The transcription factor ZEB1 (deltaEF1) promotes tumour cell dedifferentiation by repressing master regulators of epithelial polarity

TRanscriptome ANalysis of StratifiEd CohorTs (TRANSECT) enables automated assessment of global gene regulation linked to disparate expression in user defined genes and gene sets

Publicly accessible expression data produced by large consortium projects like TCGA and GTEx are increasing in number and size at an unprecedented rate. Their utility cannot be underestimated given the diversity of valuable tools widely used to interrogate these data and the many discoveries of biological and clinical significance already garnered from these datasets. However, there remain undiscovered ways to mine these rich resources and a continuing need to provide researchers with easily accessible and user-friendly applications for complex or bespoke analyses. We introduce TRanscriptome ANalysis of StratifiEd CohorTs (TRANSECT), a bioinformatics application automating the stratification and subsequent differential expression analysis of cohort data to provide further insights into gene regulation. TRANSECT works by defining two groups within a cohort based on disparate expression of a gene or a gene set and subsequently compares the groups for differences in global expression. Akin to reverse genetics minus the inherent requirement of in vitro or in vivo perturbations, cell lines or model organisms and all the while working within natural physiological limits of expression, TRANSECT compiles information about global transcriptomic change and functional outcomes. TRANSECT is freely available as a command line application or online at https://transect.au.

The Nucleolus: A Central Hub for Ribosome Biogenesis and Cellular Regulatory Signals

The nucleolus is the most prominent nuclear domain in eukaryotic cells, primarily responsible for ribosome biogenesis. It synthesizes and processes precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) into mature rRNAs, assembling the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, which later form the 80S ribosome-the essential molecular machine for protein synthesis. Beyond ribosome production, the nucleolus lacks a delimiting membrane, allowing it to rapidly regulate cellular homeostasis by sequestering key stress response factors. This adaptability enables dynamic changes in size, number, and protein composition in response to cellular stress and signaling. Recent research highlights the nucleolus as a critical regulator of chemoresistance. Given its central role in cell survival and stress adaptation, the nucleolus has become an attractive therapeutic target, particularly in cancer treatment. A deeper understanding of nucleolar metabolism could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies against various human diseases.

Matrix metalloproteinase-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition: implications in health and disease

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process in which epithelial cells, defined by apical-basal polarity and tight intercellular junctions, acquire migratory and invasive properties characteristic of mesenchymal cells. Under normal conditions, EMT directs essential morphogenetic events in embryogenesis and supports tissue repair. When dysregulated, EMT contributes to pathological processes such as organ fibrosis, chronic inflammation, and cancer progression and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-a family of zinc-dependent proteases that degrade structural components of the extracellular matrix-sit at the nexus of this transition by dismantling basement membranes, activating pro-EMT signaling pathways, and cleaving adhesion molecules. When normally regulated, MMPs promote balanced ECM turnover and support the cyclical remodeling necessary for proper development, wound healing, and tissue homeostasis. When abnormally regulated, MMPs drive excessive ECM turnover, thereby promoting EMT-related pathologies, including tumor progression and fibrotic disease. This review provides an integrated overview of the molecular mechanisms by which MMPs both initiate and sustain EMT under physiological and disease conditions. It discusses how MMPs can potentiate EMT through TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, disrupt cell-cell junction proteins, and potentiate the action of hypoxia-inducible factors in the tumor microenvironment. It discusses how these pathologic processes remodel tissues during fibrosis, and fuel cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Finally, the review explores emerging therapeutic strategies that selectively target MMPs and EMT, ranging from CRISPR/Cas-mediated interventions to engineered tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and demonstrates how such approaches may suppress pathological EMT without compromising its indispensable roles in normal biology.

Dualistic role of ZEB1 and ZEB2 in tumor progression

It is generally accepted that ZEB1 and ZEB2 act as master regulators of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which arguably is the key mechanism of metastasis. Accordingly, they are deemed as negative predictors of the survival of cancer patients by promoting the emergence of secondary foci of the disease. Paradoxically, in some types of cancer types the opposite effect is observed, i.e. ZEB1 and ZEB2 are associated with better prognosis for cancer patients. In this review, we discuss the hypothesis that the tumorigenic effects of ZEB1/ZEB2 can be different in various tissues depending on the initial status of these proteins in the corresponding healthy tissues. Emerging evidence suggests that ZEB1 and ZEB2 are constitutively expressed in several healthy tissues, performing vital functions. Consequently, reducing the expression of ZEB1 and ZEB2 could negatively affect these tissues causing various diseases, including cancer. Finally, the dualistic role of ZEB1 and ZEB2 as immune modulators and their effect on tumor microenvironment is also discussed.

Epithelial Polarity Loss and Multilayer Formation: Insights Into Tumor Growth and Regulatory Mechanisms

Epithelial tissues serve as critical barriers in metazoan organisms, maintaining structural integrity and facilitating essential physiological functions. Epithelial cell polarity regulates mechanical properties, signaling, and transport, ensuring tissue organization and homeostasis. However, the barrier function is challenged by cell turnover during development and maintenance. To preserve tissue integrity while removing dying or unwanted cells, epithelial tissues employ cell extrusion. This process removes both dead and live cells from the epithelial layer, typically causing detached cells to undergo apoptosis. Transformed cells, however, often resist apoptosis, leading to multilayered structures and early carcinogenesis. Malignant cells may invade neighboring tissues. Loss of cell polarity can lead to multilayer formation, cell extrusion, and invasion. Recent studies indicate that multilayer formation in epithelial cells with polarity loss involves a mixture of wild-type and mutant cells, leading to apical or basal accumulation. The directionality of accumulation is regulated by mutations in polarity complex genes. This phenomenon, distinct from traditional apical or basal extrusion, exhibits similarities to the endophytic or exophytic growth observed in human tumors. This review explores the regulation and implications of these phenomena for tissue biology and disease pathology.

Impact of cell plasticity on prostate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic response

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process of lineage plasticity in which epithelial cancer cells acquire mesenchymal traits, enabling them to metastasize to distant organs. This review explores the current understanding of how lineage plasticity and phenotypic reprogramming drive prostate cancer progression to lethal stages, contribute to therapeutic resistance, and highlight strategies to overcome the EMT phenotype within the prostate tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence reveals that prostate tumor cells can undergo lineage switching, adopting alternative growth pathways in response to anti-androgen therapies and taxane-based chemotherapy. These adaptive mechanisms support tumor survival and growth, underscoring the need for deeper insights into the processes driving prostate cancer differentiation, including neuroendocrine differentiation and lineage plasticity. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms will pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies. Effectively targeting prostate cancer cells with heightened plasticity and therapeutic vulnerability holds promise for overcoming treatment resistance and preventing tumor recurrence. Such advancements are critical for developing effective approaches to prostate cancer treatment and improving patient survival outcomes.

Chromosome 8q24 amplification associated with human hepatocellular carcinoma predicts MYC/ZEB1/MIZ1 transcriptional regulation

Genomic instability is associated with late stage carcinomas and the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Of note is chromosome 8q24 amplification that has been documented in many epithelial-derived carcinomas. On this amplified region is the potent oncogene, c-myc. Not only does MYC overexpression activate targets that promote cell proliferation, it also activates transcription factors that drive EMT, including ZEB1. Further reinforcing EMT, overexpressed MYC also represses tumor suppressors involved in promoting the epithelial phenotype, including MIZ1. We predict that as carcinomas progress, chromosome 8q24 is amplified leading to high MYC levels that leads to ZEB1 expression and MIZ1 repression driving cells through EMT. To interrogate this clinically, limited cohorts of human epithelial-derived carcinomas were examined for MYC/ZEB1/MIZ1 expression patterns across increasing carcinoma grades. Interestingly, the predicted temporal patterns were only observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Yet MIZ1 proved to be an excellent marker to assess carcinoma progression across types. We expanded the HCC cohort and determined that c-myc amplification was restricted to grade III/IV HCC that also exhibited increased MYC and ZEB1 nuclear expression whereas cytosolic MIZ1 expression was lost and only nuclear expression retained. These same resections were obtained from only individuals who had histories of alcohol consumption that were also diagnosed with cirrhosis, metastasis and had viral hepatitis suggesting etiology-specific mechanisms of cancer progression. Finally, analysis performed in Hep3B cells determined that alterations in MYC expression promoted the predicted changes in ZEB1 and MIZ1 expression and/or distributions and in markers for EMT further suggesting a relationship among these three transcription factors in HCC and their correlation to driving EMT.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated markers in sarcomatoid transformation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of many cancers. Partial EMT (pEMT) could represent a critical step in tumor migration and dissemination. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (sRCC) is an aggressive form of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) composed of a carcinomatous (sRCC-Ca) and sarcomatous (sRCC-Sa) component. The role of (p)EMT in the progression of RCC to sRCC remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of (p)EMT in RCC and sRCC. Tissue samples from 10 patients with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and 10 patients with sRCC were selected. The expression of main EMT markers (miR-200 family, miR-205, SNAI1/2, TWIST1/2, ZEB1/2, CDH1/2, VIM) was analyzed by qPCR in ccRCC, sRCC-Ca, and sRCC-Sa and compared to non-neoplastic tissue and between both groups. Expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin and ZEB2 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. miR-200c was downregulated in sRCC-Ca compared to ccRCC, while miR-200a was downregulated in sRCC-Sa compared to ccRCC. CDH1 was downregulated in sRCC-Sa when compared to any other group. ZEB2 was downregulated in ccRCC and sRCC compared to corresponding non-neoplastic kidney. A positive correlation was observed between CDH1 expression and miR-200a/b/c. Our results suggest that full EMT is not present in sRCC. Instead, discreet molecular differences exist between ccRCC, sRCC-Ca, and sRCC-Sa, possibly representing distinct intermediary states undergoing pEMT.

Investigating underlying molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, emerging therapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, a clinically challenging malignancy constitutes a significant contributor to cancer-related mortality, characterized by an inherently poor prognosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by examining its multifaceted etiologies, including genetic mutations and environmental factors. The review explains the complex molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and summarizes current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and emerging modalities such as immunotherapy. Critical molecular pathways driving pancreatic cancer development, including KRAS, Notch, and Hedgehog, are discussed. Current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, are discussed, with an emphasis on their limitations, particularly in terms of postoperative relapse. Promising research areas, including liquid biopsies, personalized medicine, and gene editing, are explored, demonstrating the significant potential for enhancing diagnosis and treatment. While immunotherapy presents promising prospects, it faces challenges related to immune evasion mechanisms. Emerging research directions, encompassing liquid biopsies, personalized medicine, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, and computational intelligence applications, hold promise for refining diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions. By integrating insights from genetic, molecular, and clinical research, innovative strategies that improve patient outcomes can be developed. Ongoing research in these emerging fields holds significant promise for advancing the diagnosis and treatment of this formidable malignancy.

Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri BIO6369 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus BIO5326 on Gastric Carcinogenesis Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infection

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori infection-associated gastric adenocarcinoma is influenced by various factors, including the digestive microbiota. Lactic acid bacteria role in digestive carcinogenesis has been discussed, and some Lactobacillaceae family species have been shown to act against H. pylori-induced inflammation and colonization. However, their effects on H. pylori-related carcinogenesis have not yet been studied. Lactobacillaceae family effects on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), emergence of cells with cancer stem cell (CSC) properties and the pro-inflammatory response of gastric epithelial cells to H. pylori infection were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A co-culture model of AGS gastric epithelial cells infected with a carcinogenic strain of H. pylori associated with 18 different probiotic strains candidates were used. Different EMT indicators and CSC properties were studied, including quantification of the mesenchymal phenotype, tumorsphere formation, EMT marker expression, and tight junction evaluation with immunofluorescence microscopy. The effect of the strains on the pro-inflammatory response to H. pylori was also evaluated by quantifying interleukin-8 (IL-8) production using ELISA.

RESULTS

Among the strains tested, Lactobacillus gasseri BIO6369 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus BIO5326 induced a 30.6% and 38.4% reduction in the mesenchymal phenotype, respectively, caused a significant decrease in Snail and Zeb1 EMT marker expression and prevented the loss of tight junctions induced by H. pylori infection. A separate co-culture with a Boyden chamber maintained the effects induced by the two strains. H. pylori-induced IL-8 production was also significantly reduced in the presence of L. gasseri BIO6369 and L. rhamnosus BIO5326.

CONCLUSION

Lactobacillus gasseri BIO6369 and L. rhamnosus BIO5326 strains decreased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inflammation induced by H. pylori infection, suggesting that these species may have a protective effect against H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.

Comprehensive Review of Cyclamen: Development, Bioactive Properties, and Therapeutic Applications

Plants are being researched as potential sources of novel drugs, which has led to a recent acceleration in the discovery of new bioactive compounds. Research on tissue culture technology for the synthesis and processing of plant compounds has skyrocketed, surpassing all expectations. These plants can be bought either raw or as extracts, where some of the chemicals are extracted by mashing the plant in water, alcohol, or another solvent. The use of herbal medicine may open new chances for reducing the onset of infections and treating different diseases including cancer. A perennial plant that blooms in the winter, Cyclamen, is one of the most widely used potted flowers in many nations. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, sterols, and glycosides are the main active components of Cyclamen. Analgesic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties have all been demonstrated as potential effects of various extracts of Cyclamen tubers. However, the use of this medicinal plant in official medicine will require further research in the areas of pharmacology. Furthermore, it is necessary to create standard operating procedures for a crude herbal medication. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the key characteristics of the Cyclamen plant, such as its various parts, species, stages of development, and geographic range; pinpoint its intriguing bioactivities, its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and its anti-cancerous effects; and ascertain its potential medicinal uses and the main future perspectives.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Based Detection of EMT-Related Targets in Endometrial Cancer: Potential for Diagnosis and Prognostic Prediction

Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is one of the important mechanisms of malignancy in endometrial cancer, and detection of EMT targets is a key challenge to explore the mechanism of endometrial carcinoma (EC) malignancy and discover novel therapeutic targets. This study attempts to use surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), a highly sensitive, ultrafast, and highly specific analytical technology, to rapidly detect microRNA-200a-3p and ZEB1 in endometrial cancer cell lines. The silver nanoparticles were decorated with iodine and calcium ions, can capture the SERS fingerprints of microRNA-200a-3p and ZEB1 protein, and effectively avoid the interference of impurity signals. At the same time, the method has high sensitivity for the detection of the above EMT targets, and the lowest detection limits for microRNA-200a-3p and ZEB1 are 4.5 pmol/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively. At the lowest detection concentration, the method still has high stability. In addition, principal component analysis can not only identify microRNA-200a-3p and ZEB1 protein from a variety of EMT-associated microRNA and proteins but also identify them in the total RNA and total protein of endometrial cancer cell lines and normal endometrial epithelial cell lines. This study modified silver nanoparticles with iodine and calcium ions and for the first time captured the fingerprints of EMT-related targets microRNA-200a-3p and ZEB1 at the same time without label, and the method has high sensitivity and stability. This SERS-based method has immense potential for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of EMT-related EC, as well as identifying biomarkers for malignant degree and prognosis prediction.

Zeb1-controlled metabolic plasticity enables remodeling of chromatin accessibility in the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer

Cell plasticity has been found to play a critical role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. However, our understanding of the characteristics and markers of plastic cellular states during cancer cell lineage transition remains limited. In this study, multi-omics analyses show that prostate cancer cells undergo an intermediate state marked by Zeb1 expression with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, and neuroendocrine features during the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Organoid-formation assays and in vivo lineage tracing experiments demonstrate that Zeb1+ epithelioid cells are putative cells of origin for NEPC. Mechanistically, Zeb1 transcriptionally regulates the expression of several key glycolytic enzymes, thereby predisposing tumor cells to utilize glycolysis for energy metabolism. During this process, lactate accumulation-mediated histone lactylation enhances chromatin accessibility and cellular plasticity including induction of neuro-gene expression, which promotes NEPC development. Collectively, Zeb1-driven metabolic rewiring enables the epigenetic reprogramming of prostate cancer cells to license the adeno-to-neuroendocrine lineage transition.

Zeb1 maintains long-term adult hematopoietic stem cell function and extramedullary hematopoiesis

Emerging evidence implicates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factor Zeb1 as a critical regulator of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation. Whether Zeb1 regulates long-term maintenance of HSC function remains an open question. Using an inducible Mx-1-Cre mouse model that deletes conditional Zeb1 alleles in the adult hematopoietic system, we found that mice engineered to be deficient in Zeb1 for 32 weeks displayed expanded immunophenotypically defined adult HSCs and multipotent progenitors associated with increased abundance of lineage-biased/balanced HSC subsets and augmented cell survival characteristics. During hematopoietic differentiation, persistent Zeb1 loss increased B cells in the bone marrow and spleen and decreased monocyte generation in the peripheral blood. In competitive transplantation experiments, we found that HSCs from adult mice with long-term Zeb1 deletion displayed a cell autonomous defect in multilineage differentiation capacity. Long-term Zeb1 loss perturbed extramedullary hematopoiesis characterized by increased splenic weight and a paradoxical reduction in splenic cellularity that was accompanied by HSC exhaustion, lineage-specific defects, and an accumulation of aberrant, preleukemic like c-kit+CD16/32+ progenitors. Loss of Zeb1 for up to 42 weeks can lead to progressive splenomegaly and an accumulation of Gr-1+Mac-1+ cells, further supporting the notion that long-term expression of Zeb1 suppresses preleukemic activity. Thus, sustained Zeb1 deletion disrupts HSC functionality in vivo and impairs regulation of extramedullary hematopoiesis with potential implications for tumor suppressor functions of Zeb1 in myeloid neoplasms.

Exploiting transcription factors to target EMT and cancer stem cells for tumor modulation and therapy

Transcription factors (TFs) are essential in controlling gene regulatory networks that determine cellular fate during embryogenesis and tumor development. TFs are the major players in promoting cancer stemness by regulating the function of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Understanding how TFs interact with their downstream targets for determining cell fate during embryogenesis and tumor development is a critical area of research. CSCs are increasingly recognized for their significance in tumorigenesis and patient prognosis, as they play a significant role in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance. However, traditional therapies have limited effectiveness in eliminating this subset of cells, allowing CSCs to persist and potentially form secondary tumors. Recent studies have revealed that cancer cells and tumors with CSC-like features also exhibit genes related to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT-associated transcription factors (EMT-TFs) like TWIST and Snail/Slug can upregulate EMT-related genes and reprogram cancer cells into a stem-like phenotype. Importantly, the regulation of EMT-TFs, particularly through post-translational modifications (PTMs), plays a significant role in cancer metastasis and the acquisition of stem cell-like features. PTMs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, can alter the stability, localization, and activity of EMT-TFs, thereby modulating their ability to drive EMT and stemness properties in cancer cells. Although targeting EMT-TFs holds potential in tackling CSCs, current pharmacological approaches to do so directly are unavailable. Therefore, this review aims to explore the role of EMT- and CSC-TFs, their connection and impact in cellular development and cancer, emphasizing the potential of TF networks as targets for therapeutic intervention.

Multimodal stimulation screens reveal unique and shared genes limiting T cell fitness

Genes limiting T cell antitumor activity may serve as therapeutic targets. It has not been systematically studied whether there are regulators that uniquely or broadly contribute to T cell fitness. We perform genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens in primary CD8 T cells to uncover genes negatively impacting fitness upon three modes of stimulation: (1) intense, triggering activation-induced cell death (AICD); (2) acute, triggering expansion; (3) chronic, causing dysfunction. Besides established regulators, we uncover genes controlling T cell fitness either specifically or commonly upon differential stimulation. Dap5 ablation, ranking highly in all three screens, increases translation while enhancing tumor killing. Loss of Icam1-mediated homotypic T cell clustering amplifies cell expansion and effector functions after both acute and intense stimulation. Lastly, Ctbp1 inactivation induces functional T cell persistence exclusively upon chronic stimulation. Our results functionally annotate fitness regulators based on their unique or shared contribution to traits limiting T cell antitumor activity.

The mechanism of PFK-1 in the occurrence and development of bladder cancer by regulating ZEB1 lactylation

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies of the genitourinary system. Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) is one of member of PFK, which plays an important role in reprogramming cancer metabolism, such as lactylation modification. Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) has been demonstrated to be a oncogene in many cancers. Therefore, this study was performed to explore the effects of PFK-1 on the lactylation of ZEB1 in BC development.

METHODS

Cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 kit. The glucose assay kit and lactate assay kit were used to detect glucose utilization and lactate production. The DNA was purified and quantified by qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

In the present study, we found that ZEB1 expression levels were significantly elevated in bladder cancer cells. Impaired PFK-1 expression inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of BC cells and suppresses tumour growth in vivo. We subsequently found that knockdown of PFK-1 decreases glycolysis, including reduced glucose consumption, lactate production and total extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). Mechanistically, PFK-1 inhibits histone lactylation of bladder cancer cells, and thus inhibits the transcription activity of ZEB1.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that PFK-1 can inhibit the malignant phenotype of bladder cancer cells by mediating the lactylation of ZEB1. These findings suggested PFK-1 to be a new potential target for bladder cancer therapy.

Nontargeted Identification of Organic Components in Fine Particulate Matter Related to Lung Tumor Metastasis Based on an Adverse Outcome Pathway Strategy

Emerging studies implicate fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its organic components (OCs) as urgent hazard factors for lung cancer progression in nonsmokers. Establishing the adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-directed nontargeted identification method, this study aimed to explore whether PM2.5 exposure in coal-burning areas promoted lung tumor metastasis and how we identify its effective OCs to support traceability and control of regional PM2.5 pollution. First, we used a nude mouse model of lung cancer for PM2.5 exposure and found that the exposure significantly promoted the hematogenous metastases of A549-Luc cells in lung tissues and the adverse outcomes (AOs), with key events (KEs) including the changed expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, such as suppression of E-cad and increased expression of Fib. Subsequently, using AOs and KEs as adverse outcome directors, we identified a total of 35 candidate chemicals based on the in vitro model and nontargeted analysis. Among them, tributyl phosphate (C12H27O4P), 2-bromotetradecane (C14H29Br), and methyl decanoate (C11H22O2) made greater contributions to the AOs. Finally, we clarified the interactions between these OCs and EMT-activating transcription factors (EMT-ATFs) as the molecular initiation event (MIE) to support the feasibility of the above identification strategy. The present study updates a new framework for identifying tumor metastasis-promoting OCs in PM2.5 and provides solid data for screening out chemicals that need priority control in polluted areas posing higher lung cancer risk.

Integrative analysis of chromatin accessibility and transcriptome landscapes in the induction of peritoneal fibrosis by high glucose

BACKGROUND

Peritoneal fibrosis is the prevailing complication induced by prolonged exposure to high glucose in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

METHODS

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this process, we conducted an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility profiles of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HMrSV5) during high-glucose treatment.

RESULTS

Our study identified 2775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to high glucose-triggered pathological changes, including 1164 upregulated and 1611 downregulated genes. Genome-wide DEGs and network analysis revealed enrichment in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammatory response, hypoxia, and TGF-beta pathways. The enriched genes included VEGFA, HIF-1α, TGF-β1, EGF, TWIST2, and SNAI2. Using ATAC-seq, we identified 942 hyper (higher ATAC-seq signal in high glucose-treated HMrSV5 cells than in control cells) and 714 hypo (lower ATAC-seq signal in high glucose-treated HMrSV5 cells versus control cells) peaks with differential accessibility in high glucose-treated HMrSV5 cells versus controls. These differentially accessible regions were positively correlated (R = 0.934) with the nearest DEGs. These genes were associated with 566 up- and 398 downregulated genes, including SNAI2, TGF-β1, HIF-1α, FGF2, VEGFA, and VEGFC, which are involved in critical pathways identified by transcriptome analysis. Integrated ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analysis also revealed key transcription factors (TFs), such as HIF-1α, ARNTL, ELF1, SMAD3 and XBP1. Importantly, we demonstrated that HIF-1α is involved in the regulation of several key genes associated with EMT and the TGF-beta pathway. Notably, we predicted and experimentally validated that HIF-1α can exacerbate the expression of TGF-β1 in a high glucose-dependent manner, revealing a novel role of HIF-1α in high glucose-induced pathological changes in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs).

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our study provides a comprehensive view of the role of transcriptome deregulation and chromosome accessibility alterations in high glucose-induced pathological fibrotic changes in HPMCs. This analysis identified hub genes, signaling pathways, and key transcription factors involved in peritoneal fibrosis and highlighted the novel glucose-dependent regulation of TGF-β1 by HIF-1α. This integrated approach has offered a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis and has indicated potential therapeutic targets for intervention.

Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infection in cell polarity alterations

The asymmetrical distribution of the cellular organelles inside the cell is maintained by a group of cell polarity proteins. The maintenance of polarity is one of the vital host defense mechanisms against pathogens, and the loss of it contributes to infection facilitation and cancer progression. Studies have suggested that infection of viruses and bacteria alters cell polarity. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus are group I carcinogens involved in the progression of multiple clinical conditions besides gastric cancer (GC) and Burkitt's lymphoma, respectively. Moreover, the coinfection of both these pathogens contributes to a highly aggressive form of GC. H. pylori and EBV target the host cell polarity complexes for their pathogenesis. H. pylori-associated proteins like CagA, VacA OipA, and urease were shown to imbalance the cellular homeostasis by altering the cell polarity. Similarly, EBV-associated genes LMP1, LMP2A, LMP2B, EBNA3C, and EBNA1 also contribute to altered cell asymmetry. This review summarized all the possible mechanisms involved in cell polarity deformation in H. pylori and EBV-infected epithelial cells. We have also discussed deregulated molecular pathways like NF-κB, TGF-β/SMAD, and β-catenin in H. pylori, EBV, and their coinfection that further modulate PAR, SCRIB, or CRB polarity complexes in epithelial cells.

Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Stem Cells in Cancer

BACKGROUND

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is often linked with carcinogenesis. However, EMT is also important for embryo development and only reactivates in cancer. Connecting how EMT occurs during embryonic development and in cancer could help us further understand the root mechanisms of cancer diseases.

CONTENT

There are key regulatory elements that contribute to EMT and the induction and maintenance of stem cell properties during embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and carcinogenesis. Here, we explore the implications of EMT in the different stages of embryogenesis and tissue development. We especially highlight the necessity of EMT in the mesodermal formation and in neural crest cells. Through EMT, these cells gain epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). With this transition, crucial morphological changes occur to progress through the metastatic cascade as well as tissue regeneration after an injury. Stem-like cells, including cancer stem cells, are generated from EMT and during this process upregulate factors necessary for stem cell maintenance. Hence, it is important to understand the key regulators allowing stem cell awakening in cancer, which increases plasticity and promotes treatment resistance, to develop strategies targeting this cell population and improve patient outcomes.

SUMMARY

EMT involves multifaceted regulation to allow the fluidity needed to facilitate adaptation. This regulatory mechanism, plasticity, involves many cooperating transcription factors. Additionally, posttranslational modifications, such as splicing, activate the correct isoforms for either epithelial or mesenchymal specificity. Moreover, epigenetic regulation also occurs, such as acetylation and methylation. Downstream signaling ultimately results in the EMT which promotes tissue generation/regeneration and cancer progression.

Dual role of CASP8AP2/FLASH in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition plasticity (EMP)

BACKGROUND

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program that consists of the loss of epithelial features concomitant with the acquisition of mesenchymal features. Activation of EMT in cancer facilitates the acquisition of aggressive traits and cancer invasion. EMT plasticity (EMP), the dynamic transition between multiple hybrid states in which cancer cells display both epithelial and mesenchymal markers, confers survival advantages for cancer cells in constantly changing environments during metastasis.

METHODS

RNAseq analysis was performed to assess genome-wide transcriptional changes in cancer cells depleted for histone regulators FLASH, NPAT, and SLBP. Quantitative PCR and Western blot were used for the detection of mRNA and protein levels. Computational analysis was performed on distinct sets of genes to determine the epithelial and mesenchymal score in cancer cells and to correlate FLASH expression with EMT markers in the CCLE collection.

RESULTS

We demonstrate that loss of FLASH in cancer cells gives rise to a hybrid E/M phenotype with high epithelial scores even in the presence of TGFβ, as determined by computational methods using expression of predetermined sets of epithelial and mesenchymal genes. Multiple genes involved in cell-cell junction formation are similarly specifically upregulated in FLASH-depleted cells, suggesting that FLASH acts as a repressor of the epithelial phenotype. Further, FLASH expression in cancer lines is inversely correlated with the epithelial score. Nonetheless, subsets of mesenchymal markers were distinctly up-regulated in FLASH, NPAT, or SLBP-depleted cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The ZEB1low/SNAILhigh/E-cadherinhigh phenotype described in FLASH-depleted cancer cells is driving a hybrid E/M phenotype in which epithelial and mesenchymal markers coexist.

miR-200a-3p regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps by targeting ZEB1 via ERK/p38 pathway

BACKGROUND

Several biological processes are regulated by miR-200a-3p, including cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study we aimed to uncover the diagnostic value and molecular mechanisms of miR-200a-3p in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).

METHODS

The expressions of miR-200a-3p were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) levels were examined by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. The interaction between miR-200a-3p and ZEB1 was predicted by TargetScan Human 8.0 and confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assays. In addition, the effect of miR-200a-3p and ZEB1 on EMT-related makers and inflammation cytokines was assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in human nasal epithelial cells (hNEpCs) and primary human nasal mucosal epithelial cells (hNECs).

RESULTS

We found that miR-200a-3p was downregulated in non-eosinophilic and eosinophilic CRSwNP patients when compared with controls. The diagnostic value of miR-200a-3p in serum is reflected by the receiver operating characteristic curve and the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay identified ZEB1 as a target of miR-200a-3p. ZEB1 was more highly expressed in CRSwNP than in controls. Furthermore, miR-200a-3p inhibitor or ZEB1 overexpression significantly suppressed the epithelial marker E-cadherin; promoted the activation of vimentin, α-spinal muscle atrophy, and N-cadherin; and aggravated inflammation in hNEpCs. Knockdown of ZEB1 significantly alleviated the cellular remodeling caused by miR-200a-3p inhibitor via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 pathway in hNECs.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-200a-3p suppresses EMT and inflammation by regulating the expression of ZEB1 via the ERK/p38 pathway. Our study presents new ideas for protecting nasal epithelial cells from tissue remodeling and finding a possible target for disease.

Scribble, Lgl1, and myosin IIA interact with α-/β-catenin to maintain epithelial junction integrity

E-cadherin-catenin complex together with the cytoskeleton, builds the core of Adherens junctions (AJs). It has been reported that Scribble stabilizes the coupling of E-cadherin with catenins promoting epithelial cell adhesion, but the mechanism remains unknown. We show that Scribble, Lgl1, and NMII-A reside in a complex with E-cadherin-catenin complex. Depletion of either Scribble or Lgl1 disrupts the localization of E-cadherin-catenin complex to AJs. aPKCζ phosphorylation of Lgl1 regulates AJ localization of Lgl1 and E-cadherin-catenin complexes. Both Scribble and Lgl1 regulate the activation and recruitment of NMII-A at AJs. Finally, Scribble and Lgl1 are downregulated by TGFβ-induced EMT, and their re-expression during EMT impedes its progression. Our results provide insight into the mechanism regulating AJ integrity by Scribble, Lgl1, and NMII-A.

Unleashing the pathological imprinting of cancer in autoimmunity: Is ZEB1 the answer?

The intriguing scientific relationship between autoimmunity and cancer immunology have been traditionally indulged to throw spotlight on novel pathological targets. Understandably, these "slowly killing" diseases are on the opposite ends of the immune spectrum. However, the immune regulatory mechanisms between autoimmunity and cancer are not always contradictory and sometimes mirror each other based on disease stage, location, and timepoint. Moreover, the blockade of immune checkpoint molecules or signalling pathways that unleashes the immune response against cancer is being leveraged to preserve self-tolerance and treat many autoimmune disorders. Therefore, understanding the common crucial factors involved in cancer is of paramount importance to paint the autoimmune disease spectrum and validate novel drug candidates. In the current review, we will broadly describe how ZEB1, or Zinc-finger E-box Binding Homeobox 1, reinforces immune exhaustion in cancer or contributes to loss of self-tolerance in auto-immune conditions. We made an effort to exchange information about the molecular pathways and pathological responses (immune regulation, cell proliferation, senescence, autophagy, hypoxia, and circadian rhythm) that can be regulated by ZEB1 in the context of autoimmunity. This will help untwine the intricate and closely postured pathogenesis of ZEB1, that is less explored from the perspective of autoimmunity than its counterpart, cancer. This review will further consider several approaches for targeting ZEB1 in autoimmunity.

From shape-shifting embryonic cells to oncology: The fascinating history of epithelial mesenchymal transition

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or transformation (EMT) is a cell shape-changing process that is utilized repeatedly throughout embryogenesis and is critical to the attainment of a precise body plan. In the adult, EMT is observed under both normal and pathological conditions, such as during normal wounding healing, during development of certain fibrotic states and vascular anomalies, as well as in some cancers when malignant cells progress to become more aggressive, invasive, and metastatic. Epithelia derived from any of the three embryonic germ layers can undergo EMT, including those derived from mesoderm, such as endothelial cells (sometimes termed Endo-MT) and those derived from endoderm such as fetal liver stroma. At the cellular level, EMT is defined as the transformation of epithelial cells towards a mesenchymal phenotype and is marked by attenuation of expression of epithelial markers and de novo expression of mesenchymal markers. This process is induced by extracellular factors and can be reversible, resulting in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation (MET). It is now clear that a cell can simultaneously express properties of both epithelia and mesenchyme, and that such transitional cell-types drive tumor cell heterogeneity, an important aspect of cancer progression, development of a stem-like cell state, and drug resistance. Here we review some of the earliest studies demonstrating the existence of EMT during embryogenesis and discuss the discovery of the extracellular factors and intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to this process, with components of the TGFβ signaling superfamily playing a prominent role. We mention early controversies surrounding in vivo EMT during embryonic development and in adult diseased states, and the maturation of the field to a stage wherein targeting EMT to control disease states is an aspirational goal.

GENI: A web server to identify gene set enrichments in tumor samples

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and analogous projects have yielded invaluable tumor-associated genomic data. Despite several web-based platforms designed to enhance accessibility, certain analyses require prior bioinformatic expertise. To address this need, we developed Gene ENrichment Identifier (GENI, https://www.shaullab.com/geni), which is designed to promptly compute correlations for genes of interest against the entire transcriptome and rank them against well-established biological gene sets. Additionally, it generates comprehensive tables containing genes of interest and their corresponding correlation coefficients, presented in publication-quality graphs. Furthermore, GENI has the capability to analyze multiple genes simultaneously within a given gene set, elucidating their significance within a specific biological context. Overall, GENI's user-friendly interface simplifies the biological interpretation and analysis of cancer patient-associated data, advancing the understanding of cancer biology and accelerating scientific discoveries.

The EMT factor ZEB1 paradoxically inhibits EMT in BRAF-mutant carcinomas

Despite being in the same pathway, mutations of KRAS and BRAF in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) determine distinct progression courses. ZEB1 induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and is associated with worse progression in most carcinomas. Using samples from patients with CRC, mouse models of KrasG12D and BrafV600E CRC, and a Zeb1-deficient mouse, we show that ZEB1 had opposite functions in KRAS- and BRAF-mutant CRCs. In KrasG12D CRCs, ZEB1 was correlated with a worse prognosis and a higher number of larger and undifferentiated (mesenchymal or EMT-like) tumors. Surprisingly, in BrafV600E CRC, ZEB1 was associated with better prognosis; fewer, smaller, and more differentiated (reduced EMT) primary tumors; and fewer metastases. ZEB1 was positively correlated in KRAS-mutant CRC cells and negatively in BRAF-mutant CRC cells with gene signatures for EMT, cell proliferation and survival, and ERK signaling. On a mechanistic level, ZEB1 knockdown in KRAS-mutant CRC cells increased apoptosis and reduced clonogenicity and anchorage-independent growth; the reverse occurred in BRAFV600E CRC cells. ZEB1 is associated with better prognosis and reduced EMT signature in patients harboring BRAF CRCs. These data suggest that ZEB1 can function as a tumor suppressor in BRAF-mutant CRCs, highlighting the importance of considering the KRAS/BRAF mutational background of CRCs in therapeutic strategies targeting ZEB1/EMT.

NF-κB signaling in neoplastic transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype

NF-κB transcription factors are critical regulators of innate and adaptive immunity and major mediators of inflammatory signaling. The NF-κB signaling is dysregulated in a significant number of cancers and drives malignant transformation through maintenance of constitutive pro-survival signaling and downregulation of apoptosis. Overactive NF-κB signaling results in overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and/or growth factors leading to accumulation of proliferative signals together with activation of innate and select adaptive immune cells. This state of chronic inflammation is now thought to be linked to induction of malignant transformation, angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity, and therapy resistance. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates the involvement of NF-κB signaling in induction and maintenance of invasive phenotypes linked to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. In this review we summarize reported links of NF-κB signaling to sequential steps of transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes. Understanding the involvement of NF-κB in EMT regulation may contribute to formulating optimized therapeutic strategies in cancer. Video Abstract.

Roles of macrophages in tumor development: a spatiotemporal perspective

Macrophages are critical regulators of tissue homeostasis but are also abundant in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In both primary tumors and metastases, such tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) seem to support tumor development. While we know that TAMs are the dominant immune cells in the TME, their vast heterogeneity and associated functions are only just being unraveled. In this review, we outline the various known TAM populations found thus far and delineate their specialized roles associated with the main stages of cancer progression. We discuss how macrophages may prime the premetastatic niche to enable the growth of a metastasis and then how subsequent metastasis-associated macrophages can support secondary tumor growth. Finally, we speculate on the challenges that remain to be overcome in TAM research.

Integrating bioinformatic analysis and detailed experiments reveal an EMT-related biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with early recurrence and a poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Studies have shown that EMT-related genes play an important regulatory role in tumor invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance, but the biological functions of EMT-related genes in ccRCC have not been specifically described.

METHODS

The mRNA and clinicopathological data of 532 ccRCC and 72 normal samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas as a training set. The gene expression matrix and survival data of 91 and 101 ccRCC samples were obtained from the International Cancer Genome Consortium and the ArrayExpress databases as validation sets, respectively. Univariate Cox analysis was used to identify and cluster prognostic genes, and multivariate Cox was performed to construct a prognostic signature. Moreover, CIBERSORT and CellMiner were used to assess immune cell infiltration and prognostic gene-drug sensitivity of the signature, respectively. Most importantly, we performed detailed experiments to verify the oncogenic function of a significant gene, OLFML2B, in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

We constructed a prognostic signature including seven genes and divided patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. The prognosis of the high-risk group was significantly worse than that of the low-risk group through Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Interestingly, significant differences were observed in clinical characteristics and immune cell infiltration between the two groups. In addition, a significant correlation was found between the expression of prognostic genes and the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics. Most importantly, OLFML2B was proved to contribute to the proliferation and metastasis of ccRCC through detailed functional experiments in vitro and in vivo, and its prognostic efficacy for ccRCC patients was affirmed.

CONCLUSION

We identified the prognostic signature of seven genes based on EMT-related genes as prognostic biomarkers for ccRCC. Besides, OLFML2B was validated as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for ccRCC by our detailed experiments.

Detection of zeb1 Gene in Granulosa Cells in Women Undergoing IVF Treatment

BACKGROUND

ZEB1 plays a role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and acts as a repressor of E-cadherin, TGF-β, and Wnt/β-catenin. Since ZEB1 protein is expressed in estrogen-responsive tissues, and expression of the gene in the normal ovary and endometrium is positively correlated with high estrogen levels, we performed a direct analysis of granulosa cell samples to determine whether there are any significant changes in zeb1 expression during folliculogenesis.

METHODS

ZEB1 expression levels were measured in the granulosa cells of 56 infertile women undergoing IVF treatment. RNA extraction from granulosa cells was performed along with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) with SYBR Green I to determine zeb1 gene expression levels. Statistical analysis was performed by using t-test, while possible correlations of the expression of ZEB1 protein with body mass index (BMI), age, number of oocytes, and oocyte maturation were investigated.

RESULTS

Zeb1 gene expression levels correlate significantly with body mass index (BMI) and age, but not with oocyte number and oocyte maturation stage. Obese women demonstrate a higher expression level of zeb1 gene compared to normal and overweight women. Moreover, zeb1 gene is overexpressed in women aged 35-40 years old and is under-expressed in women >40 years old.

CONCLUSIONS

ZEB1 expression should be further investigated as it may unveil new potential findings of the zeb1 gene's role in female fertility and its use as a biomarker in fertility workups.

HOXA13 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma HNE1 cells by upregulating the expression of Snail and MMP-2

Homeobox A13 (HOXA13) has been verified as an oncogen in some malignancies. However, its role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still unclear. This study aims to explore the role of HOXA13 in NPC and its underlying mechanism. The mRNA expression of HOXA13 in NPC was obtained from the GSE53819 and GSE64634 datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. MTT, colony formation and transwell assays and xenograft tumour models were used to investigate the effects of HOXA13 on NPC HNE1 cells in vitro and in vivo. The expression of HOXA13, epithelial-mesenchymal transition-transcription factor (EMT-TF) Snail and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) was detected by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. The results showed that HOXA13 was upregulated in NPC. Silencing HOXA13 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HNE1 cells, which inhibited tumour growth, while overexpression of HOXA13 induced the opposite effects. In addition, the expression of Snail and MMP-2 at the transcriptional and protein levels was associated with the expression of HOXA13. In summary, our results suggest that HOXA13 plays a role as a cancer-promoting gene in NPC. The underlying mechanism may be related to the upregulation of Snail and MMP-2.

Epigenetic regulation of hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal cell states in cancer

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cells lose their epithelial characteristics and gain mesenchymal phenotypes. In cancer, EMT is thought to drive tumor invasion and metastasis. Recent efforts to understand EMT biology have uncovered that cells undergoing EMT attain a spectrum of intermediate "hybrid E/M" states, which exist along an epithelial-mesenchymal continuum. Here, we summarize recent studies characterizing the epigenetic drivers of hybrid E/M states. We focus on the histone-modification writers, erasers, and readers that assist or oppose the canonical hybrid E/M transcription factors that modulate hybrid E/M state transitions. We also examine the role of chromatin remodelers and DNA methylation in hybrid E/M states. Finally, we highlight the challenges of targeting hybrid E/M pharmacologically, and we propose future directions that might reveal the specific and targetable mechanisms by which hybrid E/M drives metastasis in patients.

A convolutional neural network STIFMap reveals associations between stromal stiffness and EMT in breast cancer

Intratumor heterogeneity associates with poor patient outcome. Stromal stiffening also accompanies cancer. Whether cancers demonstrate stiffness heterogeneity, and if this is linked to tumor cell heterogeneity remains unclear. We developed a method to measure the stiffness heterogeneity in human breast tumors that quantifies the stromal stiffness each cell experiences and permits visual registration with biomarkers of tumor progression. We present Spatially Transformed Inferential Force Map (STIFMap) which exploits computer vision to precisely automate atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation combined with a trained convolutional neural network to predict stromal elasticity with micron-resolution using collagen morphological features and ground truth AFM data. We registered high-elasticity regions within human breast tumors colocalizing with markers of mechanical activation and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The findings highlight the utility of STIFMap to assess mechanical heterogeneity of human tumors across length scales from single cells to whole tissues and implicates stromal stiffness in tumor cell heterogeneity.

Role of Interleukins in Inflammation-Mediated Tumor Immune Microenvironment Modulation in Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis

INTRODUCTION

Tumor cells invade and spread through a procedure termed as epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition (EMT). EMT is triggered by any alterations in the genes that encode the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, the enzymes that break down the ECM, and the activation of the genes that causes the epithelial cell to change into a mesenchymal type. The transcription factors NF-κB, Smads, STAT3, Snail, Zeb, and Twist are activated by inflammatory cytokines, for instance, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Tumor Growth Factors, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-8, and Interleukin-6, which promotes EMT.

MATERIALS

The current piece of work has been reviewed from the literature works published in last 10 years on the role interleukins in inflammation-mediated tumor immune microenvironment modulation in colorectal cancer pathogenesis utilizing the databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct.

RESULTS

Recent studies have demonstrated that pathological situations, such as epithelial malignancies, exhibit EMT characteristics, such as the downregulation of epithelial markers and the overexpression of mesenchymal markers. Several growing evidence have also proved its existence in the human colon during the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. Most often, persistent inflammation is thought to be one factor contributing to the initiation of human cancers, such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, according to epidemiologic and clinical research, people with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have a greater probability of developing CRC.

CONCLUSION

A substantial amount of data points to the involvement of the NF-κB system, SMAD/STAT3 signaling cascade, microRNAs, and the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase/Snail/Slug in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated development of colorectal malignancies. As a result, EMT is reported to play an active task in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, and therapeutic interventions targeting the inflammation-mediated EMT might serve as a novel strategy for treating CRC. The illustration depicts the relationship between interleukins and their receptors as a driver of CRC development and the potential therapeutic targets.

Snail inhibits metastasis via regulation of E‑cadherin and is associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer

The overall survival (OS) rate of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) remains low due to the lack of clear prognostic markers. Therefore, the identification of valuable prognostic markers is urgently required. Snail and E-Cadherin (E-Cad) are important protein molecules in the EMT process and play a crucial role in tumor invasion and metastasis. The present study investigated the clinical significance of Snail and E-cad expression in CRC. Compared with those in adjacent tissue, the expression levels of Snail and E-cad were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in CRC. Moreover, low Snail and high E-cad expression were associated with clinicopathological features and longer OS time. Furthermore, Snail and E-cad could predict the prognosis of patients with CRC. Reverse transcription-qPCR, Western blotting, Wound scratch assay, High content cell migration experiment, which showed that low Snail or high E-cad expression inhibited invasion and metastasis of CRC. In conclusion, Snail can promote CRC invasion and metastasis by regulating E-cad. Snail and E-cad expression constitute a novel prognostic marker for CRC, and the present study revealed a greater combined effect of Snail and E-cad as effective prognostic markers in CRC for the first time.

The Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Cancer Progression: The Emerging Role of Succinate Dehydrogenase Alterations and Succinate Accumulation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as the third most significant contributor to cancer-related mortality worldwide. A major underlying reason is that the detection of CRC usually occurs at an advanced metastatic stage, rendering therapies ineffective. In the progression from the in situ neoplasia stage to the advanced metastatic stage, a critical molecular mechanism involved is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This intricate transformation consists of a series of molecular changes, ultimately leading the epithelial cell to relinquish its features and acquire mesenchymal and stem-like cell characteristics. The EMT regulation involves several factors, such as transcription factors, cytokines, micro RNAs and long noncoding RNAs. Nevertheless, recent studies have illuminated an emerging link between metabolic alterations and EMT in various types of cancers, including colorectal cancers. In this review, we delved into the pivotal role played by EMT during CRC progression, with a focus on highlighting the relationship between the alterations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, specifically those involving the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme, and the activation of the EMT program. In fact, emerging evidence supports the idea that elucidating the metabolic modifications that can either induce or inhibit tumor progression could be of immense significance for shaping new therapeutic approaches and preventative measures. We conclude that an extensive effort must be directed towards research for the standardization of drugs that specifically target proteins such as SDH and SUCNR1, but also TRAP1, PDH, ERK1/2, STAT3 and the HIF1-α catabolism.

Nucleobindin-2 mediates TGF-β1-driven phenotypes in ZEB1-high uterine carcinosarcoma

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a hallmark of uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS). Here, we used shotgun proteomics analysis to identify biomarkers associated with blebbistatin-mediated EMT in UCS, and found upregulation of nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) in endometrial carcinoma (Em Ca) cells. Expression of N-cadherin, Snail, Slug, and ZEB1, was reduced in NUCB2 knockout Em Ca cells, whereas ZEB1, Twist1, and vimentin were upregulated in NUCB2-overexpressing Em Ca cells. NUCB2 knockout reduced cell proliferation and migration, whereas NUCB2 overexpression had the opposite effect. Treatment of Em Ca cells with TGF-β1 dramatically altered morphology toward a fibroblastic appearance; concomitantly, expression of NUCB2 and ZEB1 increased. The NUCB2 promoter was also activated by transfection of Smad2. In UCS tissues, NUCB2 expression was significantly higher in sarcomatous as compared to carcinomatous components; this was consistent with increased TGF-β1 mRNA expression in stromal and sarcomatous components as compared to carcinomatous components. In addition, NUCB2 score correlated positively with ZEB1 and vimentin scores, whereas ZEB1 score correlated positively with Slug and vimentin scores and inversely with the E-cadherin score. We therefore suggest that TGF-β-dependent upregulation of NUCB2 and ZEB1 contributes to the phenotypic characteristics of sarcomatous components in UCS.

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Markers in Prostate Cancer: From Bench to Bedside

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent type of cancer in men worldwide, with 288,300 new cases and 34,700 deaths estimated in the United States in 2023. Treatment options for early-stage disease include external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, radical prostatectomy, active surveillance, or a combination of these. In advanced cases, androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is considered the first-line therapy; however, PCa in most patients eventually progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) despite ADT. Nonetheless, the transition from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent tumors is not yet fully understood. The physiological processes of epithelial-to-non-epithelial ("mesenchymal") transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) are essential for normal embryonic development; however, they have also been linked to higher tumor grade, metastatic progression, and treatment resistance. Due to this association, EMT and MET have been identified as important targets for novel cancer therapies, including CRPC. Here, we discuss the transcriptional factors and signaling pathways involved in EMT, in addition to the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that have been identified in these processes. We also tackle the various studies that have been conducted from bench to bedside and the current landscape of EMT-targeted therapies.

Jaggeds/Notches promote endothelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated pulmonary arterial hypertension via upregulation of the expression of GATAs

This study tested the hypothesis that Jagged2/Notches promoted the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (endMT)-mediated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (i.e. induction by monocrotaline [MCT]/63 mg/kg/subcutaneous injection) through increasing the expression of GATA-binding factors which were inhibited by propylthiouracil (PTU) (i.e. 0.1% in water for daily drinking since Day 5 after PAH induction) in rodent. As compared with the control (i.e. HUVECs), the protein expressions of GATAs (3/4/6) and endMT markers (Snail/Zeb1/N-cadherin/vimentin/fibronectin/α-SMA/p-Smad2) were significantly reduced, whereas the endothelial-phenotype markers (CD31/E-cadherin) were significantly increased in silenced JAG2 gene or in silenced GATA3 gene of HUVECs (all p < 0.001). As compared with the control, the protein expressions of intercellular signallings (GATAs [3/4/6], Jagged1/2, notch1/2 and Snail/Zeb1/N-cadherin/vimentin/fibronectin/α-SMA/p-Smad2) were significantly upregulated in TGF-ß/monocrotaline-treated HUVECs that were significantly reversed by PTU treatment (all p < 0.001). By Day 42, the results of animal study demonstrated that the right-ventricular systolic-blood-pressure (RVSBP), RV weight (RVW) and lung injury/fibrotic scores were significantly increased in MCT group than sham-control (SC) that were reversed in MCT + PTU groups, whereas arterial oxygen saturation (%) and vasorelaxation/nitric oxide production of PA exhibited an opposite pattern of RVW among the groups (all p < 0.0001). The protein expressions of hypertrophic (ß-MHC)/pressure-overload (BNP)/oxidative-stress (NOX-1/NOX-2) biomarkers in RV and the protein expressions of intercellular signalling (GATAs3/4/6, Jagged1/2, notch1/2) and endMT markers (Snail/Zeb1/N-cadherin/vimentin/fibronectin/TGF-ß/α-SMA/p-Smad2) in lung parenchyma displayed an identical pattern of RVW among the groups (all p < 0.0001). Jagged-Notch-GATAs signalling, endMT markers and RVSBP that were increased in PAH were suppressed by PTU.

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity: Implications for Ferroptosis Vulnerability and Cancer Therapy

Cancers polarized to a mesenchymal or poorly differentiated state can often evade cell death induced by conventional therapies. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is involved in lipid metabolism and increases polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in cancer cells, contributing to chemo- and radio-resistance. Altered metabolism in cancer enables invasion and metastasis but is prone to lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress. Cancers with mesenchymal rather than epithelial signatures are highly vulnerable to ferroptosis. Therapy-resistant persister cancer cells show a high mesenchymal cell state and dependence on the lipid peroxidase pathway, which can respond more sensitively to ferroptosis inducers. Cancer cells may survive under specific metabolic and oxidative stress conditions, and targeting this unique defense system can selectively kill only cancer cells. Therefore, this article summarizes the core regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in cancer, the relationship between ferroptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, and the implications of epithelial-mesenchymal transition for ferroptosis-based cancer therapy.

Pals1 functions in redundancy with SMAP1 to inhibit Arf6 in order to prevent Rac1-dependent colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion

Downregulation of cell-cell adhesion and increased motility are prerequisites for the metastasis of cancer cells. We have recently shown that downregulation of the tight junction adapter protein Pals1 in colorectal cancer cells results in an increase of cell migration, invasion, and metastasis due to the enhanced activation of Arf6 and Rac1. We now reveal a redundancy between the Arf6-GAP SMAP1 and Pals1 in regulating Arf6 activity and thereby Rac1-dependent cell migration. The gene encoding SMAP1 is frequently disrupted in microsatellite instable colorectal cancer specimen and cell lines. In cells expressing SMAP1, deletion of Pals1 leads to disturbed formation of tight junctions but has no impact on Arf6 activity and cell migration. In contrast, inactivation of both SMAP1 and Pals1 results in enhanced Arf6/Rac1 activity and increased cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, analyzing patient cohorts, we found a significant decrease in patient's survival when both genes were downregulated, in contrast to cases, when expression of only one of both genes was affected. Taken together, we identified a redundancy between SMAP1 and Pals1 in the regulation of activation of Arf6/Rac1, thereby controlling cell migration, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Phenotypic Marker Evaluation in Human, Canine, and Feline Mammary Gland Tumors

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties. EMT has been closely associated with cancer cell aggressiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of EMT-associated markers in mammary tumors of humans (HBC), dogs (CMT), and cats (FMT). Real-time qPCR for SNAIL, TWIST, and ZEB, and immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, vimentin, CD44, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), ERBB2, Ki-67, cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, CK5/6, and CK14 were performed. Overall, SNAIL, TWIST, and ZEB mRNA was lower in tumors than in healthy tissues. Vimentin was higher in triple-negative HBC (TNBC) and FMTs than in ER+ HBC and CMTs (p < 0.001). Membranous E-cadherin was higher in ER+ than in TNBCs (p < 0.001), whereas cytoplasmic E-cadherin was higher in TNBCs when compared with ER+ HBC (p < 0.001). A negative correlation between membranous and cytoplasmic E-cadherin was found in all three species. Ki-67 was higher in FMTs than in CMTs (p < 0.001), whereas CD44 was higher in CMTs than in FMTs (p < 0.001). These results confirmed a potential role of some markers as indicators of EMT, and suggested similarities between ER+ HBC and CMTs, and between TNBC and FMTs.

CD70 is a therapeutic target upregulated in EMT-associated EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance

Effective therapeutic strategies are needed for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations that acquire resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) mediated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigate cell surface proteins that could be targeted by antibody-based or adoptive cell therapy approaches and identify CD70 as being highly upregulated in EMT-associated resistance. Moreover, CD70 upregulation is an early event in the evolution of resistance and occurs in drug-tolerant persister cells (DTPCs). CD70 promotes cell survival and invasiveness, and stimulation of CD70 triggers signal transduction pathways known to be re-activated with acquired TKI resistance. Anti-CD70 antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and CD70-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell and CAR NK cells show potent activity against EGFR TKI-resistant cells and DTPCs. These results identify CD70 as a therapeutic target for EGFR mutant tumors with acquired EGFR TKI resistance that merits clinical investigation.

Dissecting the effects of androgen deprivation therapy on cadherin switching in advanced prostate cancer: A molecular perspective

Prostate cancer is one of the most often diagnosed malignancies in males and its prevalence is rising in both developed and developing countries. Androgen deprivation therapy has been used as a standard treatment approach for advanced prostate cancer for more than 80 years. The primary aim of androgen deprivation therapy is to decrease circulatory androgen and block androgen signaling. Although a partly remediation is accomplished at the beginning of treatment, some cell populations become refractory to androgen deprivation therapy and continue to metastasize. Recent evidences suggest that androgen deprivation therapy may cause cadherin switching, from E-cadherin to N-cadherin, which is the hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Diverse direct and indirect mechanisms are involved in this switching and consequently, the cadherin pool changes from E-cadherin to N-cadherin in the epithelial cells. Since E-cadherin represses invasive and migrative behaviors of the tumor cells, the loss of E-cadherin disrupts epithelial tissue structure leading to the release of tumor cells into surrounding tissues and circulation. In this study, we review the androgen deprivation therapy-dependent cadherin switching in advanced prostate cancer with emphasis on its molecular basis especially the transcriptional factors regulated through TFG-β pathway.

The role and application of transcriptional repressors in cancer treatment

Gene expression is modulated through the integration of many regulatory elements and their associated transcription factors (TFs). TFs bind to specific DNA sequences and either activate or repress transcriptional activity. Through decades of research, it has been established that aberrant expression or functional abnormalities of TFs can lead to uncontrolled cell division and the development of cancer. Initial studies on transcriptional regulation in cancer have focused on TFs as transcriptional activators. However, recent studies have demonstrated several different mechanisms of transcriptional repression in cancer, which could be potential therapeutic targets for the development of specific anti-cancer agents. In the first section of this review, "Emerging roles of transcriptional repressors in cancer development," we summarize the current understanding of transcriptional repressors and their involvement in the molecular processes of cancer progression. In the subsequent section, "Therapeutic applications," we provide an updated overview of the available therapeutic targets for drug discovery and discuss the new frontier of such applications.

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induced in Cancer Cells by Adhesion to Type I Collagen

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important biological process that is physiologically observed during development, wound healing, and cancer invasion. During EMT induction, cancer cells lose their epithelial properties owing to various tumor microenvironmental factors and begin to exhibit mesenchymal properties, such as loss of apical-basal polarity, weakened intercellular adhesion, and promotion of single cell migration. Several factors, including growth factor stimulation and adhesion to type I collagen (Col-I), induce EMT in cancer cells. Cells adhere to Col-I via specific receptors and induce EMT by activating outside-in signals. In vivo, Col-I molecules often form fibrils, which then assemble into supramolecular structures (gel form). Col-I also self-assembles in vitro under physiological conditions. Notably, Col-I can be used as a culture substrate in both gel and non-gel forms, and the gel formation state of Col-I affects cell fate. Although EMT can be induced in both forms of Col-I, the effects of gel formation on EMT induction remain unclear and somewhat inconsistent. Therefore, this study reviews the relationship between Col-I gel-forming states and EMT induction in cancer cells.

Identification of Genetic Effects of ACADVL and IRF6 Genes with Milk Production Traits of Holstein Cattle in China

With the development of high-throughput sequencing, RNA sequencing has been widely used in the identification of candidate genes for complex traits in livestock, and the functional genes and mutations with large genetic effects on milk production traits can provide molecular information for marker-assisted selection to increase the selection accuracy and accelerate genetic gain in dairy cattle. Our previous study on the liver transcriptome of Holstein cows found that acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADVL) and interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) are differentially expressed between dry and peak lactation periods, as well as that they are involved in lipid metabolism and the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Thus, the two genes were considered candidates for milk traits. Hence, this study further collected 1186 Holstein cows from 110 sire families to investigate their genetic associations with milk yield and composition traits. By resequencing the entire exons and 2000 bp of the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the two genes, we identified eight SNPs in ACADVL and eight SNPs in IRF6. Subsequent single-locus association analyses showed that the eight SNPs in ACADVL were all significantly associated with milk fat yield, fat percentage, and protein yield (p values ≤ 0.0001-0.0414), and the eight SNPs in IRF6 were associated with milk, fat, and protein yields in the first or second lactation (p values ≤ 0.0001-0.0467). Using Haploview 4.2, one haplotype block with eight of the SNPs in ACADVL (D' = 0.99-1.00) and two haplotype blocks in IRF6 with three of the SNPs in each were observed (D' = 0.98-1.00). Similarly, the haplotype combinations of ACADVL were significantly associated with milk yield, fat percentage, fat yield, and protein yield in the two lactations (p values ≤ 0.0001-0.0125), and those of IRF6 were associated with five milk traits (p values ≤ 0.0001-0.0263). Furthermore, with the JASPAR software, it was predicted that the SNPs 19:g.26933503T>C in ACADVL and 16:g.73501985G>A in IRF6 changed the transcription factor binding sites of ZEB1, PLAGL2, and RHOXF1, implying their impacts on the expressions of the corresponding genes. Our findings demonstrated that the ACADVL and IRF6 genes have significant genetic effects on milk yield and composition traits, and the valuable SNPs might be used as genetic markers for genomic selection programs in dairy cattle.

MiR-101: An Important Regulator of Gene Expression and Tumor Ecosystem

MiRNAs are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs. MiRNA contributes to the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA in different cell types, including mRNA transcription inhibition and mRNA decay and phenotypes via the effect of several essential oncogenic processes and tumor microenvironment. MiR-101 is a highly conserved miRNA that was found to alter the expression in various human cancers. MiR-101 has been reported to have tumor oncogenic and suppressive effects to regulate tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the new findings about the roles of miR-101 in cancers and the underlying mechanisms of targeting genes degradation and microenvironment regulation, which will improve biological understanding and design of novel therapeutics.