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Marongiu R, Platholi J, Park L, Yu F, Sommer G, Woods C, Milner TA, Glass MJ. Promotion of neuroinflammation in select hippocampal regions in a mouse model of perimenopausal Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Biosci 2025; 12:1597130. [PMID: 40438709 PMCID: PMC12116374 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2025.1597130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 06/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, is characterized by age-dependent amyloid beta (Ab) aggregation and accumulation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits. Significantly, there are prominent sex differences in the risk, onset, progression, and severity of AD, as well as response to therapies, with disease burden disproportionately affecting women. Although menopause onset (i.e., perimenopause) may be a critical transition stage for AD susceptibility in women, the role of early ovarian decline in initial disease pathology, particularly key neuroinflammatory processes, is not well understood. Methods To study this, we developed a unique mouse model of perimenopausal AD by combining an accelerated ovarian failure (AOF) model of menopause induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) with the 5xFAD transgenic AD mouse model. To target early stages of disease progression, 5xFAD females were studied at a young age (∼4 months) and at the beginning stage of ovarian failure analogous to human perimenopause (termed "peri-AOF"), and compared to age-matched males. Assessment of neuropathology was performed by immunohistochemical labeling of Ab as well as markers of astrocyte and microglia activity in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in learning and memory that is deleteriously impacted during AD. Results Our results show that genotype, AOF, and sex contributed to AD-like pathology. Aggregation of Ab was heightened in female 5xFAD mice and further increased at peri-AOF, with hippocampal subregion specificity. Further, select increases in glial activation also paralleled Ab pathology in distinct hippocampal subregions. However, cognitive function was not affected by peri-AOF. Discussion These findings align with the hypothesis that perimenopause constitutes a period of susceptibility for AD pathogenesis in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marongiu
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Neurological Surgery Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Genetic Medicine Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jimcy Platholi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Anesthesiology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laibak Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fangmin Yu
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Garrett Sommer
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Clara Woods
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael J. Glass
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Vigil JJ, Tiemeier E, Orfila JE, Chalmers NE, Chang VN, Mitchell D, Veitch I, Falk M, Dietz RM, Herson PS, Quillinan N. Endogenous Recovery of Hippocampal Function Following Global Cerebral Ischemia in Juvenile Female Mice Is Influenced by Neuroinflammation and Circulating Sex Hormones. Neural Plast 2025; 2025:6103242. [PMID: 40386541 PMCID: PMC12084789 DOI: 10.1155/np/6103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA)-induced global cerebral ischemia (GCI) in childhood often results in learning and memory deficits. We previously demonstrated in a murine CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) mouse model that a cellular mechanism of learning and memory, long-term potentiation (LTP), is acutely impaired in the hippocampus of juvenile males, correlating with deficits in memory tasks. However, little is known regarding plasticity impairments in juvenile females. We performed CA/CPR in juvenile (P21-25) female mice and used slice electrophysiology and hippocampal-dependent behavior to assess hippocampal function. LTP and contextual fear were impaired 7 days after GCI and endogenously recovered by 30 days. LTP remained impaired at 30 days in ovariectomized females, suggesting the surge in gonadal sex hormones during puberty mediates endogenous recovery. Unlike juvenile males, recovery of LTP in juvenile females was not associated with BDNF expression. NanoString transcriptional analysis revealed a potential role of neuroinflammatory processes, and specifically Cd68 pathways, in LTP impairment and hormone-dependent recovery. This was confirmed with staining that revealed increased Cd68 expression in microglia within the hippocampus. We were able to restore LTP in ovariectomized females with chronic and acute PPT administration, implicating estrogen receptor alpha in recovery mechanisms. This study supports a mechanism of endogenous LTP recovery after GCI in juvenile female mice, which differs mechanistically from juvenile males and does not occur in adults of either sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J. Vigil
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Erika Tiemeier
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James E. Orfila
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Chalmers
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Victoria N. Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Danae Mitchell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Isobella Veitch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Macy Falk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert M. Dietz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paco S. Herson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Marongiu R, Platholi J, Park L, Yu F, Sommer G, Woods C, Milner TA, Glass MJ. Perimenopause promotes neuroinflammation in select hippocampal regions in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2025:2025.03.14.643317. [PMID: 40161644 PMCID: PMC11952527 DOI: 10.1101/2025.03.14.643317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by age-dependent amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and accumulation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits. Significantly, there are prominent sex differences in the risk, onset, progression, and severity of AD, as well as response to therapies, with disease burden disproportionally affecting women. Although menopause onset (i.e., perimenopause) may be a critical transition stage for AD susceptibility in women, the role of early ovarian decline in initial disease pathology, particularly key neuroinflammatory processes, is not well understood. To study this, we developed a unique mouse model of perimenopausal AD by combining an accelerated ovarian failure (AOF) model of menopause induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) with the 5xFAD transgenic AD mouse model. To target early stages of disease progression, 5xFAD females were studied at a young age (∼4 months) and at the beginning stage of ovarian failure analogous to human perimenopause (termed "peri-AOF"), and compared to age-matched males. Assessment of neuropathology was performed by immunohistochemical labeling of Aβ as well as markers of astrocyte and microglia activity in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in learning and memory that is deleteriously impacted during AD. Our results show that genotype, AOF, and sex contributed to AD-like pathology. Aggregation of Aβ was heightened in female 5xFAD mice and further increased at peri-AOF, with hippocampal subregion specificity. Further, select increases in glial activation also paralleled Aβ pathology in distinct hippocampal subregions. However, cognitive function was not affected by peri-AOF. These findings align with the hypothesis that perimenopause constitutes a period of susceptibility for AD pathogenesis in women.
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Vigil JJ, Tiemeier E, Orfila JE, Chalmers NE, Chang VN, Mitchell D, Veitch I, Falk M, Dietz RM, Herson PS, Quillinan N. Endogenous recovery of hippocampal function following global cerebral ischemia in juvenile female mice is influenced by neuroinflammation and circulating sex hormones. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2025:2025.01.28.635301. [PMID: 39975306 PMCID: PMC11838352 DOI: 10.1101/2025.01.28.635301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia (GCI) in childhood often results in learning and memory deficits. We previously demonstrated in a murine cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) mouse model that a cellular mechanism of learning and memory, long-term potentiation (LTP), is acutely impaired in the hippocampus of juvenile males, correlating with deficits in memory tasks. However, little is known regarding plasticity impairments in juvenile females. We performed CA/CPR in juvenile (P21-25) female mice and used slice electrophysiology and hippocampal dependent behavior to assess hippocampal function. LTP was and contextual fear were impaired 7-days after GCI and endogenously recovered by 30-days. LTP remained impaired at 30 days in ovariectomized females, suggesting the surge in gonadal sex hormones during puberty mediates endogenous recovery. Unlike juvenile males, recovery of LTP in juvenile females was not associated with BDNF expression. NanoString transcriptional analysis revealed a potential role of neuroinflammatory processes, and specifically Cd68 pathways, in LTP impairment and hormone-dependent recovery. We were able to restore LTP in ovariectomized females with chronic and acute PPT administration, implicating estrogen receptor alpha in recovery mechanisms. This study supports a mechanism of endogenous LTP recovery after GCI in juvenile female mice which differs mechanistically from juvenile males and does not occur in adults of either sex.
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Jung HY, Kwon HJ, Kim W, Yoo DY, Kang MS, Choi JH, Moon SM, Kim DW, Hwang IK. Extracts from Dendropanax morbifera leaves ameliorates cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal damage by reducing oxidative damage in gerbil. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107483. [PMID: 37976794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we investigated the effects of Dendropanax morbifera extract (DME) on neuroprotection against ischemic damage in gerbils. METHODS DME (100 or 300 mg/kg) was orally administered to gerbils for three weeks, and 2 h after the last DME treatment, transient forebrain ischemia in the common carotid arteries was induced for 5 min. The forebrain ischemia-related cognitive impairments were assessed by spontaneous motor activity and passive avoidance test one and four days after ischemia, respectively. In addition, surviving and degenerating neurons were morphologically confirmed by neuronal nuclei immunohistochemical staining and Fluoro-Jade C staining, respectively, four days after ischemia. Changes of glial morphology were visualized by immunohistochemical staining for each marker such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding protein. Oxidative stress was determined by measurements of dihydroethidium, O2· (formation of formazan) and malondialdehyde two days after ischemia. In addition, glutathione redox system such as reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were measured two days after ischemia. RESULTS Spontaneous motor activity monitoring and passive avoidance tests showed that treatment with 300 mg/kg DME, but not 100 mg/kg, significantly alleviated ischemia-induced memory impairments. In addition, approximately 67 % of mature neurons survived and 29.3 % neurons were degenerated in hippocampal CA1 region four days after ischemia, and ischemia-induced morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia were decreased in the CA1 region after 300 mg/kg DME treatment. Furthermore, treatment with 300 mg/kg DME significantly ameliorated ischemia-induced oxidative stress, such as superoxide formation and lipid peroxidation, two days after ischemia. In addition, ischemia-induced reduction of the glutathione redox system in the hippocampus, assessed two days after the ischemia, was ameliorated by treatment with 300 mg/kg DME. These suggest that DME can potentially reduce ischemia-induced neuronal damage through its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy & Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Boyle BR, Berghella AP, Blanco-Suarez E. Astrocyte Regulation of Neuronal Function and Survival in Stroke Pathophysiology. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 39:233-267. [PMID: 39190078 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The interactions between astrocytes and neurons in the context of stroke play crucial roles in the disease's progression and eventual outcomes. After a stroke, astrocytes undergo significant changes in their morphology, molecular profile, and function, together termed reactive astrogliosis. Many of these changes modulate how astrocytes relate to neurons, inducing mechanisms both beneficial and detrimental to stroke recovery. For example, excessive glutamate release and astrocytic malfunction contribute to excitotoxicity in stroke, eventually causing neuronal death. Astrocytes also provide essential metabolic support and neurotrophic signals to neurons after stroke, ensuring homeostatic stability and promoting neuronal survival. Furthermore, several astrocyte-secreted molecules regulate synaptic plasticity in response to stroke, allowing for the rewiring of neural circuits to compensate for damaged areas. In this chapter, we highlight the current understanding of the interactions between astrocytes and neurons in response to stroke, explaining the varied mechanisms contributing to injury progression and the potential implications for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget R Boyle
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea P Berghella
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena Blanco-Suarez
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Lin Y, Li H, Zhang J, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Liu L, Qian Q. Polymorphism of Estrogen Receptor Genes and Its Interactions With Neurodevelopmental Genes in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Chinese Han Descent. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:775-785. [PMID: 37614014 PMCID: PMC10460975 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a polygenic neurodevelopmental disorder with significant gender differences. The sexual dimorphism of ADHD may be associated with estrogen acting through estrogen receptors (ESR). This study investigates the impact of ESR gene polymorphism and its interactions with neurodevelopmental genes on ADHD susceptibility. METHODS The study compared genotyping data of single nucleotide polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 in 1,035 ADHD cases and 962 controls. The gene-gene interactions between ESR genes and three neurodevelopmental genes (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa gene [SNAP25], and cadherin-13 [CDH13]) in ADHD were investigated using generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction and verified by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The G allele of rs960070/ESR2 (empirical p=0.0076) and the A allele of rs8017441/ESR2 (empirical p=0.0426) were found significantly higher in ADHD cases than in the controls but not in male or female subgroups. Though no difference was found in all subjects or females, the A allele of rs9340817/ESR1 (empirical p=0.0344) was found significantly higher in ADHD cases than controls in males. We also found genetic interaction models between ESR2 gene, neurodevelopmental genes and ADHD susceptibility in males (ESR2 rs960070/BDNF rs6265/BDNF rs2049046/SNAP25 rs362987/CDH13 rs6565113) and females (ESR2 rs960070/BDNF rs6265/BDNF rs2049046) separately, though it was negative in overall subjects. CONCLUSION The ESR gene polymorphism associates with ADHD among Chinese Han children, with interactions between ESR genes and neurodevelopmental genes potentially influencing the susceptibility of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Lin
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
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Moruno-Manchon J, Noh B, McCullough L. Sex-biased autophagy as a potential mechanism mediating sex differences in ischemic stroke outcome. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:31-37. [PMID: 35799505 PMCID: PMC9241419 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.340406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide, and biological sex is an important determining factor in stroke incidence and pathology. From childhood through adulthood, men have a higher incidence of stroke compared with women. Abundant research has confirmed the beneficial effects of estrogen in experimental ischemic stroke but genetic factors such as the X-chromosome complement can also play an important role in determining sex differences in stroke. Autophagy is a self-degrading cellular process orchestrated by multiple core proteins, which leads to the engulfment of cytoplasmic material and degradation of cargo after autophagy vesicles fuse with lysosomes or endosomes. The levels and the activity of components of these signaling pathways and of autophagy-related proteins can be altered during ischemic insults. Ischemic stroke activates autophagy, however, whether inhibiting autophagy after stroke is beneficial in the brain is still under a debate. Autophagy is a potential mechanism that may contribute to differences in stroke progression between the sexes. Furthermore, the effects of manipulating autophagy may also differ between the sexes. Mechanisms that regulate autophagy in a sex-dependent manner in ischemic stroke remain unexplored. In this review, we summarize clinical and pre-clinical evidence for sex differences in stroke. We briefly introduce the autophagy process and summarize the effects of gonadal hormones in autophagy in the brain and discuss X-linked genes that could potentially regulate brain autophagy. Finally, we review pre-clinical studies that address the mechanisms that could mediate sex differences in brain autophagy after stroke.
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N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (Ndrg2): A Critical Mediator of Estrogen-Induced Neuroprotection Against Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4793-4804. [PMID: 35622273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that estrogen plays a pivotal role in neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia, but the molecular mechanism of this protection is still elusive. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (Ndrg2), an estrogen-targeted gene, has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia in male mice. However, the role of Ndrg2 in the neuroprotective effect of estrogen remains unknown. In this study, we first detected NDRG2 expression levels in the cortex and striatum in both female and male mice with western blot analyses. We then detected cerebral ischemic injury by constructing middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO-R) models in Ndrg2 knockout or conditional knockdown female mice. We further implemented estrogen, ERα, or ERβ agonist replacement in the ovariectomized (OVX) Ndrg2 knockout or conditional knockdown female mice, then tested for NDRG2 expression, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, and extent of cerebral ischemic injury. We found that NDRG2 expression was significantly higher in female than in male mice in both the cortex and striatum. Ndrg2 knockouts and conditional knockdowns showed significantly aggravated cerebral ischemic injury in female mice. Estrogen and ERβ replacement treatment (DPN) led to NDRG2 upregulation in both the cortex and striatum of OVX mice. Estrogen and DPN also led to GFAP upregulation in OVX mice. However, the effect of estrogen and DPN in activating astrocytes was lost in Ndrg2 knockout OVX mice and primary cultured astrocytes, but partially retained in conditional knockdown OVX mice. Most importantly, we found that the neuroprotective effects of E2 and DPN against cerebral ischemic injury were lost in Ndrg2 knockout OVX mice but partially retained in conditional knockdown OVX mice. These findings demonstrate that estrogen alleviated cerebral ischemic injury via ERβ upregulation of Ndrg2, which could activate astrocytes, indicating that Ndrg2 is a critical mediator of E2-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic injury.
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Gabay A, London S, Yates KF, Convit A. Does obesity-associated insulin resistance affect brain structure and function of adolescents differentially by sex? Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 319:111417. [PMID: 34875560 PMCID: PMC8809005 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities affect the adolescent brain. For equivalent abnormalities in metabolism young people exhibit deficits in more cognitive domains than adults. We examine sex differences performance for adolescents with obesity/insulin resistance (IR) and evaluated how sex and IR effected frontal lobe structures and executive functioning. 125 adolescents underwent medical, cognitive, and brain-imaging assessments. Participants were categorized as insulin sensitive (IS) (QUICKI ≥ 0.350) or IR (QUICKI < 0.350). Degree of IR may affect brain and cognition differentially by sex. Females had positive associations between QUICKI and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volume, medial orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) thickness, and scores on the Stroop and Digit Symbol Substitution (DSST) tests. Females with IR tended to have thinner insular cortices. No such associations were found in males. In female adolescents, IR may negatively affect brain structure and function. No such effects were found for males. Although needing more development, hormonal effects and inflammation are potential contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabay
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie London
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Resident in Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kathy F Yates
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, Orangeburg, United States of America
| | - Antonio Convit
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, Orangeburg, United States of America.
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Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia-Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212326. [PMID: 34830207 PMCID: PMC8617737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 18 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in 2019, of these 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. The available therapies although efficacious, have narrow therapeutic window and long list of contraindications. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to find novel molecular targets that could protect the brain and heart against ischemia without evoking major side effects. Nuclear receptors are one of the promising targets for anti-ischemic drugs. Modulation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by their ligands is known to exert neuro-, and cardioprotective effects through anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant action. Recently, it has been shown that the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is strongly increased after brain or heart ischemia and evokes an activation of apoptosis or inflammation in injury site. We hypothesize that activation of ERs and PPARs and inhibition of AhR signaling pathways could be a promising strategy to protect the heart and the brain against ischemia. In this Review, we will discuss currently available knowledge on the mechanisms of action of ERs, PPARs and AhR in experimental models of stroke and myocardial infarction and future perspectives to use them as novel targets in cardiovascular diseases.
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Bottenfield KR, Bowley BGE, Pessina MA, Medalla M, Rosene DL, Moore TL. Sex differences in recovery of motor function in a rhesus monkey model of cortical injury. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 34627376 PMCID: PMC8502310 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke disproportionately affects men and women, with women over 65 years experiencing increased severity of impairment and higher mortality rates than men. Human studies have explored risk factors that contribute to these differences, but additional research is needed to investigate how sex differences affect functional recovery and hence the severity of impairment. In the present study, we used our rhesus monkey model of cortical injury and fine motor impairment to compare sex differences in the rate and degree of motor recovery following this injury. METHODS Aged male and female rhesus monkeys were trained on a task of fine motor function of the hand before undergoing surgery to produce a cortical lesion limited to the hand area representation of the primary motor cortex. Post-operative testing began two weeks after the surgery and continued for 12 weeks. All trials were video recorded and latency to retrieve a reward was quantitatively measured to assess the trajectory of post-operative response latency and grasp pattern compared to pre-operative levels. RESULTS Postmortem analysis showed no differences in lesion volume between male and female monkeys. However, female monkeys returned to their pre-operative latency and grasp patterns significantly faster than males. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the need for additional studies to further investigate the role of estrogens and other sex hormones that may differentially affect recovery outcomes in the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Bottenfield
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Bethany G E Bowley
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Dept. of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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13
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Ma Y, Niu E, Xie F, Liu M, Sun M, Peng Y, Guo H. Electroacupuncture reactivates estrogen receptors to restore the neuroprotective effect of estrogen against cerebral ischemic stroke in long-term ovariectomized rats. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2316. [PMID: 34473429 PMCID: PMC8553307 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a sexually dimorphic disease and a leading cause of death and disability. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) confers beneficial neuroprotective effects if administered within a widely accepted time window called the "critical period." However, very few studies have explored the idea of modulating the critical period to enable long-term post-menopausal women to regain more benefits from estrogen therapy. Here, motivated by previous findings that electroacupuncture could both alter estrogen metabolism and induce significant tolerance against stroke, it was explored whether EA could restore estrogen's neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia in long-term ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS We implemented 1 week(w)-EA pretreatment on OVX-10w or OVX-20w rats, and tested the expression of estrogen receptors, and detected the ERT's neuroprotection against stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). RESULTS We found that the expression levels of phospho-ERα-S118 and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in the striatum of OVX-10w rats were significantly decreased and ERT's neuroprotection was abolished in the OVX-10w rats. However, EA-1w pretreatment could significantly recover the expression levels of phospho-ERα-S118 and ERβ, and also restored the neuroprotective effects of ERT in OVX-10w rats. However, EA-1w pretreatment could not restore the expression of estrogen receptors and ERT's neuroprotection in OVX-20w rats. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study indicates that EA may be an easy intervention that can restore the efficacy of estrogen therapy during the "critical period," which has the potential to improve the stroke outcomes of an enormous number of long-term post-menopausal women. However, the time-sensitive influences for how EA and estrogen metabolism interact with each other should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Erlong Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, 305 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Kahan A, Greenbaum A, Jang MJ, Robinson JE, Cho JR, Chen X, Kassraian P, Wagenaar DA, Gradinaru V. Light-guided sectioning for precise in situ localization and tissue interface analysis for brain-implanted optical fibers and GRIN lenses. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109744. [PMID: 34592157 PMCID: PMC8552649 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical implants to control and monitor neuronal activity in vivo have become foundational tools of neuroscience. Standard two-dimensional histology of the implant location, however, often suffers from distortion and loss during tissue processing. To address that, we developed a three-dimensional post hoc histology method called “light-guided sectioning” (LiGS), which preserves the tissue with its optical implant in place and allows staining and clearing of a volume up to 500 μm in depth. We demonstrate the use of LiGS to determine the precise location of an optical fiber relative to a deep brain target and to investigate the implant-tissue interface. We show accurate cell registration of ex vivo histology with single-cell, two-photon calcium imaging, obtained through gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses, and identify subpopulations based on immunohistochemistry. LiGS provides spatial information in experimental paradigms that use optical fibers and GRIN lenses and could help increase reproducibility through identification of fiber-to-target localization and molecular profiling. Kahan et al. describe a 3D histology method (LiGS) to investigate with high fidelity the vicinity of an intact optical implant (e.g., GRIN lenses and optical fibers). LiGS is compatible with immunohistochemistry and single-molecule imaging. With the use of two-photon microscopy, LiGS can also link the functional properties of cells to their molecular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Kahan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Min J Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jounhong Ryan Cho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pegah Kassraian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Daniel A Wagenaar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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15
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Rurak GM, Woodside B, Aguilar-Valles A, Salmaso N. Astroglial cells as neuroendocrine targets in forebrain development: Implications for sex differences in psychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100897. [PMID: 33359797 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain. They are implicated in almost every aspect of brain physiology, including maintaining homeostasis, building and maintaining the blood brain barrier, and the development and maturation of neuronal networks. Critically, astroglia also express receptors for gonadal sex hormones, respond rapidly to gonadal hormones, and are able to synthesize hormones. Thus, they are positioned to guide and mediate sexual differentiation of the brain, particularly neuronal networks in typical and pathological conditions. In this review, we describe astroglial involvement in the organization and development of the brain, and consider known sex differences in astroglial responses to understand how astroglial cell-mediated organization may play a role in forebrain sexual dimorphisms in human populations. Finally, we consider how sexually dimorphic astroglial responses and functions in development may lead to sex differences in vulnerability for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth M Rurak
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Natalina Salmaso
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Ibrahim MMH, Bheemanapally K, Sylvester PW, Briski KP. Sex differences in glucoprivic regulation of glycogen metabolism in hypothalamic primary astrocyte cultures: Role of estrogen receptor signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111000. [PMID: 32853745 PMCID: PMC7606756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia causes sex-reliant changes in hypothalamic astrocyte glycogen metabolism in vivo. The role of nuclear versus membrane astrocyte estrogen receptors (ER) in glucoprivic regulation of glycogen is unclear. Here, primary hypothalamic astrocyte cultures were treated with selective ER antagonists during glucoprivation to investigate the hypothesis that ER mediate sex-specific glycogen responses to glucoprivation. Results show that glucoprivic down-regulation of glycogen synthase expression is mediated by transmembrane G protein-coupled ER-1 (GPER) signaling in each sex and estrogen receptor (ER)-beta (ERβ) activity in females. Glucoprivic inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase involves GPER and ERβ in females, but ER-independent mechanisms in males. GPER, ERβ, and ER-alpha (ERα) inhibit or stimulate AMPK protein expression in male versus female astrocytes, respectively. Glucoprivic augmentation of phospho-AMPK profiles in male glia was opposed by GPER activation, whereas GPER and ERβ suppress this protein in females. Astrocyte ERα and GPER content was down-regulated in each sex during glucose deficiency, whereas ERβ levels was unaltered (males) or increased (females). Glucoprivation correspondingly elevated or diminished male versus female astrocyte glycogen content; ER antagonism reversed this response in males, but not females. Results identify distinctive ER variants involved in sex-similar versus sex-specific astrocyte protein responses to withdrawal of this substrate fuel. Notably, glucoprivation elicits a directional switch or gain-of-effect of GPER and ERβ on specific glial protein profiles. Outcomes infer that ERs are crucial for glucoprivic regulation of astrocyte glycogen accumulation in males. Alternatively, estradiol may act independently of ER signaling to disassemble this reserve in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M H Ibrahim
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
| | - Khaggeswar Bheemanapally
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
| | - Paul W Sylvester
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
| | - Karen P Briski
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA.
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17
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Feng L, Han CX, Cao SY, Zhang HM, Wu GY. Deficits in motor and cognitive functions in an adult mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia induced stroke. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20646. [PMID: 33244072 PMCID: PMC7692481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes cause devastating brain damage and functional deficits with few treatments available. Previous studies have shown that the ischemia-hypoxia rapidly induces clinically similar thrombosis and neuronal loss, but any resulting behavioral changes are largely unknown. The goal of this study was to evaluate motor and cognitive deficits in adult HI mice. Following a previously established procedure, HI mouse models were induced by first ligating the right common carotid artery and followed by hypoxia. Histological data showed significant long-term neuronal losses and reactive glial cells in the ipsilateral striatum and hippocampus of the HI mice. Whereas the open field test and the rotarod test could not reliably distinguish between the sham and HI mice, in the tapered beam and wire-hanging tests, the HI mice showed short-term and long-term deficits, as evidenced by the increased number of foot faults and decreased hanging time respectively. In cognitive tests, the HI mice swam longer distances and needed more time to find the platform in the Morris water maze test and showed shorter freezing time in fear contextual tests after fear training. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that adult HI mice have motor and cognitive deficits and could be useful models for preclinical stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Chun-Xia Han
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shu-Yu Cao
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - He-Ming Zhang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Gang-Yi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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18
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Loss of Estrogen Efficacy Against Hippocampus Damage in Long-Term OVX Mice Is Related to the Reduction of Hippocampus Local Estrogen Production and Estrogen Receptor Degradation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3540-3551. [PMID: 32542593 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women experience a higher risk for neurodegenerative diseases, including cognitive impairment and ischemic stroke. Many preclinical studies have indicated that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) may provide protective effects against these neurological diseases. However, the results of Women's Health Initiative (WHI) studies have led to the proposal of "critical period hypothesis," which states that there is a precise window of opportunity for administering beneficial hormone therapy following menopause. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms require further characterization. Here, we explored the effects of ERT on cognition decline and global cerebral ischemia (GCI)-induced hippocampal neuronal damage in mice that had experienced both short-term (ovariectomized (OVX) 1 week) and long-term (OVX 10 weeks) estrogen deprivation. We also further explored the concentration of 17β-estradiol (E2) in the circulation and hippocampus and the expression of aromatase and estrogen receptors (ERα, ERα-Ser118, and ERβ). We found that the neuroprotective effectiveness of ERT against hippocampus damage exhibited in OVX1w mice was totally absent in OVX10w mice. Interestingly, the concentration of hippocampal E2 was irreversibly reduced in OVX10w mice, which was related to the decrease of aromatase expression in the hippocampus. In addition, long-term estrogen deprivation (LTED) led to a decrease in estrogen receptor proteins in the hippocampus. Thus, we concluded that the loss of ERT neuroprotection against hippocampus injury in LTED mice was related to the reduction in hippocampus E2 production and estrogen receptor degradation. These results provide several intervention targets to restore the effectiveness of ERT neuroprotection in elderly post-menopausal women.
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19
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Ibrahim MMH, Bheemanapally K, Sylvester PW, Briski KP. Sex-specific estrogen regulation of hypothalamic astrocyte estrogen receptor expression and glycogen metabolism in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 504:110703. [PMID: 31931041 PMCID: PMC7325597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain astrocytes are implicated in estrogenic neuroprotection against bio-energetic insults, which may involve their glycogen energy reserve. Forebrain estrogen receptors (ER)-alpha (ERα) and -beta (ERβ) exert differential control of glycogen metabolic enzyme [glycogen synthase (GS); phosphorylase (GP)] expression in hypoglycemic male versus female rats. Studies were conducted using a rat hypothalamic astrocyte primary culture model along with selective ER agonists to investigate the premise that estradiol (E2) exerts sex-dimorphic control over astrocyte glycogen mass and metabolism. Female astrocyte GS and GP profiles are more sensitive to E2 stimulation than the male. E2 did not regulate expression of phospho-GS (inactive enzyme form) in either sex. Data also show that transmembrane G protein-coupled ER-1 (GPER) signaling is implicated in E2 control of GS profiles in each sex and alongside ERα, GP expression in females. E2 increases total 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein in female astrocytes, but stimulated pAMPK (active form) expression with equivalent potency via GPER in females and ERα in males. In female astrocytes, ERα protein was up-regulated at a lower E2 concentration and over a broader dosage range compared to males, whereas ERβ was increased after exposure to 1-10 nM versus 100 pM E2 levels in females and males, respectively. GPER profiles were stimulated by E2 in female, but not male astrocytes. E2 increased astrocyte glycogen content in female, but not male astrocytes; selective ERβ or ERα stimulation elevated glycogen levels in the female and male, respectively. Outcomes imply that dimorphic astrocyte ER and glycogen metabolic responses to E2 may reflect, in part, differential steroid induction of ER variant expression and/or regulation of post-receptor signaling in each sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M H Ibrahim
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
| | - Khaggeswar Bheemanapally
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
| | - Paul W Sylvester
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
| | - Karen P Briski
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA.
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20
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Guo H, Yang J, Liu M, Wang L, Hou W, Zhang L, Ma Y. Selective activation of estrogen receptor β alleviates cerebral ischemia neuroinflammatory injury. Brain Res 2020; 1726:146536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Belmonte KCD, Harman JC, Lanson NA, Gidday JM. Intra- and intergenerational changes in the cortical DNA methylome in response to therapeutic intermittent hypoxia in mice. Physiol Genomics 2019; 52:20-34. [PMID: 31762411 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00094.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence from our laboratory documents functional resilience to retinal ischemic injury in untreated mice derived from parents exposed to repetitive hypoxic conditioning (RHC) before breeding. To begin to understand the epigenetic basis of this intergenerational protection, we used methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing to identify genes with differentially methylated promoters (DMGPs) in the prefrontal cortex of mice treated directly with the same RHC stimulus (F0-RHC) and in the prefrontal cortex of their untreated F1-generation offspring (F1-*RHC). Subsequent bioinformatic analyses provided key mechanistic insights into how changes in gene expression secondary to promoter hypo- and hypermethylation might afford such protection within and across generations. We found extensive changes in DNA methylation in both generations consistent with the expression of many survival-promoting genes, with twice the number of DMGPs in the cortex of F1*RHC mice relative to their F0 parents that were directly exposed to RHC. In contrast to our hypothesis that similar epigenetic modifications would be realized in the cortices of both F0-RHC and F1-*RHC mice, we instead found relatively few DMGPs common to both generations; in fact, each generation manifested expected injury resilience via distinctly unique gene expression profiles. Whereas in the cortex of F0-RHC mice, predicted protein-protein interactions reflected activation of an anti-ischemic phenotype, networks activated in F1-*RHC cortex comprised networks indicative of a much broader cytoprotective phenotype. Altogether, our results suggest that the intergenerational transfer of an acquired phenotype to offspring does not necessarily require the faithful recapitulation of the conditioning-modified DNA methylome of the parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Courtney D Belmonte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jarrod C Harman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nicholas A Lanson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jeffrey M Gidday
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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22
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Koyuncuoğlu T, Arabacı Tamer S, Erzik C, Karagöz A, Akakın D, Yüksel M, Yeğen BÇ. Oestrogen receptor ERα and ERβ agonists ameliorate oxidative brain injury and improve memory dysfunction in rats with an epileptic seizure. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1911-1928. [PMID: 31608530 DOI: 10.1113/ep087986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Could different hormonally active substances, including oestrogen receptor (ER) agonists, protect against oxidative brain damage and memory impairment induced by a single epileptic seizure in rats? If so, which signalling mechanisms are involved in their anti-inflammatory effects? What is the main finding and its importance? Chronic administration of oestrogen, progesterone, ER modulators/agonists or blockade of testosterone exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions on single seizure-induced neuronal injury, while ER agonists additionally improved memory function and up-regulated CREB signalling and hippocampal GABA(A)α1 receptor density, suggesting that ERα or ERβ receptor activation may be beneficial in protecting against seizure-related oxidative brain injury and cognitive dysfunction. ABSTRACT The susceptibility to epileptic seizures is dependent on sex as well as fluctuations in oestrogen levels, while exogenous oestrogen was shown to have no effect or to facilitate or to inhibit seizure activity. Oestrogen receptors (ERs) mediate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in several inflammatory models, but the involvement of ERs in seizure-induced neuronal injury has not been evaluated previously. In order to assess the effects of resveratrol, progesterone, oestradiol (E2), an anti-testosterone (cyproterone acetate; CPA), a selective ER modulator (tamoxifen; TMX) and ERα/ERβ agonists (propyl pyrazole triol (PPT), diarylpropionitrile (DPN)) on oxidative brain damage and memory impairment due to epileptic seizure, male Wistar rats (n = 120) received one of the treatment choices either in drinking water or intraperitoneally for 31 days, and epileptic seizure was induced on the 28th day by injection of a single-dose of pentylenetetrazole (45 mg kg-1 ). The results demonstrate that chronic pretreatment with resveratrol, progesterone, E2, CPA or TMX suppressed most of the inflammatory parameters indicative of oxidative neuronal injury, while treatment with the ER agonists DPN or PPT were found to be even more effective in limiting the oxidative damage. Treatment with DPN resulted in the up-regulation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, while PPT up-regulated expression of CREB without affecting BDNF levels. Moreover, both ER agonists provided protection against seizure-induced memory loss with a concomitant increase in hippocampal GABA(A)α1-positive cells. In conclusion, ER agonists, and more specifically ERβ agonist, appear to provide maximum protection against seizure-induced oxidative brain injury and associated memory dysfunction by up-regulating the expression of CREB, BDNF and GABA(A)α1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Türkan Koyuncuoğlu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevil Arabacı Tamer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Erzik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayça Karagöz
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akakın
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meral Yüksel
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Vocational School of Health-Related Professions, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Ç Yeğen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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23
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Azcoitia I, Barreto GE, Garcia-Segura LM. Molecular mechanisms and cellular events involved in the neuroprotective actions of estradiol. Analysis of sex differences. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100787. [PMID: 31513774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol, either from peripheral or central origin, activates multiple molecular neuroprotective and neuroreparative responses that, being mediated by estrogen receptors or by estrogen receptor independent mechanisms, are initiated at the membrane, the cytoplasm or the cell nucleus of neural cells. Estrogen-dependent signaling regulates a variety of cellular events, such as intracellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, autophagy and apoptosis. In turn, these molecular and cellular actions of estradiol are integrated by neurons and non-neuronal cells to generate different tissue protective responses, decreasing blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity and promoting synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, neurogenesis, remyelination and neuroregeneration. Recent findings indicate that the neuroprotective and neuroreparative actions of estradiol are different in males and females and further research is necessary to fully elucidate the causes for this sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Azcoitia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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Burguete MC, Jover-Mengual T, López-Morales MA, Aliena-Valero A, Jorques M, Torregrosa G, Alborch E, Castelló-Ruiz M, Salom JB. The selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, mimics the neuroprotective effect of 17β-oestradiol in diabetic ischaemic stroke by modulating oestrogen receptor expression and the MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12751. [PMID: 31127971 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because neuroprotection in stroke should be revisited in the era of recanalisation, the present study analysed the potential neuroprotective effect of the selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA), in an animal model of diabetic ischaemic stroke that mimics thrombectomy combined with adjuvant administration of a putative neuroprotectant. Four weeks after induction of diabetes (40 mg kg-1 streptozotocin, i.p.), male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (intraluminal thread technique, 60 minutes) and assigned to one of three groups treated with either: vehicle, BZA (3 mg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.) or 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) (100 μg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.). At 24 hours post-ischaemia-reperfusion, brain damage (neurofunctional score, infarct size and apoptosis), expression of oestrogen receptors (ER)α, ERβ and G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor), and activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK)1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways were analysed. At 24 hours after the ischaemic insult, both BZA- and E2 -treated animals showed lower brain damage in terms of improved neurofunctional condition, decreased infarct size and decreased apoptotic cell death. Ischaemia-reperfusion induced a significant decrease in ERα and ERβ expression without affecting that of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, whereas BZA and E2 reversed such a decrease. The ischaemic insult up-regulated the activity of both the MAPK/ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways; BZA and E2 attenuated the increased activity of the ERK1/2 pathway, without affecting that of the Akt pathway. The results of the present study lend further support to the consideration of BZA as an effective and safer alternative overcoming the drawbacks of E2 with respect to improving diabetic ischaemic stroke outcome after successful reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Burguete
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jover-Mengual
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikahela A López-Morales
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jorques
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Alborch
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B Salom
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Deng YL, Ma YL, Zhang ZL, Zhang LX, Guo H, Qin P, Hou YS, Gao ZJ, Hou WG. Astrocytic N-Myc Downstream-regulated Gene-2 Is Involved in Nuclear Transcription Factor κB-mediated Inflammation Induced by Global Cerebral Ischemia. Anesthesiology 2019; 128:574-586. [PMID: 29252510 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a key element in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. This study investigated the role of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 in nuclear transcription factor κB-mediated inflammation in ischemia models. METHODS Mice (n = 6 to 12) with or without nuclear transcription factor κB inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment were subjected to global cerebral ischemia for 20 min. Pure astrocyte cultures or astrocyte-neuron cocultures (n = 6) with or without pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 4 h or 2 h. Astrocytic nuclear transcription factor κB and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 expression, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, neuronal apoptosis and survival, and memory function were analyzed at different time points after reperfusion or reoxygenation. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion was also studied in lentivirus-transfected astrocyte lines after reoxygenation. RESULTS Astrocytic nuclear transcription factor κB and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 expression and proinflammatory cytokine secretion increased after reperfusion or reoxygenation. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment significantly reduced N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 expression and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo and in vitro, reduced neuronal apoptosis induced by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (from 65 ± 4% to 47 ± 4%, P = 0.0375) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (from 45.6 ± 0.2% to 22.0 ± 4.0%, P < 0.001), and improved memory function in comparison to vehicle-treated control animals subjected to global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 lentiviral knockdown reduced the oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Astrocytic N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 is up-regulated after cerebral ischemia and is involved in nuclear transcription factor κB-mediated inflammation. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate alleviates ischemia-induced neuronal injury and hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment by inhibiting increases in N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 expression and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Liang Deng
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (Y.D., Y.M., P.Q., Y.H., Z.G., W.H.); Anesthesia and Operation Center, People's Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.M.); Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Z.Z.); First Affiliated Hospital to People's Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.Z.); and Department of Anesthesiology, People's Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Beijing, China (H.G.)
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Mukda S, Tsai CY, Leu S, Yang JL, Chan SHH. Pinin protects astrocytes from cell death after acute ischemic stroke via maintenance of mitochondrial anti-apoptotic and bioenergetics functions. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:43. [PMID: 31167655 PMCID: PMC6549339 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is the second most common cause of deaths worldwide. After an ischemic stroke, the proliferated reactive astrocytes in the peri-infarct areas play a beneficial role in neuronal survival. As such, astrocytes have gradually become a target for neuroprotection in stroke. The present study assessed the hypothesis that Pinin (Pnn), originally identified as a nuclear and desmosome-associated protein and is now known to possess anti-apoptotic capacity, protects astrocytes from cell death after ischemic stroke and delineated the underlying mechanisms. Methods In in vivo experiments, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (12-week old) were used to induce acute focal cerebral ischemia employing the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. In in vitro experiments, postnatal day 1 (P1) Sprague-Dawley rat pups were used to prepare cultures of primary astrocytes. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and re-oxygenation (OGD/R) procedures were employed to mimic the hypoxic-ischemic condition of stroke in those astrocytes. Results We found in the peri-infarct area of the ipsilateral cortex and striatum in Sprague-Dawley rats after transient MCAO an increase in Pnn expression that correlated positively with the time-course of infarction as detected by T2-weighted imaging and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, augmented number of reactive astrocytes that double-labelled with Pnn as determined by immunofluorescence, and enhanced cytotoxic edema as revealed by diffusion weighted imaging; but mirrored the decreased cleaved caspase-3 as measured by western blot. In an OGD and OGD/R model using primary cultured astrocytes, treatment with Pnn siRNA doubled the chance of surviving astrocytes to manifest cell death as revealed by flow cytometry, and blunted activated ERK signaling, reduced Bcl-2 expression and augmented cleaved caspase 3 detected by western blot in the normoxia, OGD or OGD/R group. Gene-knockdown of Pnn also impeded the reversal from decline in cell viability, elevation in lactate dehydrogenase leakage and decrease in ATP production in the OGD/R group. Conclusion We conclude that the endogenous Pnn participates in neuroprotection after acute ischemic stroke by preserving the viability of astrocytes that survived the ischemic challenge via maintenance of mitochondrial anti-apoptotic and bioenergetics functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-019-0538-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Rd, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Rd, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Steve Leu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Rd, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Rd, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Samuel H H Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Dapi Rd, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
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Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of gene expression in Hainan medaka (Oryzias curvinotus). GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Estrogen and propofol combination therapy inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and remarkably attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and OGD injury in hippocampus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1596-1606. [PMID: 30372862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is vital in inducing apoptosis via caspase-12 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) apoptotic pathway in the hippocampus after ischemia-reperfusion injury. The study aimed to estimate the efficacy of estrogen and propofol combination therapy against ERS-induced apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury in the hippocampus in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) strategy with ischemic intervention for 90 min and reperfusion for 24 h. Propofol processing ischemia-reperfusion group (Propofol group) infused 50 mg/kg/h of propofol via the femoral vein at the onset of reperfusion for 30 min. Estrogen processing ischemia-reperfusion group (estrogen group) received 0.0125 mg/kg of estrogen via tail vein at 30 min prior to MCAO. Combination therapy for ischemia-reperfusion group (combination group) received simultaneous processing with propofol and estrogen. In vitro, brain slices were randomly exposed to dimethylsulfoxide (DSMO), 10 μm of propofol, 10 nm of estrogen, or propofol and estrogen. Changes in the orthodromic population spike (OPS) at the end of reoxygenation were recorded. Neurological deficit examination, Nissl staining, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining were employed to evaluate the level of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The expression of caspase-3, caspase-12, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and CHOP were investigated by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining assays. Neural apoptotic rate in hippocampus was detected by the flow cytometry trial. RESULTS Neurological deficit score, infarct volume, the expression of caspase-3 (P < 0.05), caspase-12, GRP78, CHOP, and neural apoptotic rate of I/R group increased markedly (P < 0.01). When obtaining drug treatment, neurological deficit score (P < 0.05), infarct volume, the expression levels of caspase-12 and GRP78, and neural apoptotic rate of the propofol group decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Furthermore, neurological deficit score, infarct volume, expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-12, GRP78, and CHOP (P < 0.05), and neural apoptotic rate decreased in the estrogen group (P < 0.01) and especially in the combination group (P < 0.01). Compared with the propofol group, the neurological deficit score (P < 0.05), infarct volume, caspase-3, caspase-12, GRP78, CHOP, and neural apoptotic rate of the combination group decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the estrogen group, the infarct volume, caspase-3 (P < 0.05), GRP78, CHOP, and neural apoptotic rate (P < 0.05) of the combination group decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the propofol group, the infarct volume, caspase-3, caspase-12 (P < 0.05), and GRP78 (P < 0.05) of the estrogen group decreased (P < 0.01). Propofol and estrogen treatment can delay the abolishing time of OPS and increase the recovery rate and amplitude of OPS, compared with OGD group (P < 0.01), especially in the combination therapy (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The neuroprotection of propofol and estrogen combination therapy inhibited excessive ERS-induced apoptosis against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and OGD injury in the hippocampus of rats. Furthermore, the outcomes demonstrated that combination therapy yielded synergistic effects.
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17β-estradiol modulates NGF and BDNF expression through ERβ mediated ERK signaling in cortical astrocytes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Miao ZY, Xia X, Che L, Song YT. Genistein attenuates brain damage induced by transient cerebral ischemia through up-regulation of Nrf2 expression in ovariectomized rats. Neurol Res 2018; 40:689-695. [PMID: 29688134 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1462879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postmenopausal women possess higher incidence of stroke and worse prognosis. Although estrogen replacement therapy has obvious neuroprotective effects against stroke, it is always accompanied with several adverse effects and undesired outcomes. Genistein, a natural phytoestrogen, has been indicated to be a potential neuroprotective alternative for postmenopausal women against stroke. However, the role and mechanism of genistein's neuroprotective effects against stroke in ovariectomized rats have rarely been explored. METHODS In this study, ovariectomized rats were treated with genistein (10 mg/kg) or vehicle daily for two weeks before they received middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. After 72 hours of reperfusion, the neurological function was evaluated by Garcia test, infarct volume was detected by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and neuronal damage was detected by Nissl staining. In addition, ROS production and the expression of Nrf2, NQO1 and cleaved-Caspase3 in the ischemic penumbra were detected. RESULTS The results showed that genistein treatment significantly improved the neurological outcome, reduced infarct volume, increased Nrf2 and NQO1 expression, and reduced ROS production and cleaved-Caspase3 expression in ovariectomized rats. DISCUSSION Our findings indicated that treatment with genistein could alleviated oxidative stress injury induced by cerebral ischemia in ovariectomized rats via promoting Nrf2 and NQO1 expression, which provide a new molecular mechanism for the neuroprotective effects of genistein against stroke in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Miao
- a Department of Medical Examination , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Xu Xia
- b Department of Psychology , Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Lu Che
- c Department of Medical Record , Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yan-Tao Song
- d Department of Teaching and Research , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University , Heilongjiang , China
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Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan AR, Mansouri S, Ataei ML, Jahanshahi M, Hosseini M. The effects of soy and tamoxifen on apoptosis in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in a pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model of ovariectomized rats. Anat Sci Int 2018; 93:218-230. [PMID: 28283880 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-017-0398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of tamoxifen and soy on apoptosis of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of ovariectomized rats after repeated seizures were investigated. Female rats were divided into: (1) Control, (2) Sham, (3) Sham-Tamoxifen (Sham-T), (4) Ovariectomized (OVX), (5) OVX-Tamoxifen (OVX-T), (6)OVX-Soy(OVX-S) and (7) OVX-S-T. The animals in the OVX-S, OVX-T and OVX-S-T groups received soy extract (60 mg/kg; i.p.), tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) or both for 2 weeks before induction of seizures. The animals in these groups additionally received the mentioned treatments before each injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 40 mg/kg) for 6 days. The animals in the Sham and OVX groups received a vehicle of tamoxifen and soy. A significant decrease in the seizure score and TUNEL-positive neurons was seen in the OVX group compared to the Sham (P < 0.001). The animals in both the OVX-T and OVX-S groups had a significantly higher seizure score as well as number of TUNEL-positive neurons compared to the OVX group (P < 0.01-P < 0.001). Co-treatment of the OVX rats by the extract and tamoxifen decreased the seizure score and number of TUNEL-positive neurons compared to OVX-S (P < 0.001). Treatment of the OVX rats by either soy or tamoxifen increased the seizure score as well as the number of TUNEL-positive neurons in the hippocampal formation. Co-administration of tamoxifen and soy extract inhibited the effects of the soy extract and tamoxifen when they were administered alone. It might be suggested that both soy and tamoxifen have agonistic effects on estrogen receptors by changing the seizure severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somaieh Mansouri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mariam Lale Ataei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jahanshahi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Grogan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran.
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Lv J, Hu W, Yang Z, Li T, Jiang S, Ma Z, Chen F, Yang Y. Focusing on claudin-5: A promising candidate in the regulation of BBB to treat ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 161:79-96. [PMID: 29217457 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-5 is a tight junction (TJ) protein in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that has recently attracted increased attention. Numerous studies have demonstrated that claudin-5 regulates the integrity and permeability of the BBB. Increased claudin-5 expression plays a neuroprotective role in neurological diseases, particularly in cerebral ischemic stroke. Moreover, claudin-5 might be a potential marker for early hemorrhagic transformation detection in ischemic stroke. In light of the distinctive effects of claudin-5 on the nervous system, we present the elaborate network of roles that claudin-5 plays in ischemic stroke. In this review, we first introduce basic knowledge regarding the BBB and the claudin family, the characterization and regulation of claudin-5, and association between claudin-5 and other TJ proteins. Subsequently, we describe BBB dysfunction and neuron-specific drivers of pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, including inflammatory disequilibrium and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we summarize promising ischemic stroke treatments that target the BBB via claudin-5, including modified rt-PA therapy, pharmacotherapy, hormone treatment, receptor-targeted therapy, gene therapy, and physical therapy. This review highlights recent advances and provides a comprehensive summary of claudin-5 in the regulation of the BBB and may be helpful for drug design and clinical therapy for treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Xiao H, Deng M, Yang B, Tang J, Hu Z. Role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier disruption in aged female rats. J Neurochem 2017; 142:194-203. [PMID: 28440874 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors have protective effects against ischemic brain injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have yet to be well studied. Given that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3) can reduce cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, we hypothesized that estrogen receptors-mediated protective effects against ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption involve inhibition of GSK3. Thus, we evaluated GSK3 expression in the brain of ovariectomized female rats, and examined the effects of intracerebroventricular pre-treatments of SB216763, GSK3 inhibitor, on BBB permeability following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We also examined the role of specific estrogen receptor subtype in regulation of GSK3 expression and BBB permeability after MCAO. We found that ovariectomized female rats exhibited increased mRNA levels of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ), and increased protein levels of GSK3β but not GSK3α in brain cortical areas. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular pre-treatments of SB216763 dose-dependently attenuated brain infarction volume, brain water contents, neurological deficits, and BBB disruption, and increased tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin expression at 24 h following MCAO. Finally, activation of ERβ but not ERα dose-dependently decreased GSK3β expression at 24 h following MCAO. This was associated with increased tight junction protein expression and improved neurological scores. Thus, our study suggested that activation of ERβ may protect against brain ischemia-induced BBB disruption by inhibiting GSK3β-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyang Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianguang Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Estrogen reprograms the activity of neutrophils to foster protumoral microenvironment during mammary involution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46485. [PMID: 28429725 PMCID: PMC5399373 DOI: 10.1038/srep46485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated increased risk for breast cancer within 10 years of childbirth. Acute inflammation during mammary involution has been suggested to promote this parity-associated breast cancer. We report here that estrogen exacerbates mammary inflammation during involution. Microarray analysis shows that estrogen induces an extensive proinflammatory gene signature in the involuting mammary tissue. This is associated with estrogen-induced neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, estrogen induces the expression of protumoral cytokines/chemokines, COX-2 and tissue-remodeling enzymes in isolated mammary neutrophils and systemic neutrophil depletion abolished estrogen-induced expression of these genes in mammary tissue. More interestingly, neutrophil depletion diminished estrogen-induced growth of ERα-negative mammary tumor 4T1 in Balb/c mice. These findings highlight a novel aspect of estrogen action that reprograms the activity of neutrophils to create a pro-tumoral microenvironment during mammary involution. This effect on the microenvironment would conceivably aggravate its known neoplastic effect on mammary epithelial cells.
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Honma N, Saji S, Mikami T, Yoshimura N, Mori S, Saito Y, Murayama S, Harada N. Estrogen-Related Factors in the Frontal Lobe of Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Importance of Body Mass Index. Sci Rep 2017; 7:726. [PMID: 28389656 PMCID: PMC5429714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play a physiologically important role in the brain, but controversies exist regarding the association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and estrogens. Estrogen-related factors were comprehensively examined in frontal lobe tissues from autopsied AD patients, and compared with controls. Concentrations of estrogens, expression of estrogen receptors (ERs), and estrogen-metabolizing enzymes (EMEs) which are important for determining the peripheral estrogen concentrations, were examined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Body mass index (BMI), known to correlate with the serum estrogen concentrations, was also taken into consideration. There were no significant differences in estrogen concentrations or each EME level between the two groups in both the cortex and white matter, whereas glial nuclear ER-β expression was significantly lower in white matter from the AD group than the control group (Allred score, 3.2 ± 0.3 and 6.5 ± 0.3, respectively. P < 0.0001). Estrogen concentrations were found to closely correlate with BMI, particularly in controls. ER-β loss in the white matter from the AD group suggests the necessity of studying the effects of estrogens on glias as well as neurons in the etiology of AD. The correlation between BMI and estrogen concentrations in the frontal lobe suggests the importance of non-brain sources of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Honma
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori-Nishi 5-21-16, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Shigehira Saji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fukushima Medical University, Hikariga-oka 1, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori-Nishi 5-21-16, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Seijiro Mori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Sakaecho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Harada
- Department of Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
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Zhang ZL, Qin P, Liu Y, Zhang LX, Guo H, Deng YL, Yizhao-Liu, Hou YS, Wang LY, Miao Y, Ma YL, Hou WG. Alleviation of ischaemia-reperfusion injury by endogenous estrogen involves maintaining Bcl-2 expression via the ERα signalling pathway. Brain Res 2017; 1661:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Pietranera L, Correa J, Brocca ME, Roig P, Lima A, Di Giorgio N, Garcia-Segura LM, De Nicola AF. Selective Oestrogen Receptor Agonists Rescued Hippocampus Parameters in Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27517478 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show pronounced hippocampus alterations, including low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, reduced neurogenesis, astrogliosis and increased aromatase expression. These changes are reverted by treatment with 17β-oestradiol. To determine which oestradiol receptor (ER) type is involved in these neuroprotective effects, we used agonists of the ERα [propylpyrazole triol (PPT)] and the ERβ [diarylpropionitrite (DPN)] given over 2 weeks to 4-month-old male SHR. Wistar Kyoto normotensive rats served as controls. Using immunocytochemistry, we determined glial fibrillary protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes in the CA1, CA3 and hilus of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, aromatase immunostaining in the hilus, and doublecortin (DCX)+ neuronal progenitors in the inner granular zone of the dentate gyrus. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA was also measured in the hippocampus by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In SHR, PPT had no effect on blood pressure, decreased astrogliosis, slightly increased BDNF mRNA, had no effect on the number of DCX+ progenitors, and increased aromatase staining. Treatment with DPN decreased blood pressure, decreased astrogliosis, increased BDNF mRNA and DCX+ progenitors, and did not modify aromatase staining. We hypothesise that, although both receptor types may participate in the previously reported beneficial effects of 17β-oestradiol in SHR, receptor activation with DPN may preferentially facilitate BDNF mRNA expression and neurogenesis. The results of the present study may help in the design of ER-based neuroprotection for the encephalopathy of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pietranera
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Correa
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Brocca
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Roig
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Di Giorgio
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - A F De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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38
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Cheng Q, Meng J, Wang XS, Kang WB, Tian Z, Zhang K, Liu G, Zhao JN. G-1 exerts neuroprotective effects through G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 following spinal cord injury in mice. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:e00373. [PMID: 27407175 PMCID: PMC5006313 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) always occurs accidently and leads to motor dysfunction because of biochemical and pathological events. Estrogen has been shown to be neuroprotective against SCI through estrogen receptors (ERs), but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role of a newly found membrane ER, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPR30 or GPER1), and discussed the feasibility of a GPR30 agonist as an estrogen replacement. Forty adult female C57BL/6J mice (10-12 weeks old) were divided randomly into vehicle, G-1, E2, G-1 + G-15 and E2 + G-15 groups. All mice were subjected to SCI using a crushing injury approach. The specific GPR30 agonist, G-1, mimicked the effects of E2 treatment by preventing SCI-induced apoptotic cell death and enhancing motor functional recovery after injury. GPR30 activation regulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathways, increased GPR30 and anti-apoptosis proteins Bcl-2 and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but decreased the pro-apoptosis factor Bax and cleaved caspase-3. However, the neuroprotective effects of G-1 and E2 were blocked by the specific GPR30 antagonist, G-15. Thus, GPR30 rather than classic ERs is required to induce estrogenic neuroprotective effects. Given that estrogen replacement therapy may cause unexpected side effects, especially on the reproductive system, GPR30 agonists may represent a potential therapeutic approach for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jia Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Xin-Shang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wen-Bo Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
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Pan Q, He C, Liu H, Liao X, Dai B, Chen Y, Yang Y, Zhao B, Bihl J, Ma X. Microvascular endothelial cells-derived microvesicles imply in ischemic stroke by modulating astrocyte and blood brain barrier function and cerebral blood flow. Mol Brain 2016; 9:63. [PMID: 27267759 PMCID: PMC4897950 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cell (EC) released microvesicles (EMVs) can affect various target cells by transferring carried genetic information. Astrocytes are the main components of the blood brain barrier (BBB) structure in the brain and participate in regulating BBB integrity and blood flow. The interactions between ECs and astrocytes are essential for BBB integrity in homeostasis and pathological conditions. Here, we studied the effects of human brain microvascular ECs released EMVs on astrocyte functions. Additionally, we investigated the effects of EMVs treated astrocytes on regulating BBB function and cerebral ischemic damage. RESULTS EMVs prepared from ECs cultured in normal condition (n-EMVs) or oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD-EMVs) condition had diverse effects on astrocytes. The n-EMVs promoted, while the OGD-EMVs inhibited the proliferation of astrocytes via regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression (marker of astrocyte activation) was up-regulated by n-EMVs, while down-regulated by OGD-EMVs. Meanwhile, n-EMVs inhibited but OGD-EMVs promoted the apoptosis of astrocytes accompanied by up/down-regulating the expression of Caspase-9 and Bcl-2. In the BBB model of ECs-astrocytes co-culture, the n-EMVs, conversely to OGD-EMVs, decreased the permeability of BBB accompanied with up-regulation of zonula occudens-1(ZO-1) and Claudin-5. In a transient cerebral ischemia mouse model, n-EMVs ameliorated, while OGD-EMVs aggravated, BBB disruption, local cerebral blood flow (CBF) reduction, infarct volume and neurological deficit score. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that EMVs diversely modulate astrocyte functions, BBB integrity and CBF, and could serve as a novel therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwen Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Caixia He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Hua Liu
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, China
| | - Xiaorong Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Bingyan Dai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Ji Bihl
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
| | - Xiaotang Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
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