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Weissmiller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Shelly L Lorey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Gregory C Howard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ernest Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - William P Tansey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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21
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Suri A, Bailey AW, Tavares MT, Gunosewoyo H, Dyer CP, Grupenmacher AT, Piper DR, Horton RA, Tomita T, Kozikowski AP, Roy SM, Sredni ST. Evaluation of Protein Kinase Inhibitors with PLK4 Cross-Over Potential in a Pre-Clinical Model of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092112. [PMID: 31035676 PMCID: PMC6540285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a cell cycle-regulated protein kinase (PK) recruited at the centrosome in dividing cells. Its overexpression triggers centrosome amplification, which is associated with genetic instability and carcinogenesis. In previous work, we established that PLK4 is overexpressed in pediatric embryonal brain tumors (EBT). We also demonstrated that PLK4 inhibition exerted a cytostatic effect in EBT cells. Here, we examined an array of PK inhibitors (CFI-400945, CFI-400437, centrinone, centrinone-B, R-1530, axitinib, KW-2449, and alisertib) for their potential crossover to PLK4 by comparative structural docking and activity inhibition in multiple established embryonal tumor cell lines (MON, BT-12, BT-16, DAOY, D283). Our analyses demonstrated that: (1) CFI-400437 had the greatest impact overall, but similar to CFI-400945, it is not optimal for brain exposure. Also, their phenotypic anti-cancer impact may, in part, be a consequence of the inhibition of Aurora kinases (AURKs). (2) Centrinone and centrinone B are the most selective PLK4 inhibitors but they are the least likely to penetrate the brain. (3) KW-2449, R-1530 and axitinib are the ones predicted to have moderate-to-good brain penetration. In conclusion, a new selective PLK4 inhibitor with favorable physiochemical properties for optimal brain exposure can be beneficial for the treatment of EBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreena Suri
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Anders W Bailey
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Maurício T Tavares
- Department of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Connor P Dyer
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Alex T Grupenmacher
- Department of Ophtalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - David R Piper
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
| | - Robert A Horton
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | - Saktimayee M Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Simone T Sredni
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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22
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Nesvick CL, Nageswara Rao AA, Raghunathan A, Biegel JA, Daniels DJ. Case-based review: atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. Neurooncol Pract 2018; 6:163-178. [PMID: 31386032 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare CNS cancer that typically occurs in children younger than 3 years of age. Histologically, AT/RTs are embryonal tumors that contain a rhabdoid component as well as areas with primitive neuroectodermal, mesenchymal, and epithelial features. Compared to other CNS tumors of childhood, AT/RTs are characterized by their rapid growth, short symptomatic prodrome, and large size upon presentation, often leading to brain compression and intracranial hypertension requiring urgent intervention. For decades, the mainstay of care has been a combination of maximal safe surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite advances in each of these modalities, the relative paucity of data on these tumors, their inherently aggressive course, and a lack of molecular data have limited advances in treatment over the past 3 decades. Recent large-scale, multicenter interdisciplinary studies, however, have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors. Multiple clinical trials testing molecularly targeted therapies are underway, offering hope for patients with AT/RT and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody L Nesvick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amulya A Nageswara Rao
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aditya Raghunathan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, USA
| | - David J Daniels
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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23
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Kakkar A, Antony VM, Pramanik R, Sakthivel P, Singh CA, Jain D. SMARCB1 (INI1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma: a series of 13 cases with assessment of histologic patterns. Hum Pathol 2018; 83:59-67. [PMID: 30120966 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of sinonasal malignancies comprise poorly differentiated/undifferentiated carcinomas that defy accurate histologic classification and behave aggressively. Recent years have seen a refinement of this spectrum by inclusion of novel entities harboring specific genetic alterations, including SMARCB1 (INI1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma (SDSC), characterized by inactivating alterations in SMARCB1 gene, as demonstrated by loss of INI1 immunoexpression. Cyclin D1 is a cell-cycle regulatory protein downstream of INI1. Loss of INI1 leads to derepression of cyclin D1 transcription, suggesting its role as a putative therapeutic target. However, cyclin D1 expression has not been assessed in SDSCs. We retrieved all sinonasal carcinomas, including sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Histopathologic features were reviewed. INI1 immunohistochemistry was performed. Cyclin D1 was performed in cases showing INI1 loss. Loss of INI1 staining was seen in 13 cases (5.8%), including 11 males and 2 females (age range, 11-65 years). Original diagnoses included SDSC (3/13), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (3/13), adenocarcinoma (3/13), poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (2/13), and poorly differentiated carcinoma (2/13). Tumors were predominantly basaloid in 6 cases and plasmacytoid/rhabdoid in 5 cases. We identified 2 cases having oncocytoid cells arranged in a gland-like pattern. Significant cyclin D1 immunoexpression was absent. SDSC is a rare, emerging entity that resembles a poorly differentiated carcinoma. Histomorphologic spectrum of these tumors is evolving. In addition to basaloid and plasmacytoid/rhabdoid cells, oncocytoid/adenocarcinoma-like pattern can also be seen in SDSC and predicts INI1 loss. These histologic patterns can further be subjected to INI1 immunohistochemistry for correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vijay Mariadas Antony
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Raja Pramanik
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pirabu Sakthivel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Chirom Amit Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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24
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Patra P, Izawa T, Pena-Castillo L. REPA: Applying Pathway Analysis to Genome-Wide Transcription Factor Binding Data. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 15:1270-1283. [PMID: 27019499 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2015.2453948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathway analysis has been extensively applied to aid in the interpretation of the results of genome-wide transcription profiling studies, and has been shown to successfully find associations between the biological phenomena under study and biological pathways. There are two widely used approaches of pathway analysis: over-representation analysis, and gene set analysis. Recently genome-wide transcription factor binding data has become widely available allowing for the application of pathway analysis to this type of data. In this work, we developed regulatory enrichment pathway analysis (REPA) to apply gene set analysis to genome-wide transcription factor binding data to infer associations between transcription factors and biological pathways. We used the transcription factor binding data generated by the ENCODE project, and gene sets from the Molecular Signatures and KEGG databases. Our results showed that 54 percent of the predictions examined have literature support and that REPA's recall is roughly 54 percent. This level of precision is promising as several of REPA's predictions are expected to be novel and can be used to guide new research avenues. In addition, the results of our case studies showed that REPA enhances the interpretation of genome-wide transcription profiling studies by suggesting putative regulators behind the observed transcriptional responses.
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25
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Sredni ST, Bailey AW, Suri A, Hashizume R, He X, Louis N, Gokirmak T, Piper DR, Watterson DM, Tomita T. Inhibition of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4): a new therapeutic option for rhabdoid tumors and pediatric medulloblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111190-111212. [PMID: 29340047 PMCID: PMC5762315 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are highly aggressive and vastly unresponsive embryonal tumors. They are the most common malignant CNS tumors in infants below 6 months of age. Medulloblastomas (MB) are embryonal tumors that arise in the cerebellum and are the most frequent pediatric malignant brain tumors. Despite the advances in recent years, especially for the most favorable molecular subtypes of MB, the prognosis of patients with embryonal tumors remains modest with treatment related toxicity dreadfully high. Therefore, new targeted therapies are needed. The polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a critical regulator of centriole duplication and consequently, mitotic progression. We previously established that PLK4 is overexpressed in RT and MB. We also demonstrated that inhibiting PLK4 with a small molecule inhibitor resulted in impairment of proliferation, survival, migration and invasion of RT cells. Here, we showed in MB the same effects that we previously described for RT. We also demonstrated that PLK4 inhibition induced apoptosis, senescence and polyploidy in RT and MB cells, thereby increasing the susceptibility of cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents. In order to test the hypothesis that PLK4 is a CNS druggable target, we demonstrated efficacy with oral administration to an orthotropic xenograft model. Based on these results, we postulate that targeting PLK4 with small-molecule inhibitors could be a novel strategy for the treatment of RT and MB and that PLK4 inhibitors (PLK4i) might be promising agents to be used solo or in combination with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Treiger Sredni
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Anders W. Bailey
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Amreena Suri
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xingyao He
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nundia Louis
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tufan Gokirmak
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - David R. Piper
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Daniel M. Watterson
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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26
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Sredni ST, Suzuki M, Yang JP, Topczewski J, Bailey AW, Gokirmak T, Gross JN, de Andrade A, Kondo A, Piper DR, Tomita T. A functional screening of the kinome identifies the Polo-like kinase 4 as a potential therapeutic target for malignant rhabdoid tumors, and possibly, other embryonal tumors of the brain. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28398638 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are deadly embryonal tumors of the infancy. With poor survival and modest response to available therapies, more effective and less toxic treatments are needed. We hypothesized that a systematic screening of the kinome will reveal kinases that drive rhabdoid tumors and can be targeted by specific inhibitors. METHODS We individually mutated 160 kinases in a well-characterized rhabdoid tumor cell line (MON) using lentiviral clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). The kinase that most significantly impaired cell growth was further validated. Its expression was evaluated by microarray gene expression (GE) within 111 pediatric tumors, and functional assays were performed. A small molecule inhibitor was tested in multiple rhabdoid tumor cell lines and its toxicity evaluated in zebrafish larvae. RESULTS The Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) was identified as the kinase that resulted in higher impairment of cell proliferation when mutated by CRISPR/Cas9. PLK4 CRISPR-mutated rhabdoid cells demonstrated significant decrease in proliferation, viability, and survival. GE showed upregulation of PLK4 in rhabdoid tumors and other embryonal tumors of the brain. The PLK4 inhibitor CFI-400945 showed cytotoxic effects on rhabdoid tumor cell lines while sparing non-neoplastic human fibroblasts and developing zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that rhabdoid tumor cell proliferation is highly dependent on PLK4 and suggest that targeting PLK4 with small-molecule inhibitors may hold a novel strategy for the treatment of MRT and possibly other embryonal tumors of the brain. This is the first time that PLK4 has been described as a potential target for both brain and pediatric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Treiger Sredni
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mario Suzuki
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian-Ping Yang
- Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anders W Bailey
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tufan Gokirmak
- Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California
| | - Jeffrey N Gross
- Department of Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandre de Andrade
- Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California
| | - Akihide Kondo
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David R Piper
- Research and Development, Biosciences Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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27
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Suzuki M, Kondo A, Ogino I, Arai H, Tomita T, Sredni ST. Overexpression of TEAD4 in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: New insight to the pathophysiology of an aggressive brain tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 27966820 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a highly malignant embryonal brain tumor that occurs mainly in early childhood. Although most of the tumors are characterized by inactivating mutations of the tumor suppressor gene, SMARCB1, the biological basis of its tumorigenesis and aggressiveness is still unknown. PROCEDURE We performed high-throughput copy number variation analysis of primary cell lines generated from primary and relapsed tumors from one of our patients to identify new genes involved in AT/RT biology. The expression of the identified gene was validated in 29 AT/RT samples by gene expression profiling, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Furthermore, we investigated the function of this gene by mutating it in rhabdoid tumor cells. RESULTS TEAD4 amplification was detected in the primary cell lines and its overexpression was confirmed at mRNA and protein levels in an independent cohort of AT/RT samples. TEAD4's co-activator, YAP1, and the downstream targets, MYC and CCND1, were also found to be upregulated in AT/RT when compared to medulloblastoma. IHC showed TEAD4 and YAP1 overexpression in all samples. Cell proliferation and migration were significantly reduced in TEAD4-mutated cells. CONCLUSIONS We report the overexpression of TEAD4 in AT/RT, which is a key component of Hippo pathway. Recent reports revealed that dysregulation of the Hippo pathway is implicated in tumorigenesis and poor prognosis of several human cancers. Our results suggest that TEAD4 plays a role in the pathophysiology of AT/RT, which represents a new insight into the biology of this aggressive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Suzuki
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Akihide Kondo
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Ogino
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Arai
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Simone Treiger Sredni
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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28
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The Expression of Cyclin D1, VEGF, EZH2, and H3K27me3 in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors of the CNS: A Possible Role in Targeted Therapy. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 24:729-737. [PMID: 26469332 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is an uncommon malignancy with a dismal outcome, which responds poorly to multimodality therapies. Animal studies have revealed Cyclin D1 as a possible therapeutic target. The addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors to chemotherapeutic regimens has shown promising results in pediatric central nervous system tumors. Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) overexpression has been implicated in various cancers, including medulloblastomas. H3K27me3 is a new marker for pediatric high-grade gliomas. However, their role in AT/RT has not been evaluated sufficiently. We retrieved cases of AT/RT, and reviewed their clinical data and histopathologic features. Immunohistochemistry for Cyclin D1, VEGF, EZH2, and H3K27me3 was performed. Follow-up was noted when available. Fourteen cases of AT/RT were identified (mean age, 3.4 y; range, 10 mo to 8 y). Cyclin D1 immunopositivity was noted in all cases [labeling index (LI): 5% to 98%; mean, 41.3%]. VEGF positivity was seen in 83.3% of the cases. All cases showed EZH2 overexpression (mean LI, 74.3%; range, 32% to 96%). Reduction of H3K27me3 expression was noted in 63% of the cases, with no correlation with EZH2 LI. Two patients died of postoperative complications. Of the rest, follow-up was available for 7 (range, 7 to 120 wk): 1 achieved clinical remission, whereas 6 developed progressive disease, including 3 deaths. Varying degrees of immunoreactivity to Cyclin D1, VEGF, and EZH2 were noted in the majority of the AT/RTs, and detection of these markers may be of value in the development of novel therapeutic agents and in determining which patients can benefit from them. AT/RTs show reduction in H3K27me3 expression, independent of EZH2 expression, indicating that their interaction requires further evaluation.
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Kohashi K, Oda Y. Oncogenic roles of SMARCB1/INI1 and its deficient tumors. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:547-552. [PMID: 28109176 PMCID: PMC5406539 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SMARCB1/INI1 is one of the core subunit proteins of the ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, and is identified as a potent and bona fide tumor suppressor. Interactions have been demonstrated between SMARCB1/INI1 and key proteins in various pathways related to tumor proliferation and progression: the p16-RB pathway, WNT signaling pathway, sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and Polycomb pathway. Initially, no detectable SMARCB1/INI1 protein expression was found in malignant rhabdoid tumor cells, whereas all other kinds of tumor cells and non-tumorous tissue showed SMARCB1/INI1 protein expression. Therefore, immunohistochemical testing for the SMARCB1/INI1 antibody has been considered useful in confirming the histologic diagnosis of malignant rhabdoid tumors. However, recently, aberrant expression of SMARCB1/INI1 has been found in various tumors such as epithelioid sarcomas, schwannomatosis, synovial sarcomas, and so on. In addition, it has been reported that aberrant expression can be classified into three patterns: complete loss, mosaic expression and reduced expression. Although the various pathways related to mechanisms of tumorigenesis and tumor proliferation are complexly intertwined, the clarification of these mechanisms may contribute to therapeutic strategies in SMARCB1/INI1-deficient tumors. In terms of pathological classifications, SMARCB1/INI1-deficient tumors may be re-classified by genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Farber BA, Shukla N, Lim IIP, Murphy JM, La Quaglia MP. Prognostic factors and survival in non-central nervous system rhabdoid tumors. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:373-376. [PMID: 27639430 PMCID: PMC5535760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-central nervous system (non-CNS) rhabdoid tumors tend to present at a young age and have an extremely aggressive course, with dismal overall survival rates. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene SMARCB1 has been shown in rhabdoid tumors regardless of anatomic location, suggesting a common genetic basis. We retrospectively analyzed our institutional experience with non-CNS rhabdoid tumors to determine overall survival and prognostic variables. METHODS We reviewed records of pediatric patients (age<22y) with non-CNS rhabdoid tumor at our institution between 1980 and 2014. Variables evaluated for correlation with survival included: age > or <1.5years (median) at diagnosis, M1 status, and radiation therapy. The log-rank test was used to compare Kaplan-Meier probability distributions with P values adjusted for multiple testing using the false discovery rate approach. RESULTS Nineteen consecutive patients (10 female) with histologically verified rhabdoid tumor were identified. Mean age at diagnosis was 3.2years (median 1.5y, range 1.3mo-21.8y). Primary tumors were located in the kidney (n=10), head and neck (n=5), and in the liver, thigh, mediastinum and retroperitoneum (n=1 each). SMARCB1 expression was absent in all 10 patients tested. Eight patients had distant metastases at diagnosis. Median overall survival was 1.2years. Age greater than the median and radiation therapy were associated with better outcome, with a median overall survival of 2.7years (P=0.049 and P=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION Survival rates for rhabdoid tumor remain poor, but prognosis is better in older children, regardless of primary tumor location. Because of its rarity, clinical trials with present agents are difficult to conduct. Further progress will require a focus on therapies targeted at tumor biology rather than anatomic location for non-CNS rhabdoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Farber
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 12 75 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Irene Isabel P. Lim
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jennifer M. Murphy
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael P. La Quaglia
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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Alikhan MB, Pease G, Watkin W, Grogan R, Krausz T, Antic T. Primary epithelioid sarcoma of the kidney and adrenal gland: report of 2 cases with immunohistochemical and molecular cytogenetic studies. Hum Pathol 2017; 61:158-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maury E, Hashizume R. Epigenetic modification in chromatin machinery and its deregulation in pediatric brain tumors: Insight into epigenetic therapies. Epigenetics 2017; 12:353-369. [PMID: 28059591 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1278095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignancies are characterized by the reprogramming of epigenetic patterns. This reprogramming includes gains or losses in DNA methylation and disruption of normal patterns of covalent histone modifications, which are associated with changes in chromatin remodeling processes. This review will focus on the mechanisms underlying this reprogramming and, specifically, on the role of histone modification in chromatin machinery and the modifications in epigenetic processes occurring in brain cancer, with a specific focus on epigenetic therapies for pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Maury
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Science in Society , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
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Brok J, Treger TD, Gooskens SL, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Pritchard-Jones K. Biology and treatment of renal tumours in childhood. Eur J Cancer 2016; 68:179-195. [PMID: 27969569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, almost 1000 children are diagnosed with a malignant renal tumour each year. The vast majority of cases are nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms' tumour (WT). Most children are treated according to Société Internationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique Renal Tumour Study Group (SIOP-RTSG) protocols with pre-operative chemotherapy, surgery, and post-operative treatment dependent on stage and histology. Overall survival approaches 90%, but a subgroup of WT, with high-risk histology and/or relapsed disease, still have a much poorer prognosis. Outcome is similarly poor for the rare non-WT, particularly for malignant rhabdoid tumour of the kidney, metastatic clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK), and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Improving outcome and long-term quality of life requires more accurate risk stratification through biological insights. Biomarkers are also needed to signpost potential targeted therapies for high-risk subgroups. Our understanding of Wilms' tumourigenesis is evolving and several signalling pathways, microRNA processing and epigenetics are now known to play pivotal roles. Most rhabdoid tumours display somatic and/or germline mutations in the SMARCB1 gene, whereas CCSK and paediatric RCC reveal a more varied genetic basis, including characteristic translocations. Conducting early-phase trials of targeted therapies is challenging due to the scarcity of patients with refractory or relapsed disease, the rapid progression of relapse and the genetic heterogeneity of the tumours with a low prevalence of individual somatic mutations. A further consideration in improving population survival rates is the geographical variation in outcomes across Europe. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current biological knowledge of childhood renal tumours alongside the progress achieved through international collaboration. Ongoing collaboration is needed to ensure consistency of outcomes through standardised diagnostics and treatment and incorporation of biomarker research. Together, these objectives constitute the rationale for the forthcoming SIOP-RTSG 'UMBRELLA' study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Brok
- Cancer Section, University College London, Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Taryn D Treger
- Cancer Section, University College London, Institute of Child Health, UK
| | - Saskia L Gooskens
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wasserman JK, Dickson BC, Perez-Ordonez B, de Almeida JR, Irish JC, Weinreb I. INI1 (SMARCB1)-Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic Report of 2 Cases. Head Neck Pathol 2016; 11:256-261. [PMID: 27644951 PMCID: PMC5429275 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-016-0752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated sinonasal malignancies are amongst the hardest differential diagnoses in pathology, owing to the large number of rare entities that arise there. Complicating the matter is that most pathologists, including those with experience in head and neck pathology, have little experience in any one of these rare entities. Most patients with sinonasal carcinoma present with locally advanced disease and in the past a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery would usually be recommended without the specific disease subtype playing a large part of the decision making. However, in the era of "precision medicine" and targeted therapies, the specific tumour subtype and an accurate diagnosis will become increasingly important even for the so-called "undifferentiated carcinoma". Specific entities that tend to enter into the differential diagnosis include olfactory neuroblastoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), and non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (viral and non-viral). However, recent new entities, such as NUT-midline carcinoma also have to be considered. Recently it was found that a subset of tumours originally diagnosed as one of the aforementioned entities all demonstrated loss of the ubiquitously expressed protein Integrase Interactor 1 (INI1; SMARCB1). These tumours were often basaloid with at least partial rhabdoid differentiation and most were considered a part of the SNUC spectrum. In this report, we describe two additional cases of INI1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma prospectively identified, both of which appeared to have a marked response to neo-adjuvant chemoradiation, a finding not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K. Wasserman
- 0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Site, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Brendan C. Dickson
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0004 0473 9881grid.416166.2Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Bayardo Perez-Ordonez
- 0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Site, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - John R. de Almeida
- 0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jonathan C. Irish
- 0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Ilan Weinreb
- 0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital Site, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Abstract
SMARCB1 is the core subunit of the SWI/sucrose non-fermenting ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex located on the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q11.2). Since discovering genetic alterations of the SMARCB1 gene in malignant rhabdoid tumours, the family of tumours harbouring loss of SMARCB1 expression has been steadily expanding. In this review, we give a general overview of SMARCB1, its role in various cancers including germline mutations, association with genetic syndromes and role in future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha N Kalimuthu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runjan Chetty
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ng JMY, Martinez D, Marsh ED, Zhang Z, Rappaport E, Santi M, Curran T. Generation of a mouse model of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system through combined deletion of Snf5 and p53. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4629-39. [PMID: 26363008 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumors arise in several anatomic locations and are associated with poor outcomes. In the brain, these tumors are known as atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT). While genetically engineered models for malignant rhabdoid tumors exist, none of them recapitulate AT/RT, for which preclinical models remain lacking. In the majority of AT/RT, LOH occurs at the genetic locus SNF5 (Ini1/BAF47/Smarcb1), which functions as a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex and a tumor suppressor in familial and sporadic malignant rhabdoid tumors. Therefore, we generated mice in which Snf5 was ablated specifically in nestin-positive and/or glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)-positive progenitor cells of the developing central nervous system (CNS). Snf5 ablation in nestin-positive cells resulted in early lethality that could not be rescued by loss of p53. However, Snf5 ablation in GFAP-positive cells caused a neurodegenerative phenotype exacerbated by p53 loss. Notably, these double mutants exhibited AT/RT development, associated with an earlier failure in granule neuron migration in the cerebellum, reduced neuronal projections in the hippocampus, degeneration of the corpus callosum, and ataxia and seizures. Gene expression analysis confirmed that the tumors that arose in Snf5/p53 mutant mice were distinct from other neural tumors and most closely resembled human AT/RT. Our findings uncover a novel role for Snf5 in oligodendrocyte generation and survival, and they offer evidence of the first genetically engineered mouse model for AT/RT in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Y Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Pathology Core Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric D Marsh
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Rappaport
- The NAPCore Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariarita Santi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom Curran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Whole Exome- and mRNA-Sequencing of an AT/RT Case Reveals Few Somatic Mutations and Several Deregulated Signalling Pathways in the Context of SMARCB1 Deficiency. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:862039. [PMID: 26998479 PMCID: PMC4780067 DOI: 10.1155/2015/862039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background. AT/RTs are rare aggressive brain tumours, mainly affecting young children. Most cases present with genetic inactivation of SMARCB1, a core member of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. We have performed whole exome- and mRNA-sequencing on an early onset AT/RT case for detection of genetic events potentially contributing to the disease. Results. A de novo germline variant in SMARCB1, c.601C>T p.Arg201∗, in combination with somatic deletion of the healthy allele is likely the major tumour causing event. Only seven somatic small scale mutations were discovered (hitting SEPT03, H2BFM, ZIC4, HIST2H2AB, ZIK1, KRTAP6-3, and IFNA8). All were found with subclonal allele frequencies (range 5.7–17%) and none were expressed. However, besides SMARCB1, candidate genes affected by predicted damaging germline variants that were expressed were detected (KDM5C, NUMA1, and PCM1). Analysis of differently expressed genes revealed many dysregulated pathways in the tumour, such as cell cycle, CXCR4 pathway, GPCR-signalling, and neuronal system. FGFR1, CXCR4, and MDK were upregulated and may represent possible drug targets. Conclusion. The loss of SMARCB1 function leads to AT/RT development and deregulated genes and pathways. Additional predisposing events may however contribute. Studies utilizing NGS technologies in larger cohorts will probably identify recurrent genetic and epigenetic alterations and molecular subgroups with implications for clinical practice and development of targeted therapies.
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Patrick KL, Ryan CJ, Xu J, Lipp JJ, Nissen KE, Roguev A, Shales M, Krogan NJ, Guthrie C. Genetic interaction mapping reveals a role for the SWI/SNF nucleosome remodeler in spliceosome activation in fission yeast. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005074. [PMID: 25825871 PMCID: PMC4380400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous regulatory connections between pre-mRNA splicing and chromatin have been demonstrated, the precise mechanisms by which chromatin factors influence spliceosome assembly and/or catalysis remain unclear. To probe the genetic network of pre-mRNA splicing in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we constructed an epistatic mini-array profile (E-MAP) and discovered many new connections between chromatin and splicing. Notably, the nucleosome remodeler SWI/SNF had strong genetic interactions with components of the U2 snRNP SF3 complex. Overexpression of SF3 components in ΔSWI/SNF cells led to inefficient splicing of many fission yeast introns, predominantly those with non-consensus splice sites. Deletion of SWI/SNF decreased recruitment of the splicing ATPase Prp2, suggesting that SWI/SNF promotes co-transcriptional spliceosome assembly prior to first step catalysis. Importantly, defects in SWI/SNF as well as SF3 overexpression each altered nucleosome occupancy along intron-containing genes, illustrating that the chromatin landscape both affects—and is affected by—co-transcriptional splicing. It has recently become apparent that most introns are removed from pre-mRNA while the transcript is still engaged with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). To gain insight into possible roles for chromatin in co-transcriptional splicing, we generated a genome-wide genetic interaction map in fission yeast and uncovered numerous connections between splicing and chromatin. The SWI/SNF remodeling complex is typically thought to activate gene expression by relieving barriers to polymerase elongation imposed by nucleosomes. Here we show that this remodeler is important for an early step in splicing in which Prp2, an RNA-dependent ATPase, is recruited to the assembling spliceosome to promote catalytic activation. Interestingly, introns with sub-optimal splice sites are particularly dependent on SWI/SNF, suggesting the impact of nucleosome dynamics on the kinetics of spliceosome assembly and catalysis. By monitoring nucleosome occupancy, we show significant alterations in nucleosome density in particular splicing and chromatin mutants, which generally paralleled the levels of RNAPII. Taken together, our findings challenge the notion that nucleosomes simply act as barriers to elongation; rather, we suggest that polymerase pausing at nucleosomes can activate gene expression by allowing more time for co-transcriptional splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Patrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Colm J. Ryan
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jesse J. Lipp
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Nissen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Assen Roguev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Shales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Guthrie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stockman DL, Curry JL, Torres-Cabala CA, Watson IR, Siroy AE, Bassett RL, Zou L, Patel KP, Luthra R, Davies MA, Wargo JA, Routbort MA, Broaddus RR, Prieto VG, Lazar AJ, Tetzlaff MT. Use of clinical next-generation sequencing to identify melanomas harboringSMARCB1mutations. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:308-17. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Stockman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Jonathan L. Curry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Carlos A. Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Ian R. Watson
- Department of Genomic Medicine; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Alan E. Siroy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Roland L. Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Lihua Zou
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of Massachusetts; Institute of Technology and Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Keyur P. Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Michael A. Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Department of Surgery; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Mark A. Routbort
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Russell R. Broaddus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Victor G. Prieto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Michael T. Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Dermatopathology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
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Molecular Biology of Pediatric Brain Tumors and Impact on Novel Therapies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015; 15:10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-015-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Myoepithelial neoplasms represent a heterogeneous group of tumors of which classification is incomplete and evolving. Those of the soft tissues often form genetically distinct subgroups that differ from those arising within salivary glands. Soft-tissue myoepithelial tumors (including mixed tumors that show true glandular or ductal differentiation) exhibit a spectrum of different morphologic patterns, making them difficult to distinguish from a variety of other neoplasms. They have been increasingly shown to harbor genetic fusions involving EWSR1 and partner genes that are not seen in the well-characterized tumor classes involving EWSR1 translocations. We review the spectrum of soft-tissue myoepithelial tumors, discussing recent immunohistochemical and genetic findings and the differential diagnosis.
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Masliah-Planchon J, Bièche I, Guinebretière JM, Bourdeaut F, Delattre O. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling and human malignancies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2014; 10:145-71. [PMID: 25387058 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SWI/SNF complexes, initially identified in yeast 20 years ago, are a family of multi-subunit complexes that use the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to remodel nucleosomes. Chromatin remodeling processes mediated by the SWI/SNF complexes are critical to the modulation of gene expression across a variety of cellular processes, including stemness, differentiation, and proliferation. The first evidence of the involvement of these complexes in carcinogenesis was provided by the identification of biallelic, truncating mutations of the SMARCB1 gene in malignant rhabdoid tumors, a highly aggressive childhood cancer. Subsequently, genome-wide sequencing technologies have identified mutations in genes encoding different subunits of the SWI/SNF complexes in a large number of tumors. SWI/SNF mutations, and the subsequent abnormal function of SWI/SNF complexes, are among the most frequent gene alterations in cancer. The mechanisms by which perturbation of the SWI/SNF complexes promote oncogenesis are not fully elucidated; however, alterations of SWI/SNF genes obviously play a major part in cancer development, progression, and/or resistance to therapy.
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Joliot V, Ait-Mohamed O, Battisti V, Pontis J, Philipot O, Robin P, Ito H, Ait-Si-Ali S. The SWI/SNF subunit/tumor suppressor BAF47/INI1 is essential in cell cycle arrest upon skeletal muscle terminal differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108858. [PMID: 25271443 PMCID: PMC4182762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic terminal differentiation is a well-orchestrated process starting with permanent cell cycle exit followed by muscle-specific genetic program activation. Individual SWI/SNF components have been involved in muscle differentiation. Here, we show that the master myogenic differentiation factor MyoD interacts with more than one SWI/SNF subunit, including the catalytic subunit BRG1, BAF53a and the tumor suppressor BAF47/INI1. Downregulation of each of these SWI/SNF subunits inhibits skeletal muscle terminal differentiation but, interestingly, at different differentiation steps and extents. BAF53a downregulation inhibits myotube formation but not the expression of early muscle-specific genes. BRG1 or BAF47 downregulation disrupt both proliferation and differentiation genetic programs expression. Interestingly, BRG1 and BAF47 are part of the SWI/SNF remodeling complex as well as the N-CoR-1 repressor complex in proliferating myoblasts. However, our data show that, upon myogenic differentiation, BAF47 shifts in favor of N-CoR-1 complex. Finally, BRG1 and BAF47 are well-known tumor suppressors but, strikingly, only BAF47 seems essential in the myoblasts irreversible cell cycle exit. Together, our data unravel differential roles for SWI/SNF subunits in muscle differentiation, with BAF47 playing a dual role both in the permanent cell cycle exit and in the regulation of muscle-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Joliot
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ouardia Ait-Mohamed
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Battisti
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pontis
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ophélie Philipot
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Robin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Slimane Ait-Si-Ali
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Renal medullary carcinoma: case report of an aggressive malignancy with near-complete response to dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin chemotherapy. Case Rep Oncol Med 2014; 2014:615895. [PMID: 25215253 PMCID: PMC4156985 DOI: 10.1155/2014/615895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy affecting young individuals with sickle cell trait. Renal medullary carcinoma commonly presents with advanced or metastatic disease and is associated with a rapidly progressive clinical course and an extremely short overall survival measured in weeks to few months. Due to the rarity of RMC, there is no proven effective therapy and patients are often treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. We report near-complete radiological and pathological response in a patient treated with dose-dense MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) chemotherapy. The patient underwent consolidation nephrectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and had a 16-month progression-free survival, one of the longest reported in patients with RMC.
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Thway K, Bown N, Miah A, Turner R, Fisher C. Rhabdoid Variant of Myoepithelial Carcinoma, with EWSR1 Rearrangement: Expanding the Spectrum of EWSR1-Rearranged Myoepithelial Tumors. Head Neck Pathol 2014; 9:273-9. [PMID: 24993038 PMCID: PMC4424215 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-014-0556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Myoepithelial and mixed tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms for which classification is incomplete and continues to evolve. Those arising in the soft tissues appear to represent subgroups that are genetically distinct from those that occur within salivary glands. We describe a case of soft tissue myoepithelial carcinoma with rhabdoid morphology, which presented as an enlarging neck mass in a 40 year old male, and in which EWSR1 rearrangement was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. This neoplasm showed diffuse INI1 loss, making distinction from other INI1-negative rhabdoid tumors difficult. This expands the range of reported histologic features of EWSR1-rearranged myoepithelial neoplasms, and highlights the significant morphologic and immunohistochemical overlap between this and other INI1-negative malignant rhabdoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Thway
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK,
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Identification of genes involved in the biology of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours using Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4005. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Jamshidi F, Pleasance E, Li Y, Shen Y, Kasaian K, Corbett R, Eirew P, Lum A, Pandoh P, Zhao Y, Schein JE, Moore RA, Rassekh R, Huntsman DG, Knowling M, Lim H, Renouf DJ, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Nielsen TO, Laskin J, Yip S. Diagnostic value of next-generation sequencing in an unusual sphenoid tumor. Oncologist 2014; 19:623-30. [PMID: 24807916 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraordinary advancements in sequencing technology have made what was once a decade-long multi-institutional endeavor into a methodology with the potential for practical use in a clinical setting. We therefore set out to examine the clinical value of next-generation sequencing by enrolling patients with incurable or ambiguous tumors into the Personalized OncoGenomics initiative at the British Columbia Cancer Agency whereby whole genome and transcriptome analyses of tumor/normal tissue pairs are completed with the ultimate goal of directing therapeutics. First, we established that the sequencing, analysis, and communication with oncologists could be completed in less than 5 weeks. Second, we found that cancer diagnostics is an area that can greatly benefit from the comprehensiveness of a whole genome analysis. Here, we present a scenario in which a metastasized sphenoid mass, which was initially thought of as an undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma, was rediagnosed as an SMARCB1-negative rhabdoid tumor based on the newly acquired finding of homozygous SMARCB1 deletion. The new diagnosis led to a change in chemotherapy and a complete nodal response in the patient. This study also provides additional insight into the mutational landscape of an adult SMARCB1-negative tumor that has not been explored at a whole genome and transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Jamshidi
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin Pleasance
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yvonne Li
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yaoqing Shen
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katayoon Kasaian
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard Corbett
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Eirew
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Lum
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pawan Pandoh
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline E Schein
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rod Rassekh
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David G Huntsman
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meg Knowling
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Howard Lim
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel J Renouf
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janessa Laskin
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Oncology/Hematology/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Mechanisms by which SMARCB1 loss drives rhabdoid tumor growth. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:365-72. [PMID: 24853101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SMARCB1 (INI1/SNF5/BAF47), a core subunit of the SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin-remodeling complex, is inactivated in the large majority of rhabdoid tumors, and germline heterozygous SMARCB1 mutations form the basis for rhabdoid predisposition syndrome. Mouse models validated Smarcb1 as a bona fide tumor suppressor, as Smarcb1 inactivation in mice results in 100% of the animals rapidly developing cancer. SMARCB1 was the first subunit of the SWI/SNF complex found mutated in cancer. More recently, at least seven other genes encoding SWI/SNF subunits have been identified as recurrently mutated in cancer. Collectively, 20% of all human cancers contain a SWI/SNF mutation. Consequently, investigation of the mechanisms by which SMARCB1 mutation causes cancer has relevance not only for rhabdoid tumors, but also potentially for the wide variety of SWI/SNF mutant cancers. Here we discuss normal functions of SMARCB1 and the SWI/SNF complex as well as mechanistic and potentially therapeutic insights that have emerged.
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49
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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: pathology and genetics. Ann Diagn Pathol 2014; 18:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Residual complexes containing SMARCA2 (BRM) underlie the oncogenic drive of SMARCA4 (BRG1) mutation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1136-44. [PMID: 24421395 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01372-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Collectively, genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin remodeling complex are mutated in 20% of all human cancers, with the SMARCA4 (BRG1) subunit being one of the most frequently mutated. The SWI/SNF complex modulates chromatin remodeling through the activity of two mutually exclusive catalytic subunits, SMARCA4 and SMARCA2 (BRM). Here, we show that a SMARCA2-containing residual SWI/SNF complex underlies the oncogenic activity of SMARCA4 mutant cancers. We demonstrate that a residual SWI/SNF complex exists in SMARCA4 mutant cell lines and plays essential roles in cellular proliferation. Further, using data from loss-of-function screening of 165 cancer cell lines, we identify SMARCA2 as an essential gene in SMARCA4 mutant cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, we reveal that Smarca4 inactivation leads to greater incorporation of the nonessential SMARCA2 subunit into the SWI/SNF complex. Collectively, these results reveal a role for SMARCA2 in oncogenesis caused by SMARCA4 loss and identify the ATPase and bromodomain-containing SMARCA2 as a potential therapeutic target in these cancers.
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