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Tao X, Cheng M, Huang X, Chen J, Zhou Y, Liu T, Zheng X, Shen N, Zhang Y, Luo P, He Q, Yan H, Huang P. Dabrafenib Alleviates Hepatotoxicity Caused by Lenvatinib via Inhibiting the Death Receptor Signaling Pathway. Toxicol Lett 2024:S0378-4274(24)00090-0. [PMID: 38754640 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Lenvatinib is a multi-target inhibitor that exerts anti-tumor effects by inhibiting angiogenesis and is now commonly used as a first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, with the widespread use of lenvatinib, the problem of serious and fatal hepatotoxicity has become increasingly prominent. Currently, the mechanism behind this toxicity is not yet understood, and as a result, there is a lack of safe and effective intervention strategies with minimal side effects. Here, we established the model of lenvatinib-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro and found that lenvatinib caused hepatotoxicity by inducing apoptosis. Further mechanistic studies in cellular models revealed that lenvatinib upregulated death receptor signaling pathway, which activated the downstream effector Caspase-8, and ultimately led to apoptosis. Meanwhile, lenvatinib-induced apoptosis was associated with ROS generation and DNA damage. In addition, after screening marketed drugs and natural products in combination with cellular modeling, we identified a potential co-administered drug, dabrafenib, which could alleviate lenvatinib-induced hepatotoxicity. Further mechanistic studies revealed that dabrafenib attenuated lenvatinib-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the activation of the death receptor signaling pathway. Subsequently, cancer cell proliferation assays confirmed that dabrafenib did not antagonize the antitumor effects of lenvatinib. In conclusion, our results validate that apoptosis caused by the death receptor signaling pathway is the key cause of lenvatinib-induced hepatotoxicity, and dabrafenib alleviates lenvatinib-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengting Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangliang Huang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfang Zhou
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, the People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui 323020, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; International Center for Medical Translation and Innovation, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nonger Shen
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310002, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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Guterres A, Filho PNS, Moura-Neto V. Breaking Barriers: A Future Perspective on Glioblastoma Therapy with mRNA-Based Immunotherapies and Oncolytic Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:61. [PMID: 38250874 PMCID: PMC10818651 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of mRNA-based immunotherapies that leverage the genomes of oncolytic viruses holds significant promise in addressing glioblastoma (GBM), an exceptionally aggressive neurological tumor. We explore the significance of mRNA-based platforms in the area of immunotherapy, introducing an innovative approach to mitigate the risks associated with the use of live viruses in cancer treatment. The ability to customize oncolytic virus genome sequences enables researchers to precisely target specific cancer cells, either through viral genome segments containing structural proteins or through a combination of regions with oncolytic potential. This strategy may enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing unintended impacts on non-cancerous cells. A notable case highlighted here pertains to advanced findings regarding the application of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in GBM treatment. ZIKV, a member of the family Flaviviridae, shows oncolytic properties against GBM, opening novel therapeutic avenues. We explore intensive investigations of glioblastoma stem cells, recognized as key drivers in GBM initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. However, a comprehensive elucidation of ZIKV's underlying mechanisms is imperative to pave the way for ZIKV-based clinical trials targeting GBM patients. This investigation into harnessing the potential of oncolytic-virus genomes for mRNA-based immunotherapies underscores its noteworthy implications, potentially paving the way for a paradigm shift in cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Guterres
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.S.F.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
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Zhang J, Guo T, Liu X, Guo S, Wang Y, Zhu B, Zhang M, Gao X, Wang J. Apoptin and apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 plasmid-assisted multi-functional nanoparticles in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126870. [PMID: 37703966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer drugs usually have side effects in chemotherapy. Apoptin, a protein recognized by its good therapeutical effect on tumors and innocuous to body, is employed to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As our previous data shown, the efficiency of apoptin protein might be limited by the protein of apaf-1. Therefore, we designed the multi-functional nanoparticles (MFNPs) encapsulating apoptin and apaf-1 plasmids by layer-by layer assembly. The NPs could release drugs into tumor site specifically and had good compatibility to normal cells and tissues. The groups of biotin, ε-polylysine, and nuclear localization signal in MFNPs conferred NPs the capabilities to enter cancer cells specifically, escape lysosome and enter the nucleus, respectively. In vitro inhibition experiment and in vivo anti-tumor therapy confirmed MFNPs as an excellent carrier to treat HCC. In addition, the dual-drug system was superior to any of the single-drug system. The mechanism analysis proved that supplement of the protein of apaf-1 might enhance apoptosome formation, causing the increase of therapeutical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shuyue Guo
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Baokuan Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiujun Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Yu X, Wang T, Li Y, Li Y, Bai B, Fang J, Han J, Li S, Xiu Z, Liu Z, Yang X, Li Y, Zhu G, Jin N, Shang C, Li X, Zhu Y. Apoptin causes apoptosis in HepG-2 cells via Ca 2+ imbalance and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cancer Med 2022; 12:8306-8318. [PMID: 36515089 PMCID: PMC10134343 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptin is derived from the chicken anemia virus and exhibits specific cytotoxic effects against tumor cells. Herein, we found that Apoptin induced a strong and lasting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, Ca2+ imbalance, and triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms by which Apoptin exhibited anti-tumor effects in HepG-2 cells. METHODS The intracellular levels of calcium (Ca2+ ) were induced by ER stress and determined by electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescence staining. The mitochondrial injury was determined by mitochondrial membrane potential and electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to investigate the levels of key proteins in ER stress and the apoptotic pathway in mitochondria. The relationship between Ca2+ levels and apoptosis in Apoptin-treated cells was analyzed using a Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA-AM), flow cytometry, and fluorescence staining. We also investigated the in vivo effects of Ca2+ imbalance on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway using tumor tissues xenografted on nude mice. RESULTS This study showed that Apoptin induced a strong and long- lasting ER stress and injury, which subsequently led to an imbalance of cellular Ca2+ levels, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, a significant extent image in the mitochondrial structure, and an increase in the expression levels of Smac/Diablo and Cyto-C. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Apoptin induced apoptosis in HepG-2 cells via Ca2+ imbalance and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This study provided a new direction for antitumor research in Apoptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tongxing Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiru Xiu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Guangze Zhu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academicians Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Liu Z, Li Y, Zhu Y, Li N, Li W, Shang C, Song G, Li S, Cong J, Li T, Xiu Z, Lu J, Ge C, Yang X, Li Y, Sun L, Li X, Jin N. Apoptin induces pyroptosis of colorectal cancer cells via the GSDME-dependent pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:717-730. [PMID: 35002520 PMCID: PMC8741846 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptin is a small molecular weight protein encoded by the VP3 gene of chicken anemia virus (CAV). It can induce apoptosis of tumor cells and play anti-tumorigenic functions. In this study, we identified a time-dependent inhibitory role of apoptin on the viability of HCT116 cells. We also demonstrated that apoptin induces pyroptosis through cleaved caspase 3, and with a concomitant cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME) rather than GSDMD. GSDME knockdown switched the apoptin-induced cell death from pyroptosis to apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the effect of apoptin on GSDME-dependent pyroptosis could be mitigated by caspase-3 and caspase-9 siRNA knockdown. Additionally, apoptin enhanced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing aggregation of the mitochondrial membrane protein Tom20. Moreover, bax and cytochrome c were released to the activating caspase-9, eventually triggering pyroptosis. Therefore, GSDME mediates the apoptin-induced pyroptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Finally, using nude mice xenografted with HCT116 cells, we found that apoptin induces pyroptosis and significantly inhibits tumor growth. Based on this mechanism, apoptin may provide a new strategy for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Gaojie Song
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Jianan Cong
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Zhiru Xiu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Chenchen Ge
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China.,Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130122, China.,Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Li Y, He P, Liu Y, Qi M, Dong W. Combining Sodium Butyrate With Cisplatin Increases the Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer In Vivo and In Vitro via the Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708093. [PMID: 34512341 PMCID: PMC8430036 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The gastrointestinal malignancy, gastric cancer (GC), has a high incidence worldwide. Cisplatin is a traditional chemotherapeutic drug that is generally applied to treat cancer; however, drug tolerance affects its efficacy. Sodium butyrate is an intestinal flora derivative that has general anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo via pro-apoptosis effects and can improve prognosis in combination with traditional chemotherapy drugs. The present study aimed to assess the effect of sodium butyrate combined with cisplatin on GC. Methods: A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to assess the viability of GC cells in vitro. Hoechst 33,258 staining and Annexin V-Phycoerythrin/7-Aminoactinomycin D were used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect apoptosis in GC cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement and a mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay kit were used to qualitatively and quantitatively reflect the function of mitochondria in GC cells. Western blotting was used to verify the above experimental results. A nude mouse xenograft tumor model was used to evaluate the anti-tumor efficacity of sodium and cisplatin butyrate in vivo. Results: Cisplatin combined with sodium butyrate increased the apoptosis of GC cells. In the nude mouse xenograft tumor model, sodium butyrate in combination with cisplatin markedly inhibited the growth of the tumor more effectively than either single agent. The combination of sodium butyrate and cisplatin increased the intracellular ROS, decreased the MMP, and suppressed the invasion and migration abilities of GC cells. Western blotting verified that the combination of sodium butyrate and cisplatin remarkably enhanced the levels of mitochondrial apoptosis-related pathway proteins. Conclusion: Sodium butyrate, a histone acetylation inhibitor produced by intestinal flora fermentation, combined with cisplatin enhanced the apoptosis of GC cells through the mitochondrial apoptosis-related pathway, which might be considered as a therapeutic option for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengzhan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingming Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
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Hou XX, Liu JY, Li ZY, Chang MC, Guo M, Feng CP, Shi JY. Fruiting body polysaccharides of Hericium erinaceus induce apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via ROS generation mediating caspase-9-dependent signaling pathways. Food Funct 2021; 11:6128-6138. [PMID: 32573644 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00916d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. are commonly used in China in the treatment of digestive system diseases. In this work, the polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus (HEFPs) were extracted, and their effects on human colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116 and DLD1) were investigated in vitro. Our results showed that HEFPs were mainly composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose at a molar ratio of 8.99 : 11.15 : 1.2 : 1.97. They significantly inhibited the growth of these cells by inducing apoptosis by the modulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expression, which in turn induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the activation of cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved-caspase-3. These results suggested that HEFPs induced apoptosis via the caspase-9-depedent intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Furthermore, HEFPs increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HCT-116 and DLD1 cells. The addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine reduced the ability of HEFPs to trigger the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, indicating the role of ROS generation in the upstream pathway of HEFP-induced apoptosis. Therefore, the results described in this study could be of interest for further studies in finding functional foods or alternative therapeutic agents against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jing-Yu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China. and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quality and Efficiency of Loess Plateau Edible Fungi, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhuo-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quality and Efficiency of Loess Plateau Edible Fungi, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Ming-Chang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quality and Efficiency of Loess Plateau Edible Fungi, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Cui-Ping Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quality and Efficiency of Loess Plateau Edible Fungi, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiang-Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
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Manocha E, Caruso A, Caccuri F. Viral Proteins as Emerging Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2199. [PMID: 34063663 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review is focused on enlisting viral proteins from different host sources, irrespective of their origin, that may act as future cancer curatives. Unlike the viral proteins that are responsible for tumor progression, these newly emerged viral proteins function as tumor suppressors. Their ability to regulate various cell signaling mechanisms specifically in cancer cells makes them interesting candidates to explore their use in cancer therapy. The discussion about such viral components may provide new insights into cancer treatment in the absence of any adverse effects to normal cells. The study also highlights avian viral proteins as a substitute to human oncolytic viruses for their ability to evade pre-existing immunity. Abstract Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that originated millions of years ago. Viral elements cover almost half of the human genome sequence and have evolved as genetic blueprints in humans. They have existed as endosymbionts as they are largely dependent on host cell metabolism. Viral proteins are known to regulate different mechanisms in the host cells by hijacking cellular metabolism to benefit viral replication. Amicable viral proteins, on the other hand, from several viruses can participate in mediating growth retardation of cancer cells based on genetic abnormalities while sparing normal cells. These proteins exert discreet yet converging pathways to regulate events like cell cycle and apoptosis in human cancer cells. This property of viral proteins could be harnessed for their use in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss viral proteins from different sources as potential anticancer therapeutics.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Cheng A, Wang M, Yin Z, Huang J, Jia R. Apoptosis Triggered by ORF3 Proteins of the Circoviridae Family. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:609071. [PMID: 33604306 PMCID: PMC7884757 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.609071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of the programmed cell death, is an indispensable defense mechanism regulating cellular homeostasis and is triggered by multiple stimuli. Because of the regulation of apoptosis in cellular homeostasis, viral proteins with apoptotic activity are particular foci of on antitumor therapy. One representative viral protein is the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein, also named as apoptin in the Circoviridae chicken anemia virus (CAV), and has the ability to induce tumor-specific apoptosis. Proteins encoded by ORF3 in other circovirus species, such as porcine circovirus (PCV) and duck circovirus (DuCV), have also been reported to induce apoptosis, with subtle differences in apoptotic activity based on cell types. This article is aimed at reviewing the latest research advancements in understanding ORF3 protein-mediated apoptosis mechanisms of Circoviridae from three perspectives: subcellular localization, interactions with host proteins, and participation in multiple apoptotic signaling pathways, providing a scientific basis for circovirus pathogenesis and a reference on its potential anticancer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingcui Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Niesler N, Arndt J, Silberreis K, Fuchs H. Generation of a soluble and stable apoptin-EGF fusion protein, a targeted viral protein applicable for tumor therapy. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105687. [PMID: 32681952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A promising candidate for tumor targeted toxins is the chicken anemia-derived protein apoptin that induces tumor-specific apoptosis. It was aimed to design a novel apoptin-based targeted toxin by genetic fusion of apoptin with the tumor-directed ligand epidermal growth factor (EGF) using Escherichia coli as expression host. However, apoptin is highly hydrophobic and tends to form insoluble aggregates. Therefore, three different apoptin-EGF variants were generated. The fusion protein hexa-histidine (His)-apoptin-EGF (HAE) was expressed in E. coli and purified under denaturing conditions due to inclusion bodies. The protein solubility was improved by maltose-binding protein (MBP) or glutathione S-transferase. The protein MBP-apoptin-EGFHis (MAEH) was found favorable as a targeted toxin regarding final yield (4-6 mg/L) and stability. MBP was enzymatically removed using clotting factor Xa, which resulted in low yield and poor separation. MAEH was tested on target and non-target cell lines. The targeted tumor cell line A431 showed significant toxicity with an IC50 of 69.55 nM upon incubation with MAEH while fibroblasts and target receptor-free cells remained unaffected. Here we designed a novel EGF receptor targeting drug with high yield, purity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Niesler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Arndt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Silberreis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Li Y, Zhu Y, Fang J, Li W, Li S, Liu X, Liu Z, Song G, Shang C, Cong J, Bai B, Sun L, Jin N, Li X. Apoptin Regulates Apoptosis and Autophagy by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Levels in Human Liver Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1026. [PMID: 32714864 PMCID: PMC7344208 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptin is a protein that specifically induces apoptosis in tumor cells. The anti-tumorigenic functions of Apoptin, including autophagy activation and its interaction with apoptosis, have not been precisely elucidated. Here we investigate the main pathways of apoptin-mediated killing of human liver cancer cells, as well as its putative role in autophagy and apoptosis. The anti-proliferative effect of apoptin in liver cancer cells was analyzed in vitro by crystal violet staining and MTS detection, and also in vivo using a tumor-based model. The main pathway related to apoptin-induced growth inhibition in vitro was evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescence staining. The relationship between apoptosis and autophagy on apoptin-treating cells was analyzed using apoptosis and autophagy inhibitors, mitochondrial staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI flow detection, LC3 staining, and western blotting. The effect of ROS toward the apoptosis and autophagy of apoptin-treating cells was also evaluated by ROS detection, Annexin V-FITC/PI flow detection, LC3 staining, and western blotting. Inhibition of apoptosis in apoptin-treating liver cancer cells significantly reduced the autophagy levels in vitro. The overall inhibition increased from 12 h and the effect was most obvious at 48 h. Inhibition of autophagy could increase apoptin-induced apoptosis of cells in a time-dependent manner, reaching its peak at 24 h. Apoptin significantly alters ROS levels in liver cancer cells, and this effect is directly related to apoptosis and autophagy. ROS appears to be the key factor linking apoptin-induced autophagy and apoptosis through the mitochondria in liver cancer cells. Therefore, evaluating the interaction between apoptin-induced apoptosis and autophagy is a promising step for the development of alternate tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Gaojie Song
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Jianan Cong
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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12
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Malla WA, Arora R, Khan RIN, Mahajan S, Tiwari AK. Apoptin as a Tumor-Specific Therapeutic Agent: Current Perspective on Mechanism of Action and Delivery Systems. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:524. [PMID: 32671070 PMCID: PMC7330108 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide in humans and animals. Conventional treatment regimens often fail to produce the desired outcome due to disturbances in cell physiology that arise during the process of transformation. Additionally, development of treatment regimens with no or minimum side-effects is one of the thrust areas of modern cancer research. Oncolytic viral gene therapy employs certain viral genes which on ectopic expression find and selectively destroy malignant cells, thereby achieving tumor cell death without harming the normal cells in the neighborhood. Apoptin, encoded by Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus' VP3 gene, is a proline-rich protein capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells in a selective manner. In normal cells, the filamentous Apoptin becomes aggregated toward the cell margins, but is eventually degraded by proteasomes without harming the cells. In malignant cells, after activation by phosphorylation by a cancer cell-specific kinase whose identity is disputed, Apoptin accumulates in the nucleus, undergoes aggregation to form multimers, and prevents the dividing cancer cells from repairing their DNA lesions, thereby forcing them to undergo apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the present knowledge about the structure of Apoptin protein, elaborate on its mechanism of action, and summarize various strategies that have been used to deliver it as an anticancer drug in various cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Akram Malla
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Richa Arora
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Biological Standardisation, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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13
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Wang W, Wang S, Liu T, Ma Y, Huang S, Lei L, Wen A, Ding Y. Resveratrol: Multi-Targets Mechanism on Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on Network Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:694. [PMID: 32477148 PMCID: PMC7240052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol in lots of foods and traditional Chinese medicines, which has shown promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, the molecular mechanisms of its action have not been systematically studied yet. In order to elucidate the network pharmacological prospective effects of resveratrol on NDs, we assessed of pharmacokinetics (PK) properties of resveratrol, studied target prediction and network analysis, and discussed interacting pathways using a network pharmacology method. Main PK properties of resveratrol were acquired. A total of 13,612 genes related to NDs, and 138 overlapping genes were determined through matching the 175 potential targets of resveratrol with disease-associated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) function analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were performed to obtain more in-depth understanding of resveratrol on NDs. Accordingly, nodes with high degrees were obtained according using a PPI network, and AKT1, TP53, IL6, CASP3, VEGFA, TNF, MYC, MAPK3, MAPK8, and ALB were identified as hub target genes, which showed better affinity with resveratrol in silico studies. In addition, our experimental results demonstrated that resveratrol markedly enhanced the decreased levels of Bcl-2 and significantly reduced the increased expression of Bax and Caspase-3 in hippocampal neurons induced by glutamate exposure. Western blot results confirmed that resveratrol inhibited glutamate-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons partly by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, we found that resveratrol could target multiple pathways forming a systematic network with pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacy, 940 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Forces, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaojie Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Wyatt J, Müller MM, Tavassoli M. Cancer Treatment Goes Viral: Using Viral Proteins to Induce Tumour-Specific Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1975. [PMID: 31817939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a tightly regulated process which can be exploited in cancer treatment to drive the killing of the tumour. Several conventional cancer therapies including chemotherapeutic agents target pathways involved in cell death, yet they often fail due to the lack of selectivity they have for tumour cells over healthy cells. Over the past decade, research has demonstrated the existence of numerous proteins which have an intrinsic tumour-specific toxicity, several of which originate from viruses. These tumour-selective viral proteins, although from distinct backgrounds, have several similar and interesting properties. Though the mechanism(s) of action of these proteins are not fully understood, it is possible that they can manipulate several cell death modes in cancer exemplifying the intricate interplay between these pathways. This review will discuss our current knowledge on the topic and outstanding questions, as well as deliberate the potential for viral proteins to progress into the clinic as successful cancer therapeutics.
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15
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Fang H, Jiang W, Jing Z, Mu X, Xiong Z. miR-937 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis via targeting APAF1 in breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5687-5699. [PMID: 31410016 PMCID: PMC6645689 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s207091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous research had shown that an imbalance in cell proliferation and apoptosis is a vital mechanism for tumorigenesis and cancer progression that may directly influence biological behaviors of cancer. microRNAs are associated with the occurrence and development of tumors. This study aimed to explore the influence of miR-937 on breast cancer regulation of APAF1 expression. Methods: Cancer Genome Altas microarray analysis (fold change > 2, p<0.05) was used to verify differentially expressed microRNAs and RT-qPCR was used to detect miR-937 mRNA level in breast cancer. Cell viability and proliferation were measured using CCK8 and colony formation assays, respectively, after the miR-937 mimics/inhibitors and their negative control were transfected into MCF7 cells. The variations in cell cycle and apoptosis were examined using flow cytometry. DAVID database was used to perform GO enrichment analysis. We use dual luciferase report system to detect the effect of miR-937 on the transcriptional activity of APAF1. APAF1 protein level was determined by Western blot assay. Results: miR-937 was up-regulated in breast cancer cell lines and high miR-937 expression is associated with a poorer survival rate in cancer patients. miR-937 overexpression promoted the viability, down-regulated the G1 phase ratios and increased the ability of colony formation in breast cancer cells. miR-937 inhibition inhibited the viability and the ability of colony formation, promoted the apoptosis and up-regulated the G1 phase ratios. Our results showed that miR-937 targeted bind to the APAF1-3'UTR. APAF1 overexpression inhibited the viability and the ability of colony formation, promoted the apoptosis and up-regulated the G1 phase ratios. After cells were co-transfection miR-937 mimics and APAF1, cell apoptosis level was increased. Conclusion: APAF1 up-regulation or APAF1 down-regulation in breast cancer may regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Fang
- Department of Breast Disease, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing City, 400000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Breast Disease, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing City, 400000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouhong Jing
- Department of Breast Disease, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing City, 400000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Mu
- Department of Breast Disease, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing City, 400000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxun Xiong
- Department of Breast Disease, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing City, 400000, People's Republic of China
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16
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Jan R, Chaudhry GES. Understanding Apoptosis and Apoptotic Pathways Targeted Cancer Therapeutics. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9:205-218. [PMID: 31380246 PMCID: PMC6664112 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various physiological processes involve appropriate tissue developmental process and homeostasis - the pathogenesis of several diseases connected with deregulatory apoptosis process. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in maintaining a balance between cell death and division, evasion of apoptosis results in the uncontrolled multiplication of cells leading to different diseases such as cancer. Currently, the development of apoptosis targeting anticancer drugs has gained much interest since cell death induced by apoptosis causes minimal inflammation. The understanding of complexities of apoptosis mechanism and how apoptosis is evolved by tumor cells to oppose cell death has focused research into the new strategies designed to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This review focused on the underlying mechanism of apoptosis and the dysregulation of apoptosis modulators involved in the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which include death receptors (DRs) proteins, cellular FLICE inhibitory proteins (c-FLIP), anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), tumor suppressor (p53) in cancer cells along with various current clinical approaches aimed to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehmat Jan
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Terengganu Malaysia, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Gul-E-Saba Chaudhry
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Terengganu Malaysia, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
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17
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Zhang L, Zhao H, Cui Z, Lv Y, Zhang W, Ma X, Zhang J, Sun B, Zhou D, Yuan L. A peptide derived from apoptin inhibits glioma growth. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31119-31132. [PMID: 28415709 PMCID: PMC5458194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with poor prognosis due to its resistance to surgery, irradiation, and conventional chemotherapy. Thus, efficient therapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM are urgently needed. HSP70 is an antiapoptotic protein that participates in the inhibition of both mitochondrial and membrane receptor apoptosis pathways and is highly expressed in glioma tissues. Here, we investigated a derivative of apoptin; specifically, a chicken anemia viral protein with selective toxicity toward cancer cells that can inhibit hyperactive molecules, including HSP70. Our earlier studies demonstrated that apoptin directly binds to the promoter of HSP70 and inhibits HSP70 transcription, which contributes to HSP70 downregulation. This study provides the first demonstration of the therapeutic potential of an apoptin-derived peptide for the treatment of GBM by identifying the minimal region of the apoptin domain required for interaction with the heat-shock element (HSE). This apoptin-derived peptide (ADP) inhibits glioma cell proliferation and tumor growth as well as exhibits an increased ability to promote apoptosis in GBM cells compared with rapamycin and temozolomide. ADP treatment inhibited xenograft tumor growth and increased the overall health and survival of nude mice implanted with GBM cells. These effects were measured in tumors obtained from cell lines and were observed in both intracranial and subcutaneous xenografts. In conclusion, we provide the first demonstration that ADP has therapeutic potential for the treatment of human GBM. Specifically, this study suggests that ADP is a potent candidate for drug development based on its favorable toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles as well as its time- and cost-saving benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Zhang
- Teaching Experiment Center of Biotechnology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Hengyu Zhao
- Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqi Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Yueshan Lv
- Department of Immunology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Beijing Sun Palace Community Health Center, P.R. China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Banghao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Danyang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
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18
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Agha Amiri S, Shahhosseini S, Zarei N, Khorasanizadeh D, Aminollahi E, Rezaie F, Zargari M, Azizi M, Khalaj V. A novel anti-CD22 scFv-apoptin fusion protein induces apoptosis in malignant B-cells. AMB Express 2017; 7:112. [PMID: 28582973 PMCID: PMC5457376 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 marker is a highly internalizing antigen which is located on the surface of B-cells and is being used as a promising target for treatment of B cell malignancies. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD22 have been introduced and some are currently under investigation in clinical trials. Building on the success of antibody drug conjugates, we developed a fusion protein consisting of a novel anti-CD22 scFv and apoptin and tested binding and therapeutic effects in lymphoma cells. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli and successfully purified and refolded. In vitro binding analysis by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry demonstrated that the recombinant protein specifically binds to CD22 positive Raji cells but not to CD22 negative Jurkat cells. The cytotoxic properties of scFv–apoptin were assessed by an MTT assay and Annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis and showed that the recombinant protein induced apoptosis preferentially in Raji cells with no detectable effects in Jurkat cells. Our findings indicated that the recombinant anti-CD22 scFv–apoptin fusion protein could successfully cross the cell membrane and induce apoptosis with high specificity, make it as a promising molecule for immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies.
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19
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Dilling C, Roewer N, Förster CY, Burek M. Multiple protocadherins are expressed in brain microvascular endothelial cells and might play a role in tight junction protein regulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3391-3400. [PMID: 28094605 PMCID: PMC5624389 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16688706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are a large family of cadherin-related molecules. They play a role in cell adhesion, cellular interactions, and development of the central nervous system. However, their expression and role in endothelial cells has not yet been characterized. Here, we examined the expression of selected clustered Pcdhs in endothelial cells from several vascular beds. We analyzed human and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) lines and primary cells, mouse myocardial microvascular endothelial cell line, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We examined the mRNA and protein expression of selected Pcdhs using RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunostaining. A strong mRNA expression of Pcdhs was observed in all endothelial cells tested. At the protein level, Pcdhs-gamma were detected using an antibody against the conserved C-terminal domain of Pcdhs-gamma or an antibody against PcdhgC3. Deletion of highly expressed PcdhgC3 led to differences in the tight junction protein expression and mRNA expression of Wnt/mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway genes as well as lower transendothelial electrical resistance. Staining of PcdhgC3 showed diffused cytoplasmic localization in mouse BMEC. Our results suggest that Pcdhs may play a critical role in the barrier-stabilizing pathways at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dilling
- University of Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Roewer
- University of Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Y Förster
- University of Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- University of Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Würzburg, Germany
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Koval O, Kochneva G, Tkachenko A, Troitskaya O, Sivolobova G, Grazhdantseva A, Nushtaeva A, Kuligina E, Richter V. Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses Coding Transgenes of Apoptosis-Inducing Proteins Enhance Apoptosis But Not Immunogenicity of Infected Tumor Cells. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:3620510. [PMID: 28951871 PMCID: PMC5603130 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3620510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modifications of the oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) improve selective tumor cell infection and death, as well as activation of antitumor immunity. We have engineered a double recombinant VV, coding human GM-CSF, and apoptosis-inducing protein apoptin (VV-GMCSF-Apo) for comparing with the earlier constructed double recombinant VV-GMCSF-Lact, coding another apoptosis-inducing protein, lactaptin, which activated different cell death pathways than apoptin. We showed that both these recombinant VVs more considerably activated a set of critical apoptosis markers in infected cells than the recombinant VV coding GM-CSF alone (VV-GMCSF-dGF): these were phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-3 and caspase-7 activation, DNA fragmentation, and upregulation of proapoptotic protein BAX. However, only VV-GMCSF-Lact efficiently decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of infected cancer cells. Investigating immunogenic cell death markers in cancer cells infected with recombinant VVs, we demonstrated that all tested recombinant VVs were efficient in calreticulin and HSP70 externalization, decrease of cellular HMGB1, and ATP secretion. The comparison of antitumor activity against advanced MDA-MB-231 tumor revealed that both recombinants VV-GMCSF-Lact and VV-GMCSF-Apo efficiently delay tumor growth. Our results demonstrate that the composition of GM-CSF and apoptosis-inducing proteins in the VV genome is very efficient tool for specific killing of cancer cells and for activation of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Koval
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Kochneva
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Tkachenko
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Troitskaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Sivolobova
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Antonina Grazhdantseva
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Anna Nushtaeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kuligina
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Richter
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Zhong X, Zhao H, Liang S, Zhou D, Zhang W, Yuan L. Gene delivery of apoptin-derived peptide using an adeno-associated virus vector inhibits glioma and prolongs animal survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:506-513. [PMID: 28212737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. We designed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector for intracranial delivery of the secreted HSP70-targeted peptide APOPTIN derived from Apoptin to GBM tumors. We applied this therapy to GBM models using human U87MG glioma cells and GBM xenograft models in mice. In U87MG and U251MG cells, conditioned medium from AAV2-apoptin-derived peptide (ADP)-expressing cells induced 83% and 78% cell death. In mice bearing intracranial U87MG tumors treated with AAV2-ADP, treatment resulted in a significant decrease in tumor growth and longer survival in mice bearing orthotopic invasive GBM brain tumors. These data indicate that ssAAV2-ADP injection in the left hemisphere effectively prevented ipsilateral tumor growth but was insufficient to prevent distal tumor growth in the contralateral hemisphere. However, the systemic route is the most effective approach for treating widely dispersed tumors. In summary, systemic delivery of AAV2-ADP is an attractive approach for invasive GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, PR China
| | - Hengyu Zhao
- Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, PR China
| | - Songhe Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, PR China
| | - DanYang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, PR China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, PR China
| | - Lijie Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, PR China.
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Yang E, Li X, Jin N. The chimeric multi-domain proteins mediating specific DNA transfer for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:80. [PMID: 27752239 PMCID: PMC5062862 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of a non-virus based specific chimeric multi-domain DNA transferred with apoptin in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG-2 cells in vitro and in mice H22 cells in vivo. METHODS We firstly constructed the multi-domain recombinant chimeric proteins based on recombinant proteins [G (yeast GAL4), NG (none GAL4), TG (GAL4 + Tat protein) and TNG (Tat protein)] and pUAS-Apoptin plasmid, and transfected them into human HepG-2 cells. The antitumor effect of this multi-domain recombinant chimeric proteins to HCC cells were detected by MTT assay, AO/EB staining, DAPI staining and Annexin V assay. In order to find the pathway of cell apoptosis, the Caspase (1, 3, 6 and 8) activity was detected. We then constructed the H22 liver cancer mice model and analyzed the anti-tumor rate and mice survival rate after treated with G/pUAS-Apoptin NG/pUAS-Apoptin TG/pUAS-Apoptin, and TNG/pUAS-Apoptin. RESULTS MTT results showed that the Tat protein (TG and TNG) significantly induced cell death in a time dependent manner. AO/EB, DAPI, Annexin V and Caspases assay results indicated that the Caspase 1, 3, 6 and 8 were highly expressed in TG/pUAS-Apoptin, and TNG/pUAS-Apoptin treated mouse groups. The antitumor rate and survival rate in TG/pUAS-Apoptin, and TNG/pUAS-Apoptin treated mouse groups were higher than in the other groups. CONCLUSION The Tat-apoptin is a potential anti-tumor agent for HCC treatment with remarkable anti-tumor efficacy and high safety based on non-virus gene transfer system. The anti-tumor function may be associated with high expression of Caspase 1, 3, 6 and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encheng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086 China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, #666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130122 Jilin province China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, #666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130122 Jilin province China
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Song W, Zhao H, Cui Z, Ma X, Zhang W, Wang D, Liu A, Yuan L. Creation of an apoptin-derived peptide that interacts with SH3 domains and inhibits glioma cell migration and invasion. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:15229-40. [PMID: 27686608 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive tumor of the central nervous system characterized by high rates of recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. This study investigated the antitumor effects of an apoptin-derived peptide (ADP) on glioma cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. The U251, U87, and C6 glioma cell lines were used in the present study, and the expression of p-Akt, Akt, and MMP-9 was determined through Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Tumor growth was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, and cell viability was assessed through an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay. Glioma cell metastasis was evaluated using transwell migration, invasion, and scratch-wound assays. An ADP was designed and synthesized based on the results of a domain-based analysis of the structure of apoptin. The ADP inhibited glioma cell viability, invasion and migration, and treatment with the synthesized ADP led to downregulation of p-Akt and MMP-9 and inhibited MMP-9 translation. The ADP also inhibited glioma invasion and migration in vivo, and HE staining showed decreases in the satellite-like invasion of cell masses and apoptotic cell populations after treatment with the ADP. Our findings demonstrate that treatment with an ADP can suppress glioma cell migration and invasion via the PI3K/Akt/MMP-9 signaling pathway and provide a new platform for the development of drugs for treating glioma.
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Cao H, Xiang T, Zhang C, Yang H, Jiang L, Liu S, Huang X. MDA7 combined with targeted attenuated Salmonella vector SL7207/pBud-VP3 inhibited growth of gastric cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:809-815. [PMID: 27497809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect of MDA7 combined with apoptin targeted attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vector SL7207/pBud-VP3 on gastric cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MDA7 was inserted into pBud-VP3 using molecular cloning technology to obtain the eukaryotic expression plasmid pBud-VP3-MDA7 and it was transformed into attenuated Salmonella typhimurium SL7207 by high voltage electroporation to obtain SL7207/pBud-VP3-MDA7. Mice bearing a sarcoma of gastric cancer cells were treated with SL7207/pBud-VP3-MDA7 and the growth-suppressing effect was assessed by measurement of tumor volume. Western blot was used to identify the MDA7 expression products. IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α and caspase-3, VEGF in tumor tissue were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS SL7207/pBud-VP3-MDA7 was successfully constructed and expression of the protein MDA7 was identified in tumor tissue. SL7207/pBud-VP3-MDA7 significantly caused tumor inhibition and regression (p<0.05). The level of expression of cytokines IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α in tumor tissue was significantly higher than in the other groups (p<0.05). The expression of caspase-3 was up-regulated and VEGF was down-regulated (p<0.05). CONCLUSION This study shows that SL7207/pBud-VP3-MDA7 has inhibitory effect on the growth of gastric cancer cells. The mechanism involved is related to the promotion of tumor apoptosis, immunity regulation and inhibition of tumor blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdan Cao
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical Higher specialty College, Road 82, Shapingba District University City, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Artron BioResearch Inc., 3938 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, BC V5 J 5H6, Canada
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical Higher specialty College, Road 82, Shapingba District University City, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical Higher specialty College, Road 82, Shapingba District University City, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lingqun Jiang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical Higher specialty College, Road 82, Shapingba District University City, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shanli Liu
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical Higher specialty College, Road 82, Shapingba District University City, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Ph.D Research Center for Medical and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Road 1, Yuzhong District School of Medicine, Chongqing 400016, China.
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25
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Giotis ES, Rothwell L, Scott A, Hu T, Talbot R, Todd D, Burt DW, Glass EJ, Kaiser P. Transcriptomic Profiling of Virus-Host Cell Interactions following Chicken Anaemia Virus (CAV) Infection in an In Vivo Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134866. [PMID: 26244502 PMCID: PMC4526643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken Anaemia Virus (CAV) is an economically important virus that targets lymphoid and erythroblastoid progenitor cells leading to immunosuppression. This study aimed to investigate the interplay between viral infection and the host's immune response to better understand the pathways that lead to CAV-induced immunosuppression. To mimic vertical transmission of CAV in the absence of maternally-derived antibody, day-old chicks were infected and their responses measured at various time-points post-infection by qRT-PCR and gene expression microarrays. The kinetics of mRNA expression levels of signature cytokines of innate and adaptive immune responses were determined by qRT-PCR. The global gene expression profiles of mock-infected (control) and CAV-infected chickens at 14 dpi were also compared using a chicken immune-related 5K microarray. Although in the thymus there was evidence of induction of an innate immune response following CAV infection, this was limited in magnitude. There was little evidence of a Th1 adaptive immune response in any lymphoid tissue, as would normally be expected in response to viral infection. Most cytokines associated with Th1, Th2 or Treg subsets were down-regulated, except IL-2, IL-13, IL-10 and IFNγ, which were all up-regulated in thymus and bone marrow. From the microarray studies, genes that exhibited significant (greater than 1.5-fold, false discovery rate <0.05) changes in expression in thymus and bone marrow on CAV infection were mainly associated with T-cell receptor signalling, immune response, transcriptional regulation, intracellular signalling and regulation of apoptosis. Expression levels of a number of adaptor proteins, such as src-like adaptor protein (SLA), a negative regulator of T-cell receptor signalling and the transcription factor Special AT-rich Binding Protein 1 (SATB1), were significantly down-regulated by CAV infection, suggesting potential roles for these genes as regulators of viral infection or cell defence. These results extend our understanding of CAV-induced immunosuppression and suggest a global immune dysregulation following CAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios S. Giotis
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Rothwell
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tuanjun Hu
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Talbot
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Todd
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Burt
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J. Glass
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Kaiser
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom
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Jangamreddy JR, Panigrahi S, Lotfi K, Yadav M, Maddika S, Tripathi AK, Sanyal S, Łos MJ. Mapping of apoptin-interaction with BCR-ABL1, and development of apoptin-based targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7198-211. [PMID: 25216532 PMCID: PMC4196195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of chronic myeloid leukemia patients experience an adequate therapeutic effect from imatinib however, 26-37% of patients discontinue imatinib therapy due to a suboptimal response or intolerance. Here we investigated derivatives of apoptin, a chicken anemia viral protein with selective toxicity towards cancer cells, which can be directed towards inhibiting multiple hyperactive kinases including BCR-ABL1. Our earlier studies revealed that a proline-rich segment of apoptin interacts with the SH3 domain of fusion protein BCR-ABL1 (p210) and acts as a negative regulator of BCR-ABL1 kinase and its downstream targets. In this study we show for the first time, the therapeutic potential of apoptin-derived decapeptide for the treatment of CML by establishing the minimal region of apoptin interaction domain with BCR-ABL1. We further show that the apoptin decapeptide is able to inhibit BCR-ABL1 down stream target c-Myc with a comparable efficacy to full-length apoptin and Imatinib. The synthetic apoptin is able to inhibit cell proliferation in murine (32Dp210), human cell line (K562), and ex vivo in both imatinib-resistant and imatinib sensitive CML patient samples. The apoptin based single or combination therapy may be an additional option in CML treatment and eventually be feasible as curative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- Dept. Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Sweden. Authors contributed equally
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Dept. Medicine/ Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Authors contributed equally
| | - Kourosh Lotfi
- Dept. of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Department of Hematology, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, 10, Janakipuram Extn, Sitapur Rd, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Subbareddy Maddika
- Laboratory of Cell Death & Survival, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Medical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, 10, Janakipuram Extn, Sitapur Rd, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Marek J Łos
- Dept. Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Sweden. Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Felgueiras J, Fardilha M. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1-interacting proteins as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:120-139. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i4.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major public health concern worldwide, being one of the most prevalent cancers in men. Great improvements have been made both in terms of early diagnosis and therapeutics. However, there is still an urgent need for reliable biomarkers that could overcome the lack of cancer-specificity of prostate-specific antigen, as well as alternative therapeutic targets for advanced metastatic cases. Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a post-translational modification critical to the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase, whose specificity is determined by its interacting proteins. These interactors can be PPP1 substrates, regulators, or even both. Deregulation of this protein-protein interaction network alters cell dynamics and underlies the development of several cancer hallmarks. Therefore, the identification of PPP1 interactome in specific cellular context is of crucial importance. The knowledge on PPP1 complexes in prostate cancer remains scarce, with only 4 holoenzymes characterized in human prostate cancer models. However, an increasing number of PPP1 interactors have been identified as expressed in human prostate tissue, including the tumor suppressors TP53 and RB1. Efforts should be made in order to identify the role of such proteins in prostate carcinogenesis, since only 26 have yet well-recognized roles. Here, we revise literature and human protein databases to provide an in-depth knowledge on the biological significance of PPP1 complexes in human prostate carcinogenesis and their potential use as therapeutic targets for the development of new therapies for prostate cancer.
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Kochneva G, Zonov E, Grazhdantseva A, Yunusova A, Sibolobova G, Popov E, Taranov O, Netesov S, Chumakov P, Ryabchikova E. Apoptin enhances the oncolytic properties of vaccinia virus and modifies mechanisms of tumor regression. Oncotarget 2014; 5:11269-82. [PMID: 25358248 PMCID: PMC4294355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant vaccinia virus VVdGF-ApoS24/2 expressing apoptin selectively kills human cancer cells in vitro [Kochneva et al., 2013]. We compared the oncolytic activity of this recombinant with that of the parental strain L-IVP using a model of human A431 carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Single intratumoral injections (2×10^7 PFU/mouse) of the viruses produced a dramatic decrease in tumor volumes, which was higher after injection of apoptin-producing virus. The tumor dried out after the injection of recombinant while injection of L-IVP strain resulted in formation of cavities filled with cell debris and liquid. Both viruses rapidly spread in xenografts and replicate exclusively in tumor cells causing their destruction within 8 days. Both viruses induced insignificant level of apoptosis in tumors. Unlike the previously described nuclear localization of apoptin in cancer cells the apoptin produced by recombinant virus was localized to the cytoplasm. The apoptin did not induce a typical apoptosis, but it rather influenced pathway of cell death and thereby caused tumor shrinkage. The replacement of destroyed cells by filamentous material is the main feature of tumor regression caused by the VVdGF-ApoS24/2 virus. The study points the presence of complicated mechanisms of apoptin effects at the background of vaccinia virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Kochneva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Zonov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Anastasiya Yunusova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Sibolobova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Popov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Oleg Taranov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Sergei Netesov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Peter Chumakov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow
| | - Elena Ryabchikova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Gupta SK, Gandham RK, Sahoo AP, Tiwari AK. Viral genes as oncolytic agents for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:1073-94. [PMID: 25408521 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways. While some viruses encode proteins, which inhibit the apoptosis or death of the infected cells, there are viruses whose encoded proteins can kill the infected cells by multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis. A particular class of these viruses has specific gene(s) in their genomes which, upon ectopic expression, can kill the tumor cells selectively without affecting the normal cells. These genes and their encoded products have demonstrated great potential to be developed as novel anticancer therapeutic agents which can specifically target and kill the cancer cells leaving the normal cells unharmed. In this review, we will discuss about the viral genes having specific cancer cell killing properties, what is known about their functioning, signaling pathways and their therapeutic applications as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India
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Hough KP, Rogers AM, Zelic M, Paris M, Heilman DW. Transformed cell-specific induction of apoptosis by porcine circovirus type 1 viral protein 3. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:351-359. [PMID: 25381055 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.070284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the family Circoviridae have been shown to encode proteins with apoptotic activity. For example, both porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and chicken anemia virus (CAV) encode a third viral protein (VP3) that has been shown to be cytotoxic. Interestingly, in the case of the CAV protein (designated apoptin), apoptosis is specific to transformed cell types. Similarities in genome structure and organization suggest that PCV type 1 (PCV1) may also contain a third ORF, which codes for a protein with homologous activity. To investigate this, ORF prediction followed by gene expression analyses were conducted on a gene found to be homologous to CAV and PCV2 VP3. Our data presented herein elucidate a putative ORF3 that codes for a viral protein with functional similarity to that of apoptin and PCV2 VP3. Unlike its homologues, sequence analysis revealed a highly hydrophobic, extended C-terminal domain in PCV1 VP3, which harbours a strong nuclear export signal. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated divergent PCV1 VP3 localization patterns compared with that of CAV VP3. Interestingly, cytotoxicity studies revealed evidence that apoptosis may be selective to transformed cell types, similar to apoptin; however, PCV1 VP3 induced a dramatic G1 cell cycle arrest as opposed to the G2/M arrest observed with apoptin. These results indicate that nuclear localization of PCV1 VP3 is necessary neither for induction of apoptosis nor for transformed cell selectivity, and suggest a mechanism of action distinct from that of apoptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Hough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Andrew M Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Matija Zelic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Meaghan Paris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Destin W Heilman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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Rollano Peñaloza OM, Lewandowska M, Stetefeld J, Ossysek K, Madej M, Bereta J, Sobczak M, Shojaei S, Ghavami S, Łos MJ. Apoptins: selective anticancer agents. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:519-28. [PMID: 25164066 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that selectively target cancer cells for death have been the center of intense research recently. One potential therapy may involve apoptin proteins, which are able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells leaving normal cells unharmed. Apoptin was originally discovered in the Chicken anemia virus (CAV); however, human gyroviruses (HGyV) have recently been found that also harbor apoptin-like proteins. Although the cancer cell specific activity of these apoptins appears to be well conserved, the precise functions and mechanisms of action are yet to be fully elucidated. Strategies for both delivering apoptin to treat tumors and disseminating the protein inside the tumor body are now being developed, and have shown promise in preclinical animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M Rollano Peñaloza
- Department Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medical Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Joerg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Karolina Ossysek
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sobczak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medical Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Abstract
The virus-derived protein Apoptin has the ability to induce p53-independent apoptosis in a variety of human cancer cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. It thus represents a potential anti-cancer therapeutic agent of the future but a proper understanding of Apoptin-induced signalling events is necessary prior to clinical application. The tumor-specific nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of Apoptin by a cellular kinase such as protein kinase C seem to be required for its function but otherwise the mode of tumor selectivity remains unknown. Apoptin has been shown to interact with several cellular proteins including Akt and the anaphase-promoting complex that regulate its activity and promote caspase-dependent apoptosis. This chapter summarizes the available data on tumor-specific pathways sensed by Apoptin and the mechanism of Apoptin-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bullenkamp
- Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 2 Room 2.66S, Hodgkin Building, London, UK
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Shoae-Hassani A, Keyhanvar P, Seifalian AM, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, Ghaderi N, Issazadeh K, Amirmozafari N, Verdi J. λ Phage nanobioparticle expressing apoptin efficiently suppress human breast carcinoma tumor growth in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79907. [PMID: 24278212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using phages is a novel field of cancer therapy and phage nanobioparticles (NBPs) such as λ phage could be modified to deliver and express genetic cassettes into eukaryotic cells safely in contrast with animal viruses. Apoptin, a protein from chicken anemia virus (CAV) has the ability to specifically induce apoptosis only in carcinoma cells. We presented a safe method of breast tumor therapy via the apoptin expressing λ NBPs. Here, we constructed a λ ZAP-CMV-apoptin recombinant NBP and investigated the effectiveness of its apoptotic activity on BT-474, MDA-MB-361, SKBR-3, UACC-812 and ZR-75 cell lines that over-expressing her-2 marker. Apoptosis was evaluated via annexin-V fluorescent iso-thiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, flow-cytometric method and TUNEL assay. Transfection with NBPs carrying λ ZAP-CMV-apoptin significantly inhibited growth of all the breast carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Also nude mice model implanted BT-474 human breast tumor was successfully responded to the systemic and local injection of untargeted recombinant λ NBPs. The results presented here reveal important features of recombinant λ nanobioparticles to serve as safe delivery and expression platform for human cancer therapy.
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Abstract
The identification of the fundamental role of apoptosis in the growth balance and normal homeostasis against cell proliferation led to the recognition of its loss contributing to tumorigenesis. The mechanistic significance of reinstating apoptosis signaling towards selective targeting of malignant cells heavily exploits the caspase family of death-inducing molecules as a powerful therapeutic platform for the development of potent anticancer strategies. Some apoptosis inhibitors induce caspase expression and activity in preclinical models and clinical trials by targeting both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and restoring the apoptotic capacity in human tumors. Furthermore, up-regulation of caspases emerges as a sensitizing mechanism for tumors exhibiting therapeutic resistance to radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the functional involvement of caspases in apoptosis control and the current understanding of reactivating caspase-mediated apoptosis signaling towards effective therapeutic modalities in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hensley
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease that affects more and more people around the world. Unfortunately, existing treatments are only partially efficient and often induce major side effects. Thus, the use of viruses to selectively kill cancer cells is a new promising therapeutic approach. Recently, VSV has been used in oncolytic virotherapy because of its capacity to preferentially infect most human tumor cells. However, despite the availability of good oncolytic VSV mutants, the large variability of tumor cell types and the multiple ways in which they can evade viral infection suggests that therapeutic combinations of various viruses will be necessary to efficiently treat most cancers. A better understanding of the infection mechanisms and immune system recruitment by oncolytic viruses will be of great value for the development of safe and efficient strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Janelle
- Laboratoire d'immunovirologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Guan GF, Zhao M, Liu LM, Jin CS, Sun K, Zhang DJ, Yu DJ, Cao HW, Lu YQ, Wen LJ. Salmonella typhimurium mediated delivery of Apoptin in human laryngeal cancer. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1639-48. [PMID: 24155656 PMCID: PMC3805922 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective cancer therapeutic should target tumours specifically with limited systemic toxicity. Here, we transformed an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) with an Apoptin expressing plasmid into a human laryngeal carcinoma cell line. The expression of the inserted gene was measured using fluorescence and immunoblotting assays. The attenuated S. typhimurium-mediated Apoptin significantly decreased cytotoxicity and strongly increased cell apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3. The process was mediated by Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-9. A syngeneic nude murine tumour model was used to determine the anti-tumour effects of the recombinant bacteria in vivo. Systemic injection of the recombinant bacteria with and without re-dosing caused significant tumour growth delay and reduced tumour microvessel density, thereby extending host survival. Our findings indicated that the use of recombinant Salmonella typhimurium as an Apoptin expression vector has potential cancer therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-fang Guan
- 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
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Yuan L, Zhang L, Dong X, Zhao H, Li S, Han D, Liu X. Apoptin selectively induces the apoptosis of tumor cells by suppressing the transcription of HSP70. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:577-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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FANG XIAOYONG, WU PING, LI JINYUN, QI LIN, TANG YAOYUN, JIANG WEIHONG, ZHAO SUPING. Combination of apoptin with photodynamic therapy induces nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell death in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2077-82. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhang KJ, Qian J, Wang SB, Yang Y. Targeting Gene-Viro-Therapy with AFP driving Apoptin gene shows potent antitumor effect in hepatocarcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:20. [PMID: 22321574 PMCID: PMC3311074 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene therapy and viral therapy are used for cancer therapy for many years, but the results are less than satisfactory. Our aim was to construct a new recombinant adenovirus which is more efficient to kill hepatocarcinoma cells but more safe to normal cells. Methods By using the Cancer Targeting Gene-Viro-Therapy strategy, Apoptin, a promising cancer therapeutic gene was inserted into the double-regulated oncolytic adenovirus AD55 in which E1A gene was driven by alpha fetoprotein promoter along with a 55 kDa deletion in E1B gene to form AD55-Apoptin. The anti-tumor effects and safety were examined by western blotting, virus yield assay, real time polymerase chain reaction, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Hoechst33342 staining, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, xenograft tumor model, Immunohistochemical assay, liver function analysis and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling assay. Results The recombinant virus AD55-Apoptin has more significant antitumor effect for hepatocelluar carcinoma cell lines (in vitro) than that of AD55 and even ONYX-015 but no or little impair on normal cell lines. Furthermore, it also shows an obvious in vivo antitumor effect on the Huh-7 liver carcinoma xenograft in nude mice with bigger beginning tumor volume till about 425 mm3 but has no any damage on the function of liver. The induction of apoptosis is involved in AD55-Apoptin induced antitumor effects. Conclusion The AD55-Apoptin can be a potential anti-hepatoma agent with remarkable antitumor efficacy as well as higher safety in cancer targeting gene-viro-therapy system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jian Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Abstract
The emerging approach to cancer treatment known as targeted therapies offers hope in improving the treatment of therapy-resistant cancers. Recent understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer has led to the development of targeted novel drugs such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, mimetics, antisense and small interference RNA-based strategies, among others. These compounds act on specific targets that are believed to contribute to the development and progression of cancers and resistance of tumors to conventional therapies. Delivered individually or combined with chemo- and/or radiotherapy, such novel drugs have produced significant responses in certain types of cancer. Among the most successful novel compounds are those which target tyrosine kinases (imatinib, trastuzumab, sinutinib, cetuximab). However, these compounds can cause severe side-effects as they inhibit pathways such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or platelet-derived growth factor receptor, which are also important for normal functions in non-transformed cells. Recently, a number of proteins have been identified which show a remarkable tumor-specific cytotoxic activity. This toxicity is independent of tumor type or specific genetic changes such as p53, pRB or EGFR aberrations. These tumor-specific killer proteins are either derived from common human and animal viruses such as E1A, E4ORF4 and VP3 (apoptin) or of cellular origin, such as TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and MDA-7 (melanoma differentiation associated-7). This review aims to present a current overview of a selection of these proteins with preferential toxicity among cancer cells and will provide an insight into the possible mechanism of action, tumor specificity and their potential as novel tumor-specific cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Hun Kim
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Yong Yun
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Myoung
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soung-Min Kim
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Pan Y, Fang L, Fan H, Luo R, Zhao Q, Chen H, Xiao S. Antitumor effects of a recombinant pseudotype baculovirus expressing Apoptin in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2741-51. [PMID: 19824041 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptin, a chicken anemia virus-derived, p53-independent, bcl-2-insenstive apoptotic protein with the ability to specifically induce apoptosis in tumor or transformed cells, is a promising tool for cancer gene therapy. In this study, pseudotype baculovirus, a recently developed alternative gene delivery system, was used as a vector to express Apoptin. The resultant recombinant baculovirus (BV-Apoptin) efficiently expressed the Apoptin protein and induced apoptosis in HepG2 and H22 cells. Studies in vivo showed that intratumoral injection of BV-Apoptin into a xenogeneic tumor (derived from H22 murine hepatoma cells in C57BL/6 mice) significantly suppressed tumor growth, and significantly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice compared to a control pseudotype baculovirus that expressed EGFP. Taken together, these results suggest that Apoptin, expressed from the pseudotype baculovirus vector, has the potential to become a therapeutic agent for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Pan
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Schoop RAL, Verdegaal EME, de Jong RJB, Noteborn MHM. Apoptin Enhances Radiation-Induced Cell Death in Poorly Responding Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 106:130-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yan L, Xiangwei M, Xiao L, Peng G, Chang L, Mingyao T, Encheng Y, Xiaohong X, Peng J, Shifu K, Zhongmei W, Ningyi J. Construction, expression and characterization of a dual cancer-specific fusion protein targeting carcinoembryonic antigen in intestinal carcinomas. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 69:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Los M, Panigrahi S, Rashedi I, Mandal S, Stetefeld J, Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K. Apoptin, a tumor-selective killer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1793:1335-42. [PMID: 19374922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Apoptin, a small protein from chicken anemia virus, has attracted great attention, because it specifically kills tumor cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. The subcellular localization of apoptin appears to be crucial for this tumor-selective activity. In normal cells, apoptin resides in the cytoplasm, whereas in cancerous cells it translocates into the nucleus. The nuclear translocation of apoptin is largely controlled by its phosphorylation. In tumor cells, apoptin causes the nuclear accumulation of survival kinases including Akt and is phosphorylated by CDK2. Thereby, apoptin redirects survival signals into cell death responses. Apoptin also binds as a multimeric complex to DNA and interacts with several nuclear targets, such as the anaphase-promoting complex, resulting in a G2/M phase arrest. The proapoptotic signal of apoptin is then transduced from the nucleus to cytoplasm by Nur77, which triggers a p53-independent mitochondrial death pathway. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries of apoptin's mechanism of action that might provide intriguing insights for the development of novel tumor-selective anticancer drugs.
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Maddika S, Panigrahi S, Wiechec E, Wesselborg S, Fischer U, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M. Unscheduled Akt-triggered activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 as a key effector mechanism of apoptin's anticancer toxicity. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:1235-48. [PMID: 19103742 PMCID: PMC2643822 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00668-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptin, a protein from the chicken anemia virus, has attracted attention because it specifically kills tumor cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. The reason for this tumor selectivity is unclear and depends on subcellular localization, as apoptin resides in the cytoplasm of normal cells but in the nuclei of transformed cells. It was shown that nuclear localization and tumor-specific killing crucially require apoptin's phosphorylation by an as yet unknown kinase. Here we elucidate the pathway of apoptin-induced apoptosis and show that it essentially depends on abnormal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt activation, resulting in the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2. Inhibitors as well as dominant-negative mutants of PI3-kinase and Akt not only inhibited CDK2 activation but also protected cells from apoptin-induced cell death. Akt activated CDK2 by direct phosphorylation as well as by the phosphorylation-induced degradation of the inhibitor p27(Kip1). Importantly, we also identified CDK2 as the principal kinase that phosphorylates apoptin and is crucially required for apoptin-induced cell death. Immortalized CDK2-deficient fibroblasts and CDK2 knockdown cells were markedly protected against apoptin. Thus, our results not only decipher the pathway of apoptin-induced cell death but also provide mechanistic insights for the selective killing of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbareddy Maddika
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
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Chen L, Jin NY, Li X, Liu LM, Jia P, Liu Y, Gao P, Lu YS, Chi BR. Construction and identification of the recombinant adenovirus expressing Apoptin gene of chicken anemia virus. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3505-3509. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i31.3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct a recombinant adenovirus carrying Apoptin gene so as to provide a basis for further studying the molecular mechanism of Apoptin gene in inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
METHODS: The plasmid pVAX1-Apoptin was digested by endonuclease BamHⅠ and SpeⅠ, and the obtained Apoptin segment was inserted into vector pacAd5 CMV K-N pA to construct a shuttle plasmid pacAd5-Apoptin. After PacⅠ digestion and linearized process, the plasmid pacAd5-Apoptin and pAD (genome plasmid) were co-transfected into AAV-293 cells by liposome mediation. The DNA containing Apoptin gene of the recombinant adenovirus was identified by plaque purification, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The titer of the obtained adenovirus was also examined.
RESULTS: The recombinant adenovirus expressed Apoptin gene and the molecular weight of the protein was about 13 kDa, which was consistent with the CVA-positive control. The protein of Apoptin could be effectively expressed in the recombinant adenovirus, and this protein had response to the CAV-positive serum. The titer of the recombinant virus was 1011 PFU/L.
CONCLUSION: The adenovirus containing Apoptin gene is successfully constructed, and the virus titer is able to meet the requirements of in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Han SX, Ma JL, Lv Y, Huang C, Liang HH, Duan KM. Secretory Transactivating Transcription-apoptin fusion protein induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:3642-9. [PMID: 18595131 PMCID: PMC2719227 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether SP-TAT-apoptin induces apoptosis and also maintains its tumor cell specificity.
METHODS: In this study, we designed a secretory protein by adding a secretory signal peptide (SP) to the N terminus of Transactivating Transcription (TAT)-apoptin (SP-TAT-apoptin), to test the hypothesis that it gains an additive bystander effect as an anti-cancer therapy. We used an artificial human secretory SP whose amino acid sequence and corresponding cDNA sequence were generated by the SP hidden Markov model.
RESULTS: In human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells, SP-TAT-apoptin expression showed a diffuse pattern in the early phase after transfection. After 48 h, however, it translocated into the nuclear compartment and caused massive apoptotic cell death, as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and annexin-V binding assay. SP-TAT-apoptin did not, however, cause any cell death in non-malignant human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Most importantly, the conditioned medium from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with SP-TAT-apoptin also induced significant cell death in HepG2 cells, but not in HUVECs.
CONCLUSION: The data demonstrated that SP-TAT-apoptin induces apoptosis only in malignant cells, and its secretory property might greatly increase its potency once it is delivered in vivo for cancer therapy.
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Paranjothy T, Wiechec E, Pocar P, Mustafa T, Seifert A, Zahl C, Gerlach KL, Biermann K, Steger K, Hoang-Vu C, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M. Cancer stem cells as targets for cancer therapy: selected cancers as examples. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 56:165-80. [PMID: 18512024 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-008-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that cancer constitutes a group of diseases involving altered stem-cell maturation/differentiation and the disturbance of regenerative processes. The observed malignant transformation is merely a symptom of normal differentiation processes gone astray rather than the primary event. This review focuses on the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in three common but also relatively under-investigated cancers: head and neck, ovarian, and testicular cancer. For didactic purpose, the physiology of stem cells is first introduced using hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells as examples. This is followed by a discussion of the (possible) role of CSCs in head and neck, ovarian, and testicular cancer. Aside from basic information about the pathophysiology of these cancers, current research results focused on the discovery of molecular markers specific to these cancers are also discussed. The last part of the review is largely dedicated to signaling pathways active within various normal and CSC types (e.g. Nanog, Nestin, Notch1, Notch2, Oct3 and 4, Wnt). Different elements of these pathways are also discussed in the context of therapeutic opportunities for the development of targeted therapies aimed at CSCs. Finally, alternative targeted anticancer therapies arising from recently identified molecules with cancer-(semi-)selective capabilities (e.g. apoptin, Brevinin-2R) are considered.
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Maddika S, Wiechec E, Ande SR, Poon IK, Fischer U, Wesselborg S, Jans DA, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M. Interaction with PI3-kinase contributes to the cytotoxic activity of apoptin. Oncogene 2007; 27:3060-5. [PMID: 18059340 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apoptin, a small protein from the chicken anemia virus, has attracted attention because of its specificity in killing tumor cells. Localization of apoptin in the nucleus of tumor cells has been shown to be vital for proapoptotic activity, however, targeted expression of apoptin in the nucleus of normal cells does not harm the cells, indicating that nuclear localization of apoptin is insufficient for its cytotoxicity. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that apoptin interacts with the SH3 domain of p85, the regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K), through its proline-rich region. Apoptin derivatives devoid of this proline-rich region do not interact with p85, are unable to activate PI3-K, and show impaired apoptosis induction. Moreover, apoptin mutants containing the proline-rich domain are sufficient to elevate PI3-K activity and to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Downregulation of p85 leads to nuclear exclusion of apoptin and impairs cell death induction, indicating that interaction with the p85 PI3-K subunit essentially contributes to the cytotoxic activity of apoptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maddika
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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