1
|
Grant B, Sundaram Buitrago PA, Mercado BC, Yajima M. Characterization of p53/p63/p73 and Myc expressions during embryogenesis of the sea urchin. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:333-350. [PMID: 37698352 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some marine invertebrate organisms are considered not to develop tumors due to unknown mechanisms. To gain an initial insight into how tumor-related genes may be expressed and function during marine invertebrate development, we here leverage sea urchin embryos as a model system and characterize the expressions of Myc and p53/p63/p73 which are reported to function synergistically in mammalian models as an oncogene and tumor suppressor, respectively. RESULTS During sea urchin embryogenesis, a combo gene of p53/p63/p73 is found to be maternally loaded and decrease after fertilization both in transcript and protein, while Myc transcript and protein are zygotically expressed. p53/p63/p73 and Myc proteins are observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of every blastomere, respectively, throughout embryogenesis. Both p53/p63/p73 and Myc overexpression results in compromised development with increased DNA damage after the blastula stage. p53/p63/p73 increases the expression of parp1, a DNA repair/cell death marker gene, and suppresses endomesoderm gene expressions. In contrast, Myc does not alter the expression of specification genes or oncogenes yet induces disorganized morphology. CONCLUSIONS p53/p63/p73 appears to be important for controlling cell differentiation, while Myc induces disorganized morphology yet not through conventional oncogene regulations or apoptotic pathways during embryogenesis of the sea urchin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Beatriz C Mercado
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mamiko Yajima
- Department of Molecular Biology Cell Biology Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tichy ED. Specialized Circuitry of Embryonic Stem Cells Promotes Genomic Integrity. Crit Rev Oncog 2023; 27:1-15. [PMID: 36734869 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2022042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) give rise to all cell types of the organism. Given the importance of these cells in this process, ESCs must employ robust mechanisms to protect genomic integrity or risk catastrophic propagation of mutations throughout the organism. Should such an event occur in daughter cells that will eventually contribute to the germline, the overall species health could dramatically decline. This review describes several key mechanisms employed by ESCs that are unique to these cells, in order to maintain their genomic integrity. Additionally, the contributions of cell cycle regulators in modulating ESC differentiation, after DNA damage exposure, are also examined. Where data are available, findings reported in ESCs are extended to include observations described in induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 371 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jaiswal SK, Raj S, DePamphilis ML. Developmental Acquisition of p53 Functions. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111675. [PMID: 34828285 PMCID: PMC8622856 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkably, the p53 transcription factor, referred to as “the guardian of the genome”, is not essential for mammalian development. Moreover, efforts to identify p53-dependent developmental events have produced contradictory conclusions. Given the importance of pluripotent stem cells as models of mammalian development, and their applications in regenerative medicine and disease, resolving these conflicts is essential. Here we attempt to reconcile disparate data into justifiable conclusions predicated on reports that p53-dependent transcription is first detected in late mouse blastocysts, that p53 activity first becomes potentially lethal during gastrulation, and that apoptosis does not depend on p53. Furthermore, p53 does not regulate expression of genes required for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs); it contributes to ESC genomic stability and differentiation. Depending on conditions, p53 accelerates initiation of apoptosis in ESCs in response to DNA damage, but cell cycle arrest as well as the rate and extent of apoptosis in ESCs are p53-independent. In embryonic fibroblasts, p53 induces cell cycle arrest to allow repair of DNA damage, and cell senescence to prevent proliferation of cells with extensive damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Jaiswal
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sonam Raj
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Melvin L. DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Zhang P, Huang W, Liu F, Long D, Peng W, Dang X, Zeng X, Zhou R. p53 Promotes Differentiation of Cardiomyocytes from hiPSC through Wnt Signaling-Mediated Mesendodermal Differentiation. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:410-422. [PMID: 34158418 PMCID: PMC8611312 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Manipulating different signaling pathways via small molecules could efficiently induce cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). However, the effect of transcription factors on the hiPSC-directed cardiomyocytes differentiation remains unclear. Transcription factor, p53 has been demonstrated indispensable for the early embryonic development and mesendodermal differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC). We tested the hypothesis that p53 promotes cardiomyocytes differentiation from human hiPSC. Methods and Results Using the well-characterized GiWi protocol that cardiomyocytes are generated from hiPSC via temporal modulation of Wnt signaling pathway by small molecules, we demonstrated that forced expression of p53 in hiPSC remarkably improved the differentiation efficiency of cardiomyocytes from hiPSC, whereas knockdown endogenous p53 decreased the yield of cardiomyocytes. This p53-mediated increased cardiomyocyte differentiation was mediated through WNT3, as evidenced by that overexpression of p53 upregulated the expression of WNT3, and knockdown of p53 decreased the WNT3 expression. Mechanistic analysis showed that the increased cardiomyocyte differentiation partially depended on the amplified mesendodermal specification resulted from p53-mediated activation of WNT3-mediated Wnt signaling. Consistently, endogenous WNT3 knockdown significantly ameliorated mesendodermal specification and subsequent cardiomyocyte differentiation. Conclusions These results provide a novel insight into the potential effect of p53 on the development and differentiation of cardiomyocyte during embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Insti
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Insti.,Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong
| | - Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Insti
| | - Dandan Long
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Insti
| | - Wanling Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Insti
| | - Xitong Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Insti
| | - Xiaorong Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Insti
| | - Rui Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Insti.,Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vorobev ML, Alhasan BA, Suvorova II. The upregulation of Ulk1-dependent autophagy does not require the p53 activity in mouse embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 552:78-83. [PMID: 33743351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is known to play a critical role in the early stages of embryogenesis including the formation of blastocyst. The existence of p53 protein-deficient mice may identify that p53 is not indispensable for the activation of autophagy in pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. We utilized a p53-knockout (KO) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line to investigate the contribution of p53 in autophagy. We showed that lack of p53 has no effect on cell pluripotency but significantly hinders the differentiation process induced by retinoic acid. Using MRT68921, we revealed that Ulk1-dependent autophagy is activated in response to serum deprivation despite the deletion of p53 in mESCs. However, under retinoic acid-induced differentiation, the accumulation of autophagosomes and lysosomes is impaired in p53 KO mESCs, indicating a critical role of p53 in the regulation of autophagy upon differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail L Vorobev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Bashar A Alhasan
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina I Suvorova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang YH, Yokota H, Abe K, Tasi MD, Chu SL. Automatic three-dimensional segmentation of mouse embryonic stem cell nuclei by utilising multiple channels of confocal fluorescence images. J Microsc 2020; 281:57-75. [PMID: 32720710 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy images from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) carrying reporter genes, histone H2B-mCherry and Mvh-Venus, have been used to monitor dynamic changes in cellular/differentiation characteristics of live ESCs. Accurate cell nucleus segmentation is required to analyse the ESC dynamics and differentiation at a single cell resolution. Several methods used concavities on nucleus contours to segment overlapping cell nuclei. Our proposed method evaluates not only the concavities but also the size and shape of every 2D nucleus region to determine if any of the strait, extrusion, convexity and large diameter criteria is satisfied to segment overlapping nuclei inside the region. We then use a 3D segmentation method to reconstruct simple, convex, and reasonably sized 3D nuclei along the image stacking direction using the radius and centre of every segmented region in respective microscopy images. To avoid false concavities on nucleus boundaries, fluorescence images of the H2B-mCherry reporter are used for localisation of cell nuclei and Venus fluorescence images are used for determining the cell colony ranges. We use a series of image preprocessing procedures to remove noise outside and inside cell colonies, and in respective nuclei, and to smooth nucleus boundaries based on the colony ranges. We propose dynamic data structures to record every segmented nucleus region and solid in sets (volumes) of 3D confocal images. The experimental results show that the proposed image preprocessing method preserves the areas of mouse ESC nuclei on microscopy images and that the segmentation method effectively segment out every nucleus with a reasonable size and shape. All 3D nuclei in a set (volume) of confocal microscopy images can be accessed by the dynamic data structures for 3D reconstruction. The 3D nuclei in time-lapse confocal microscopy images can be tracked to calculate cell movement and proliferation in consecutive volumes for understanding the dynamics of the differentiation characteristics about ESCs. LAY DESCRIPTION: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are considered as an ideal source for basic cell biology study and producing medically useful cells in vitro. This study uses time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy images from mouse ESCs carrying reporter gene to monitor dynamic changes in cellular/differentiation characteristics of live ESCs. To automate analyses of ESC differentiation behaviours, accurate cell nucleus segmentation to distinguish respective cells are required. A series of image preprocessing procedures are implemented to remove noise in live-cell fluorescence images but yield overlapping cell nuclei. A segmentation method that evaluates boundary concavities and the size and shape of every nucleus is then used to determine if any of the strait, extrusion, convexity, large and local minimum diameter criteria satisfied to segment overlapping nuclei. We propose a dynamic data structure to record every newly segmented nucleus. The experimental results show that the proposed image preprocessing method preserves the areas of mouse ESC nuclei and that the segmentation method effectively detects overlapping nuclei. All segmented nuclei in confocal images can be accessed using the dynamic data structures to be visualised and manipulated for quantitative analyses of the ESC differentiation behaviours. The manipulation can be tracking of segmented 3D cell nuclei in time-lapse images to calculate their dynamics of differentiation characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Chang
- Department of Information & Computer Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, ROC, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - H Yokota
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Japan
| | - K Abe
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - M-D Tasi
- Department of Information & Computer Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, ROC, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - S-L Chu
- Department of Information & Computer Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, ROC, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jaiswal SK, Oh JJ, DePamphilis ML. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis are not dependent on p53 prior to p53-dependent embryonic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1091-1106. [PMID: 32478947 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous efforts to determine whether or not the transcription factor and tumor suppressor protein p53 is required for DNA damage-induced apoptosis in pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) produced contradictory conclusions. To resolve this issue, p53+/+ and p53-/- ESCs derived by two different methods were used to quantify time-dependent changes in nuclear DNA content; annexin-V binding; cell permeabilization; and protein expression, modification, and localization. The results revealed that doxorubicin (Adriamycin [ADR]) concentrations 10 to 40 times less than commonly used in previous studies induced the DNA damage-dependent G2-checkpoint and completed apoptosis within the same time frame, regardless of the presence or absence of p53, p21, and PUMA. Increased ADR concentrations delayed initiation of apoptosis in p53-/- ESCs, but the rates of apoptosis remained equivalent. Similar results were obtained by inducing apoptosis with either staurosporine inhibition of kinase activities or WX8 disruption of lysosome homeostasis. Differentiation of ESCs by LIF deprivation revealed p53-dependent formation of haploid cells, increased genomic stability, and suppression of the G2-checkpoint. Minimal induction of DNA damage now resulted in p53-facilitated apoptosis, but regulation of pluripotent gene expression remained p53-independent. Primary embryonic fibroblasts underwent p53-dependent total cell cycle arrest (a prelude to cell senescence), and p53-independent apoptosis occurred in the presence of 10-fold higher levels of ADR, consistent with previous studies. Taken together, these results reveal that the multiple roles of p53 in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis are first acquired during pluripotent stem cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Jaiswal
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John J Oh
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Critical Role for P53 in Regulating the Cell Cycle of Ground State Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:175-183. [PMID: 32004494 PMCID: PMC7013234 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) grown in serum-supplemented conditions are characterized by an extremely short G1 phase due to the lack of G1-phase control. Concordantly, the G1-phase-specific P53-P21 pathway is compromised in serum ESCs. Here, we provide evidence that P53 is activated upon transition of serum ESCs to their pluripotent ground state using serum-free 2i conditions and that is required for the elongated G1 phase characteristic of ground state ESCs. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses reveal that P53 directly regulates the expression of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein and that the hypo-phosphorylated, active RB protein plays a key role in G1-phase control. Our findings suggest that the P53-P21 pathway is active in ground state 2i ESCs and that its role in the G1-checkpoint is abolished in serum ESCs. Taken together, the data reveal a mechanism by which inactivation of P53 can lead to loss of RB and uncontrolled cell proliferation. The P53-P21 pathway is activated upon adaptation of ESCs to their pluripotent ground state. P53 is required for the elongated G1-phase characteristic to 2i ESCs. P53 binds the promoter and activates Rb1 expression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Renzova T, Bohaciakova D, Esner M, Pospisilova V, Barta T, Hampl A, Cajanek L. Inactivation of PLK4-STIL Module Prevents Self-Renewal and Triggers p53-Dependent Differentiation in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:959-972. [PMID: 30197118 PMCID: PMC6178195 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles account for centrosomes and cilia formation. Recently, a link between centrosomal components and human developmental disorders has been established. However, the exact mechanisms how centrosome abnormalities influence embryogenesis and cell fate are not understood. PLK4-STIL module represents a key element of centrosome duplication cycle. We analyzed consequences of inactivation of the module for early events of embryogenesis in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We demonstrate that blocking of PLK4 or STIL functions leads to centrosome loss followed by both p53-dependent and -independent defects, including prolonged cell divisions, upregulation of p53, chromosome instability, and, importantly, reduction of pluripotency markers and induction of differentiation. We show that the observed loss of key stem cells properties is connected to alterations in mitotic timing and protein turnover. In sum, our data define a link between centrosome, its regulators, and the control of pluripotency and differentiation in PSCs. Blocking of PLK4-STIL module in hESCs/hiPSCs leads to: Centrosome loss, prolonged and error-prone mitosis; p53-dependent differentiation; Reduction of pluripotency linked to altered protein turnover
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Renzova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Esner
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; Cellular Imaging Core Facility, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Barta
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Hampl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Cajanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Most human cancers harbor mutations in the gene encoding p53. As a result, research on p53 in the past few decades has focused primarily on its role as a tumor suppressor. One consequence of this focus is that the functions of p53 in development have largely been ignored. However, recent advances, such as the genomic profiling of embryonic stem cells, have uncovered the significance and mechanisms of p53 functions in mammalian cell differentiation and development. As we review here, these recent findings reveal roles that complement the well-established roles for p53 in tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav K Jain
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Stem Cell and Development Biology, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michelle Craig Barton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Stem Cell and Development Biology, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
David CJ, Massagué J. Contextual determinants of TGFβ action in development, immunity and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:419-435. [PMID: 29643418 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Few cell signals match the impact of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family in metazoan biology. TGFβ cytokines regulate cell fate decisions during development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration, and are major players in tumorigenesis, fibrotic disorders, immune malfunctions and various congenital diseases. The effects of the TGFβ family are mediated by a combinatorial set of ligands and receptors and by a common set of receptor-activated mothers against decapentaplegic homologue (SMAD) transcription factors, yet the effects can differ dramatically depending on the cell type and the conditions. Recent progress has illuminated a model of TGFβ action in which SMADs bind genome-wide in partnership with lineage-determining transcription factors and additionally integrate inputs from other pathways and the chromatin to trigger specific cellular responses. These new insights clarify the operating logic of the TGFβ pathway in physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J David
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ueda A, Akagi T, Yokota T. GA-Binding Protein Alpha Is Involved in the Survival of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2229-2238. [PMID: 28762569 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ets-related transcription factor GA-binding protein alpha (GABPα), which is encoded by Gabpa, is expressed in a variety of cell types and is involved in cellular functions such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Here, we generated Gabpa conditional knockout embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and characterized its cellular phenotypes. Disruption of Gabpa revealed that the proliferation of Gabpa-null ESCs was drastically repressed and cells started to die within 2 days. The repressed proliferation of Gabpa-null ESCs was recovered by artificially forced expression of GABPα. Expression analysis showed that p53 mRNA levels were comparable; however, p53 target genes, including Cdkn1a/p21, Mdm2, and Gadd45a, were upregulated and cell cycle-related genes, including Cyclin D1/D2 and Cyclin E1/E2, were downregulated in Gabpa-null ESCs. Interestingly, p53 and cleaved Caspase3 expressions were enhanced in the cells and reduced proliferation as well as cell death of Gabpa-null ESCs were rescued by either transfection of p53 RNAi or treatment of the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α. These results suggest that GABPα inhibits the accumulation of p53 and is involved in the proliferation and survival of ESCs. Stem Cells 2017;35:2229-2238.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ueda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Akagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Waisman A, Vazquez Echegaray C, Solari C, Cosentino MS, Martyn I, Deglincerti A, Ozair MZ, Ruzo A, Barañao L, Miriuka S, Brivanlou A, Guberman A. Inhibition of Cell Division and DNA Replication Impair Mouse-Naïve Pluripotency Exit. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2802-2815. [PMID: 28684247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle has gained attention as a key determinant for cell fate decisions, but the contribution of DNA replication and mitosis in stem cell differentiation has not been extensively studied. To understand if these processes act as "windows of opportunity" for changes in cell identity, we established synchronized cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells as they exit the ground state of pluripotency. We show that initial transcriptional changes in this transition do not require passage through mitosis and that conversion to primed pluripotency is linked to lineage priming in the G1 phase. Importantly, we demonstrate that impairment of DNA replication severely blocks transcriptional switch to primed pluripotency, even in the absence of p53 activity induced by the DNA damage response. Our data suggest an important role for DNA replication during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation, which could shed light on why pluripotent cells are only receptive to differentiation signals during G1, that is, before the S phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Waisman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Vazquez Echegaray
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Solari
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Cosentino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iain Martyn
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alessia Deglincerti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan Ozair
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Albert Ruzo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lino Barañao
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- CONICET-Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Laboratorio de Investigación de Aplicación a Neurociencias (LIAN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ali Brivanlou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alejandra Guberman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen CY, Cheng YY, Yen CYT, Hsieh PCH. Mechanisms of pluripotency maintenance in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1805-1817. [PMID: 27999898 PMCID: PMC11107721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), characterized by their pluripotency and capacity for self-renewal, are driven by a complex gene expression program composed of several regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms collaborate to maintain the delicate balance of pluripotency gene expression and their disruption leads to loss of pluripotency. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of the key pillars of mESC pluripotency by elaborating on the various essential transcription factor networks and signaling pathways that directly or indirectly support this state. Furthermore, we consider the latest developments in the role of epigenetic regulation, such as noncoding RNA signaling or histone modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Christopher Y T Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nguyen DTT, Richter D, Michel G, Mitschka S, Kolanus W, Cuevas E, Wulczyn FG. The ubiquitin ligase LIN41/TRIM71 targets p53 to antagonize cell death and differentiation pathways during stem cell differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1063-1078. [PMID: 28430184 PMCID: PMC5442473 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidity and specificity are characteristic features of proteolysis mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Therefore, the UPS is ideally suited for the remodeling of the embryonic stem cell proteome during the transition from pluripotent to differentiated states and its inverse, the generation of inducible pluripotent stem cells. The Trim-NHL family member LIN41 is among the first E3 ubiquitin ligases to be linked to stem cell pluripotency and reprogramming. Initially discovered in C. elegans as a downstream target of the let-7 miRNA, LIN41 is now recognized as a critical regulator of stem cell fates as well as the timing of neurogenesis. Despite being indispensable for embryonic development and neural tube closure in mice, the underlying mechanisms for LIN41 function in these processes are poorly understood. To better understand the specific contributions of the E3 ligase activity for the stem cell functions of LIN41, we characterized global changes in ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like modifications using Lin41-inducible mouse embryonic stem cells. The tumor suppressor protein p53 was among the five most strongly affected proteins in cells undergoing neural differentiation in response to LIN41 induction. We show that LIN41 interacts with p53, controls its abundance by ubiquitination and antagonizes p53-dependent pro-apoptotic and pro-differentiation responses. In vivo, the lack of LIN41 is associated with upregulation of Grhl3 and widespread caspase-3 activation, two downstream effectors of p53 with essential roles in neural tube closure. As Lin41-deficient mice display neural tube closure defects, we conclude that LIN41 is critical for the regulation of p53 functions in cell fate specification and survival during early brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duong Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Daniel Richter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Geert Michel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Forschungseinrichtung für Experimentelle Medizin, Krahmerstraße 6-10, Berlin 12207, Germany
| | - Sibylle Mitschka
- University of Bonn, Life &Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- University of Bonn, Life &Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Elisa Cuevas
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Stem Cells &Regenerative Medicine Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, Great Britain, UK
| | - F Gregory Wulczyn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Wang Q, Zou Y, Nowotschin S, Kim SY, Li QV, Soh CL, Su J, Zhang C, Shu W, Xi Q, Huangfu D, Hadjantonakis AK, Massagué J. The p53 Family Coordinates Wnt and Nodal Inputs in Mesendodermal Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 20:70-86. [PMID: 27889317 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we outline a regulatory network that involves the p53 tumor suppressor family and the Wnt pathway acting together with the TGF-β pathway in mesendodermal differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Knockout of all three members, p53, p63, and p73, shows that the p53 family is essential for mesendoderm specification during exit from pluripotency in embryos and in culture. Wnt3 and its receptor Fzd1 are direct p53 family target genes in this context, and induction of Wnt signaling by p53 is critical for activation of mesendodermal differentiation genes. Globally, Wnt3-activated Tcf3 and nodal-activated Smad2/3 transcription factors depend on each other for co-occupancy of target enhancers associated with key differentiation loci. Our results therefore highlight an unanticipated role for p53 family proteins in a regulatory network that integrates essential Wnt-Tcf and nodal-Smad inputs in a selective and interdependent way to drive mesendodermal differentiation of pluripotent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yilong Zou
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Rodent Genetic Engineering Core, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qing V Li
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chew-Li Soh
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jie Su
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Weiping Shu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qiaoran Xi
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boward B, Wu T, Dalton S. Concise Review: Control of Cell Fate Through Cell Cycle and Pluripotency Networks. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1427-36. [PMID: 26889666 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) proliferate rapidly with a characteristic cell cycle structure consisting of short G1- and G2-gap phases. This applies broadly to PSCs of peri-implantation stage embryos, cultures of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and embryonal carcinoma cells. During the early stages of PSC differentiation however, cell division times increase as a consequence of cell cycle remodeling. Most notably, this is indicated by elongation of the G1-phase. Observations linking changes in the cell cycle with exit from pluripotency have raised questions about the role of cell cycle control in maintenance of the pluripotent state. Until recently however, this has been a difficult question to address because of limitations associated with experimental tools. Recent studies now show that pluripotency and cell cycle regulatory networks are intertwined and that cell cycle control mechanisms are an integral, mechanistic part of the PSC state. Studies in embryonal carcinoma, some 30 years ago, first suggested that pluripotent cells initiate differentiation when in the G1-phase. More recently, a molecular "priming" mechanism has been proposed to explain these observations in human embryonic stem cells. Complexity in this area has been increased by the realization that pluripotent cells exist in multiple developmental states and that in addition to each having their own characteristic gene expression and epigenetic signatures, they potentially have alternate modes of cell cycle regulation. This review will summarize current knowledge in these areas and will highlight important aspects of interconnections between the cell cycle, self-renewal, pluripotency, and cell fate decisions. Stem Cells 2016;34:1427-1436.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Boward
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tianming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rivlin N, Koifman G, Rotter V. p53 orchestrates between normal differentiation and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:10-7. [PMID: 24406212 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, it is becoming more and more evident that there is a tight connection between abnormal differentiation processes and cancer. While cancer and stem cells are very different, especially in terms of maintaining genomic integrity, these cell types also share many similar properties. In this review, we aim to provide an over-view of the roles of the key tumor suppressor, p53, in regulating normal differentiation and function of both stem cells and adult cells. When these functions are disrupted, undifferentiated cells may become transformed. Understanding the function of p53 in stem cells and its role in maintaining the balance between differentiation and malignant transformation can help shed light on cancer initiation and propagation, and hopefully also on cancer prevention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Rivlin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Gabriela Koifman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|