1
|
Hofer T, Pipperger L, Danklmaier S, Das K, Wollmann G. Characterization of the Anti-Viral and Vaccine-Specific CD8 + T Cell Composition upon Treatment with the Cancer Vaccine VSV-GP. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:867. [PMID: 39203993 PMCID: PMC11359161 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors influence the magnitude and effector phenotype of vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells, thereby potentially impacting treatment efficacy. Here, we investigate the effect of vaccination dose, route of immunization, presence of a target antigen-expressing tumor, and heterologous prime-boost with peptide vaccine partner following vaccination with antigen-armed VSV-GP. Our results indicate that a higher vaccine dose increases antigen-specific CD8+ T cell proportions while altering the phenotype. The intravenous route induces the highest proportion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells together with the lowest anti-viral response followed by the intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes. Moreover, the presence of a B16-OVA tumor serves as pre-prime, thereby increasing OVA-specific CD8+ T cells upon vaccination and thus altering the ratio of anti-tumor versus anti-viral CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, tumor-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit a different phenotype compared to bystander anti-viral CD8+ T cells. Finally, the heterologous combination of peptide and viral vaccine elicits the highest proportion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes. In summary, we provide a basic immune characterization of various factors that affect anti-viral and vaccine target-specific CD8+ T cell proportions and phenotypes, thereby enhancing our vaccinology knowledge for future vaccine regimen designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hofer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.H.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (K.D.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Pipperger
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.H.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (K.D.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Haematology & Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarah Danklmaier
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.H.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (K.D.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Krishna Das
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.H.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (K.D.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, A-6063 Rum, Austria
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.H.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (K.D.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Haematology & Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdullah L, Emiliani FE, Vaidya CM, Stuart H, Kolling FW, Ackerman ME, Song L, McKenna A, Huang YH. Hierarchal single-cell lineage tracing reveals differential fate commitment of CD8 T-cell clones in response to acute infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586160. [PMID: 38585810 PMCID: PMC10996474 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Generating balanced populations of CD8 effector and memory T cells is necessary for immediate and durable immunity to infections and cancer. Yet, a definitive understanding of CD8 differentiation remains unclear. We used CARLIN, a processive lineage recording mouse model with single-cell RNA-seq and TCR-seq to track endogenous antigen-specific CD8 T cells during acute viral infection. We identified a diverse repertoire of expanded T-cell clones represented by seven transcriptional states. TCR enrichment analysis revealed differential memory- or effector-fate biases within clonal populations. Shared Vb segments and amino acid motifs were found within biased categories despite high TCR diversity. Using single-cell CARLIN barcode-seq we tracked multi-generational clones and found that unlike unbiased or memory-biased clones, which stably retain their fate profiles, effector-biased clones could adopt memory- or effector-bias within subclones. Collectively, our study demonstrates that a heterogenous T-cell repertoire specific for a shared antigen is composed of clones with distinct TCR-intrinsic fate-biases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Francesco E. Emiliani
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Chinmay M. Vaidya
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Hannah Stuart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Li Song
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Aaron McKenna
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yina H. Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen K, Gu X, Yang S, Tao R, Fan M, Bao W, Wang X. Research progress on intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13332. [PMID: 38441381 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a recently discovered subpopulation of memory T cells that reside in non-lymphoid tissues such as the intestine and skin and do not enter the bloodstream. The intestine encounters numerous pathogens daily. Intestinal mucosal immunity requires a balance between immune responses to pathogens and tolerance to food antigens and symbiotic microbiota. Therefore, intestinal TRM cells exhibit unique characteristics. In healthy intestines, TRM cells induce necessary inflammation to strengthen the intestinal barrier and inhibit bacterial translocation. During intestinal infections, TRM cells rapidly eliminate pathogens by proliferating, releasing cytokines, and recruiting other immune cells. Moreover, certain TRM cell subsets may have regulatory functions. The involvement of TRM cells in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly recognized as a critical factor. In IBD, the number of pro-inflammatory TRM cells increases, whereas the number of regulatory subgroups decreases. Additionally, the classic markers, CD69 and CD103, are not ideal for intestinal TRM cells. Here, we review the phenotype, development, maintenance, and function of intestinal TRM cells, as well as the latest findings in the context of IBD. Further understanding of the function of intestinal TRM cells and distinguishing their subgroups is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to target these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Rui Tao
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Wuxi Second Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McDonald B, Chick BY, Ahmed NS, Burns M, Ma S, Casillas E, Chen D, Mann TH, O'Connor C, Hah N, Hargreaves DC, Kaech SM. Canonical BAF complex activity shapes the enhancer landscape that licenses CD8 + T cell effector and memory fates. Immunity 2023; 56:1303-1319.e5. [PMID: 37315534 PMCID: PMC10281564 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells provide host protection against pathogens by differentiating into distinct effector and memory cell subsets, but how chromatin is site-specifically remodeled during their differentiation is unclear. Due to its critical role in regulating chromatin and enhancer accessibility through its nucleosome remodeling activities, we investigated the role of the canonical BAF (cBAF) chromatin remodeling complex in antiviral CD8+ T cells during infection. ARID1A, a subunit of cBAF, was recruited early after activation and established de novo open chromatin regions (OCRs) at enhancers. Arid1a deficiency impaired the opening of thousands of activation-induced enhancers, leading to loss of TF binding, dysregulated proliferation and gene expression, and failure to undergo terminal effector differentiation. Although Arid1a was dispensable for circulating memory cell formation, tissue-resident memory (Trm) formation was strongly impaired. Thus, cBAF governs the enhancer landscape of activated CD8+ T cells that orchestrates TF recruitment and activity and the acquisition of specific effector and memory differentiation states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan McDonald
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brent Y Chick
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nasiha S Ahmed
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mannix Burns
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shixin Ma
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduardo Casillas
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dan Chen
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas H Mann
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nasun Hah
- Chapman Charitable Foundations Genomic Sequencing Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diana C Hargreaves
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García-Ferreras R, Osuna-Pérez J, Ramírez-Santiago G, Méndez-Pérez A, Acosta-Moreno AM, Del Campo L, Gómez-Sánchez MJ, Iborra M, Herrero-Fernández B, González-Granado JM, Sánchez-Madrid F, Carrasco YR, Boya P, Martínez-Martín N, Veiga E. Bacteria-instructed B cells cross-prime naïve CD8 + T cells triggering effective cytotoxic responses. EMBO Rep 2023:e56131. [PMID: 37184882 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to triggering humoral responses, conventional B cells have been described in vitro to cross-present exogenous antigens activating naïve CD8+ T cells. Nevertheless, the way B cells capture these exogenous antigens and the physiological roles of B cell-mediated cross-presentation remain poorly explored. Here, we show that B cells capture bacteria by trans-phagocytosis from previously infected dendritic cells (DC) when they are in close contact. Bacterial encounter "instructs" the B cells to acquire antigen cross-presentation abilities, in a process that involves autophagy. Bacteria-instructed B cells, henceforth referred to as BacB cells, rapidly degrade phagocytosed bacteria, process bacterial antigens and cross-prime naïve CD8+ T cells which differentiate into specific cytotoxic cells that efficiently control bacterial infections. Moreover, a proof-of-concept experiment shows that BacB cells that have captured bacteria expressing tumor antigens could be useful as novel cellular immunotherapies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-Ferreras
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Osuna-Pérez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ramírez-Santiago
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Méndez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés M Acosta-Moreno
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Del Campo
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Gómez-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Iborra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herrero-Fernández
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M González-Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda R Carrasco
- Department of Immunology & Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Torrance BL, Panier HA, Cadar AN, Martin DE, Lorenzo EC, Jellison ER, Bartley JM, Haynes L. Cellular Senescence is a Double-Edged Sword in Regulating Aged Immune Responses to Influenza. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536027. [PMID: 37090607 PMCID: PMC10120665 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Clearance of senescent cells has demonstrated therapeutic potential in the context of chronic age-related diseases. Little is known, however, how clearing senescent cells affects the ability to respond to an acute infection and form quality immunological memory. We aimed to probe the effects of clearing senescent cells in aged mice on the immune response to influenza (flu) infection. We utilized a p16 trimodality reporter mouse model (p16-3MR) to allow for identification and selective deletion of p16-expressing senescent cells upon administration of ganciclovir (GCV). While p16-expressing senescent cells may exacerbate dysfunctional responses to a primary infection, our data suggest they may play a role in fostering memory cell generation. We demonstrate that although deletion of p16-expressing cells enhanced viral clearance, this also severely limited antibody production in the lungs of flu-infected aged mice. 30 days later, there were fewer flu-specific CD8 memory T cells and lower levels of flu-specific antibodies in the lungs of GCV treated mice. GCV treated mice were unable to mount an optimal memory response and demonstrated increased viral load following a heterosubtypic challenge. These results suggest that targeting senescent cells may potentiate primary responses while limiting the ability to form durable and protective immune memory with age.
Collapse
|
7
|
30-color full spectrum flow cytometry panel for deep immunophenotyping of T cell subsets in murine tumor tissue. J Immunol Methods 2023; 516:113459. [PMID: 36931458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
This 30-color full spectrum flow cytometry panel was developed and optimized for in-depth analysis T cells immunophenotype in tumor microenvironment and peripheral lymphoid organs. The panel presented here first identify the main cell subsets including myeloid cells, B cells, NKT cells, γδ T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. For CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells, the panel includes markers for further characterization by including a selection of activation status(CD44, CD62L, CD69, Ki67, CD127, KLRG1 and CXCR3), costimulatory/co-inhibitory molecules (ICOS, OX-40, PD-1, LAG3, TIM-3, CTLA-4 and TIGIT), pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10) and cytotoxic molecules (Perforin, Granzymes B and CD107a). The panel has been tested on the tumor infiltrating T cells and corresponding spleen T cells in B16-F10 murine melanoma models.
Collapse
|
8
|
Suarez-Ramirez JE, Cauley LS, Chandiran K. CTLs Get SMAD When Pathogens Tell Them Where to Go. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1025-1032. [PMID: 36130123 PMCID: PMC9512391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines protect against infections by eliciting both Ab and T cell responses. Because the immunity wanes as protective epitopes get modified by accruing mutations, developing strategies for immunization against new variants is a major priority for vaccine development. CTLs eliminate cells that support viral replication and provide protection against new variants by targeting epitopes from internal viral proteins. This form of protection has received limited attention during vaccine development, partly because reliable methods for directing pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cells to vulnerable tissues are currently unavailable. In this review we examine how recent studies expand our knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to the functional diversity of CTLs as they respond to infection. We discuss the role of TGF-β and the SMAD signaling cascade during genetic programming of pathogen-specific CTLs and the pathways that promote formation of a newly identified subset of terminally differentiated memory CD8 T cells that localize in the vasculature.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chandiran K, Suarez-Ramirez JE, Hu Y, Jellison ER, Ugur Z, Low JS, McDonald B, Kaech SM, Cauley LS. SMAD4 and TGFβ are architects of inverse genetic programs during fate-determination of antiviral CTLs. eLife 2022; 11:76457. [PMID: 35942952 PMCID: PMC9402230 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is an important differentiation factor for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and alters the expression levels of several of homing receptors during infection. SMAD4 is part of the canonical signaling network used by members of the transforming growth factor family. For this study, genetically modified mice were used to determine how SMAD4 and TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII) participate in transcriptional programming of pathogen-specific CTLs. We show that these molecules are essential components of opposing signaling mechanisms, and cooperatively regulate a collection of genes that determine whether specialized populations of pathogen-specific CTLs circulate around the body, or settle in peripheral tissues. TGFβ uses a canonical SMAD-dependent signaling pathway to downregulate Eomesodermin (EOMES), KLRG1, and CD62L, while CD103 is induced. Conversely, in vivo and in vitro data show that EOMES, KLRG1, CX3CR1, and CD62L are positively regulated via SMAD4, while CD103 and Hobit are downregulated. Intravascular staining also shows that signaling via SMAD4 promotes formation of long-lived terminally differentiated CTLs that localize in the vasculature. Our data show that inflammatory molecules play a key role in lineage determination of pathogen-specific CTLs, and use SMAD-dependent signaling to alter the expression levels of multiple homing receptors and transcription factors with known functions during memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Chandiran
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Jenny E Suarez-Ramirez
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Yinghong Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Zenep Ugur
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Jun-Siong Low
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Bryan McDonald
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, United States
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, United States
| | - Linda S Cauley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Richard AC. Divide and Conquer: Phenotypic and Temporal Heterogeneity Within CD8 + T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949423. [PMID: 35911755 PMCID: PMC9334874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of technologies that can characterize the phenotypes, functions and fates of individual cells has revealed extensive and often unexpected levels of diversity between cells that are nominally of the same subset. CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are no exception. Investigations of individual CD8+ T cells both in vitro and in vivo have highlighted the heterogeneity of cellular responses at the levels of activation, differentiation and function. This review takes a broad perspective on the topic of heterogeneity, outlining different forms of variation that arise during a CD8+ T cell response. Specific attention is paid to the impact of T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength on heterogeneity. In particular, this review endeavors to highlight connections between variation at different cellular stages, presenting known mechanisms and key open questions about how variation between cells can arise and propagate.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tsuda S, Pipkin ME. Transcriptional Control of Cell Fate Determination in Antigen-Experienced CD8 T Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a037945. [PMID: 34127445 PMCID: PMC8805646 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Robust immunity to intracellular infections is mediated by antigen-specific naive CD8 T cells that become activated and differentiate into phenotypically and functionally diverse subsets of effector cells, some of which terminally differentiate and others that give rise to memory cells that provide long-lived protection. This developmental system is an outstanding model with which to elucidate how regulation of chromatin structure and transcriptional control establish gene expression programs that govern cell fate determination, insights from which are likely to be useful for informing the design of immunotherapeutic approaches to engineer durable immunity to infections and tumors. A unifying framework that describes how naive CD8 T cells develop into memory cells is still outstanding. We propose a model that incorporates a common early linear path followed by divergent paths that slowly lose capacity to interconvert and discuss classical and contemporary observations that support these notions, focusing on insights from transcriptional control and chromatin regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Tsuda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barreto de Albuquerque J, Mueller C, Gungor B. Tissue-Resident T Cells in Chronic Relapsing-Remitting Intestinal Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:1882. [PMID: 34440651 PMCID: PMC8393248 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells critically contribute to the rapid immunoprotection and efficient immunosurveillance against pathogens, particularly in barrier tissues, but also during anti-tumor responses. However, the involvement of TRM cells also in the induction and exacerbation of immunopathologies, notably in chronically relapsing auto-inflammatory disorders, is becoming increasingly recognized as a critical factor. Thus, TRM cells may also represent an attractive target in the management of chronic (auto-) inflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review, we focus on current concepts of TRM cell biology, particularly in the intestine, and discuss recent findings on their involvement in chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorders. Potential therapeutic strategies to interfere with these TRM cell-mediated immunopathologies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bilgi Gungor
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rose DL, Reagin KL, Oliva KE, Tompkins SM, Klonowski KD. Enhanced generation of influenza-specific tissue resident memory CD8 T cells in NK-depleted mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8969. [PMID: 33903648 PMCID: PMC8076325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are among the first effectors to directly contact influenza and influenza-infected cells and their activation affects not only their intrinsic functions, but also subsequent CD8+ T cell responses. We utilized a NK cell depletion model to interrogate the contribution of NK cells to the development of anti-influenza CD8+ T cell memory. NK cell ablation increased the number of influenza-specific memory CD8+ T cells in the respiratory tract and lung-draining lymph node. Interestingly, animals depleted of NK cells during primary influenza infection were protected as well as their NK-intact counterparts despite significantly fewer reactivated CD8+ T cells infiltrating the respiratory tract after lethal, heterosubtypic challenge. Instead, protection in NK-deficient animals seems to be conferred by rapid reactivation of an enlarged pool of lung tissue-resident (TRM) memory cells within two days post challenge. Further interrogation of how NK cell ablation enhances respiratory TRM indicated that TRM development is independent of global and NK cell derived IFN-γ. These data suggest that reduction in NK cell activation after vaccination with live, non-lethal influenza virus increases compartmentalized, broadly protective memory CD8+ T cell generation and decreases the risk of CD8+ T cell-mediated pathology following subsequent influenza infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Rose
- Department of Shared Resources, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Katie L Reagin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Kimberly E Oliva
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pipkin ME. Runx proteins and transcriptional mechanisms that govern memory CD8 T cell development. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:100-124. [PMID: 33682165 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity to intracellular pathogens and tumors is mediated by antigen-experienced CD8 T cells. Individual naive CD8 T cells have the potential to differentiate into a diverse array of antigen-experienced subsets that exhibit distinct effector functions, life spans, anatomic positioning, and potential for regenerating an entirely new immune response during iterative pathogenic exposures. The developmental process by which activated naive cells undergo diversification involves regulation of chromatin structure and transcription but is not entirely understood. This review examines how alterations in chromatin structure, transcription factor binding, extracellular signals, and single-cell gene expression explain the differential development of distinct effector (TEFF ) and memory (TMEM ) CD8 T cell subsets. Special emphasis is placed on how Runx proteins function with additional transcription factors to pioneer changes in chromatin accessibility and drive transcriptional programs that establish the core attributes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, subdivide circulating and non-circulating TMEM cell subsets, and govern terminal differentiation. The discussion integrates the roles of specific cytokine signals, transcriptional circuits and how regulation of individual nucleosomes and RNA polymerase II activity can contribute to the process of differentiation. A model that integrates many of these features is discussed to conceptualize how activated CD8 T cells arrive at their fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute - FL, Jupiter, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Labarta-Bajo L, Gramalla-Schmitz A, Gerner RR, Kazane KR, Humphrey G, Schwartz T, Sanders K, Swafford A, Knight R, Raffatellu M, Zúñiga EI. CD8 T cells drive anorexia, dysbiosis, and blooms of a commensal with immunosuppressive potential after viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24998-25007. [PMID: 32958643 PMCID: PMC7547153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003656117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections elicit immune adaptations to enable pathogen resistance and/or tolerance and are associated with compositional shifts of the intestinal microbiome. However, a comprehensive understanding of how infections with pathogens that exhibit distinct capability to spread and/or persist differentially change the microbiome, the underlying mechanisms, and the relative contribution of individual commensal species to immune cell adaptations is still lacking. Here, we discovered that mouse infection with a fast-spreading and persistent (but not a slow-spreading acute) isolate of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus induced large-scale microbiome shifts characterized by increased Verrucomicrobia and reduced Firmicute/Bacteroidetes ratio. Remarkably, the most profound microbiome changes occurred transiently after infection with the fast-spreading persistent isolate, were uncoupled from sustained viral loads, and were instead largely caused by CD8 T cell responses and/or CD8 T cell-induced anorexia. Among the taxa enriched by infection with the fast-spreading virus, Akkermansia muciniphila, broadly regarded as a beneficial commensal, bloomed upon starvation and in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. Strikingly, oral administration of A. muciniphila suppressed selected effector features of CD8 T cells in the context of both infections. Our findings define unique microbiome differences after chronic versus acute viral infections and identify CD8 T cell responses and downstream anorexia as driver mechanisms of microbial dysbiosis after infection with a fast-spreading virus. Our data also highlight potential context-dependent effects of probiotics and suggest a model in which changes in host behavior and downstream microbiome dysbiosis may constitute a previously unrecognized negative feedback loop that contributes to CD8 T cell adaptations after infections with fast-spreading and/or persistent pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Labarta-Bajo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Anna Gramalla-Schmitz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Katelynn R Kazane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Gregory Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Tara Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Karenina Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Austin Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines, Chiba University-University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elina I Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Enders M, Franken L, Philipp MS, Kessler N, Baumgart AK, Eichler M, Wiertz EJH, Garbi N, Kurts C. Splenic Red Pulp Macrophages Cross-Prime Early Effector CTL That Provide Rapid Defense against Viral Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:87-100. [PMID: 31776205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation allows dendritic cells (DCs) to present peptides derived from endocytosed Ags on MHC class I molecules, which is important for activating CTL against viral infections and tumors. Type 1 classical DCs (cDC1), which depend on the transcription factor Batf3, are considered the main cross-presenting cells. In this study, we report that soluble Ags are efficiently cross-presented also by transcription factor SpiC-dependent red pulp macrophages (RPM) of the spleen. In contrast to cDC1, RPM used the mannose receptor for Ag uptake and employed the proteasome- and TAP-dependent cytosolic cross-presentation pathway, previously shown to be used in vitro by bone marrow-derived DCs. In an in vivo vaccination model, both cDC1 and RPM cross-primed CTL efficiently but with distinct kinetics. Within a few days, RPM induced very early effector CTL of a distinct phenotype (Ly6A/E+ Ly6C(+) KLRG1- CD127- CX3CR1- Grz-B+). In an adenoviral infection model, such CTL contained the early viral spread, whereas cDC1 induced short-lived effector CTL that eventually cleared the virus. RPM-induced early effector CTL also contributed to the endogenous antiviral response but not to CTL memory generation. In conclusion, RPM can contribute to antiviral immunity by generating a rapid CTL defense force that contains the virus until cDC1-induced CTL are available to eliminate it. This function can be harnessed for improving vaccination strategies aimed at inducing CTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Enders
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Lars Franken
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Marie-Sophie Philipp
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Ann-Kathrin Baumgart
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Melanie Eichler
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Emmanuel J H Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jergović M, Thompson HL, Renkema KR, Smithey MJ, Nikolich-Žugich J. Defective Transcriptional Programming of Effector CD8 T Cells in Aged Mice Is Cell-Extrinsic and Can Be Corrected by Administration of IL-12 and IL-18. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2206. [PMID: 31620129 PMCID: PMC6759569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to infection with intracellular microorganisms, old mice mobilize decreased numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells with reduced expression of effector molecules and impaired cytolytic activity. Molecular mechanisms behind these defects and the cell-intrinsic (affecting naïve CD8 T cells themselves) vs. extrinsic, microenvironmental origin of such defects remain unclear. Using reciprocal transfer experiments of highly purified naïve T cells from adult and old transgenic OT-1 mice, we decisively show that the dominant effect is cell-extrinsic. Naïve adult OT-1 T cells failed to expand and terminally differentiate in the old organism infected with Listeria-OVA. This defect was preceded by blunted expression of the master transcription factor T-bet and impaired glycolytic switch when T cells are primed in the old organism. However, both old and adult naïve CD8 T cells proliferated and produced effector molecules to a similar extent when stimulated in vitro with polyclonal stimuli, as well as when transferred into adult recipients. Multiple inflammatory cytokines with direct effects on T cell effector differentiation were decreased in spleens of old animals, particularly IL-12 and IL-18. Of note, in vivo treatment of mice with IL-12 and IL-18 on days 4–6 of Listeria infection reconstituted cytotoxic T cell response of aged mice to the level of adult. Therefore, critical cytokine signals which are underproduced in the old priming environment can restore proper transcriptional programming of old naïve CD8 T cells and improve immune defense against intracellular microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Heather L Thompson
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kristin R Renkema
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Biomedical Sciences Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Megan J Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
LAP + Cells Modulate Protection Induced by Oral Vaccination with Rhesus Rotavirus in a Neonatal Mouse Model. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00882-19. [PMID: 31292251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00882-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been shown to play a role in immunity against different pathogens in vitro and against parasites in vivo However, its role in viral infections in vivo is incompletely understood. Using a neonatal mouse model of heterologous rhesus rotavirus (RV) vaccination, we show that the vaccine induced rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells, the majority of which lacked expression of KLRG1 or CD127, and a few regulatory rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells that expressed surface latency-associated peptide (LAP)-TGF-β. In these mice, inhibiting TGF-β, with both a neutralizing antibody and an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor signaling (activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor [ALK5i]), did not change the development or intensity of the mild diarrhea induced by the vaccine, the rotavirus-specific T cell response, or protection against a subsequent challenge with a murine EC-rotavirus. However, mice treated with anti-LAP antibodies had improved protection after a homologous EC-rotavirus challenge, compared with control rhesus rotavirus-immunized mice. Thus, oral vaccination with a heterologous rotavirus stimulates regulatory RV-specific CD4 LAP-positive (LAP+) T cells, and depletion of LAP+ cells increases vaccine-induced protection.IMPORTANCE Despite the introduction of several live attenuated animal and human rotaviruses as efficient oral vaccines, rotaviruses continue to be the leading etiological agent for diarrhea mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. Improvement of these vaccines has been partially delayed because immunity to rotaviruses is incompletely understood. In the intestine (where rotavirus replicates), regulatory T cells that express latency-associated peptide (LAP) play a prominent role, which has been explored for many diseases but not specifically for infectious agents. In this paper, we show that neonatal mice given a live oral rotavirus vaccine develop rotavirus-specific LAP+ T cells and that depletion of these cells improves the efficiency of the vaccine. These findings may prove useful for the design of strategies to improve rotavirus vaccines.
Collapse
|
19
|
Caspase-8-dependent control of NK- and T cell responses during cytomegalovirus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:555-571. [PMID: 31098689 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (CASP8) impacts antiviral immunity in expected as well as unexpected ways. Mice with combined deficiency in CASP8 and RIPK3 cannot support extrinsic apoptosis or RIPK3-dependent programmed necrosis, enabling studies of CASP8 function without complications of unleashed necroptosis. These extrinsic cell death pathways are naturally targeted by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-encoded cell death suppressors, showing they are key to cell-autonomous host defense. Remarkably, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/-, Ripk1-/-Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- and Casp8-/-Ripk3K51A/K51A mice mount robust antiviral T cell responses to control MCMV infection. Studies in Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice show that CASP8 restrains expansion of MCMV-specific natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells without compromising contraction or immune memory. Infected Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- or Casp8-/-Ripk3K51A/K51A mice have higher levels of virus-specific NK cells and CD8 T cells compared to matched RIPK3-deficient littermates or WT mice. CASP8, likely acting downstream of Fas death receptor, dampens proliferation of CD8 T cells during expansion. Importantly, contraction proceeds unimpaired in the absence of extrinsic death pathways owing to intact Bim-dependent (intrinsic) apoptosis. CD8 T cell memory develops in Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice, but memory inflation characteristic of MCMV infection is not sustained in the absence of CASP8 function. Despite this, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice are immune to secondary challenge. Interferon (IFN)γ is recognized as a key cytokine for adaptive immune control of MCMV. Ifngr-/-Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice exhibit increased lifelong persistence in salivary glands as well as lungs compared to Ifngr-/- and Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice. Thus, mice deficient in CASP8 and RIPK3 are more dependent on IFNγ mechanisms for sustained T cell immune control of MCMV. Overall, appropriate NK- and T cell immunity to MCMV is dependent on host CASP8 function independent of RIPK3-regulated pathways.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tallapaka SB, Karuturi BVK, Yeapuri P, Curran SM, Sonawane YA, Phillips JA, David Smith D, Sanderson SD, Vetro JA. Surface conjugation of EP67 to biodegradable nanoparticles increases the generation of long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells by encapsulated protein vaccine after respiratory immunization and subsequent T-cell-mediated protection against respiratory infection. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:242-257. [PMID: 31077762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of protein vaccines in biodegradable nanoparticles (NP) increases T-cell expansion after mucosal immunization but requires incorporating a suitable immunostimulant to increase long-lived memory T-cells. EP67 is a clinically viable, host-derived peptide agonist of the C5a receptor that selectively activates antigen presenting cells over neutrophils. We previously found that encapsulating EP67-conjugated CTL peptide vaccines in NP increases long-lived memory subsets of CTL after respiratory immunization. Thus, we hypothesized that alternatively conjugating EP67 to the NP surface can increase long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells generated by encapsulated protein vaccines. We found that respiratory immunization of naïve female C57BL/6 mice with LPS-free ovalbumin (OVA) encapsulated in PLGA 50:50 NP (∼380 nm diameter) surface-conjugated with ∼0.1 wt% EP67 through 2 kDa PEG linkers (i) increased T-cell expansion and long-lived memory subsets of OVA323-339-specific CD4+ and OVA257-264-specific CD8a+ T-cells in the lungs (CD44HI/CD127/KLRG1) and spleen (CD44HI/CD127/KLRG1/CD62L) and (ii) decreased peak CFU of OVA-expressing L. monocytogenes (LM-OVA) in the lungs, liver, and spleen after respiratory challenge vs. encapsulation in unmodified NP. Thus, conjugating EP67 to the NP surface is one approach to increase the generation of long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells by encapsulated protein vaccines after respiratory immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra B Tallapaka
- DILIsym Services Inc., Six Davis Drive, PO Box 12317, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA(1)
| | - Bala V K Karuturi
- Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., 781 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA(1)
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Stephen M Curran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Yogesh A Sonawane
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, NE 68022, USA
| | - Joy A Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92115, USA
| | - D David Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Sam D Sanderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Joseph A Vetro
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang D, Diao H, Getzler AJ, Rogal W, Frederick MA, Milner J, Yu B, Crotty S, Goldrath AW, Pipkin ME. The Transcription Factor Runx3 Establishes Chromatin Accessibility of cis-Regulatory Landscapes that Drive Memory Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Formation. Immunity 2019; 48:659-674.e6. [PMID: 29669249 PMCID: PMC6750808 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation of naive CD8+ T cells initiates reprogramming of cis-regulatory landscapes that specify effector and memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation. We mapped regions of hyper-accessible chromatin in naive cells during TCR stimulation and discovered that the transcription factor (TF) Runx3 promoted accessibility to memory CTL-specific cis-regulatory regions before the first cell division and was essential for memory CTL differentiation. Runx3 was specifically required for accessibility to regions highly enriched with IRF, bZIP and Prdm1-like TF motifs, upregulation of TFs Irf4 and Blimp1, and activation of fundamental CTL attributes in early effector and memory precursor cells. Runx3 ensured that nascent CTLs differentiated into memory CTLs by preventing high expression of the TF T-bet, slowing effector cell proliferation, and repressing terminal CTL differentiation. Runx3 overexpression enhanced memory CTL differentiation during iterative infections. Thus, Runx3 governs chromatin accessibility during TCR stimulation and enforces the memory CTL developmental program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Walter Rogal
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Megan A Frederick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Justin Milner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bingfei Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, The La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Interleukin-21 Induces Short-Lived Effector CD8 + T Cells but Does Not Inhibit Their Exhaustion after Mycobacterium bovis BCG Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00147-18. [PMID: 29844233 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00147-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a pleiotropic common cytokine receptor γ chain cytokine that promotes the effector functions of NK cells and CD8+ T cells and inhibits CD8+ T cell exhaustion during chronic infection. We found that the absolute number of short-lived effector CD8+ T cells (SLECs) (KLRG1high CD127low) decreased significantly in IL-21 receptor-deficient (IL-21R-/-) mice during Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection. Early effector CD8+ T cells (EECs) (KLRG1low CD127low) were normally generated in IL-21R-/- mice after infection. Exhausted CD8+ T cells (PD-1high KLRG1low) were also normally generated in IL-21R-/- mice after infection. Mixed bone marrow (BM) chimera and transfer experiments showed that IL-21R on CD8+ T cells was essential for the proliferation of EECs, allowing them to differentiate into SLECs after BCG infection. On the other hand, the number of SLECs increased significantly after infection with recombinant BCG (rBCG) that secreted an antigen 85B (Ag85B)-IL-21 fusion protein (rBCG-Ag85B-IL-21), but the number of exhausted CD8+ T cells did not change after rBCG-Ag85B-IL-21 infection. These results suggest that IL-21 signaling drives the differentiation of SLECs from EECs but does not inhibit the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells following BCG infection in mice.
Collapse
|
23
|
Listeria Monocytogenes: A Model Pathogen Continues to Refine Our Knowledge of the CD8 T Cell Response. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020055. [PMID: 29914156 PMCID: PMC6027175 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection induces robust CD8 T cell responses, which play a critical role in resolving Lm during primary infection and provide protective immunity to re-infections. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to delineate the CD8 T cell response after Lm infection. In this review, the generation of the CD8 T cell response to Lm infection will be discussed. The role of dendritic cell subsets in acquiring and presenting Lm antigens to CD8 T cells and the events that occur during T cell priming and activation will be addressed. CD8 T cell expansion, differentiation and contraction as well as the signals that regulate these processes during Lm infection will be explored. Finally, the formation of memory CD8 T cell subsets in the circulation and in the intestine will be analyzed. Recently, the study of CD8 T cell responses to Lm infection has begun to shift focus from the intravenous infection model to a natural oral infection model as the humanized mouse and murinized Lm have become readily available. Recent findings in the generation of CD8 T cell responses to oral infection using murinized Lm will be explored throughout the review. Finally, CD8 T cell-mediated protective immunity against Lm infection and the use of Lm as a vaccine vector for cancer immunotherapy will be highlighted. Overall, this review will provide detailed knowledge on the biology of CD8 T cell responses after Lm infection that may shed light on improving rational vaccine design.
Collapse
|
24
|
Herndler-Brandstetter D, Ishigame H, Shinnakasu R, Plajer V, Stecher C, Zhao J, Lietzenmayer M, Kroehling L, Takumi A, Kometani K, Inoue T, Kluger Y, Kaech SM, Kurosaki T, Okada T, Flavell RA. KLRG1 + Effector CD8 + T Cells Lose KLRG1, Differentiate into All Memory T Cell Lineages, and Convey Enhanced Protective Immunity. Immunity 2018; 48:716-729.e8. [PMID: 29625895 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity against pathogens depends on the efficient generation of functionally diverse effector and memory T lymphocytes. However, whether plasticity during effector-to-memory CD8+ T cell differentiation affects memory lineage specification and functional versatility remains unclear. Using genetic fate mapping analysis of highly cytotoxic KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells, we demonstrated that KLRG1+ cells receiving intermediate amounts of activating and inflammatory signals downregulated KLRG1 during the contraction phase in a Bach2-dependent manner and differentiated into all memory T cell linages, including CX3CR1int peripheral memory cells and tissue-resident memory cells. "ExKLRG1" memory cells retained high cytotoxic and proliferative capacity distinct from other populations, which contributed to effective anti-influenza and anti-tumor immunity. Our work demonstrates that developmental plasticity of KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells is important in promoting functionally versatile memory cells and long-term protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Valerie Plajer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carmen Stecher
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Melanie Lietzenmayer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lina Kroehling
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Takumi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kohei Kometani
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Backer RA, Hombrink P, Helbig C, Amsen D. The Fate Choice Between Effector and Memory T Cell Lineages: Asymmetry, Signal Integration, and Feedback to Create Bistability. Adv Immunol 2018; 137:43-82. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
26
|
Remy-Ziller C, Thioudellet C, Hortelano J, Gantzer M, Nourtier V, Claudepierre MC, Sansas B, Préville X, Bendjama K, Quemeneur E, Rittner K. Sequential administration of MVA-based vaccines and PD-1/PD-L1-blocking antibodies confers measurable benefits on tumor growth and survival: Preclinical studies with MVA-βGal and MVA-MUC1 (TG4010) in a murine tumor model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:140-145. [PMID: 28925793 PMCID: PMC5791558 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1373921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TG4010, a Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing human mucin1 (MUC1) has demonstrated clinical benefit for patients suffering from advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in combination with chemotherapy. To support its development, preclinical experiments were performed with either TG4010 or β-galactosidase-encoding MVA vector (MVA-βgal) in mice presenting tumors in the lung. Tumor growth was obtained after intravenous injection of CT26 murine colon cancer cells, engineered to express either MUC1 or βgal. Mice showed increased survival rates after repeated intravenous injections of TG4010 or MVA-βgal, compared to an empty MVA control vector. Treatment with MVA vectors led to the accumulation of CD3dimCD8dim T cells, with two subpopulations characterized as KLRG1+CD127− short-lived effector cells (SLECs), and KLRG1−CD127− early effector cells (EECs) comprising cells releasing IFNγ, Granzyme B and CD107a upon antigen-specific peptide stimulation. EECs were characterized by an up-regulation of PD-1. Tumor growth in the diseased lung correlated with the appearance of PD1+ Treg cells that partially disappeared after TG4010 treatment. At late stage of tumor development in the lung, PD-L1 was detected on CD45− tumor cells, on CD4+ cells, including Treg cells, on CD3+CD8+ and CD3dimCD8dim T lymphocytes, on NK cells, on MDSCs and on alveolar macrophages. We demonstrated that targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with blocking monoclonal antibodies several days after TG4010 treatment, at late stage of tumor development, enhanced the therapeutic protection induced by the vaccine, supporting the ongoing clinical evaluation of TG4010 immunotherapy in combination with Nivolumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Remy-Ziller
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | - Christine Thioudellet
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | - Julie Hortelano
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | - Murielle Gantzer
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | - Virginie Nourtier
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | | | - Benoit Sansas
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | - Xavier Préville
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | - Kaïdre Bendjama
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | - Eric Quemeneur
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| | - Karola Rittner
- a Department of Oncoimmunology , Transgene S.A. , Parc d'Innovation, Illkirch-Graffenstaden , Cedex , France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu M, Barton ES, Jennings RN, Oldenburg DG, Whirry JM, White DW, Grayson JM. Unsupervised learning techniques reveal heterogeneity in memory CD8 + T cell differentiation following acute, chronic and latent viral infections. Virology 2017; 509:266-279. [PMID: 28689040 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes are critical for the control of gammaherpesvirus latency. To determine how memory CD8+ T cells generated during latency differ from those primed during acute or chronic viral infection, we adoptively transferred naive P14 CD8+ T cells into uninfected recipients, and examined surface proteins, cytokines and transcription factors following infection with the Armstrong (acute) or Clone 13 (chronic) strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), or murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) expressing the LCMV epitope DbGP33-41. By performing k-means clustering and generating self organizing maps (SOM), we observed increased short-lived effector-like, CD27lo CD62Llo and Bcl-6lo CD8+ T cells following latent infection. In addition, we found that memory CD8+ T cells from latent primed mice underwent less expansion following adoptive transfer and antigen rechallenge. Data from cluster models were combined and visualized by principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrating memory CD8+ T cells from latent infection occupy an intermediate differentiation space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Erik S Barton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ryan N Jennings
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jason M Grayson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Crauste F, Mafille J, Boucinha L, Djebali S, Gandrillon O, Marvel J, Arpin C. Identification of Nascent Memory CD8 T Cells and Modeling of Their Ontogeny. Cell Syst 2017; 4:306-317.e4. [PMID: 28237797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary immune responses generate short-term effectors and long-term protective memory cells. The delineation of the genealogy linking naive, effector, and memory cells has been complicated by the lack of phenotypes discriminating effector from memory differentiation stages. Using transcriptomics and phenotypic analyses, we identify Bcl2 and Mki67 as a marker combination that enables the tracking of nascent memory cells within the effector phase. We then use a formal approach based on mathematical models describing the dynamics of population size evolution to test potential progeny links and demonstrate that most cells follow a linear naive→early effector→late effector→memory pathway. Moreover, our mathematical model allows long-term prediction of memory cell numbers from a few early experimental measurements. Our work thus provides a phenotypic means to identify effector and memory cells, as well as a mathematical framework to investigate their genealogy and to predict the outcome of immunization regimens in terms of memory cell numbers generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Crauste
- Team Dracula, Inria, 69603 Villeurbanne, France; Institut Camille Jordan, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5208, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Julien Mafille
- CIRI, ICL, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lilia Boucinha
- CIRI, ICL, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- CIRI, ICL, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Gandrillon
- Team Dracula, Inria, 69603 Villeurbanne, France; Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, 46 allée d'Italie Site Jacques Monod, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI, ICL, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Christophe Arpin
- CIRI, ICL, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schaedler E, Remy-Ziller C, Hortelano J, Kehrer N, Claudepierre MC, Gatard T, Jakobs C, Préville X, Carpentier AF, Rittner K. Sequential administration of a MVA-based MUC1 cancer vaccine and the TLR9 ligand Litenimod (Li28) improves local immune defense against tumors. Vaccine 2016; 35:577-585. [PMID: 28012777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TG4010 is an immunotherapeutic vaccine based on Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) encoding the human tumor-associated antigen MUC1 and human IL-2. In combination with first-line standard of care chemotherapy in advanced metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), repeated subcutaneous injection of TG4010 improved progression-free survival in phase 2b clinical trials. In preclinical tumor models, MVATG9931, the research version of TG4010, conferred antigen-specific responses against the weak antigen human MUC1. The combination of a suboptimal dose of MVATG9931 and the type B TLR9 ligand Litenimod (Li28) markedly increased survival in a subcutaneous RMA-MUC1 tumor model compared to the treatment with MVATG9931 or Li28 alone. The requirements for this protection were (i) de novo synthesis of MUC1, (ii) Li28 delivered several hours after MVATG9931 at the same site, (iii) at least two vaccination cycles, and (iv) implantation of MUC1-positive tumor cells in the vicinity to the vaccination site. Subcutaneously injected MVATG9931 allowed transient local gene expression and induced the local accumulation of MCP-1, RANTES, M-CSF, IL-15/IL-15R and IP-10. After repeated injection, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, pDCs, neutrophils, and macrophages accumulated around the injection site, local RANTES levels remained high. Delayed injection of Li28 into this environment, led to further accumulation of macrophages, the secretion of IL-18 and IL-1 beta, and an increase of the percentage of activated CD69+ NK cell. Combination treatment augmented the number of activated CD86+ DCs in the draining lymph nodes and increased the percentage of KLRG1+ CD127-CD8+ T cells at the injection site. In vivo depletion of macrophages around the injection site by Clodronate liposomes reduced local IL-18 levels and diminished survival rates significantly. Thus, sequential administration of MVATG9931 and Li28 improves local innate and adaptive immune defense against tumors, arguing for intratumoral delivery of this peculiar sequential combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Schaedler
- TRANSGENE S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Christelle Remy-Ziller
- TRANSGENE S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Julie Hortelano
- TRANSGENE S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Nadine Kehrer
- TRANSGENE S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - Tanja Gatard
- TRANSGENE S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Christopher Jakobs
- Institut of Molecular Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Xavier Préville
- TRANSGENE S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Antoine F Carpentier
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Karola Rittner
- TRANSGENE S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
De novo DNA methylation by DNA methyltransferase 3a controls early effector CD8+ T-cell fate decisions following activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10631-6. [PMID: 27582468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524490113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNMT3a is a de novo DNA methyltransferase expressed robustly after T-cell activation that regulates plasticity of CD4(+) T-cell cytokine expression. Here we show that DNMT3a is critical for directing early CD8(+) T-cell effector and memory fate decisions. Whereas effector function of DNMT3a knockout T cells is normal, they develop more memory precursor and fewer terminal effector cells in a T-cell intrinsic manner compared with wild-type animals. Rather than increasing plasticity of differentiated effector CD8(+) T cells, loss of DNMT3a biases differentiation of early effector cells into memory precursor cells. This is attributed in part to ineffective repression of Tcf1 expression in knockout T cells, as DNMT3a localizes to the Tcf7 promoter and catalyzes its de novo methylation in early effector WT CD8(+) T cells. These data identify DNMT3a as a crucial regulator of CD8(+) early effector cell differentiation and effector versus memory fate decisions.
Collapse
|
31
|
Mayya V, Dustin ML. What Scales the T Cell Response? Trends Immunol 2016; 37:513-522. [PMID: 27364960 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
T cells are known to scale their clonal expansion and effector cytokine response according to the dose and strength of antigenic signal so as to balance their role of affecting protection with the intertwined and immunologically driven tissue damage. How T cells achieve this is now beginning to be understood. We underscore temporal integration of digital T cell receptor (TCR) signaling as the basis for achieving scaled response by means of accumulating crucial mediators over time. We also discuss the role of temporally integrated crosstalk between TCR and IL2 signaling in mediating a scaled, coherent, collective response by T cells. Finally, we highlight numerous known and putative regulatory interactions in the transcriptional program that are expected to quantitatively scale the T cell response, and also offer new mechanisms to hitherto unexplained observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cauley LS. Environmental cues orchestrate regional immune surveillance and protection by pulmonary CTLs. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:905-912. [PMID: 27317751 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1mr0216-074r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) provide preemptive immunity against infections that begin in peripheral tissues by guarding the site of initial pathogen exposure. Their role in immunity to respiratory virus infection is particularly important because severe damage to the alveoli can be avoided when local populations of TRM cells reduce viral burdens and dampen the responses of effector CD8 T cells in the lungs. Although a connection between rapid immune activation and early viral control is well established, the signals that keep TRM cells poised for action in the local tissues remain poorly defined. Recent studies have shown that environmental cues influence the fate decisions of activated CTLs during memory formation. Manipulation of these signaling pathways could provide new ways to capitalize on protection from TRM cells in mucosal tissues, while reducing collateral damage and pathology during vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Cauley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Medical School, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Polarity and asymmetric cell division in the control of lymphocyte fate decisions and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:143-9. [PMID: 26945468 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is important in several lymphocyte processes including lymphocyte migration, formation of the immunological synapse, and asymmetric cell division (ACD). While lymphocyte migration and immunological synapse formation are relatively well understood, the role of lymphocyte ACD is less clear. Recent advances in measuring polarity enable more robust analyses of asymmetric cell division. Use of these new methods has produced crucial quantification of ACD at precise phases of lymphocyte development and activation. These developments are leading to a better understanding of the drivers of fate choice during lymphocyte activation and provide a context within which to explain the effects of ACD.
Collapse
|
34
|
Arsenio J, Metz PJ, Chang JT. Asymmetric Cell Division in T Lymphocyte Fate Diversification. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:670-683. [PMID: 26474675 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunological protection against microbial pathogens is dependent on robust generation of functionally diverse T lymphocyte subsets. Upon microbial infection, naïve CD4(+) or CD8(+) T lymphocytes can give rise to effector- and memory-fated progeny that together mediate a potent immune response. Recent advances in single-cell immunological and genomic profiling technologies have helped elucidate early and late diversification mechanisms that enable the generation of heterogeneity from single T lymphocytes. We discuss these findings here and argue that one such mechanism, asymmetric cell division, creates an early divergence in T lymphocyte fates by giving rise to daughter cells with a propensity towards the terminally differentiated effector or self-renewing memory lineages, with cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues from the microenvironment driving the final maturation steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janilyn Arsenio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrick J Metz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
CD8low CD100- T Cells Identify a Novel CD8 T Cell Subset Associated with Viral Control during Human Hantaan Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:11834-44. [PMID: 26378166 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01610-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection can cause a severe lethal hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. CD8(+) T cells play a critical role in combating HTNV infections. However, the contributions of different CD8(+) T cell subsets to the immune response against viral infection are poorly understood. Here, we identified a novel subset of CD8(+) T cells characterized by the CD8(low) CD100(-) phenotype in HFRS patients. The CD8(low) CD100(-) subset accounted for a median of 14.3% of the total CD8(+) T cells in early phase of HFRS, and this percentage subsequently declined in the late phase of infection, whereas this subset was absent in healthy controls. Furthermore, the CD8(low) CD100(-) cells were associated with high activation and expressed high levels of cytolytic effector molecules and exhibited a distinct expression profile of effector CD8(+) T cells (CCR7(+/-) CD45RA(-) CD127(high) CD27(int) CD28(low) CD62L(-)). When stimulated with specific HTNV nucleocapsid protein-derived peptide pools, most responding CD8(+) cells (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] positive and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] positive) were CD8(low) CD100(-) cells. The frequency of CD8(low) CD100(-) cells among HTNV-specific CD8(+) T cells was higher in milder cases than in more severe cases. Importantly, the proportion of the CD8(low) CD100(-) subset among CD8(+) T cells in early phase of HFRS was negatively correlated with the HTNV viral load, suggesting that CD8(low) CD100(-) cells may be associated with viral clearance. The contraction of the CD8(low) CD100(-) subset in late phase of infection may be related to the consistently high expression levels of PD-1. These results may provide new insights into our understanding of CD8(+) T cell-mediated protective immunity as well as immune homeostasis after HTNV infection in humans. IMPORTANCE CD8(+) T cells play important roles in the antiviral immune response. We found that the proportion of CD8(low) CD100(-) cells among CD8(+) T cells from HFRS patients was negatively correlated with the HTNV viral load, and the frequency of CD8(low) CD100(-) cells among virus-specific CD8(+) T cells was higher in milder HFRS cases than in more severe cases. These results imply a beneficial role for the CD8(low) CD100(-) cell subset in viral control during human HTNV infection.
Collapse
|