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Transcription Factors Runx1 and Runx3 Suppress Keratin Expression in Undifferentiated Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710039. [PMID: 36077435 PMCID: PMC9456233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factor (Runx) family has been suggested to play roles in stem cell regulation, tissue development, and oncogenesis in various tissues/organs. In this study, we investigated the possible functions of Runx1 and Runx3 in keratinocyte differentiation. Both Runx1 and Runx3 proteins were detected in primary cultures of mouse keratinocytes. Proteins were localized in the nuclei of undifferentiated keratinocytes but translocated to the cytoplasm of differentiated cells. The siRNA-mediated inhibition of Runx1 and Runx3 expression increased expression of keratin 1 and keratin 10, which are early differentiation markers of keratinocytes. In contrast, overexpression of Runx1 and Runx3 suppressed keratin 1 and keratin 10 expression. Endogenous Runx1 and Runx3 proteins were associated with the promoter sequences of keratin 1 and keratin 10 genes in undifferentiated but not differentiated keratinocytes. In mouse skin, the inhibition of Runx1 and Runx3 expression by keratinocyte-specific gene targeting increased the ratios of keratin 1- and keratin 10-positive cells in the basal layer of the epidermis. On the other hand, inhibition of Runx1 and Runx3 expression did not alter the proliferation capacity of cultured or epidermal keratinocytes. These results suggest that Runx1 and Runx3 likely function to directly inhibit differentiation-induced expression of keratin 1 and keratin 10 genes but are not involved in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation.
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Pokorna Z, Vyslouzil J, Vojtesek B, Coates PJ. Identifying pathways regulating the oncogenic p53 family member ΔNp63 provides therapeutic avenues for squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:18. [PMID: 35196980 PMCID: PMC8903560 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ΔNp63 overexpression is a common event in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that contributes to tumorigenesis, making ΔNp63 a potential target for therapy. Methods We created inducible TP63-shRNA cells to study the effects of p63-depletion in SCC cell lines and non-malignant HaCaT keratinocytes. DNA damaging agents, growth factors, signaling pathway inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and metabolism-modifying drugs were also investigated for their ability to influence ΔNp63 protein and mRNA levels. Results HaCaT keratinocytes, FaDu and SCC-25 cells express high levels of ΔNp63. HaCaT and FaDu inducible TP63-shRNA cells showed reduced proliferation after p63 depletion, with greater effects on FaDu than HaCaT cells, compatible with oncogene addiction in SCC. Genotoxic insults and histone deacetylase inhibitors variably reduced ΔNp63 levels in keratinocytes and SCC cells. Growth factors that regulate proliferation/survival of squamous cells (IGF-1, EGF, amphiregulin, KGF, and HGF) and PI3K, mTOR, MAPK/ERK or EGFR inhibitors showed lesser and inconsistent effects, with dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR or EGFR inhibition selectively reducing ΔNp63 levels in HaCaT cells. In contrast, the antihyperlipidemic drug lovastatin selectively increased ΔNp63 in HaCaT cells. Conclusions These data confirm that ΔNp63-positive SCC cells require p63 for continued growth and provide proof of concept that p63 reduction is a therapeutic option for these tumors. Investigations of ΔNp63 regulation identified agent-specific and cell-specific pathways. In particular, dual inhibition of the PI3K and mTOR pathways reduced ΔNp63 more effectively than single pathway inhibition, and broad-spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitors showed a time-dependent biphasic response, with high level downregulation at the transcriptional level within 24 h. In addition to furthering our understanding of ΔNp63 regulation in squamous cells, these data identify novel drug combinations that may be useful for p63-based therapy of SCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00323-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pokorna
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vyslouzil
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- Research Center of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Guo M, Lu B, Gan J, Wang S, Jiang X, Li H. Apoptosis detection: a purpose-dependent approach selection. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1033-1040. [PMID: 34000960 PMCID: PMC8208110 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1919830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is closely associated with many diseases. Detection of apoptosis can be achieved by morphology, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and other techniques. However, as technologies are increasingly used for the detection of apoptosis, many researchers are confused about how to choose a suitable method to detect apoptosis. Selection of a suitable detection method for apoptosis will help clinical diagnosis and prevention of diseases. This article reviews the selection of optimal apoptosis-detection methods based on research purposes and technique principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Lu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangcui Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huhu Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Pokorná Z, Vysloužil J, Hrabal V, Vojtěšek B, Coates PJ. The foggy world(s) of p63 isoform regulation in normal cells and cancer. J Pathol 2021; 254:454-473. [PMID: 33638205 DOI: 10.1002/path.5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family member p63 exists as two major protein variants (TAp63 and ΔNp63) with distinct expression patterns and functional properties. Whilst downstream target genes of p63 have been studied intensively, how p63 variants are themselves controlled has been relatively neglected. Here, we review advances in understanding ΔNp63 and TAp63 regulation, highlighting their distinct pathways. TAp63 has roles in senescence and metabolism, and in germ cell genome maintenance, where it is activated post-transcriptionally by phosphorylation cascades after DNA damage. The function and regulation of TAp63 in mesenchymal and haematopoietic cells is less clear but may involve epigenetic control through DNA methylation. ΔNp63 functions to maintain stem/progenitor cells in various epithelia and is overexpressed in squamous and certain other cancers. ΔNp63 is transcriptionally regulated through multiple enhancers in concert with chromatin modifying proteins. Many signalling pathways including growth factors, morphogens, inflammation, and the extracellular matrix influence ΔNp63 levels, with inconsistent results reported. There is also evidence for reciprocal regulation, including ΔNp63 activating its own transcription. ΔNp63 is downregulated during cell differentiation through transcriptional regulation, while post-transcriptional events cause proteasomal degradation. Throughout the review, we identify knowledge gaps and highlight discordances, providing potential explanations including cell-context and cell-matrix interactions. Identifying individual p63 variants has roles in differential diagnosis and prognosis, and understanding their regulation suggests clinically approved agents for targeting p63 that may be useful combination therapies for selected cancer patients. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pokorná
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vysloužil
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hrabal
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borˇivoj Vojtěšek
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zheng X, Chen L, Jin S, Xiong L, Chen H, Hu K, Fan X, Fan S, Li C. Ultraviolet B irradiation up-regulates MM1 and induces photoageing of the epidermis. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2021; 37:395-403. [PMID: 33565151 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ΔNp63α and c-Myc are key transcription factors controlling proliferation and senescence in epithelial cells. We previously reported that the c-Myc modulator MM1 and its E3 ligase, HERC3, together with the transcription factor ΔNp63α, compose a feedback loop, which regulates proliferative senescence in MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. However, it is unknown whether this loop is involved in skin ageing. On the other hand, ultraviolet B (UVB) rays are assumed to be the main culprits for photoageing of the epidermis, but the underlying mechanisms are obscure. AIMS To investigate whether MM1/ΔNp63α axis is involved in UVB-induced photoageing of the epidermis. MATERIALS AND METHODS HaCaT human immortalized keratinocytes overexpressed with MM1, knocked down with c-Myc or irradiated with UVB, were subjected to MTT assays to measure cell proliferation, as well as RT-qPCR or immunoblot to detect the members of MM1/ΔNp63α loop and the cellular senescence markers. Meanwhile, primary normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) or mice were irradiated with UVB, followed by immunoblot analysis, SA-β-gal, haematoxylin-eosin or immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS Overexpression of MM1 down-regulated ΔNp63α and induced proliferative senescence in the HaCaT cells. In the HaCaT cells, NHKs and the mouse epidermis, UVB irradiation increased MM1 mRNA level and led to a down-regulation of ΔNp63α, HERC3 and c-Myc, concomitant with cellular senescence or photoageing. Additionally, knock-down of c-Myc induced proliferative senescence in the HaCaT cells and abrogated UVB-induced cellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS UVB up-regulates MM1 and consequently modulates ΔNp63α and c-Myc, which may account for the proliferative senescence of keratinocytes and photoageing of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuguang Jin
- Pediatric Surgery Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lidan Xiong
- Cosmetics Safety and Efficacy Evaluation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijie Fan
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Latina A, Viticchiè G, Lena AM, Piro MC, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G, Candi E. ΔNp63 targets cytoglobin to inhibit oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes and lung cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:1493-503. [PMID: 26096935 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During physiological aerobic metabolism, the epidermis undergoes significant oxidative stress as a result of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To maintain a balanced oxidative state, cells have developed protective antioxidant systems, and preliminary studies suggest that the transcriptional factor p63 is involved in cellular oxidative defence. Supporting this hypothesis, the ΔNp63α isoform of p63 is expressed at high levels in the proliferative basal layer of the epidermis. Here we identify the CYGB gene as a novel transcriptional target of ΔNp63 that is involved in maintaining epidermal oxidative defence. The CYGB gene encodes cytoglobin, a member of the globin protein family, which facilitates the diffusion of oxygen through tissues and acts as a scavenger for nitric oxide or other ROS. By performing promoter activity assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation, reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR and western blotting analyses, we confirm the direct regulation of CYGB by ΔNp63α. We also demonstrate that CYGB has a protective role in proliferating keratinocytes grown under normal conditions, as well as in cells treated with exogenous hydrogen peroxide. These results indicate that ΔNp63, through its target CYGB has an important role in the cellular antioxidant system and protects keratinocytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The ΔNp63-CYGB axis is also present in lung and breast cancer cell lines, indicating that CYGB-mediated ROS-scavenging activity may also have a role in epithelial tumours. In human lung cancer data sets, the p63-CYGB interaction significantly predicts reduction of patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Latina
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - G Viticchiè
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - A M Lena
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - M C Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | | | - G Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - E Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,IDI-IRCCS, Biochemistry Laboratory, Rome, Italy
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7
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1α, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and the vitamin D receptor regulates ΔNp63α levels and keratinocyte proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1781. [PMID: 26068789 PMCID: PMC4669830 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3), a secosteriod that has been explored as an anti-cancer agent, was also shown to promote cell survival. Its receptor, the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), is a direct target of the proto-oncogene ΔNp63α, which is overexpressed in non-melanoma skin cancers. The interconnection between VDR/VD3 signaling and ΔNp63α, led us to examine whether VDR/VD3 signaling promotes keratinocyte proliferation by regulating ΔNp63α levels. Our data demonstrate that VDR regulates ΔNp63α expression at both the transcript and protein level. Interestingly, although low doses of VD3 led to an increase in ΔNp63α protein levels and keratinocyte proliferation, high doses of VD3 failed to increase ΔNp63α protein levels and resulted in reduced proliferation. Increased expression of ΔNp63α by low dose VD3 was shown to be dependent on VDR and critical for the proliferative effects of VD3. VD3-mediated increases in ΔNp63α protein levels occur via activation of both p38 MAPK and Akt kinases. Finally, analysis of samples from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma and precursors to invasive SCC demonstrated a significant correlation between p63 and VDR levels when compared with healthy normal skin control samples. Delineation of the mechanisms by which VD3 exerts its effect on ΔNp63α and cell proliferation is critical for determining the future of VD3 in cancer therapies.
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Wray H, Mackenzie IC, Storey A, Navsaria H. α6 Integrin and CD44 enrich for a primary keratinocyte population that displays resistance to UV-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46968. [PMID: 23071680 PMCID: PMC3468583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal human keratinocytes are exposed to a wide range of environmental genotoxic insults, including the UV component of solar radiation. Epidermal homeostasis in response to cellular or tissue damage is maintained by a population of keratinocyte stem cells (KSC) that reside in the basal layer of the epithelium. Using cell sorting based on cell-surface markers, we have identified a novel α6 integrinhigh+/CD44+ sub-population of basal keratinocytes. These α6 integrinhigh+/CD44+ keratinocytes have both high proliferative potential, form colonies in culture that have characteristics of holoclones and have a unique pattern of resistance to apoptosis induced by UVB radiation or by agents that induce single- or double strand DNA breaks. Resistance to UVB induced apoptosis in the α6 integrinhigh+/CD44+ cells involved increased expression of TAp63 and was overcome by PI-3 kinase inhibition. In marked contrast, the α6 integrinhigh+/CD44+ cells were sensitive to apoptosis induced by the cross-linking agent cisplatin, and imatinib inhibition of c-Abl blocked the ability of cisplatin to kill α6 integrinhigh+/CD44+ cells. Our findings reveal a population of basal keratinocytes with long-term proliferative properties that display specific patterns of apoptotic resistance that is dependent upon the genotoxic stimulus, and provide insights into how these cells can be targeted with chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wray
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C. Mackenzie
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Storey
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harshad Navsaria
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Tríbulo C, Guadalupe Barrionuevo M, Agüero TH, Sánchez SS, Calcaterra NB, Aybar MJ. ΔNp63is regulated by BMP4 signaling and is required for early epidermal development inXenopus. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:257-69. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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10
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Lu C, Lu S, Liang W, Li J, Dou X, Bian C, Shi D, Liao L, Zhao RC. TAp63α Mediates Chemotherapeutic Agent-Induced Apoptosis in Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1319-26. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Lu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Lu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Dou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjing Bian
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Shi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianming Liao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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ΔNp63α regulates keratinocyte proliferation by controlling PTEN expression and localization. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1924-33. [PMID: 21637289 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ΔNp63α, implicated as an oncogene, is upregulated by activated Akt, part of a well-known cell survival pathway. Inhibition of Akt activation by phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and the presence of putative p63-binding sites in the pten promoter led us to investigate whether ΔNp63α regulates PTEN expression. Knockdown of ΔNp63α led to increases in PTEN levels and loss of activated Akt, while overexpression of ΔNp63α decreased PTEN levels and elevated active Akt. The repression of PTEN by ΔNp63α occurs independently of p53 status, as loss of ΔNp63α increases PTEN expression in cell lines with and without functional p53. In addition, decreased levels of ΔNp63α resulted in an increase in nuclear PTEN. Conversely, in vivo nuclear PTEN was absent in the proliferative basal layer of the epidermis where ΔNp63α expression is highest. Additionally, we show that in keratinocytes a balance between ΔNp63α and PTEN regulates Akt activation and maintains normal proliferation rates. This balance is disrupted in non-melanoma skin cancers through increased ΔNp63α levels, and could enhance proliferation and subsequent neoplastic development. Our studies show that ΔNp63α negatively regulates PTEN, thereby providing a feedback loop between PTEN, Akt and ΔNp63α, which has an integral role in skin cancer development.
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12
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Role of p63 in cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:57-66. [PMID: 21515338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since their initial identification p53 homologues p63 and p73 have been expected to play a role in cancer development due to their close homology to p53, notoriously one of the most mutated genes in cancer. However soon after their discovery the awareness that these genes were rarely mutated in cancer seemed to indicate that they did not play a role in its development. However a large number of data collected in the following years indicated that altered expression rather than mutation could be found in different neoplasia and play a role in its biology. In particular p63 due to its fundamental role in epithelial development seems to play a role in a number of tumors of epithelial origin. In this review we summarize some of the evidence linking p63 to carcinogenesis.
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Epidermal FABP (FABP5) Regulates Keratinocyte Differentiation by 13(S)-HODE-Mediated Activation of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:604-12. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Sen T, Sen N, Brait M, Begum S, Chatterjee A, Hoque MO, Ratovitski E, Sidransky D. DeltaNp63alpha confers tumor cell resistance to cisplatin through the AKT1 transcriptional regulation. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1167-76. [PMID: 21266360 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to address resistance to platin drugs are greatly needed in human epithelial cancers (e.g., ovarian, head/neck, and lung) where platins are used widely and resistance occurs commonly. We found that upon ΔNp63α overexpression, AKT1 and phospho-AKT1 levels are upregulated in cancer cells. Investigations using gel-shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation and functional reporter assays implicated ΔNp63α in positive regulation of AKT1 transcription. Importantly, we found that ΔNp63α, AKT1, and phospho-AKT levels are greater in 2008CI3 CDDP-resistant ovarian cancer cells than in 2008 CDDP-sensitive cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of ΔNp63α expression dramatically decreased AKT1 expression, whereas knockdown of either ΔNp63α or AKT1 decreased cell proliferation and increased death of ovarian and head/neck cancer cells. Conversely, enforced expression of ΔNp63α increased cancer cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Together, our findings define a novel ΔNp63α-dependent regulatory mechanism for AKT1 expression and its role in chemotherapeutic resistance of ovarian and head/neck cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanusree Sen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ibuki Y, Akaike M, Toyooka T. PI3-kinase/Akt Pathway Mediates Expression of p53 after UVB Irradiation. Genes Environ 2010. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.32.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Sabbisetti V, Di Napoli A, Seeley A, Amato AM, O'Regan E, Ghebremichael M, Loda M, Signoretti S. p63 promotes cell survival through fatty acid synthase. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5877. [PMID: 19517019 PMCID: PMC2691576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that p63, and specifically ΔNp63, plays a central role in both development and tumorigenesis by promoting epithelial cell survival. However, few studies have addressed the molecular mechanisms through which such important function is exerted. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key enzyme that synthesizes long-chain fatty acids and is involved in both embryogenesis and cancer, has been recently proposed as a direct target of p53 family members, including p63 and p73. Here we show that knockdown of either total or ΔN-specific p63 isoforms in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC9) or immortalized prostate epithelial (iPrEC) cells caused a decrease in cell viability by inducing apoptosis without affecting the cell cycle. p63 silencing significantly reduced both the expression and the activity of FASN. Importantly, stable overexpression of either FASN or myristoylated AKT (myr-AKT) was able to partially rescue cells from cell death induced by p63 silencing. FASN induced AKT phosphorylation and a significant reduction in cell viability was observed when FASN-overexpressing SCC9 cells were treated with an AKT inhibitor after p63 knockdown, indicating that AKT plays a major role in FASN-mediated survival. Activated AKT did not cause any alteration in the FASN protein levels but induced its activity, suggesting that the rescue from apoptosis documented in the p63-silenced cells expressing myr-AKT cells may be partially mediated by FASN. Finally, we demonstrated that p63 and FASN expression are positively associated in clinical squamous cell carcinoma samples as well as in the developing prostate. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that FASN is a functionally relevant target of p63 and is required for mediating its pro-survival effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Sabbisetti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arianna Di Napoli
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Apryle Seeley
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Amato
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ogawa E, Okuyama R, Egawa T, Nagoshi H, Obinata M, Tagami H, Ikawa S, Aiba S. p63/p51-induced onset of keratinocyte differentiation via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway is counteracted by keratinocyte growth factor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34241-9. [PMID: 18849344 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p63/p51, a homolog of the tumor suppressor protein p53, is chiefly expressed in epithelial tissues, including the epidermis. p63 affects cell death similar to p53, and also plays important roles in the development of epithelial tissues and the maintenance of epithelial stem cells. Because it remains unclear how p63 regulates epithelial cell differentiation, we examined the function(s) of p63 in keratinocyte differentiation through the use of a keratinocyte culture system. DeltaNp63alpha (DeltaNp51B), a p63 isoform specifically expressed in basal keratinocytes, suppressed the differentiation of specific late-stage proteins, such as filaggrin and loricrin. In contrast, DeltaNp63alpha induced keratin 1 (K1), which is expressed at the start of differentiation, via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/AP-1 activation. However, p63 did not induce K1 expression in the basal layer in vivo, although basal keratinocytes had high levels of p63. This discrepancy was explained by the suppression of K1 expression by dermis-secreted keratinocyte growth factor. This suppression occurred via extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling, and counteracted the p63-mediated induction of K1. Thus, a precise balance between p63 and keratinocyte growth factor mediates the onset of epithelial cell differentiation, through JNK and ERK signaling. These data may provide mechanistic explanations for the pathological features of skin diseases, including psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisaku Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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