1
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Lin YC, Midorikawa K, Nabekawa Y. Wavefront control of subcycle vortex pulses via carrier-envelope-phase tailoring. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:279. [PMID: 37996468 PMCID: PMC10667496 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of an ultrashort laser pulse is becoming more crucial to specify the temporal characteristic of the pulse's electric field when the pulse duration becomes shorter and attains the subcycle regime; here, the pulse duration of the intensity envelope is shorter than one cycle period of the carrier field oscillation. When this subcycle pulse involves a structured wavefront as is contained in an optical vortex (OV) pulse, the CEP has an impact on not only the temporal but also the spatial characteristics owing to the spatiotemporal coupling in the structured optical pulse. However, the direct observation of the spatial effect of the CEP control has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we report on the measurement and control of the spatial wavefront of a subcycle OV pulse by adjusting the CEP. To generate subcycle OV pulses, an optical parametric amplifier delivering subcycle Gaussian pulses and a Sagnac interferometer as a mode converter were integrated and provided an adequate spectral adaptability. The pulse duration of the generated OV pulse was 4.7 fs at a carrier wavelength of 1.54 µm. To confirm the wavefront control with the alteration of the CEP, we developed a novel [Formula: see text]-2[Formula: see text] interferometer that exhibited spiral fringes originating from the spatial interference between the subcycle OV pulse and the second harmonic of the subcycle Gaussian pulse producing a parabolic wavefront as a reference; this resulted in the successful observation of the rotation of spiral interference fringes during CEP manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Lin
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Midorikawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nabekawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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2
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Park H, Park JJ, Bui PD, Yoon H, Grigoropoulos CP, Lee D, Ko SH. Laser-Based Selective Material Processing for Next-Generation Additive Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307586. [PMID: 37740699 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The connection between laser-based material processing and additive manufacturing is quite deeply rooted. In fact, the spark that started the field of additive manufacturing is the idea that two intersecting laser beams can selectively solidify a vat of resin. Ever since, laser has been accompanying the field of additive manufacturing, with its repertoire expanded from processing only photopolymer resin to virtually any material, allowing liberating customizability. As a result, additive manufacturing is expected to take an even more prominent role in the global supply chain in years to come. Herein, an overview of laser-based selective material processing is presented from various aspects: the physics of laser-material interactions, the materials currently used in additive manufacturing processes, the system configurations that enable laser-based additive manufacturing, and various functional applications of next-generation additive manufacturing. Additionally, current challenges and prospects of laser-based additive manufacturing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijae Park
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jung Jae Park
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Phuong-Danh Bui
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daeho Lee
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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3
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Liu H, Yan L, Chen H, Liu X, Liu H, Chew SH, Gliserin A, Wang Q, Zhang J. High-order femtosecond vortices up to the 30th order generated from a powerful mode-locked Hermite-Gaussian laser. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:207. [PMID: 37648767 PMCID: PMC10469186 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond vortex beams are of great scientific and practical interest because of their unique phase properties in both the longitudinal and transverse modes, enabling multi-dimensional quantum control of light fields. Until now, generating femtosecond vortex beams for applications that simultaneously require ultrashort pulse duration, high power, high vortex order, and a low cost and compact laser source has been very challenging due to the limitations of available generation methods. Here, we present a compact apparatus that generates powerful high-order femtosecond vortex pulses via astigmatic mode conversion from a mode-locked Hermite-Gaussian Yb:KGW laser oscillator in a hybrid scheme using both the translation-based off-axis pumping and the angle-based non-collinear pumping techniques. This hybrid scheme enables the generation of femtosecond vortices with a continuously tunable vortex order from the 1st up to the 30th order, which is the highest order obtained from any femtosecond vortex laser source based on a mode-locked oscillator. The average powers and pulse durations of all resulting vortex pulses are several hundred milliwatts and <650 fs, respectively. In particular, 424-fs 11th-order vortex pulses have been achieved with an average power of 1.6 W, several times more powerful than state-of-the-art oscillator-based femtosecond vortex sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lisong Yan
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongshan Chen
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Heyan Liu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Soo Hoon Chew
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/Korea Research Initiative, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Alexander Gliserin
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/Korea Research Initiative, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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4
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Ali A, Piatkowski P, Alnaser AS. Study on the Origin and Evolution of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Surface Structures: LIPSS, Quasi-Periodic Grooves, and Aperiodic Micro-Ridges. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2184. [PMID: 36984064 PMCID: PMC10057636 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the evolution mechanisms of the laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and quasi-periodic grooves that are formed on the surface of monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) when exposed to femtosecond laser radiation of different pulse duration, state of polarization, and fluence. The conditions required for producing LIPSS-free complex micro-ridge patterns are elaborated. The LIPSS evolution mechanism is explained in terms of scattering/interference-based phenomena. To establish the basis for our interpretation, single femtosecond pulses of different pulse durations are irradiated on mono-Si. The absence/appearance of LIPSS rudiments is explained in the context of spectral bandwidth and the associated effects on the intensity of the central wavelength. Shorter fs pulses of a wider bandwidth are employed to induce LIPSS-free micro-ridge patterns. It is demonstrated that the resultant micro-ridge patterns depend on the laser fluence distribution and can be manipulated through laser polarization. The curved morphology of LIPSS rudiments and the evolution mechanism of low- and high-spatial frequency LIPSS, i.e., LSFL and HSFL, are discussed. Finally, it is demonstrated that the consolidated quasi-periodic grooves result from HSFL welding together groups of LSFL. Although our findings are based on fs laser interaction with mono-Si, the results can also be applied to many other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ali
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Piotr Piatkowski
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali S. Alnaser
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Chang HW, Chen CL, Jhu SJ, Lin GW, Cheng CW, Tsai YC. Femtosecond laser structuring in the fabrication of periodic nanostructure on titanium for enhanced photoelectrochemical dopamine sensing performance. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Tan Y, Ji L, Liu Z, Li D, Hao Z, Ren Y, Zhang H, Cheng Y, Cai Y. Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing optical vortex pulses for micromachining through optically transparent materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:43566-43578. [PMID: 36523052 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the optical vortex beam into simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF) technique, and theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the local control of peak intensity distribution at the focus of a simultaneous spatiotemporally focused optical vortex (SSTF OV) beam. To avoid nonlinear self-focusing in the conventional focusing scheme, a spatiotemporally focused femtosecond laser vortex beam was employed to achieve doughnut-shaped ablation and high aspect ratio (∼28) microchannels on the back surface of 3 mm thick soda-lime glass and fused silica substrates.
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7
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Mohapi L, Geiger LM, Korvink JG, Dudley A, Forbes A. Simulating multilevel diffractive optical elements on a spatial light modulator. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7625-7631. [PMID: 36256362 DOI: 10.1364/ao.469511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multilevel diffractive optical elements (DOEs) offer a solution to approximate complex diffractive phase profiles in a stepwise manner. However, while much attention has focused on efficiency, the impact on modal content in the context of structured light has, to our best knowledge, remained unexplored. Here, we outline a simple theory that accounts for efficiency and modal purity in arbitrary structured light produced by multilevel DOEs. We make use of a phase-only spatial light modulator as a "testbed" to experimentally implement various multileveled diffractive profiles, including orbital angular momentum beams, Bessel beams, and Airy beams, outlining the subsequent efficiency and purity both theoretically and experimentally, confirming that a low number of multilevel steps can produce modes of high fidelity. Our work will be useful to those wishing to digitally evaluate modal effects from DOEs prior to physical fabrication.
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8
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Honda A, Yamane K, Iwasa K, Oka K, Toda Y, Morita R. Ultrafast beam pattern modulation by superposition of chirped optical vortex pulses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14991. [PMID: 36056048 PMCID: PMC9440229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an extension of pulse shaping techniques using the space–time coupling of ultrashort pulses or chirped pulses, we demonstrated the ultrafast beam pattern modulation by the superposition of chirped optical vortex pulses with orthogonal spatial modes. The stable and robust modulations with a modulation frequency of sub-THz were carried out by using the precise phase control technique of the constituent pulses in both the spatial and time/frequency domains. The performed modulations were ultrafast ring-shaped optical lattice modulation with 2, 4 and 6 petals, and beam pattern modulations in the radial direction. The simple linear fringe modulation was also demonstrated with chirped spatially Gaussian pulses. While the input pulse energy of the pulses to be modulated was 360 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μJ, the output pulse energy of the modulated pulses was 115 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sim $$\end{document}∼ 32%. Demonstrating the superposition of orthogonal spatial modes in several ways, this ultrafast beam pattern modulation technique with high intensity can be applicable to the spatially coherent excitation of quasi-particles or collective excitation of charge and spin with dynamic degrees of freedom. Furthermore, we analyzed the Poynting vector and OAM of the composed chirped OV pulses. Although the ring-shaped optical lattice composed of OV pulse with topological charges of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pm \, \ell $$\end{document}±ℓ is rotated in a sub-THz frequency, the net orbital angular momentum (OAM) averaged over one optical period is found to be negligible. Hence, it is necessary to require careful attention to the application of the OAM transfer interaction with matter by employing such rotating ring-shaped optical lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Honda
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Keisaku Yamane
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Kohei Iwasa
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Oka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Yasunori Toda
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryuji Morita
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
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9
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Mastellone M, Pace ML, Curcio M, Caggiano N, De Bonis A, Teghil R, Dolce P, Mollica D, Orlando S, Santagata A, Serpente V, Bellucci A, Girolami M, Polini R, Trucchi DM. LIPSS Applied to Wide Bandgap Semiconductors and Dielectrics: Assessment and Future Perspectives. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041378. [PMID: 35207919 PMCID: PMC8880014 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of presenting the processes governing the Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS), its main theoretical models have been reported. More emphasis is given to those suitable for clarifying the experimental structures observed on the surface of wide bandgap semiconductors (WBS) and dielectric materials. The role played by radiation surface electromagnetic waves as well as Surface Plasmon Polaritons in determining both Low and High Spatial Frequency LIPSS is briefly discussed, together with some experimental evidence. Non-conventional techniques for LIPSS formation are concisely introduced to point out the high technical possibility of enhancing the homogeneity of surface structures as well as tuning the electronic properties driven by point defects induced in WBS. Among these, double- or multiple-fs-pulse irradiations are shown to be suitable for providing further insight into the LIPSS process together with fine control on the formed surface structures. Modifications occurring by LIPSS on surfaces of WBS and dielectrics display high potentialities for their cross-cutting technological features and wide applications in which the main surface and electronic properties can be engineered. By these assessments, the employment of such nanostructured materials in innovative devices could be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mastellone
- ISM-CNR, DiaTHEMA Laboratory, U.O.S. Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (M.M.); (V.S.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (R.P.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Maria Lucia Pace
- ISM-CNR, FemtoLAB, U.O.S. Tito Scalo, Zona Industriale, 85050 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.P.); (P.D.); (D.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Mariangela Curcio
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Nicola Caggiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Angela De Bonis
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Roberto Teghil
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.C.); (N.C.); (A.D.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Patrizia Dolce
- ISM-CNR, FemtoLAB, U.O.S. Tito Scalo, Zona Industriale, 85050 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.P.); (P.D.); (D.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Donato Mollica
- ISM-CNR, FemtoLAB, U.O.S. Tito Scalo, Zona Industriale, 85050 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.P.); (P.D.); (D.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Stefano Orlando
- ISM-CNR, FemtoLAB, U.O.S. Tito Scalo, Zona Industriale, 85050 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.P.); (P.D.); (D.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Antonio Santagata
- ISM-CNR, FemtoLAB, U.O.S. Tito Scalo, Zona Industriale, 85050 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.P.); (P.D.); (D.M.); (S.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0971427227
| | - Valerio Serpente
- ISM-CNR, DiaTHEMA Laboratory, U.O.S. Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (M.M.); (V.S.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (R.P.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Alessandro Bellucci
- ISM-CNR, DiaTHEMA Laboratory, U.O.S. Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (M.M.); (V.S.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (R.P.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Marco Girolami
- ISM-CNR, DiaTHEMA Laboratory, U.O.S. Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (M.M.); (V.S.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (R.P.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Riccardo Polini
- ISM-CNR, DiaTHEMA Laboratory, U.O.S. Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (M.M.); (V.S.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (R.P.); (D.M.T.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Maria Trucchi
- ISM-CNR, DiaTHEMA Laboratory, U.O.S. Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (M.M.); (V.S.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (R.P.); (D.M.T.)
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10
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Bonse J, Gräf S. Ten Open Questions about Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3326. [PMID: 34947674 PMCID: PMC8709363 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a simple and robust route for the nanostructuring of solids that can create various surface functionalities featuring applications in optics, medicine, tribology, energy technologies, etc. While the current laser technologies already allow surface processing rates at the level of m2/min, industrial applications of LIPSS are sometimes hampered by the complex interplay between the nanoscale surface topography and the specific surface chemistry, as well as by limitations in controlling the processing of LIPSS and in the long-term stability of the created surface functions. This Perspective article aims to identify some open questions about LIPSS, discusses the pending technological limitations, and sketches the current state of theoretical modelling. Hereby, we intend to stimulate further research and developments in the field of LIPSS for overcoming these limitations and for supporting the transfer of the LIPSS technology into industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Bonse
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Gräf
- Otto-Schott-Institut für Materialforschung (OSIM), Löbdergraben 32, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Maragkaki S, Lingos PC, Tsibidis GD, Deligeorgis G, Stratakis E. Impact of Pre-Patterned Structures on Features of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures. Molecules 2021; 26:7330. [PMID: 34885913 PMCID: PMC8658884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of light coupling to surface plasmon polariton (SPP) represents a very important issue in plasmonics and laser fabrication of topographies in various solids. To illustrate the role of pre-patterned surfaces and impact of laser polarisation in the excitation of electromagnetic modes and periodic pattern formation, Nickel surfaces are irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses of polarisation perpendicular or parallel to the orientation of the pre-pattern ridges. Experimental results indicate that for polarisation parallel to the ridges, laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are formed perpendicularly to the pre-pattern with a frequency that is independent of the distance between the ridges and periodicities close to the wavelength of the excited SPP. By contrast, for polarisation perpendicular to the pre-pattern, the periodicities of the LIPSS are closely correlated to the distance between the ridges for pre-pattern distance larger than the laser wavelength. The experimental observations are interpreted through a multi-scale physical model in which the impact of the interference of the electromagnetic modes is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maragkaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (P.C.L.); (G.D.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Panagiotis C. Lingos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (P.C.L.); (G.D.T.); (G.D.)
| | - George D. Tsibidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (P.C.L.); (G.D.T.); (G.D.)
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Deligeorgis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (P.C.L.); (G.D.T.); (G.D.)
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (P.C.L.); (G.D.T.); (G.D.)
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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12
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Cao X, Liu Y, Xian A, Li Y, Wu K, Xu X, Zhou W, Wang H, Huang H, Jia B, Wang Y, Tang D, Shen D. Direct generation of ultrafast vortex beam from a Tm:CaYAlO 4 oscillator featuring pattern matching of a folded-cavity resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:39312-39322. [PMID: 34809298 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical vortices, beams with spiral wavefronts and screw phase dislocations have been explored in applications in optical manipulation, quantum optics, and the next generation of optical communications. In traditional methods, optical vortices are generated using space light modulators or spiral phase plates, which would sharply decrease the integration of optical systems. Different from previous transverse mode conversion outside the cavity, here we experimentally demonstrate a direct generation of ultrafast vortex beam from a Tm:CaYAlO4 oscillator by pattern matching of a six-mirror-folded-cavity resonator. By accurately adjusted the angle of the end mirror and the distance L between the M4 and the SESAMs to control the beam diameter of laser incidence on the gain medium in the sagittal and tangential planes, a stable 2 µm ultrafast vortex laser emission of annular Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode was obtained with a maximum output power of 327 mW and pulse duration of 2.1 ps. A simple YAG crystal plate was used as handedness selector and a homemade Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer has verified the vortical property of the LG01 mode. By furtherly controlling the cavity mode pattern matching, other stable transverse-mode operations for TEM00, high-order Hermite-Gaussian (HG) transverse mode and doughnut-shaped beams were successfully realized. This work provides a flexible and reliable way to generate mid-infrared ultrafast vortex beams and is of special significance for applications in the areas of molecular spectroscopy and organic material processing amongst others.
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13
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Huang M, Wu J, Hong J, Lei H, Zhao C, Chen Y, Fan D. High energy switchable pulsed High-order Mode beams in a mode-locking Raman all-fiber laser with high efficiency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:40538-40546. [PMID: 34809391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High energy pulsed High-order Mode (HOM) beams has great potential in materials processing and particle acceleration. We experimentally demonstrate a high energy mode-locking Raman all-fiber laser with switchable HOM state. A home-made fiber mode-selective coupler (MSC) is used as the mode converter with a wide bandwidth of 60 nm. By combining advantages of MSC and stimulated Raman scattering, 1.1 μJ pulsed HOM beams directly emitting from the all-fiber cavity can be achieved. After controlling the category and phase delay of vector modal superposition, different pulsed HOM beams including cylindrical vector beams (CVBs) (radial and angular) and optical vortex beams (OVBs) are reasonably obtained with high purity (all over 95%), as well as arbitrary switching. Furtherly, the slope efficiency of HOM beams in the mode-locking and continuous wave operations are as much as 20.3% and 31.8%, respectively. It may provide an effective way to achieve high energy pulsed HOM beams.
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14
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Kong Q, Gu M, Zeng X, Sun R, Zhang Y, Liu C, Ma H, Gui W, Cheng C. Metasurface of Combined Semicircular Rings with Orthogonal Slit Pairs for Generation of Dual Vector Beams. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071718. [PMID: 34209899 PMCID: PMC8306331 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of multichannel vector beams (VBs) with metasurfaces is an important topic and holds potential applications in information technology. In this paper, we propose a novel metasurface for the generation of dual VBs, which is composed of orthogonal slit pairs arranged on multiple groups of combined semicircular rings (CSRs). A group of CSRs include a right-shifted set and a left-shifted set of semicircular rings, and each set of semicircular rings has two halves of circles with different radii, sharing the same shifted center. Under the illumination of linearly polarized light, the two shifted sets of semicircular rings generate the two VBs at the shifted center positions on the observation plane. The slit units of each set are designed with independent rotation order and initial orientation angle. By adjusting the linear polarization of illumination, both two VBs with their orders and polarization states are independently controlled simultaneously. The principle and design are demonstrated by the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. The work is of significance for miniatured devices of VB generators and for related applications.
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15
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Tang Y, Perrie W, Rico Sierra D, Li Q, Liu D, Edwardson SP, Dearden G. Laser-Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12040376. [PMID: 33915722 PMCID: PMC8065781 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diffractive multi-beams based on 1 × 5 and 2 × 2 binary Dammann gratings applied to a spatial light modulator (SLM) combined with a nanostructured S-wave plate have been used to generate uniform multiple cylindrical vector beams with radial and azimuthal polarizations. The vector quality factor (concurrence) of the single vector vortex beam was found to be C = 0.95 ± 0.02, hence showing a high degree of vector purity. The multi-beams have been used to ablate polished metal samples (Ti-6Al-4V) with laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), which confirm the polarization states unambiguously. The measured ablation thresholds of the ring mode radial and azimuthal polarizations are close to those of a Gaussian mode when allowance is made for the expected absolute intensity distribution of a ring beam generated from a Gaussian. In addition, ring mode vortex beams with varying orbital angular momentum (OAM) exhibit the same ablation threshold on titanium alloy. Beam scanning with ring modes for surface LIPSS formation can increase micro-structuring throughput by optimizing fluence over a larger effective beam diameter. The comparison of each machined spot was analysed with a machine learning method—cosine similarity—which confirmed the degree of spatial uniformity achieved, reaching cosθ > 0.96 and 0.92 for the 1 × 5 and 2 × 2 arrays, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy and white light surface profiling were used to characterize and quantify the effects of surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK; (Y.T.); (D.R.S.); (Q.L.); (S.P.E.); (G.D.)
| | - Walter Perrie
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK; (Y.T.); (D.R.S.); (Q.L.); (S.P.E.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - David Rico Sierra
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK; (Y.T.); (D.R.S.); (Q.L.); (S.P.E.); (G.D.)
| | - Qianliang Li
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK; (Y.T.); (D.R.S.); (Q.L.); (S.P.E.); (G.D.)
| | - Dun Liu
- Laser Group, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China;
| | - Stuart P. Edwardson
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK; (Y.T.); (D.R.S.); (Q.L.); (S.P.E.); (G.D.)
| | - Geoff Dearden
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK; (Y.T.); (D.R.S.); (Q.L.); (S.P.E.); (G.D.)
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16
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Generation of Supra-Wavelength Grooves in Femtosecond Laser Surface Structuring of Silicon. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010174. [PMID: 33445573 PMCID: PMC7826525 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research work has been carried out on the generation and application of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). LIPSS with a sub-wavelength period generated by femtosecond laser irradiation, generally indicated as ripples, have been extensively investigated. Instead, the other ordered surface structures characterized by a supra-wavelength period, indicated as grooves, have been much less studied. Grooves typically form at larger irradiance levels or for higher number of laser pulses. Here, we report a comprehensive overview of recent investigations on the supra-wavelength grooves formed on crystalline silicon irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses. The authors’ recent experimental work is mainly addressed giving an explicit picture of the grooves generation process, namely illustrating the influence of the various experimental parameters, including, e.g., polarization, wavelength, fluence and repetition rate of the laser beam as well as number of laser pulses hitting the surface of the material. The effect of irradiation of a static or moving target and of the environmental conditions (e.g., vacuum or air ambient) will also be discussed. Finally, possible mechanisms envisaged to explain grooves formation and still open issues are briefly discussed.
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17
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The Role of Crystalline Orientation in the Formation of Surface Patterns on Solids Irradiated with Femtosecond Laser Double Pulses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10248811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical investigation of the underlying ultrafast processes upon irradiation of rutile TiO2 of (001) and (100) surface orientation with femtosecond (fs) double pulsed lasers was performed in ablation conditions, for which, apart from mass removal, phase transformation and surface modification of the heated solid were induced. A parametric study was followed to correlate the transient carrier density and the produced lattice temperature with the laser fluence, pulse separation and the induced damage. The simulations showed that both temporal separation and crystal orientation influence the surface pattern, while both the carrier density and temperature drop gradually to a minimum value at temporal separation equal to twice the pulse separation that remain constant at long delays. Carrier dynamics, interference of the laser beam with the excited surface waves, thermal response and fluid transport at various pulse delays explained the formation of either subwavelength or suprawavelength structures. The significant role of the crystalline anisotropy is illustrated through the presentation of representative experimental results correlated with the theoretical predictions.
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18
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Rahimian MG, Jain A, Larocque H, Corkum PB, Karimi E, Bhardwaj VR. Spatially controlled nano-structuring of silicon with femtosecond vortex pulses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12643. [PMID: 32724048 PMCID: PMC7387531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering material properties is key for development of smart materials and next generation nanodevices. This requires nanoscale spatial precision and control to fabricate structures/defects. Lithographic techniques are widely used for nanostructuring in which a geometric pattern on a mask is transferred to a resist by photons or charged particles and subsequently engraved on the substrate. However, direct mask-less fabrication has only been possible with electron and ion beams. That is because light has an inherent disadvantage; the diffraction limit makes it difficult to interact with matter on dimensions smaller than the wavelength of light. Here we demonstrate spatially controlled formation of nanocones on a silicon surface with a positional precision of 50 nm using femtosecond laser ablation comprising a superposition of optical vector vortex and Gaussian beams. Such control and precision opens new opportunities for nano-printing of materials using techniques such as laser-induced forward transfer and in general broadens the scope of laser processing of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Rahimian
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Jain
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - H Larocque
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - P B Corkum
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E Karimi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - V R Bhardwaj
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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19
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Nguyen HT, Anuszkiewicz A, Lisowska J, Filipkowski A, Kasztelanic R, Buczynski R, Krolikowski W. Numerical analysis of optical vortices generation with nanostructured phase masks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21143-21154. [PMID: 32680160 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the theoretical formation of optical vortices using a nanostructured gradient index phase mask. We consider structures composed of spatially distributed thermally matched glass nanorods with high and low refractive indices. Influence of effective refractive profile distribution, refractive index contrast of component glasses and charge value on the quality of generation of vortices are discussed. A trade-off between waveguiding and phase modulation effects for various refractive index contrast is presented and analysed.
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20
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Tsibidis GD, Stratakis E. Ionisation processes and laser induced periodic surface structures in dielectrics with mid-infrared femtosecond laser pulses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8675. [PMID: 32457397 PMCID: PMC7250856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation of solids with ultrashort pulses and laser processing in the mid-Infrared (mid-IR) spectral region is a yet predominantly unexplored field with a large potential for a wide range of applications. In this work, laser driven physical phenomena associated with processes following irradiation of fused silica (SiO2) with ultrashort laser pulses in the mid-IR region are investigated in detail. A multiscale modelling approach is performed that correlates conditions for formation of perpendicular or parallel to the laser polarisation low spatial frequency periodic surface structures for low and high intensity mid-IR pulses (not previously explored in dielectrics at those wavelengths), respectively. Results demonstrate a remarkable domination of tunneling effects in the photoionisation rate and a strong influence of impact ionisation for long laser wavelengths. The methodology presented in this work is aimed to shed light on the fundamental mechanisms in a previously unexplored spectral area and allow a systematic novel surface engineering with strong mid-IR fields for advanced industrial laser applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Tsibidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
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21
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Tong H, Xie G, Qiao Z, Qin Z, Yuan P, Ma J, Qian L. Generation of a mid-infrared femtosecond vortex beam from an optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:989-992. [PMID: 32058525 DOI: 10.1364/ol.388096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared femtosecond vortex beams generated by optical parametric oscillators (OPO) are reported for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Order-tunable femtosecond Hermite-Gauss beams from the first to sixth order are produced from a synchronously pumped OPO and then converted into the corresponding first through sixth-order femtosecond vortex beams by a cylindrical lens mode converter. By slightly tuning the cavity length, the wavelength of the vortex beam can be continuously tunable in the range from 2323 to 2382 nm, and the pulse duration can be changeable from ${\sim}{400}\;{\rm fs}$∼400fs to ${\sim}{1.1}\;{\rm ps}$∼1.1ps. The work provides a flexible and reliable way to generate mid-infrared femtosecond vortex beams, and is of special significance for expanding the wavelength range of femtosecond vortex beams and their application fields.
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22
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Suzuki M, Yamane K, Oka K, Toda Y, Morita R. Comprehensive quantitative analysis of vector beam states based on vector field reconstruction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9979. [PMID: 31292480 PMCID: PMC6620324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a comprehensive quantitative analysis of vector beam states (VBSs) by using a vector field reconstruction (VFR) technique integrating interferometry and imaging polarimetry, where the analysis is given by a cylindrically polarized Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode expansion of VBSs. From test examples of cylindrically polarized LG mode beams, we obtain the complex amplitude distributions of VBSs and perform their quantitative evaluations both in radial and azimuthal directions. The results show that we generated (l, p) = (1, 0) LG radially polarized state with a high purity of 98%. We also argue that the cylindrically polarized LG modal decomposition is meaningful for the detail discussion of experimental results, such as analyses of mode purities and mode contaminations. Thus the VFR technique is significant for analyses of polarization structured beams generated by lasers and converters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Suzuki
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Keisaku Yamane
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Oka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Yasunori Toda
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryuji Morita
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
- Laboratoire de photonique quantique et moléculaire, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, 61, avenue du Président Wilson, 94235, Cachan, Cedex, France.
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23
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Kudryashov SI, Danilov PA, Porfirev AP, Saraeva IN, Rudenko AA, Busleev NI, Umanskaya SF, Kuchmizhak AA, Zayarny DA, Ionin AA, Khonina SN. Symmetry-wise nanopatterning and plasmonic excitation of ring-like gold nanoholes by structured femtosecond laser pulses with different polarizations. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1129-1132. [PMID: 30821788 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low- and ultralow-energy tightly focused 200 fs, 515 nm donut-shaped laser pulses at 0.25 and 0.65 NA focusing were used for single-shot ablative pulse-energy scalable nanopatterning of 50 nm thick gold film and the following plasmonic excitation of dye monolayer photoluminescence (PL) in the fabricated nanostructures, respectively. The same pulses at much lower, non-ablative nanojoule energies, and the same focusing and linear, azimuthal, or radial polarizations provided efficient spectrally and symmetry-matched excitation of both localized and delocalized surface electromagnetic modes in the separate, ring-like through holes and their arrays in the film envisioned by our modeling, thus resulting in a polarization-sensitive yield of rhodamine 6G dye PL. The demonstrated consistency between the symmetries of the donut-shaped low-energy photo-exciting laser beam, its polarization state, and the donut-shaped gold nanostructures, produced by the same beam at high, ablative pulse energies, paves the way to smart, self-consistent nanofabrication and plasmonic sensing, when the structured light interacts with the consistently structured matter.
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24
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Hamad S, Bharati Moram SS, Yendeti B, Podagatlapalli GK, Nageswara Rao SVS, Pathak AP, Mohiddon MA, Soma VR. Femtosecond Laser-Induced, Nanoparticle-Embedded Periodic Surface Structures on Crystalline Silicon for Reproducible and Multi-utility SERS Platforms. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18420-18432. [PMID: 31458414 PMCID: PMC6643903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of reproducible and versatile surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates is crucial for real-time applications such as explosive detection for human safety and biological imaging for cancer diagnosis. However, it still remains a challenging task, even after several methodologies were developed by various research groups, primarily due to (a) a lack of consistency in detection of a variety of molecules (b) cost-effectiveness of the SERS substrates prepared, and (c) byzantine preparation procedures, etc. Herein, we establish a procedure for preparing reproducible SERS-active substrates comprised of laser-induced nanoparticle-embedded periodic surface structures (LINEPSS) and metallization of silicon (Si) LINEPSS. LINEPSS were fabricated using the technique of femtosecond laser ablation of Si in acetone. The versatile SERS-active substrates were then achieved by two ways, including the drop casting of silver (Ag)/gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) on Si LINEPSS and Ag plating on the Si LINEPSS structures. By controlling the LINEPSS grating periodicity, the effect of plasmonic nanoparticles/plasmonic plating on the Si NPs embedded periodic surface structures enormously improved the SPR strength, resulting in the consistent and superior Raman enhancements. The reproducible SERS signals were achieved by detecting the molecules of Methylene Blue (MB), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and 5-amino-3-nitro-l,2,4-triazole (ANTA). The SERS signal strength is determined by the grating periodicity, which, in turn, is determined by the input laser fluence. The SERS-active platform with grating periodicity of 130 ± 10 nm and 150 ± 5 nm exhibited strong Raman enhancements of ∼108 for MB and ∼107 for ANTA molecules, respectively, and these platforms are demonstrated to be capable, even for multiple usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hamad
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sree Satya Bharati Moram
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Balaji Yendeti
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - G. Krishna Podagatlapalli
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Mahamad Ahamad Mohiddon
- Centre
for Nanoscience and Technology, University
of Hyderabad, Prof. C.
R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Venugopal Rao Soma
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
- E-mails: ,
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25
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Wang S, Zhang SL, Qiao HC, Li P, Hao MH, Yang HM, Xie J, Feng GY, Zhou SH. Direct generation of vortex beams from a double-end polarized pumped Yb:KYW laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:26925-26932. [PMID: 30469770 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.026925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Double-end polarized pumping scheme combined with off-axis pumping technique has been first introduced to generate vortex beams in a z-type cavity. By employing double-end pumping, two different transverse modes can be excited simultaneously. The phase delay between these two modes can be finely tuned by manipulating the cavity structure. Direct emission of a chirality controllable Laguerre Gaussian LG01 vortex beam with slope efficiency of more than 40% has been realized by a double-end polarized pumped Yb:KYW laser. Other modes, such as dual-LG01 mode, cross-shaped mode, and LG10 mode, have also been demonstrated from our laser setup.
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26
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Surface structures with unconventional patterns and shapes generated by femtosecond structured light fields. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13613. [PMID: 30206245 PMCID: PMC6134070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an investigation on ultrashort laser surface structuring with structured light fields generated by various q-plates. In particular, q-plates with topological charges q = 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2 are used to generate femtosecond (fs) vector vortex beams, and form complex periodic surface structures through multi-pulse ablation of a solid crystalline silicon target. We show how optical retardation tuning of the q-plate offers a feasible way to vary the fluence transverse distribution of the beam, thus allowing the production of structures with peculiar shapes, which depend on the value of q. The features of the generated surface structures are compared with the vector vortex beam characteristics at the focal plane, by rationalizing their relationship with the local state of the laser light. Our experimental findings demonstrate how irradiation with fs complex light beams can offer a valuable route to design unconventional surface structures.
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27
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Gesuele F, Jj Nivas J, Fittipaldi R, Altucci C, Bruzzese R, Maddalena P, Amoruso S. Analysis of nascent silicon phase-change gratings induced by femtosecond laser irradiation in vacuum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12498. [PMID: 30131596 PMCID: PMC6104067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of periodic surface structures is a general effect of femtosecond laser irradiation of solid targets showing promising interest in material science and technology. However, the experiments are typically carried out in air, a condition in which the target surface becomes densely decorated with nanoparticles that can influence the formation of the surface structures in the early stage of the irradiation process. Here we report an investigation of structures generation on a silicon surface irradiated in vacuum (10−5 mbar) with a low number of laser pulses (N ≤ 10) that exploits several microscopy techniques (optical, atomic force, electron and Raman). Our analyses allow identifying the creation of silicon phase-change gratings consisting of alternating amorphous and crystalline periodic lines, with almost no material removal, located at the periphery of a shallow ablation crater. These gratings originate from two different kinds of defects: (i) the first is characterized by a peculiar lobed shape that is produced by the first few laser pulses; (ii) the second is provided by the one-dimensional, linear singularity defined by the ablation edge of the nascent crater. Both kind of defects lead to grating structures extending outwards the amorphous central area of the crater along the direction of the laser polarization. Comparative analysis with the surface formed in air, in the same experimental conditions, evidences the important role played by nanoparticles densely decorating the target in air and the striking variation occurring in vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Gesuele
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Jijil Jj Nivas
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.,CNR-SPIN UOS Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosalba Fittipaldi
- CNR-SPIN, UOS Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carlo Altucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bruzzese
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.,CNR-SPIN UOS Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Maddalena
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Salvatore Amoruso
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy. .,CNR-SPIN UOS Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
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28
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Suzuki M, Yamane K, Sakamoto M, Oka K, Toda Y, Morita R. Generation of arbitrary axisymmetrically polarized pulses by using the combination of 4-f spatial light modulator and common-path optical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:2584-2598. [PMID: 29401796 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We proposed and constructed a system to realize broadband generation of arbitrary axisymmetrically polarized (AP) pulses with spatial complex amplitude modulation. This system employs the combination of a spatial light modulator in the 4-f configuration (4-f SLM), and a space variant wave plate as a common path interferometer. The 4-f SLM and the common path interferometer offer compensation for spatial dispersion with respect to wavelength and stability to perturbation, respectively. We experimentally demonstrated the various AP pulses generation by applying modulations of fundamental and higher-order Laguerre-Gauss modes, whose radial indices were, respectively, p = 0 and 1, with high purity, which showed that we were able to generate arbitral AP pulses with spatial complex amplitude modulation. This technique is expected to be applied in both classical and quantum communications with higher-order modes.
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29
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Wang A, Jiang L, Li X, Xu Z, Huang L, Zhang K, Ji X, Lu Y. Nanoscale material redistribution induced by spatially modulated femtosecond laser pulses for flexible high-efficiency surface patterning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:31431-31442. [PMID: 29245818 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the material redistribution phenomenon controlled by spatially modulated femtosecond laser pulses on a silicon surface. The intensity distribution was shaped by using a spatial light modulator. The material was first selectively melted and then redistributed by the laser-induced plasma. Thus, complex surface patterns were formed conformal to the laser intensity distribution. Sub-diffraction-limit size can be achieved due to the nanoscale material redistribution. Only one pulse was needed in the surface patterning process, thus greatly favoring the efficiency improvement. Combined with multibeam interference, a large-scale nanostructure array can be fabricated with high efficiency of 1600 μm2/pulse. This method offers a simple, flexible and efficient alternative approach for nanoscale surface patterning applications.
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30
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Syubaev S, Porfirev A, Zhizhchenko A, Vitrik O, Kudryashov S, Fomchenkov S, Khonina S, Kuchmizhak A. Zero-orbital-angular-momentum laser printing of chiral nanoneedles. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:5022-5025. [PMID: 29216170 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.005022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser irradiation of various materials including metals, polymers, and semiconductors with vortex beams was previously shown to "twist" transiently molten matter providing the direct easy-to-implement way to obtain chiral surface relief. Specifically for metals, this effect was attributed to transfer of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) carried by a vortex beam. In this Letter, we report the formation of twisted metallic nanoneedles on surfaces of silver and gold films under their irradiation by a zero-OAM laser beam with a spiral-shaped intensity distribution. Our comparative experiments clearly demonstrate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, that the formation of the chiral nanoneedles on the noble-metal films is mainly governed by the temperature-gradient-induced chiral thermocapillary mass transfer, rather than by OAM-driven rotation of the molten matter.
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31
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Jj Nivas J, Gesuele F, Allahyari E, Oscurato SL, Fittipaldi R, Vecchione A, Bruzzese R, Amoruso S. Effects of ambient air pressure on surface structures produced by ultrashort laser pulse irradiation. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2710-2713. [PMID: 28708150 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental analysis addressing striking effects of residual air ambient pressure, from atmospheric conditions (103 mbar) to high vacuum (10-4 mbar), on the surface structures induced on a silicon target by direct femtosecond laser irradiation. We observe an interesting direct impact of the ambient pressure on the period and depth of the generated ripples as well as on the formation of microgrooves. Moreover, a significant correlation is observed between the ripples' period and depth. The change of pressure is accompanied by a variation of the degree of nanoparticle coverage, which is eventually recognized as an important factor for the development of the final surface structures. These results shed light on the intriguing mechanisms underlying the formation of the various surface textures, also evidencing that the ambient pressure can act as an effective parameter to tailor some characteristic features of the processed surface.
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32
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Ultrashort vortex from a Gaussian pulse - An achromatic-interferometric approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2395. [PMID: 28539633 PMCID: PMC5443792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The more than a century old Sagnac interferometer is put to first of its kind use to generate an achromatic single-charge vortex equivalent to a Laguerre-Gaussian beam possessing orbital angular momentum (OAM). The interference of counter-propagating polychromatic Gaussian beams of beam waist ωλ with correlated linear phase (ϕ0 ≥ 0.025 λ) and lateral shear (y0 ≥ 0.05 ωλ) in orthogonal directions is shown to create a vortex phase distribution around the null interference. Using a wavelength-tunable continuous-wave laser the entire range of visible wavelengths is shown to satisfy the condition for vortex generation to achieve a highly stable white-light vortex with excellent propagation integrity. The application capablitiy of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by generating ultrashort optical vortex pulses, its nonlinear frequency conversion and transforming them to vector pulses. We believe that our scheme for generating robust achromatic vortex (implemented with only mirrors and a beam-splitter) pulses in the femtosecond regime, with no conceivable spectral-temporal range and peak-power limitations, can have significant advantages for a variety of applications.
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33
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Skoulas E, Manousaki A, Fotakis C, Stratakis E. Biomimetic surface structuring using cylindrical vector femtosecond laser beams. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45114. [PMID: 28327611 PMCID: PMC5361190 DOI: 10.1038/srep45114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a new, single-step and scalable method to fabricate highly ordered, multi-directional and complex surface structures that mimic the unique morphological features of certain species found in nature. Biomimetic surface structuring was realized by exploiting the unique and versatile angular profile and the electric field symmetry of cylindrical vector (CV) femtosecond (fs) laser beams. It is shown that, highly controllable, periodic structures exhibiting sizes at nano-, micro- and dual- micro/nano scales can be directly written on Ni upon line and large area scanning with radial and azimuthal polarization beams. Depending on the irradiation conditions, new complex multi-directional nanostructures, inspired by the Shark’s skin morphology, as well as superhydrophobic dual-scale structures mimicking the Lotus’ leaf water repellent properties can be attained. It is concluded that the versatility and features variations of structures formed is by far superior to those obtained via laser processing with linearly polarized beams. More important, by exploiting the capabilities offered by fs CV fields, the present technique can be further extended to fabricate even more complex and unconventional structures. We believe that our approach provides a new concept in laser materials processing, which can be further exploited for expanding the breadth and novelty of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Skoulas
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Materials Science and Technology Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alexandra Manousaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Costas Fotakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Physics Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Materials Science and Technology Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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34
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Turpin A, Rego L, Picón A, San Román J, Hernández-García C. Extreme Ultraviolet Fractional Orbital Angular Momentum Beams from High Harmonic Generation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43888. [PMID: 28281655 PMCID: PMC5345098 DOI: 10.1038/srep43888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate theoretically the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) beams carrying fractional orbital angular momentum. To this end, we drive high-order harmonic generation with infrared conical refraction (CR) beams. We show that the high-order harmonic beams emitted in the EUV/soft x-ray regime preserve the characteristic signatures of the driving beam, namely ringlike transverse intensity profile and CR-like polarization distribution. As a result, through orbital and spin angular momentum conservation, harmonic beams are emitted with fractional orbital angular momentum, and they can be synthesized into structured attosecond helical beams –or “structured attosecond light springs”– with rotating linear polarization along the azimuth. Our proposal overcomes the state of the art limitations for the generation of light beams far from the visible domain carrying non-integer orbital angular momentum and could be applied in fields such as diffraction imaging, EUV lithography, particle trapping, and super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Turpin
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Rego
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Picón
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio San Román
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008, Salamanca, Spain
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35
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Nivas JJ, Cardano F, Song Z, Rubano A, Fittipaldi R, Vecchione A, Paparo D, Marrucci L, Bruzzese R, Amoruso S. Surface Structuring with Polarization-Singular Femtosecond Laser Beams Generated by a q-plate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42142. [PMID: 28169342 PMCID: PMC5294402 DOI: 10.1038/srep42142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years femtosecond optical vortex beams with different spatial distributions of the state of polarization (e.g. azimuthal, radial, spiral, etc.) have been used to generate complex, regular surface patterns on different materials. Here we present an experimental investigation on direct femtosecond laser surface structuring based on a larger class of vector beams generated by means of a q-plate with topological charge q = +1/2. In fact, voltage tuning of q-plate optical retardation allows generating a family of ultrashort laser beams with a continuous spatial evolution of polarization and fluence distribution in the focal plane. These beams can be thought of as a controlled coherent superposition of a Gaussian beam with uniform polarization and a vortex beam with a radial or azimuthal state of polarization. The use of this family of ultrashort laser beams in surface structuring leads to a further extension of the achievable surface patterns. The comparison of theoretical predictions of the vector beam characteristics at the focal plane and the generated surface patterns is used to rationalize the dependence of the surface structures on the local state of the laser beam, thus offering an effective way to either design unconventional surface structures or diagnose complex ultrashort laser beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijil Jj Nivas
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.,CNR-SPIN UOS Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filippo Cardano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Zhenming Song
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Binshuixi Road 399#, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Andrea Rubano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.,CNR-SPIN UOS Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosalba Fittipaldi
- CNR-SPIN, UOS Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonio Vecchione
- CNR-SPIN, UOS Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Domenico Paparo
- National Research Council, Institute of Applied Science &Intelligent Systems (ISASI) 'E. Caianiello', Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marrucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Applied Science &Intelligent Systems (ISASI) 'E. Caianiello', Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Riccardo Bruzzese
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.,CNR-SPIN UOS Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Salvatore Amoruso
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.,CNR-SPIN UOS Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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36
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Sephton B, Dudley A, Forbes A. Revealing the radial modes in vortex beams. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:7830-7835. [PMID: 27828012 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.007830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Light beams that carry orbital angular momentum are often approximated by modulating an initial beam, usually Gaussian, with an azimuthal phase variation to create a vortex beam. Such vortex beams are well defined azimuthally, but the radial profile is neglected in this generation approach. Here, we show that a consequence of this is that vortex beams carry very little energy in the desired zeroth radial order, as little as only a few percent of the incident power. We demonstrate this experimentally and illustrate how to overcome the problem by complex amplitude modulation of the incident field.
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37
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Müller FA, Kunz C, Gräf S. Bio-Inspired Functional Surfaces Based on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E476. [PMID: 28773596 PMCID: PMC5456748 DOI: 10.3390/ma9060476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nature developed numerous solutions to solve various technical problems related to material surfaces by combining the physico-chemical properties of a material with periodically aligned micro/nanostructures in a sophisticated manner. The utilization of ultra-short pulsed lasers allows mimicking numerous of these features by generating laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). In this review paper, we describe the physical background of LIPSS generation as well as the physical principles of surface related phenomena like wettability, reflectivity, and friction. Then we introduce several biological examples including e.g., lotus leafs, springtails, dessert beetles, moth eyes, butterfly wings, weevils, sharks, pangolins, and snakes to illustrate how nature solves technical problems, and we give a comprehensive overview of recent achievements related to the utilization of LIPSS to generate superhydrophobic, anti-reflective, colored, and drag resistant surfaces. Finally, we conclude with some future developments and perspectives related to forthcoming applications of LIPSS-based surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Müller
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Löbdergraben 32, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Löbdergraben 32, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Stephan Gräf
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Löbdergraben 32, Jena 07743, Germany.
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38
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Cai MQ, Li PP, Feng D, Pan Y, Qian SX, Li Y, Tu C, Wang HT. Microstructures fabricated by dynamically controlled femtosecond patterned vector optical fields. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1474-7. [PMID: 27192265 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have presented and demonstrated a method for the fabrication of various complicated microstructures based on dynamically controlled patterned vector optical fields (PVOFs). We design and generate dynamic PVOFs by loading patterned holograms displayed on the spatial light modulator and moving traces of focuses with different patterns. We experimentally fabricate the various microstructures in z-cut lithium niobate plates. The method we present has some benefits such as no motion of the fabricated samples and high efficiency due to its parallel feature. Moreover, our approach is able to fabricate three-dimensional microstructures.
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39
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Takahashi F, Miyamoto K, Hidai H, Yamane K, Morita R, Omatsu T. Picosecond optical vortex pulse illumination forms a monocrystalline silicon needle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21738. [PMID: 26907639 PMCID: PMC4764855 DOI: 10.1038/srep21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a monocrystalline silicon needle by picosecond optical vortex pulse illumination was demonstrated for the first time in this study. The dynamics of this silicon needle formation was further revealed by employing an ultrahigh-speed camera. The melted silicon was collected through picosecond pulse deposition to the dark core of the optical vortex, forming the silicon needle on a submicrosecond time scale. The needle was composed of monocrystalline silicon with the same lattice index (100) as that of the silicon substrate, and had a height of approximately 14 μm and a thickness of approximately 3 μm. Overlaid vortex pulses allowed the needle to be shaped with a height of approximately 40 μm without any changes to the crystalline properties. Such a monocrystalline silicon needle can be applied to devices in many fields, such as core–shell structures for silicon photonics and photovoltaic devices as well as nano- or microelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuto Takahashi
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hidai
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Keisaku Yamane
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryuji Morita
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takashige Omatsu
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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