1
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Pascual-Garrido A, Carvalho S, Almeida-Warren K. Primate archaeology 3.0. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24835. [PMID: 37671610 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The new field of primate archaeology investigates the technological behavior and material record of nonhuman primates, providing valuable comparative data on our understanding of human technological evolution. Yet, paralleling hominin archaeology, the field is largely biased toward the analysis of lithic artifacts. While valuable comparative data have been gained through an examination of extant nonhuman primate tool use and its archaeological record, focusing on this one single aspect provides limited insights. It is therefore necessary to explore to what extent other non-technological activities, such as non-tool aided feeding, traveling, social behaviors or ritual displays, leave traces that could be detected in the archaeological record. Here we propose four new areas of investigation which we believe have been largely overlooked by primate archaeology and that are crucial to uncovering the full archaeological potential of the primate behavioral repertoire, including that of our own: (1) Plant technology; (2) Archaeology beyond technology; (3) Landscape archaeology; and (4) Primate cultural heritage. We discuss each theme in the context of the latest developments and challenges, as well as propose future directions. Developing a more "inclusive" primate archaeology will not only benefit the study of primate evolution in its own right but will aid conservation efforts by increasing our understanding of changes in primate-environment interactions over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Pascual-Garrido
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susana Carvalho
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Gorongosa National Park, Sofala, Mozambique
| | - Katarina Almeida-Warren
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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2
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Muhammad R, Kaikaew T, Panjan S, Meesawat S, Thabthimthong W, Payungporn S, Apipattarachaiwong J, Kanthaswamy S, Hamada Y, Luncz LV, Malaivijitnond S. Influence of COVID-19 on the emergence of stone-tool use behavior in a population of common long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) in Thailand. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23580. [PMID: 38012960 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Stone tool use is a rare behavior across nonhuman primates. Here we report the first population of common long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) who customarily used stone tools to open rock oysters (Saccostrea forskali) on a small island along the Thai Gulf in Koh Ped (KPE), eastern Thailand. We observed this population several times during the past 10 years, but no stone-tool use behavior was observed until our survey during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in July 2022. KPE is located in Pattaya City, a hotspot for tourism in Thailand. Tourists in this area frequently provided large amounts of food for the monkeys on KPE. During the COVID-19 curfew, however, tourists were not allowed to access the island, and monkeys began to face food scarcity. During this time, we observed stone-tool use behavior for the first time on KPE. Based on our observations, the first tool manipulation was similar to stone throwing (a known precursor of stone tool use). From our observations in March 2023, we found 17 subadult/adult animals performing the behavior, 15 of 17 were males and mostly solitary while performing the behavior. The M. f. fascicularis subspecies was confirmed by distribution, morphological characteristics, and mtDNA and SRY gene sequences. Taken together, we proposed that the stone tool use behavior in the KPE common long-tailed macaques emerged due to the COVID-19 food scarcity. Since traveling is no longer restricted many tourists have started coming back to the island, and there is a high risk for this stone tool-use behavior to disappear within this population of long-tailed macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza Muhammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Titiporn Kaikaew
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchada Panjan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthirote Meesawat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wipaporn Thabthimthong
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sreetharan Kanthaswamy
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, Arizona, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yuzuru Hamada
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Lydia V Luncz
- Technological Primates Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
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3
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Kalan AK, Nakano R, Warshawski L. What we know and don't know about great ape cultural communication in the wild. Am J Primatol 2023:e23560. [PMID: 37828822 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Following the first descriptions of culture in primates, widespread agreement has developed that the term can be applied to nonhumans as group-specific, socially learned behaviors. While behaviors such as those involving extractive tool use have been researched intensively, we propose that behaviors that are more subtle, less likely to be ecologically constrained, and more likely to be socially shaped, such as cultural forms of communication, provide compelling evidence of culture in nonhuman primates. Additionally, cultural forms of communication can provide novel insights into animal cognition such as the capacity for conformity, conventionalized meanings, arbitrariness in signal forms, and even symbolism. In this paper we focus on evidence from studies conducted on wild great apes. First, we provide a thorough review of what exactly we do know, and by extension don't know, about great ape cultural communication. We argue that detailed research on both vocal and gestural communication in wild great apes shows a more nuanced and variable repertoire than once assumed, with increasing support for group-specific variation. Second, we discuss the relevance of great ape cultural communication and its potential for illustrating evolutionary continuity for human-like cultural attributes, namely cumulative culture and symbolism. In sum, a concerted effort to examine cultural forms of communication in great apes could reveal novel evidence for cultural capacities that have thus far been heavily debated in the literature and can simultaneously contribute to an improved understanding of the complex minds of our closest living relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammie K Kalan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robyn Nakano
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lindsey Warshawski
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Watson SK, Lambeth SP, Schapiro SJ. Innovative multi-material tool use in the pant-hoot display of a chimpanzee. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20605. [PMID: 36446876 PMCID: PMC9708694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
'Pant-hoot displays' are a species-typical, multi-modal communicative behaviour in chimpanzees in which pant-hoot vocalisations are combined with varied behavioural displays. In both captivity and the wild, individuals commonly incorporate striking or throwing elements of their environment into these displays. In this case study, we present five videos of an unenculturated, captive, adult male chimpanzee combining a large rubber feeding tub with excelsior (wood wool) in a multi-step process, which was then integrated into the subject's pant-hoot displays as a percussive tool or 'instrument'. During the construction process, the subject demonstrated an understanding of the relevant properties of these materials, 'repairing' the tub to be a more functional drum when necessary. We supplement these videos with a survey of care staff from the study site for additional detail and context. Although care must be taken in generalising data from a single individual, the behaviour reported here hints at three intriguing features of chimpanzee communicative cognition: (1) it suggests a degree of voluntary control over vocal production, (2) it is a so-far unique example of compound tool innovation and use in communicative behaviour and (3) it may represent an example of forward planning in communicative behaviour. Each of these would represent hitherto undocumented dimensions of flexibility in chimpanzee communication, mapping fertile ground for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K. Watson
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zurich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan P. Lambeth
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 650 Cool Water Drive, Bastrop, TX 78602 USA
| | - Steven J. Schapiro
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 650 Cool Water Drive, Bastrop, TX 78602 USA ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Harrison RA, van de Waal E. The unique potential of field research to understand primate social learning and cognition. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Population dynamics and genetic connectivity in recent chimpanzee history. CELL GENOMICS 2022; 2:None. [PMID: 35711737 PMCID: PMC9188271 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on the population history of endangered species is critical for conservation, but whole-genome data on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is geographically sparse. Here, we produced the first non-invasive geolocalized catalog of genomic diversity by capturing chromosome 21 from 828 non-invasive samples collected at 48 sampling sites across Africa. The four recognized subspecies show clear genetic differentiation correlating with known barriers, while previously undescribed genetic exchange suggests that these have been permeable on a local scale. We obtained a detailed reconstruction of population stratification and fine-scale patterns of isolation, migration, and connectivity, including a comprehensive picture of admixture with bonobos (Pan paniscus). Unlike humans, chimpanzees did not experience extended episodes of long-distance migrations, which might have limited cultural transmission. Finally, based on local rare variation, we implement a fine-grained geolocalization approach demonstrating improved precision in determining the origin of confiscated chimpanzees.
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7
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Buys B, van Loon S, Puijk AD. New observations on chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing in Boé, Guinea Bissau. MAMMALIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2021-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing at trees has been described by Kühl, H.S., Kalan, A.K., Arandjelovic, M., Aubert, F., D'Auvergne, L., Goedmakers, A., Jones, S., Kehoe, L., Regnaut, S., Tickle, A., et al. (2016). Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Sci. Rep. 6: 1–8, but we lack important details about the social and ecological context for this rare behavior. Further observations may enhance future research, as the described observations have not yet been shared in the literature. We analyzed camera trap records from 2010 to 2020 of various research projects conducted in the Boé sector of Gabu Province in south-east Guinea Bissau, West-Africa, to identify ecological and social factors that might potentially influence chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing behavior (on a total of 298 records). From September 2019 until November 2019, we filmed five trees over 48 days to conduct a further exploratory study of this behavior. We discuss the importance of study design when investigating a little-described phenomenon, and the threat posed to chimpanzee populations in West-Africa by the expected expansion of mining activities. More knowledge on chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing is needed as the chimpanzee population is under stress because of increased mining activities in the area. With habitat rapidly being disturbed and destroyed, this population and its rare behavior are increasingly at risk of extermination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartelijntje Buys
- Foundation Chimbo , Huningpaed 6 , 8567 LL Oudemirdum , The Netherlands
| | - Sem van Loon
- Foundation Chimbo , Huningpaed 6 , 8567 LL Oudemirdum , The Netherlands
| | - Anouk D. Puijk
- Foundation Chimbo , Huningpaed 6 , 8567 LL Oudemirdum , The Netherlands
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8
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Fitzgerald M, Willems EP, Gaspard Soumah A, Matsuzawa T, Koops K. To drum or not to drum: Selectivity in tree buttress drumming by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Nimba Mountains, Guinea. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23382. [PMID: 35383993 PMCID: PMC9540414 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chimpanzees live in fission-fusion social organizations, which means that party size, composition, and spatial distribution are constantly in flux. Moreover, chimpanzees use a remarkably extensive repertoire of vocal and nonvocal forms of communication, thought to help convey information in such a socially and spatially dynamic setting. One proposed form of nonvocal communication in chimpanzees is buttress drumming, in which an individual hits a tree buttress with its hands and/or feet, thereby producing a low-frequency acoustic signal. It is often presumed that this behavior functions to communicate over long distances and is, therefore, goal-oriented. If so, we would expect chimpanzees to exhibit selectivity in the choice of trees and buttresses used in buttress drumming. Selectivity is a key attribute of many other goal-directed chimpanzee behaviors, such as nut-cracking and ant dipping. Here, we investigate whether chimpanzees at the Seringbara study site in the Nimba Mountains, Guinea, West Africa, show selectivity in their buttress drumming behavior. Our results indicate that Seringbara chimpanzees are more likely to use larger trees and select buttresses that are thinner and have a greater surface area. These findings imply that tree buttress drumming is not a random act, but rather goal-oriented and requires knowledge of suitable trees and buttresses. Our results also point to long-distance communication as a probable function of buttress drumming based on selectivity for buttress characteristics likely to impact sound propagation. This study provides a foundation for further assessing the cognitive underpinnings and functions of buttress drumming in wild chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maegan Fitzgerald
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erik P Willems
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aly Gaspard Soumah
- Institut de Recherche Environnementale de Bossou, Bossou, Republic of Guinea
| | - Tetsuro Matsuzawa
- Department of Pedagogy, Chubu Gakuin University, Gifu, Japan.,Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Kathelijne Koops
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Efrati B, Barkai R, Cesaro SN, Venditti F. Function, life histories, and biographies of Lower Paleolithic patinated flint tools from Late Acheulian Revadim, Israel. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2885. [PMID: 35241694 PMCID: PMC8894402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flint tools exhibiting modified patinated surfaces ("double patina", or post-patination flaked items) provide a glimpse into Paleolithic lithic recycling, stone economy, and human choices. Different life cycles of such items are visually evident by the presence of fresh new modified surfaces alongside old patinated ones (according to color and texture differences). New modifications testify to a gap in time between the previous life cycle of the patinated flaked item and its new one. The aim of the current study is to reconstruct the functional properties and life cycles of a sample of modified patinated flaked tools from Late Acheulian Revadim, Israel by applying use-wear and residue analyses. The results of the functional study allow a better understanding of the practical reasoning behind the collection and recycling of old flint tools, while additional inputs from theoretical and methodological advancements assist in reconstructing their probable role in the worldviews of the site's inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Efrati
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near East Cultures, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, 66978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ran Barkai
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near East Cultures, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, 66978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stella Nunziante Cesaro
- Scientific Methodologies Applied To Cultural Heritage (SMATCH), Rome, Italy
- LTFAPA Laboratory, Department of Classics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Venditti
- Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloß Hohentübingen, Burgsteige 11, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
- LTFAPA Laboratory, Department of Classics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Bessa J, Biro D, Hockings K. Inter-community behavioural variation confirmed through indirect methods in four neighbouring chimpanzee communities in Cantanhez NP, Guinea-Bissau. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211518. [PMID: 35223060 PMCID: PMC8864369 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Culture, while long viewed as exclusively human, has now been demonstrated across diverse taxa and contexts. However, most animal culture data are constrained to well-studied, habituated groups. This is the case for chimpanzees, arguably the most 'cultural' non-human species. While much progress has been made charting wild chimpanzees' cultural repertoire, large gaps remain in our knowledge of the majority of the continent's chimpanzees. Furthermore, few studies have compared neighbouring communities, despite such comparisons providing the strongest evidence for culture, and few have studied communities living in anthropogenic habitats although their culture is in imminent danger of disappearing. Here we combine direct, indirect and remote methods, including camera traps, to study, over 2 years, four unhabituated neighbouring chimpanzee communities inhabiting human-impacted habitats in Cantanhez NP, Guinea-Bissau. From traces collected during 1089 km of reconnaissance walks and 4197 videos from 56 camera trap locations, we identified 18 putative cultural traits. These included some noteworthy novel behaviours for these communities, and behaviours possibly new to the species. We created preliminary behavioural profiles for each community, and found inter-community differences spanning tool use, communication, and social behaviour, demonstrating the importance of comparing neighbouring communities and of studying previously neglected communities including those inhabiting anthropogenic landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bessa
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Biro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kimberley Hockings
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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11
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Danel S, Bayern AMP, Osiurak F. Great white pelicans (
Pelecanus onocrotalus
) fail to use tools flexibly in problem‐solving tasks. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samara Danel
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Laboratory for the Study of Cognitive Mechanisms University of Lyon Bron Rhône‐Alpes France
| | | | - François Osiurak
- Laboratory for the Study of Cognitive Mechanisms University of Lyon Bron Rhône‐Alpes France
- University Institute of France Paris Ile‐de‐France France
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12
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Barratt CD, Lester JD, Gratton P, Onstein RE, Kalan AK, McCarthy MS, Bocksberger G, White LC, Vigilant L, Dieguez P, Abdulai B, Aebischer T, Agbor A, Assumang AK, Bailey E, Bessone M, Buys B, Carvalho JS, Chancellor R, Cohen H, Danquah E, Deschner T, Dongmo ZN, Doumbé OA, Dupain J, Duvall CS, Eno-Nku M, Etoga G, Galat-Luong A, Garriga R, Gatti S, Ghiurghi A, Goedmakers A, Granjon AC, Hakizimana D, Head J, Hedwig D, Herbinger I, Hermans V, Jones S, Junker J, Kadam P, Kambi M, Kienast I, Kouakou CY, N Goran KP, Langergraber KE, Lapuente J, Laudisoit A, Lee KC, Maisels F, Mirghani N, Moore D, Morgan B, Morgan D, Neil E, Nicholl S, Nkembi L, Ntongho A, Orbell C, Ormsby LJ, Pacheco L, Piel AK, Pintea L, Plumptre AJ, Rundus A, Sanz C, Sommer V, Sop T, Stewart FA, Sunderland-Groves J, Tagg N, Todd A, Ton E, van Schijndel J, VanLeeuwe H, Vendras E, Welsh A, Wenceslau JFC, Wessling EG, Willie J, Wittig RM, Yoshihiro N, Yuh YG, Yurkiw K, Boesch C, Arandjelovic M, Kühl H. Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23320. [PMID: 34402081 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Paleoclimate reconstructions have enhanced our understanding of how past climates have shaped present-day biodiversity. We hypothesize that the geographic extent of Pleistocene forest refugia and suitable habitat fluctuated significantly in time during the late Quaternary for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Using bioclimatic variables representing monthly temperature and precipitation estimates, past human population density data, and an extensive database of georeferenced presence points, we built a model of changing habitat suitability for chimpanzees at fine spatio-temporal scales dating back to the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Our models cover a spatial resolution of 0.0467° (approximately 5.19 km2 grid cells) and a temporal resolution of between 1000 and 4000 years. Using our model, we mapped habitat stability over time using three approaches, comparing our modeled stability estimates to existing knowledge of Afrotropical refugia, as well as contemporary patterns of major keystone tropical food resources used by chimpanzees, figs (Moraceae), and palms (Arecacae). Results show habitat stability congruent with known glacial refugia across Africa, suggesting their extents may have been underestimated for chimpanzees, with potentially up to approximately 60,000 km2 of previously unrecognized glacial refugia. The refugia we highlight coincide with higher species richness for figs and palms. Our results provide spatio-temporally explicit insights into the role of refugia across the chimpanzee range, forming the empirical foundation for developing and testing hypotheses about behavioral, ecological, and genetic diversity with additional data. This methodology can be applied to other species and geographic areas when sufficient data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Barratt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jack D Lester
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paolo Gratton
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Renske E Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ammie K Kalan
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maureen S McCarthy
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Bocksberger
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lauren C White
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barrie Abdulai
- Research for Evidence-based and Achievable Decisions Sierra Leone (READ-SL), Sierra Leone
| | - Thierry Aebischer
- Conservation et Plan d'aménagement de l'Aire de Conservation de Chinko, African Parks Network, Chinko Project, Kocho, RCA and active collaborator of the University of Fribourg, WegmannLab, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Agbor
- African Parks Centurion Building, Lonehill, South Africa
| | - Alfred K Assumang
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emma Bailey
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mattia Bessone
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joana S Carvalho
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Chancellor
- Departments of Anthropology & Sociology and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather Cohen
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Danquah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jef Dupain
- Antwerp Zoo Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Chris S Duvall
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Manasseh Eno-Nku
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Gilles Etoga
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Anh Galat-Luong
- IRD (The French National Research Institute for Development), France
| | - Rosa Garriga
- Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sylvain Gatti
- West African Primate Conservation Action (WAPCA), Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Anne-Céline Granjon
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Josephine Head
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Hedwig
- Elephant Listening Project, Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Veerle Hermans
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.,Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sorrel Jones
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessica Junker
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Parag Kadam
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mohamed Kambi
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Kienast
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kouamé P N Goran
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project, Comoé National Park, Kakpin, Ivory Coast
| | - Anne Laudisoit
- Ecohealth Alliance, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kevin C Lee
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Fiona Maisels
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Bronx, New York, USA.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Nadia Mirghani
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
| | - Deborah Moore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bethan Morgan
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.,San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, USA.,Ebo Forest Research Project, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - David Morgan
- Lester E Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily Neil
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonia Nicholl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Louis Nkembi
- Environment and Rural Development Foundation, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Anne Ntongho
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Lucy Jayne Ormsby
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Alex K Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Plumptre
- Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aaron Rundus
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK.,Gashaka Primate Project, Serti, Taraba State, Nigeria
| | - Tenekwetche Sop
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fiona A Stewart
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Nikki Tagg
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Els Ton
- Chimbo Foundation, Oudemirdum, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elleni Vendras
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam Welsh
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Erin G Wessling
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob Willie
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | | | - Yisa Ginath Yuh
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Geography, Planning and Environmental Studies, University of Concordia, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kyle Yurkiw
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Pan Verus Project, Outamba-Kilimi National Park, Sierra Leone
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hjalmar Kühl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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14
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Bessa J, Hockings K, Biro D. First Evidence of Chimpanzee Extractive Tool Use in Cantanhez, Guinea-Bissau: Cross-Community Variation in Honey Dipping. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.625303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild chimpanzee tool use is highly diverse and, in many cases, exhibits cultural variation: tool-use behaviours and techniques differ between communities and are passed down generations through social learning. Honey dipping – the use of sticks or leaves to extract honey from hives – has been identified across the whole species’ range. Nonetheless, there seems to be marked variation in honey dipping at a species level, with most descriptions originating from central Africa, and involving the use of complex tool sets, or even multifunctional tools. In West Africa, while honey consumption is common, in most cases tools are not used. We document, for the first time, the use of honey dipping tools in unhabituated chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) communities at Cantanhez National Park (CNP), Guinea-Bissau. Over a 23-month period we employed a combination of direct (camera traps, n = 1944 camera trap days) and indirect (1000km of reconnaissance walks, collection of abandoned tools) methods to study four neighbouring communities in central CNP. Fluid dipping tools were found in three of the four communities; here we analyse 204 individual stick tools from the 70 tool-use ateliers found. In addition to documenting individual tool dimensions and raw materials, we adopt methods from primate archaeology to describe the typology of different tools based on use-wear patterns. We describe differences in tools used for different honey types, between communities, and tools and tool kits that show an unexpected degree of complexity. Our data also suggest the use of tool sets, i.e., tools with different functions used sequentially toward the same goal; as well as possible multifunction tools (pounding and dipping), never before described for western chimpanzees. Our study fills gaps in our knowledge of the wild chimpanzee cultural repertoire and highlights how chimpanzee tool manufacture and use can vary even at local scales.
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15
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Lester JD, Vigilant L, Gratton P, McCarthy MS, Barratt CD, Dieguez P, Agbor A, Álvarez-Varona P, Angedakin S, Ayimisin EA, Bailey E, Bessone M, Brazzola G, Chancellor R, Cohen H, Danquah E, Deschner T, Egbe VE, Eno-Nku M, Goedmakers A, Granjon AC, Head J, Hedwig D, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Jeffery KJ, Jones S, Junker J, Kadam P, Kaiser M, Kalan AK, Kehoe L, Kienast I, Langergraber KE, Lapuente J, Laudisoit A, Lee K, Marrocoli S, Mihindou V, Morgan D, Muhanguzi G, Neil E, Nicholl S, Orbell C, Ormsby LJ, Pacheco L, Piel A, Robbins MM, Rundus A, Sanz C, Sciaky L, Siaka AM, Städele V, Stewart F, Tagg N, Ton E, van Schijndel J, Vyalengerera MK, Wessling EG, Willie J, Wittig RM, Yuh YG, Yurkiw K, Zuberbuehler K, Boesch C, Kühl HS, Arandjelovic M. Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees. Commun Biol 2021; 4:283. [PMID: 33674780 PMCID: PMC7935964 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Much like humans, chimpanzees occupy diverse habitats and exhibit extensive behavioural variability. However, chimpanzees are recognized as a discontinuous species, with four subspecies separated by historical geographic barriers. Nevertheless, their range-wide degree of genetic connectivity remains poorly resolved, mainly due to sampling limitations. By analyzing a geographically comprehensive sample set amplified at microsatellite markers that inform recent population history, we found that isolation by distance explains most of the range-wide genetic structure of chimpanzees. Furthermore, we did not identify spatial discontinuities corresponding with the recognized subspecies, suggesting that some of the subspecies-delineating geographic barriers were recently permeable to gene flow. Substantial range-wide genetic connectivity is consistent with the hypothesis that behavioural flexibility is a salient driver of chimpanzee responses to changing environmental conditions. Finally, our observation of strong local differentiation associated with recent anthropogenic pressures portends future loss of critical genetic diversity if habitat fragmentation and population isolation continue unabated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Lester
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paolo Gratton
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maureen S McCarthy
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher D Barratt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Álvarez-Varona
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Emma Bailey
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mattia Bessone
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregory Brazzola
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebecca Chancellor
- West Chester University, Depts of Anthropology & Sociology and Psychology, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Heather Cohen
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Danquah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Villard Ebot Egbe
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Anne-Céline Granjon
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josephine Head
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Hedwig
- Elephant Listening Project, Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathryn J Jeffery
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Sorrel Jones
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessica Junker
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kaiser
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ammie K Kalan
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Kehoe
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Kienast
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 900 Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
- Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project, Comoé National Park, Kakpin, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Anne Laudisoit
- Ecohealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, lokaal D.133, Universiteitsplein 1 - 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kevin Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sergio Marrocoli
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vianet Mihindou
- Agence National des Parcs Nationaux (ANPN) Batterie 4, Libreville, Gabon
- Ministère des Eaux, des Forêts, de la Mer, de l'Environnement, Chargé du Plan Climat, des Objectifs de Développement Durable et du Plan d'Affectation des Terres, Libreville, Gabon
| | - David Morgan
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Emily Neil
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonia Nicholl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lucy Jayne Ormsby
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Liliana Pacheco
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
| | - Alex Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aaron Rundus
- West Chester University, Department of Psychology, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Anthropology, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Lilah Sciaky
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alhaji M Siaka
- National Protected Area Authority, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Veronika Städele
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fiona Stewart
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nikki Tagg
- KMDA, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Ton
- Chimbo Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Erin G Wessling
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Willie
- KMDA, Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Yisa Ginath Yuh
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kyle Yurkiw
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
- Pan Verus Project Outamba-Kilimi National Park, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Klaus Zuberbuehler
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda
- Université de Neuchâtel, Institut de Biologie, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVAN), Leipzig, Germany.
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16
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Phillips S, Scheffrahn RH, Piel A, Stewart F, Agbor A, Brazzola G, Tickle A, Sommer V, Dieguez P, Wessling EG, Arandjelovic M, Kühl H, Boesch C, Oelze VM. Limited evidence of C4 plant consumption in mound building Macrotermes termites from savanna woodland chimpanzee sites. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244685. [PMID: 33566803 PMCID: PMC7875366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope analysis is an increasingly used molecular tool to reconstruct the diet and ecology of elusive primates such as unhabituated chimpanzees. The consumption of C4 plant feeding termites by chimpanzees may partly explain the relatively high carbon isotope values reported for some chimpanzee communities. However, the modest availability of termite isotope data as well as the diversity and cryptic ecology of termites potentially consumed by chimpanzees obscures our ability to assess the plausibility of these termites as a C4 resource. Here we report the carbon and nitrogen isotope values from 79 Macrotermes termite samples from six savanna woodland chimpanzee research sites across equatorial Africa. Using mixing models, we estimated the proportion of Macrotermes C4 plant consumption across savanna woodland sites. Additionally, we tested for isotopic differences between termite colonies in different vegetation types and between the social castes within the same colony in a subset of 47 samples from 12 mounds. We found that Macrotermes carbon isotope values were indistinguishable from those of C3 plants. Only 5 to 15% of Macrotermes diets were comprised of C4 plants across sites, suggesting that they cannot be considered a C4 food resource substantially influencing the isotope signatures of consumers. In the Macrotermes subsample, vegetation type and caste were significantly correlated with termite carbon values, but not with nitrogen isotope values. Large Macrotermes soldiers, preferentially consumed by chimpanzees, had comparably low carbon isotope values relative to other termite castes. We conclude that Macrotermes consumption is unlikely to result in high carbon isotope values in either extant chimpanzees or fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Phillips
- Anthropology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Rudolf H. Scheffrahn
- Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, Davie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alex Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Stewart
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregory Brazzola
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Tickle
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Gashaka Primate Project, Serti, Taraba, Nigeria
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erin G. Wessling
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hjalmar Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vicky M. Oelze
- Anthropology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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17
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McCarthy MS, Stephens C, Dieguez P, Samuni L, Després‐Einspenner M, Harder B, Landsmann A, Lynn LK, Maldonado N, Ročkaiová Z, Widness J, Wittig RM, Boesch C, Kühl HS, Arandjelovic M. Chimpanzee identification and social network construction through an online citizen science platform. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1598-1608. [PMID: 33613992 PMCID: PMC7882979 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Citizen science has grown rapidly in popularity in recent years due to its potential to educate and engage the public while providing a means to address a myriad of scientific questions. However, the rise in popularity of citizen science has also been accompanied by concerns about the quality of data emerging from citizen science research projects. We assessed data quality in the online citizen scientist platform Chimp&See, which hosts camera trap videos of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and other species across Equatorial Africa. In particular, we compared detection and identification of individual chimpanzees by citizen scientists with that of experts with years of experience studying those chimpanzees. We found that citizen scientists typically detected the same number of individual chimpanzees as experts, but assigned far fewer identifications (IDs) to those individuals. Those IDs assigned, however, were nearly always in agreement with the IDs provided by experts. We applied the data sets of citizen scientists and experts by constructing social networks from each. We found that both social networks were relatively robust and shared a similar structure, as well as having positively correlated individual network positions. Our findings demonstrate that, although citizen scientists produced a smaller data set based on fewer confirmed IDs, the data strongly reflect expert classifications and can be used for meaningful assessments of group structure and dynamics. This approach expands opportunities for social research and conservation monitoring in great apes and many other individually identifiable species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen Stephens
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Liran Samuni
- Department of Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Taï Chimpanzee ProjectCentre Suisse de Recherches ScientifiquesAbidjanIvory Coast
| | | | - Briana Harder
- Zooniverse Citizen Scientistc/o Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Anja Landsmann
- Zooniverse Citizen Scientistc/o Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute for Drug DiscoveryLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Laura K. Lynn
- Zooniverse Citizen Scientistc/o Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Nuria Maldonado
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- iScapesValenciaSpain
| | - Zuzana Ročkaiová
- Zooniverse Citizen Scientistc/o Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Jane Widness
- Zooniverse Citizen Scientistc/o Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- Department of AnthropologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Roman M. Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- Taï Chimpanzee ProjectCentre Suisse de Recherches ScientifiquesAbidjanIvory Coast
| | | | - Hjalmar S. Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Halle‐Leipzig‐JenaGermany
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18
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Tennie C, van Schaik CP. Spontaneous (minimal) ritual in non-human great apes? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190423. [PMID: 32594873 PMCID: PMC7423263 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for rituals in non-human great apes (apes) is an understudied topic. We derive a minimal definition of ritual and then examine the currently available evidence for it in untrained and non-enculturated apes. First, we examine whether such apes show evidence for the two main components of our minimal definition of ritual: symbolism and copying. Second, we examine if there are actual cases already identifiable today that may fit all aspects of our minimal definition of ritual-or whether there are at least cases that fit some aspects (proto-ritual). We find that apes are not likely to spontaneously practise minimal ritual, but we claim that the highest expected likelihood of occurrence is in the results-copying domain. Yet, we did not find actual cases of minimal ritual in apes-including those involving environmental results. We did, however, find some cases that may match at least part of our minimal ritual definition-which we termed proto-ritual. At least two out of three potential cases of such proto-rituals that we identified (rain dance, object-in-ear and surplus nest-making procedures) do revolve around results. Overall, apes do not show much, or very clear, evidence for even minimal ritual, but may sometimes show proto-ritual. However, dedicated ape ritual studies are currently lacking, and future work may identify ape ritual (or clearer cases of proto-ritual). We discuss the implications of our preliminary finding for inferences of ritual in the last common ancestor of humans and apes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tennie
- Department for Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Sustainable Peeling of Kapok Tree (Ceiba pentandra) Bark by the Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrimates often consume either bark or cambium (inner bark) as a fallback food to complete their diet during periods of food scarcity. Wild chimpanzees exhibit great behavioral diversity across Africa, as studies of new populations frequently reveal. Since 2014, we have been using a combination of camera traps and indirect signs to study the ecology and behavior of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast, to document and understand the behavioral adaptations that help them to survive in a savanna–forest mosaic landscape. We found that Comoé chimpanzees peel the bark of the buttresses of kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra) trees to eat the cambium underneath. Individuals of all sex/age classes across at least six neighboring communities peeled the bark, but only during the late rainy season and beginning of the dry season, when cambium may represent an important fallback food. Baboons (Papio anubis) also target the same trees but mainly eat the bark itself. Most of the bark-peeling wounds on Ceiba trees healed completely within 2 years, seemingly without any permanent damage. We recorded chimpanzees visiting trees in early stages of wound recovery but leaving them unpeeled. Only 6% of peeled trees (N = 53) were reexploited after a year, suggesting that chimpanzees waited for the rest of the trees to regrow the bark fully before peeling them again, thus using them sustainably. Many human groups of hunter-gatherers and herders exploited cambium sustainably in the past. The observation that similar sustainable bark-peeling behavior evolved in both chimpanzees and humans suggests that it has an important adaptive value in harsh environments when other food sources become seasonally scarce, by avoiding the depletion of the resource and keeping it available for periods of scarcity.
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Chimpanzee ethnography reveals unexpected cultural diversity. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:910-916. [PMID: 32451479 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human ethnographic knowledge covers hundreds of societies, whereas chimpanzee ethnography encompasses at most 15 communities. Using termite fishing as a window into the richness of chimpanzee cultural diversity, we address a potential sampling bias with 39 additional communities across Africa. Previously, termite fishing was known from eight locations with two distinguishable techniques observed in only two communities. Here, we add nine termite-fishing communities not studied before, revealing 38 different technical elements, as well as community-specific combinations of three to seven elements. Thirty of those were not ecologically constrained, permitting the investigation of chimpanzee termite-fishing culture. The number and combination of elements shared among individuals were more similar within communities than between them, thus supporting community-majority conformity via social imitation. The variation in community-specific combinations of elements parallels cultural diversity in human greeting norms or chopstick etiquette. We suggest that termite fishing in wild chimpanzees shows some elements of cumulative cultural diversity.
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21
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Fröhlich M, van Schaik CP. Must all signals be evolved? A proposal for a new classification of communicative acts. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2020; 11:e1527. [PMID: 32180368 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While signals in evolutionary biology are usually defined as "acts or traits that have evolved because of their effect on others", work on gestures and vocalizations in various animal taxa have revealed population- or even individual-specific meanings of social signals. These results strongly suggest that communicative acts that are like signals with regard to both form and function (meaning) can also be acquired ontogenetically, and we discuss direct evidence for such plasticity in captive settings with rich opportunities for repeated social interactions with the same individuals. Therefore, in addition to evolved signals, we can recognize invented signals that are acquired during ontogeny (either through ontogenetic ritualization or social transmission). Thus, both gestures and vocalizations can be inventions or innate adaptations. We therefore propose to introduce innate versus invented signals as major distinct categories, with invented signals subdivided into dyad-specific and cultural signals. We suggest that elements of some signals may have mixed origins, and propose criteria to recognize acquired features of signals. We also suggest that invented signals may be most common in species with intentional communication, consistent with their ubiquity in humans, and that the ability to produce them was a necessary condition for the evolution of language. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition Linguistics > Evolution of Language Psychology > Comparative Psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Fröhlich
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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How to measure chimpanzee party size? A methodological comparison. Primates 2020; 61:201-212. [PMID: 31894437 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) live in fission-fusion societies where community members form temporary parties that frequently change in size and composition. Chimpanzee party size and composition have been widely studied to identify proximate causes of grouping patterns, and party size estimates are used to assess population sizes and densities. Numerous socio-ecological factors influence chimpanzee party size, but findings differ across studies. Various methods to measure party size exist, including direct observations, motion-triggered camera (MTC) observations, and nest counts. However, comparative analyses of these methods are lacking. Here, we assess relative differences in four commonly used party size methods and we examine socio-ecological factors influencing party size of unhabituated chimpanzees (P. t. verus) at Seringbara, Nimba, Guinea. We also assess which method(s) best reflect the influence of socio-ecological factors on party size. Using data collected over 69 months, we show that night nest counts resulted in relatively larger party size estimates than the other methods, and day nest counts resulted in relatively smaller party size estimates. Direct and MTC observations did not differ in relative estimates of party size and composition. Both fruit abundance and presence of estrous females positively influenced party size, but this effect was only evident when measuring party size with MTCs. Methods thus differ in relative party size estimates and their ability to assess the impact of socio-ecological factors. We conclude that MTC observations best represent party size and the effect of socio-ecological factors at Nimba. MTCs show promising potential for studying grouping patterns in unhabituated chimpanzees.
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Kalan AK, Carmignani E, Kronland-Martinet R, Ystad S, Chatron J, Aramaki M. Chimpanzees use tree species with a resonant timbre for accumulative stone throwing. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190747. [PMID: 31847748 PMCID: PMC6936027 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals use tools for communication relatively rarely compared to tool use for extractive foraging. We investigated the tool-use behaviour accumulative stone throwing (AST) in wild chimpanzees, who regularly throw rocks at trees, producing impact sounds and resulting in the aggregations of rocks. The function of AST remains unknown but appears to be communication-related. We conducted field experiments to test whether impact sounds produced by throwing rocks at trees varied according to the tree's properties. Specifically, we compared impact sounds of AST and non-AST tree species. We measured three acoustic descriptors related to intrinsic timbre quality, and found that AST tree species produced impact sounds that were less damped, with spectral energy concentrated at lower frequencies compared to non-AST tree species. Buttress roots in particular produced timbres with low-frequency energy (low spectral centroid) and slower signal onset (longer attack time). In summary, chimpanzees use tree species capable of producing more resonant sounds for AST compared to other tree species available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammie K. Kalan
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eleonora Carmignani
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard Kronland-Martinet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, PRISM (Perception, Representations, Image, Sound, Music), 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, CS 70071, 13402 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Sølvi Ystad
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, PRISM (Perception, Representations, Image, Sound, Music), 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, CS 70071, 13402 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Jacques Chatron
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, 4 impasse Nikola Tesla, CS 40006, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - Mitsuko Aramaki
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, PRISM (Perception, Representations, Image, Sound, Music), 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier, CS 70071, 13402 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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24
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Heinicke S, Mundry R, Boesch C, Hockings KJ, Kormos R, Ndiaye PI, Tweh CG, Williamson EA, Kühl HS. Towards systematic and evidence-based conservation planning for western chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23042. [PMID: 31468565 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As animal populations continue to decline, frequently driven by large-scale land-use change, there is a critical need for improved environmental planning. While data-driven spatial planning is widely applied in conservation, as of yet it is rarely used for primates. The western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) declined by 80% within 24 years and was uplisted to Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2016. To support conservation planning for western chimpanzees, we systematically identified geographic areas important for this taxon. We based our analysis on a previously published data set of modeled density distribution and on several scenarios that accounted for different spatial scales and conservation targets. Across all scenarios, typically less than one-third of areas we identified as important are currently designated as high-level protected areas (i.e., national park or IUCN category I or II). For example, in the scenario for protecting 50% of all chimpanzees remaining in West Africa (i.e., approximately 26,500 chimpanzees), an area of approximately 60,000 km2 was selected (i.e., approximately 12% of the geographic range), only 24% of which is currently designated as protected areas. The derived maps can be used to inform the geographic prioritization of conservation interventions, including protected area expansion, "no-go-zones" for industry and infrastructure, and conservation sites outside the protected area network. Environmental guidelines by major institutions funding infrastructure and resource extraction projects explicitly require corporations to minimize the negative impact on great apes. Therefore, our results can inform avoidance and mitigation measures during the planning phases of such projects. This study was designed to inform future stakeholder consultation processes that could ultimately integrate the conservation of western chimpanzees with national land-use priorities. Our approach may help in promoting similar work for other primate taxa to inform systematic conservation planning in times of growing threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heinicke
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (West Africa Representation), Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Kimberley J Hockings
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kormos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Papa Ibnou Ndiaye
- Département de Biologie animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Clement G Tweh
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Monrovia, Liberia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Bezanson M, McNamara A. The what and where of primate field research may be failing primate conservation. Evol Anthropol 2019; 28:166-178. [PMID: 31343795 PMCID: PMC6771776 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With approximately 30% of nonhuman primate species listed as critically endangered, the window of opportunity to conserve primates is closing fast. In this article, we focus on the degree to which publications in field primatology are biased in favor of particular taxa and field sites. We examined more than 29,000 peer‐reviewed articles and identified 876 field visits to 349 field sites. We found a highly clumped distribution by site and species. We also examined publication ethical statements and the extent to which they acknowledged local human communities (<5%). Due to a lack of consistency across publications, we provide recommendations for improving ethical statements and for evaluating research impact. Given the plight of primate biodiversity, these results suggest broader coverage of primate species and geographies, as well as more attention to the local human communities whose support is necessary if the intent is to have primate species in the wild in the 22nd century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bezanson
- Department of Anthropology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
| | - Allison McNamara
- Department of Anthropology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California.,Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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26
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Kühl HS, Boesch C, Kulik L, Haas F, Arandjelovic M, Dieguez P, Bocksberger G, Agbor A, Angedakin S, Ayimisin EA, Bessone M, Brazzola G, Chancellor R, Cohen H, Coupland C, Danquah E, Deschner T, Dowd D, Goedmakers A, Granjon AC, Head J, Hedwig D, Hermans V, Jones S, Junker J, Langergraber KE, Lapuente J, Lee K, Llana M, Marrocoli S, Martin R, McCarthy MS, Meier AC, Morgan D, Murai M, Neil E, Normand E, Ormsby LJ, Pacheco L, Piel A, Regnaut S, Rundus A, Sanz C, Stewart F, Tagg N, Vergnes V, Welsh A, Wessling EG, Willie J, Wittig RM, Yuh YG, Yurkiw K, Kalan AK. Inclusive chimpanzee conservation-Response. Science 2019; 364:1040-1041. [PMID: 31197004 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax6339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hjalmar S Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. .,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Leipzig-Jena, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars Kulik
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian Haas
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Bocksberger
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Mattia Bessone
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregory Brazzola
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebecca Chancellor
- Department of Anthropology & Sociology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19382, USA.,Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Heather Cohen
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlotte Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Danquah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dervla Dowd
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Josephine Head
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Hedwig
- The Aspinall Foundation, Port Lympne Wild Animal Park, Hythe, Kent, UK.,Elephant Listening Project, Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Veerle Hermans
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sorrel Jones
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Royal Holloway, University of London Egham Hill, Egham Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.,Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Jessica Junker
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change & Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change & Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Manuel Llana
- Instituto Jane Goodall España, Station Biologique Fouta Djallon, Dindéfélo, Région de Kédougou, Senegal
| | - Sergio Marrocoli
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rumen Martin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maureen S McCarthy
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amelia C Meier
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Morgan
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Mizuki Murai
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emily Neil
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emma Normand
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucy Jayne Ormsby
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Liliana Pacheco
- Instituto Jane Goodall España, Station Biologique Fouta Djallon, Dindéfélo, Région de Kédougou, Senegal
| | - Alex Piel
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Aaron Rundus
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Fiona Stewart
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Adam Welsh
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erin G Wessling
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Leipzig-Jena, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jacob Willie
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium.,Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Yisa Ginath Yuh
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kyle Yurkiw
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ammie K Kalan
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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27
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Kalan AK, Hohmann G, Arandjelovic M, Boesch C, McCarthy MS, Agbor A, Angedakin S, Bailey E, Balongelwa CW, Bessone M, Bocksberger G, Coxe SJ, Deschner T, Després-Einspenner ML, Dieguez P, Fruth B, Herbinger I, Granjon AC, Head J, Kablan YA, Langergraber KE, Lokasola AL, Maretti G, Marrocoli S, Mbende M, Moustgaard J, N'Goran PK, Robbins MM, van Schijndel J, Sommer V, Surbeck M, Tagg N, Willie J, Wittig RM, Kühl HS. Novelty Response of Wild African Apes to Camera Traps. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1211-1217.e3. [PMID: 30880013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Temperament and personality research in humans and nonhuman animals measures behavioral variation in individual, population, or species-specific traits with implications for survival and fitness, such as social status, foraging, and mating success [1-5]. Curiosity and risk-taking tendencies have been studied extensively across taxa by measuring boldness and exploration responses to experimental novelty exposure [3, 4, 6-15]. Here, we conduct a natural field experiment using wildlife monitoring technology to test variation in the reaction of wild great apes (43 groups of naive chimpanzees, bonobos, and western gorillas across 14 field sites in Africa) to a novel object, the camera trap. Bonobo and gorilla groups demonstrated a stronger looking impulse toward the camera trap device compared to chimpanzees, suggesting higher visual attention and curiosity. Bonobos were also more likely to show alarm and other fearful behaviors, although such neophobic (and conversely, neophilic) responses were generally rare. Among all three species, individuals looked at cameras longer when they were young, were associating with fewer individuals, and did not live near a long-term research site. Overall, these findings partially validate results from great ape novelty paradigms in captivity [7, 8]. We further suggest that species-typical leadership styles [16] and social and environmental effects, including familiarity with humans, best explain novelty responses of wild great apes. In sum, this study illustrates the feasibility of large-scale field experiments and the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in shaping animal curiosity. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammie K Kalan
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maureen S McCarthy
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emma Bailey
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cosma Wilungula Balongelwa
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN), 13 Avenue des Cliniques, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mattia Bessone
- Faculty of Biology/Department of Neurobiology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Großaderner Straße 2,D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Bocksberger
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sally Jewel Coxe
- Bonobo Conservation Initiative, 2701 Connecticut Ave. NW #702, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie-Lyne Després-Einspenner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Fruth
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilka Herbinger
- Department of Africa and South America, WWF Germany, Reinhardtstr. 18, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Céline Granjon
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josephine Head
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yves Aka Kablan
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change & Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 900 Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Albert Lotana Lokasola
- Bonobo Conservation Initiative, 2701 Connecticut Ave. NW #702, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Giovanna Maretti
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sergio Marrocoli
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Menard Mbende
- WWF in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 14, Avenue Sergent Moke, Commune de Ngaliema, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jennifer Moustgaard
- Bonobo Conservation Initiative, 2701 Connecticut Ave. NW #702, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | | | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joost van Schijndel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Sommer
- Gashaka Primate Project, Nigeria c/o Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Martin Surbeck
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Bonobo Conservation Initiative, 2701 Connecticut Ave. NW #702, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacob Willie
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, BP 1301, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Kühl HS, Boesch C, Kulik L, Haas F, Arandjelovic M, Dieguez P, Bocksberger G, McElreath MB, Agbor A, Angedakin S, Ayimisin EA, Bailey E, Barubiyo D, Bessone M, Brazzola G, Chancellor R, Cohen H, Coupland C, Danquah E, Deschner T, Dowd D, Dunn A, Egbe VE, Eshuis H, Goedmakers A, Granjon AC, Head J, Hedwig D, Hermans V, Imong I, Jeffery KJ, Jones S, Junker J, Kadam P, Kambere M, Kambi M, Kienast I, Kujirakwinja D, Langergraber KE, Lapuente J, Larson B, Lee K, Leinert V, Llana M, Maretti G, Marrocoli S, Martin R, Mbi TJ, Meier AC, Morgan B, Morgan D, Mulindahabi F, Murai M, Neil E, Niyigaba P, Ormsby LJ, Orume R, Pacheco L, Piel A, Preece J, Regnaut S, Rundus A, Sanz C, van Schijndel J, Sommer V, Stewart F, Tagg N, Vendras E, Vergnes V, Welsh A, Wessling EG, Willie J, Wittig RM, Yuh YG, Yurkiw K, Zuberbühler K, Kalan AK. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science 2019; 363:1453-1455. [PMID: 30846610 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chimpanzees possess a large number of behavioral and cultural traits among nonhuman species. The "disturbance hypothesis" predicts that human impact depletes resources and disrupts social learning processes necessary for behavioral and cultural transmission. We used a dataset of 144 chimpanzee communities, with information on 31 behaviors, to show that chimpanzees inhabiting areas with high human impact have a mean probability of occurrence reduced by 88%, across all behaviors, compared to low-impact areas. This behavioral diversity loss was evident irrespective of the grouping or categorization of behaviors. Therefore, human impact may not only be associated with the loss of populations and genetic diversity, but also affects how animals behave. Our results support the view that "culturally significant units" should be integrated into wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalmar S Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. .,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Leipzig-Jena, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars Kulik
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian Haas
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Bocksberger
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mary Brooke McElreath
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emma Bailey
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Donatienne Barubiyo
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mattia Bessone
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregory Brazzola
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebecca Chancellor
- West Chester University, Departments of Anthropology and Sociology and Psychology, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Heather Cohen
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlotte Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Danquah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dervla Dowd
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Dunn
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Villard Ebot Egbe
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henk Eshuis
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Anne-Céline Granjon
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josephine Head
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Hedwig
- The Aspinall Foundation, Port Lympne Wild Animal Park, Hythe, Kent, UK.,Elephant Listening Project, Bioacoustics Research Program Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Veerle Hermans
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Inaoyom Imong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Kathryn J Jeffery
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.,Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Batterie 4, BP20379, Libreville, Gabon.,Institute de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Sorrel Jones
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Royal Holloway, University of London Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.,Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Potton Road, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Jessica Junker
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Parag Kadam
- University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK
| | - Mbangi Kambere
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohamed Kambi
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Kienast
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Deo Kujirakwinja
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 900 Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bradley Larson
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 900 Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Vera Leinert
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuel Llana
- Instituto Jane Goodall España, Station Biologique Fouta Djallon, Dindéfélo, Région de Kédougou, Senegal
| | - Giovanna Maretti
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sergio Marrocoli
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rumen Martin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanyi Julius Mbi
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amelia C Meier
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bethan Morgan
- Ebo Forest Research Project, BP3055, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - David Morgan
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Felix Mulindahabi
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Mizuki Murai
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emily Neil
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Protais Niyigaba
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Lucy Jayne Ormsby
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robinson Orume
- Korup Rainforest Conservation Society, Korup National Park, P.O. Box 36 Mundemba, SW Region, Cameroon
| | - Liliana Pacheco
- Instituto Jane Goodall España, Station Biologique Fouta Djallon, Dindéfélo, Région de Kédougou, Senegal
| | - Alex Piel
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jodie Preece
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastien Regnaut
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aaron Rundus
- West Chester University, Department of Psychology, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Anthropology, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Joost van Schijndel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Chimbo Foundation, Amstel 49, 1011 PW Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Volker Sommer
- University College London, Department of Anthropology, London WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Fiona Stewart
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elleni Vendras
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Frankfurt Zoological Society, Bernhard-Grzimek-Allee 1, 60316 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Virginie Vergnes
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam Welsh
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erin G Wessling
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Leipzig-Jena, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jacob Willie
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, B-2018 Antwerp, Belgium.,Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, BP 1301, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Yisa Ginath Yuh
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kyle Yurkiw
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Université de Neuchâtel, Institut de Biologie, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland, UK
| | - Ammie K Kalan
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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29
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Brakes P, Dall SRX, Aplin LM, Bearhop S, Carroll EL, Ciucci P, Fishlock V, Ford JKB, Garland EC, Keith SA, McGregor PK, Mesnick SL, Noad MJ, di Sciara GN, Robbins MM, Simmonds MP, Spina F, Thornton A, Wade PR, Whiting MJ, Williams J, Rendell L, Whitehead H, Whiten A, Rutz C. Animal cultures matter for conservation. Science 2019; 363:1032-1034. [PMID: 30808816 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Brakes
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials.
| | - Sasha R X Dall
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Lucy M Aplin
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Emma L Carroll
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Vicki Fishlock
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - John K B Ford
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Ellen C Garland
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Sally A Keith
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | | | - Sarah L Mesnick
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Michael J Noad
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | | | | | - Mark P Simmonds
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Fernando Spina
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Alex Thornton
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Paul R Wade
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | | | - James Williams
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Luke Rendell
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Hal Whitehead
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Andrew Whiten
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Christian Rutz
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials.
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30
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Carvalho C, Gaspar A, Knight A, Vicente L. Ethical and Scientific Pitfalls Concerning Laboratory Research with Non-Human Primates, and Possible Solutions. Animals (Basel) 2018; 9:E12. [PMID: 30597951 PMCID: PMC6356609 DOI: 10.3390/ani9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic and applied laboratory research, whenever intrusive or invasive, presents substantial ethical challenges for ethical committees, be it with human beings or with non-human animals. In this paper we discuss the use of non-human primates (NHPs), mostly as animal models, in laboratory based research. We examine the two ethical frameworks that support current legislation and guidelines: deontology and utilitarianism. While human based research is regulated under deontological principles, guidelines for laboratory animal research rely on utilitarianism. We argue that the utilitarian framework is inadequate for this purpose: on the one hand, it is almost impossible to accurately predict the benefits of a study for all potential stakeholders; and on the other hand, harm inflicted on NHPs (and other animals) used in laboratory research is extensive despite the increasing efforts of ethics committees and the research community to address this. Although deontology and utilitarianism are both valid ethical frameworks, we advocate that a deontological approach is more suitable, since we arguably have moral duties to NHPs. We provide suggestions on how to ensure that research currently conducted in laboratory settings shifts towards approaches that abide by deontological principles. We assert that this would not impede reasonable scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constança Carvalho
- Centre for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon, Department Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.
| | - Augusta Gaspar
- Catolica Research Center for Psychological, Family and Social Wellbeing (CRC-W), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, Lisboa 1649-023, Portugal.
| | - Andrew Knight
- Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Winchester, Winchester SO22 4NR, UK.
| | - Luís Vicente
- Centre for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon, Department Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.
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31
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Tagg N, McCarthy M, Dieguez P, Bocksberger G, Willie J, Mundry R, Stewart F, Arandjelovic M, Widness J, Landsmann A, Agbor A, Angedakin S, Ayimisin AE, Bessone M, Brazzola G, Corogenes K, Deschner T, Dilambaka E, Eno-Nku M, Eshuis H, Goedmakers A, Granjon AC, Head J, Hermans V, Jones S, Kadam P, Kambi M, Langergraber KE, Lapeyre V, Lapuente J, Lee K, Leinert V, Maretti G, Marrocoli S, Meier A, Nicholl S, Normand E, Ormsby LJ, Piel A, Robinson O, Sommer V, Ter Heegde M, Tickle A, Ton E, van Schijndel J, Vanleeuwe H, Vergnes V, Wessling E, Wittig RM, Zuberbuehler K, Kuehl H, Boesch C. Nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for flexible sleeping patterns and insights into human evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:510-529. [PMID: 29989158 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated occurrences and patterns of terrestrial nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and modelled the influence of various ecological predictors on nocturnal activity. METHODS Data were extracted from terrestrial camera-trap footage and ecological surveys from 22 chimpanzee study sites participating in the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. We described videos demonstrating nocturnal activity, and we tested the effects of the percentage of forest, abundance of predators (lions, leopards and hyenas), abundance of large mammals (buffalos and elephants), average daily temperature, rainfall, human activity, and percent illumination on the probability of nocturnal activity. RESULTS We found terrestrial nocturnal activity to occur at 18 of the 22 study sites, at an overall average proportion of 1.80% of total chimpanzee activity, and to occur during all hours of the night, but more frequently during twilight hours. We found a higher probability of nocturnal activity with lower levels of human activity, higher average daily temperature, and at sites with a larger percentage of forest. We found no effect of the abundance of predators and large mammals, rainfall, or moon illumination. DISCUSSION Chimpanzee terrestrial nocturnal activity appears widespread yet infrequent, which suggests a consolidated sleeping pattern. Nocturnal activity may be driven by the stress of high daily temperatures and may be enabled at low levels of human activity. Human activity may exert a relatively greater influence on chimpanzee nocturnal behavior than predator presence. We suggest that chimpanzee nocturnal activity is flexible, enabling them to respond to changing environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Tagg
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maureen McCarthy
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Jacob Willie
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Department, University of Gent, Belgium
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fiona Stewart
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jane Widness
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anja Landsmann
- University Medical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Mattia Bessone
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregory Brazzola
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Henk Eshuis
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Josephine Head
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veerle Hermans
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sorrel Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Parag Kadam
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohamed Kambi
- Pennsylvania State University (USA), Tanzania Program, c/o Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Kilombero, Tanzania
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Vincent Lapeyre
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Africa
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project, Comoé Research Station, Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie (Zoologie III), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vera Leinert
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Giovanna Maretti
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sergio Marrocoli
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amelia Meier
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham
| | - Sonia Nicholl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lucy Jayne Ormsby
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alex Piel
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Orume Robinson
- Korup Rainforest Conservation Society, Mundemba, Cameroon, Africa
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn Ter Heegde
- KfW Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Forest Management Program for GFA Consulting Group, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Africa
| | - Alexander Tickle
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Els Ton
- Chimbo Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Virginie Vergnes
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Africa
| | - Erin Wessling
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse des Recherche Scientifique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Africa
| | | | - Hjalmar Kuehl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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32
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van Pinxteren BOCM, Sirianni G, Gratton P, Després-Einspenner ML, Egas M, Kühl H, Lapuente J, Meier AC, Janmaat KRL. Sooty mangabeys scavenge on nuts cracked by chimpanzees and red river hogs-An investigation of inter-specific interactions around tropical nut trees. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22895. [PMID: 30024029 PMCID: PMC6174941 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carrion scavenging is a well‐studied phenomenon, but virtually nothing is known about scavenging on plant material, especially on remnants of cracked nuts. Just like meat, the insides of hard‐shelled nuts are high in energetic value, and both foods are difficult to acquire. In the Taï forest, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus) crack nuts by using tools or strong jaws, respectively. In this study, previously collected non‐invasive camera trap data were used to investigate scavenging by sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), two species of Guinea fowl (Agelestres meleagrides; Guttera verreauxi), and squirrels (Scrunidae spp.) on the nut remnants cracked by chimpanzees and red river hogs. We investigated how scavengers located nut remnants, by analyzing their visiting behavior in relation to known nut‐cracking events. Furthermore, since mangabeys are infrequently preyed upon by chimpanzees, we investigated whether they perceive an increase in predation risk when approaching nut remnants. In total, 190 nut‐cracking events were observed in four different areas of Taï National Park, Ivory Coast. We could confirm that mangabeys scavenged on the nuts cracked by chimpanzees and hogs and that this enabled them to access food source that would not be accessible otherwise. We furthermore found that mangabeys, but not the other species, were more likely to visit nut‐cracking sites after nut‐cracking activities than before, and discuss the potential strategies that the monkeys could have used to locate nut remnants. In addition, mangabeys showed elevated levels of vigilance at the chimpanzee nut‐cracking sites compared with other foraging sites, suggesting that they perceived elevated danger at these sites. Scavenging on remnants of cracked nuts is a hitherto understudied type of foraging behavior that could be widespread in nature and increases the complexity of community ecology in tropical rainforests. By use of camera trap videos it was confirmed that mangabeys scavenge on the nut remnants cracked by chimpanzees and red river hogs. Squirrels and two types of guinea fowl might scavenge on these nut remnants but this could not be seen clearly. Looking at the visitation rate before and after nut cracking events it was found that the possible scavenging species were more present at the nut cracking sites after a nut cracking event took place. It was found that mangabeys have an increase in vigilance behavior at chimpanzee nut cracking sites compared with outside these chimpanzee nut cracking sites, indicating that the mangabeys perceive a higher risk at these nut cracking sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryndan O C M van Pinxteren
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Sirianni
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paolo Gratton
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Martijn Egas
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amelia C Meier
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Karline R L Janmaat
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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33
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Bersacola E, Bessa J, Frazão-Moreira A, Biro D, Sousa C, Hockings KJ. Primate occurrence across a human-impacted landscape in Guinea-Bissau and neighbouring regions in West Africa: using a systematic literature review to highlight the next conservation steps. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4847. [PMID: 29844988 PMCID: PMC5970555 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background West African landscapes are largely characterised by complex agroforest mosaics. Although the West African forests are considered a nonhuman primate hotspot, knowledge on the distribution of many species is often lacking and out-of-date. Considering the fast-changing nature of the landscapes in this region, up-to-date information on primate occurrence is urgently needed, particularly of taxa such as colobines, which may be more sensitive to habitat modification than others. Understanding wildlife occurrence and mechanisms of persistence in these human-dominated landscapes is fundamental for developing effective conservation strategies. Methods In this paper, we aim to review current knowledge on the distribution of three threatened primates in Guinea-Bissau and neighbouring regions, highlighting research gaps and identifying priority research and conservation action. We conducted a systematic literature review of primate studies from 1976 to 2016 in Guinea-Bissau, southern Senegal and western Guinea (Boké Region). We mapped historical observation records of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), Temminck’s red colobus (Pilicolobus badius temminckii) and king colobus (Colobus polykomos), including our preliminary survey data from Dulombi, a newly established National Park (NP) in Guinea-Bissau. Results We found 151 documents, including 87 journal articles, that contained field data on primates in this region. In Guinea-Bissau, nearly all studies focussed south of the Corubal River, including mainly Cantanhez, Cufada, and Boé NP’s. In Senegal, most of the data came from Fongoli and Niokolo-Koba NP. In Boké (Guinea) studies are few, with the most recent data coming from Sangarédi. In Dulombi NP we recorded eight primate species, including chimpanzees, red colobus and king colobus. Across the selected region, chimpanzees, red colobus and king colobus were reported in eleven, twelve and seven protected areas, respectively. Discussion Our study demonstrates large geographical research gaps particularly for the two colobines. For the first time after more than two decades, we confirm the presence of red colobus and king colobus north of the Corubal River in Guinea-Bissau. The little information available from large parts of the red colobus range raises questions regarding levels of population fragmentation in this species, particularly in Casamance and across northern Guinea-Bissau. There are still no records demonstrating the occurrence of king colobus in Senegal, and the presence of a viable population in north-eastern Guinea-Bissau remains uncertain. While the occurrence of chimpanzees in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal is well documented, data from Boké (Guinea) are sparse and out-of-date. Our approach—the mapping of data gathered from a systematic literature review—allows us to provide recommendations for selecting future geographical survey locations and planning further research and conservation strategies in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bersacola
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA/NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal.,Anthropological Centre for Conservation, the Environment and Development (ACCEND), Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Bessa
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA/NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amélia Frazão-Moreira
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA/NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Biro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cláudia Sousa
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA/NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kimberley Jane Hockings
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA/NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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34
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Wessling EG, Deschner T, Mundry R, Pruetz JD, Wittig RM, Kühl HS. Seasonal Variation in Physiology Challenges the Notion of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) as a Forest-Adapted Species. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Hedwig D, Kienast I, Bonnet M, Curran BK, Courage A, Boesch C, Kühl HS, King T. A camera trap assessment of the forest mammal community within the transitional savannah-forest mosaic of the Batéké Plateau National Park, Gabon. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivonne Kienast
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | | | | | - Amos Courage
- The Aspinall Foundation; Port Lympne Wild Animal Park; Hythe Kent UK
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Hjalmar S. Kühl
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Tony King
- The Aspinall Foundation; Port Lympne Wild Animal Park; Hythe Kent UK
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36
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Widness J, Aronsen GP. Camera trap data on mammal presence, behaviour and poaching: A case study from Mainaro, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Widness
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
| | - Gary P. Aronsen
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
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37
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Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Arandjelovic M, Lester J, de Filippo C, Weihmann A, Meyer M, Angedakin S, Casals F, Navarro A, Vigilant L, Kühl HS, Langergraber K, Boesch C, Hughes D, Marques-Bonet T. The impact of endogenous content, replicates and pooling on genome capture from faecal samples. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 18:319-333. [PMID: 29058768 PMCID: PMC5900898 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Target-capture approach has improved over the past years, proving to be very efficient tool for selectively sequencing genetic regions of interest. These methods have also allowed the use of noninvasive samples such as faeces (characterized by their low quantity and quality of endogenous DNA) to be used in conservation genomic, evolution and population genetic studies. Here we aim to test different protocols and strategies for exome capture using the Roche SeqCap EZ Developer kit (57.5 Mb). First, we captured a complex pool of DNA libraries. Second, we assessed the influence of using more than one faecal sample, extract and/or library from the same individual, to evaluate its effect on the molecular complexity of the experiment. We validated our experiments with 18 chimpanzee faecal samples collected from two field sites as a part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. Those two field sites are in Kibale National Park, Uganda (N = 9) and Loango National Park, Gabon (N = 9). We demonstrate that at least 16 libraries can be pooled, target enriched through hybridization, and sequenced allowing for the genotyping of 951,949 exome markers for population genetic analyses. Further, we observe that molecule richness, and thus, data acquisition, increase when using multiple libraries from the same extract or multiple extracts from the same sample. Finally, repeated captures significantly decrease the proportion of off-target reads from 34.15% after one capture round to 7.83% after two capture rounds, supporting our conclusion that two rounds of target enrichment are advisable when using complex faecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra/CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jack Lester
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cesare de Filippo
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Weihmann
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ferran Casals
- Genomics Core Facility, Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra/CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Hughes
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra/CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra/CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Bidding evidence for primate vocal learning and the cultural substrates for speech evolution. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:429-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sirianni G, Wittig RM, Gratton P, Mundry R, Schüler A, Boesch C. Do chimpanzees anticipate an object's weight? A field experiment on the kinematics of hammer-lifting movements in the nut-cracking Taï chimpanzees. Anim Cogn 2017; 21:109-118. [PMID: 29196908 PMCID: PMC5756265 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-017-1144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When humans are about to manipulate an object, our brains use visual cues to recall an internal representation to predict its weight and scale the lifting force accordingly. Such a long-term force profile, formed through repeated experiences with similar objects, has been proposed to improve manipulative performance. Skillful object manipulation is crucial for many animals, particularly those that rely on tools for foraging. However, despite enduring interest in tool use in non-human animals, there has been very little investigation of their ability to form an expectation about an object's weight. In this study, we tested whether wild chimpanzees use long-term force profiles to anticipate the weight of a nut-cracking hammer from its size. To this end, we conducted a field experiment presenting chimpanzees with natural wooden hammers and artificially hollowed, lighter hammers of the same size and external appearance. We used calibrated videos from camera traps to extract kinematic parameters of lifting movements. We found that, when lacking previous experience, chimpanzees lifted hollowed hammers with a higher acceleration than natural hammers (overshoot effect). After using a hammer to crack open one nut, chimpanzees tuned down the lifting acceleration for the hollowed hammers, but continued lifting natural hammers with the same acceleration. Our results show that chimpanzees anticipate the weight of an object using long-term force profiles and suggest that, similarly to humans, they use internal representations of weight to plan their lifting movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sirianni
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, BP 1303, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Paolo Gratton
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Schüler
- Institut für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft, Marschnerstraße 29, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Whiten A, van de Waal E. Social learning, culture and the ‘socio-cultural brain’ of human and non-human primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 82:58-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Heinsohn R, Zdenek CN, Cunningham RB, Endler JA, Langmore NE. Tool-assisted rhythmic drumming in palm cockatoos shares key elements of human instrumental music. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602399. [PMID: 28782005 PMCID: PMC5489270 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
All human societies have music with a rhythmic "beat," typically produced with percussive instruments such as drums. The set of capacities that allows humans to produce and perceive music appears to be deeply rooted in human biology, but an understanding of its evolutionary origins requires cross-taxa comparisons. We show that drumming by palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus) shares the key rudiments of human instrumental music, including manufacture of a sound tool, performance in a consistent context, regular beat production, repeated components, and individual styles. Over 131 drumming sequences produced by 18 males, the beats occurred at nonrandom, regular intervals, yet individual males differed significantly in the shape parameters describing the distribution of their beat patterns, indicating individual drumming styles. Autocorrelation analyses of the longest drumming sequences further showed that they were highly regular and predictable like human music. These discoveries provide a rare comparative perspective on the evolution of rhythmicity and instrumental music in our own species, and show that a preference for a regular beat can have other origins before being co-opted into group-based music and dance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Heinsohn
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Christina N. Zdenek
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ross B. Cunningham
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - John A. Endler
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Naomi E. Langmore
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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42
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Berger LR, Hawks J, Dirks PHGM, Elliott M, Roberts EM. Homo naledi and Pleistocene hominin evolution in subequatorial Africa. eLife 2017; 6:e24234. [PMID: 28483041 PMCID: PMC5423770 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New discoveries and dating of fossil remains from the Rising Star cave system, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, have strong implications for our understanding of Pleistocene human evolution in Africa. Direct dating of Homo naledi fossils from the Dinaledi Chamber (Berger et al., 2015) shows that they were deposited between about 236 ka and 335 ka (Dirks et al., 2017), placing H. naledi in the later Middle Pleistocene. Hawks and colleagues (Hawks et al., 2017) report the discovery of a second chamber within the Rising Star system (Dirks et al., 2015) that contains H. naledi remains. Previously, only large-brained modern humans or their close relatives had been demonstrated to exist at this late time in Africa, but the fossil evidence for any hominins in subequatorial Africa was very sparse. It is now evident that a diversity of hominin lineages existed in this region, with some divergent lineages contributing DNA to living humans and at least H. naledi representing a survivor from the earliest stages of diversification within Homo. The existence of a diverse array of hominins in subequatorial comports with our present knowledge of diversity across other savanna-adapted species, as well as with palaeoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. H. naledi casts the fossil and archaeological records into a new light, as we cannot exclude that this lineage was responsible for the production of Acheulean or Middle Stone Age tool industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Berger
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John Hawks
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
| | - Paul HGM Dirks
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Geosciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Marina Elliott
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eric M Roberts
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Geosciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Lapuente J, Hicks TC, Linsenmair KE. Fluid dipping technology of chimpanzees in Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. Am J Primatol 2017; 79:e22628. [PMID: 28002878 PMCID: PMC6120139 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Over a 6 month period during the dry season, from the end of October 2014 to the beginning of May 2015, we studied tool use behavior of previously unstudied and non-habituated savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) living in the Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast (CI). We analyzed all the stick tools and leaf-sponges found that the chimpanzees used to forage for ants, termites, honey, and water. We found a particular behavior to be widespread across different chimpanzee communities in the park, namely, dipping for water from tree holes using sticks with especially long brush-tip modifications, using camera traps, we recorded adults, juveniles, and infants of three communities displaying this behavior. We compared water dipping and honey dipping tools used by Comoé chimpanzees and found significant differences in the total length, diameter, and brush length of the different types of fluid-dipping tools used. We found that water dipping tools had consistently longer and thicker brush-tips than honey dipping tools. Although this behavior was observed only during the late dry season, the chimpanzees always had alternative water sources available, like pools and rivers, in which they drank without the use of a tool. It remains unclear whether the use of a tool increases efficient access to water. This is the first time that water dipping behavior with sticks has been found as a widespread and well-established behavior across different age and sex classes and communities, suggesting the possibility of cultural transmission. It is crucial that we conserve this population of chimpanzees, not only because they may represent the second largest population in the country, but also because of their unique behavioral repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lapuente
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, BiozentrumUniversität Würzburg Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie (Zoologie III)WürzburgGermany
| | - Thurston C. Hicks
- The Faculty of Artes LiberalesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Department of PrimatologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - K. Eduard Linsenmair
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, BiozentrumUniversität Würzburg Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie (Zoologie III)WürzburgGermany
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44
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Spehar SN, Rayadin Y. Habitat use of Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in an Industrial Forestry Plantation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Boesch C, Kalan AK, Agbor A, Arandjelovic M, Dieguez P, Lapeyre V, Kühl HS. Chimpanzees routinely fish for algae with tools during the dry season in Bakoun, Guinea. Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-7. [PMID: 27813136 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Wild chimpanzees regularly use tools, made from sticks, leaves, or stone, to find flexible solutions to the ecological challenges of their environment. Nevertheless, some studies suggest strong limitations in the tool-using capabilities of chimpanzees. In this context, we present the discovery of a newly observed tool-use behavior in a population of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) living in the Bakoun Classified Forest, Guinea, where a temporary research site was established for 15 months. Bakoun chimpanzees of every age-sex class were observed to fish for freshwater green algae, Spirogrya sp., from rivers, streams, and ponds using long sticks and twigs, ranging from 9 cm up to 4.31 m in length. Using remote camera trap footage from 11 different algae fishing sites within an 85-km2 study area, we found that algae fishing occurred frequently during the dry season and was non-existent during the rainy season. Chimpanzees were observed algae fishing for as little as 1 min to just over an hour, with an average duration of 9.09 min. We estimate that 364 g of Spirogyra algae could be retrieved in this time, based on human trials in the field. Only one other chimpanzee population living in Bossou, Guinea, has been described to customarily scoop algae from the surface of the water using primarily herbaceous tools. Here, we describe the new behavior found at Bakoun and compare it to the algae scooping observed in Bossou chimpanzees and the occasional variant reported in Odzala, Republic of the Congo. As these algae are reported to be high in protein, carbohydrates, and minerals, we hypothesize that chimpanzees are obtaining a nutritional benefit from this seasonally available resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Ammie K Kalan
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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46
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Anderson JR, Hubert-Brierre X, McGrew WC. Reflections in the rainforest: full-length mirrors facilitate behavioral observations of unhabituated, wild chimpanzees. Primates 2016; 58:51-61. [PMID: 27629110 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe behaviors of unhabituated wild chimpanzees in Gabon during repeated encounters with large mirrors installed permanently in their home range. Movement in proximity to the mirrors triggered video cameras that recorded the scene. Data are presented for 51 mirror encounters spanning a 3-year period. After initial wariness, mirror-directed aggressive behaviors were common, especially in adult males, but aggression gradually diminished and eventually almost completely ceased. Focusing on the two mirrors that elicited most reactions, the percentage of chimpanzees showing tension or anxiety also decreased across encounters. These mirrors elicited a range of socio-sexual behaviors interpreted as having a reassurance function, especially when group-level tension appeared high. Chimpanzees also occasionally directed these behaviors towards their own reflection. Despite increasing habituation and positive attraction to the mirrors, none of the chimpanzees displayed signs of self-recognition. We conclude that a combination of large mirrors and video traps can provide valuable information about unhabituated, semi-terrestrial primates in their natural habitat, by inducing the primates to stay in one place for longer than they might otherwise do.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Yoshida-honmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | | | - William C McGrew
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, UK
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Haslam M, Luncz L, Pascual-Garrido A, Falótico T, Malaivijitnond S, Gumert M. Archaeological excavation of wild macaque stone tools. J Hum Evol 2016; 96:134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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