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Barratt CD, Lester JD, Gratton P, Onstein RE, Kalan AK, McCarthy MS, Bocksberger G, White LC, Vigilant L, Dieguez P, Abdulai B, Aebischer T, Agbor A, Assumang AK, Bailey E, Bessone M, Buys B, Carvalho JS, Chancellor R, Cohen H, Danquah E, Deschner T, Dongmo ZN, Doumbé OA, Dupain J, Duvall CS, Eno-Nku M, Etoga G, Galat-Luong A, Garriga R, Gatti S, Ghiurghi A, Goedmakers A, Granjon AC, Hakizimana D, Head J, Hedwig D, Herbinger I, Hermans V, Jones S, Junker J, Kadam P, Kambi M, Kienast I, Kouakou CY, N Goran KP, Langergraber KE, Lapuente J, Laudisoit A, Lee KC, Maisels F, Mirghani N, Moore D, Morgan B, Morgan D, Neil E, Nicholl S, Nkembi L, Ntongho A, Orbell C, Ormsby LJ, Pacheco L, Piel AK, Pintea L, Plumptre AJ, Rundus A, Sanz C, Sommer V, Sop T, Stewart FA, Sunderland-Groves J, Tagg N, Todd A, Ton E, van Schijndel J, VanLeeuwe H, Vendras E, Welsh A, Wenceslau JFC, Wessling EG, Willie J, Wittig RM, Yoshihiro N, Yuh YG, Yurkiw K, Boesch C, Arandjelovic M, Kühl H. Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23320. [PMID: 34402081 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Paleoclimate reconstructions have enhanced our understanding of how past climates have shaped present-day biodiversity. We hypothesize that the geographic extent of Pleistocene forest refugia and suitable habitat fluctuated significantly in time during the late Quaternary for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Using bioclimatic variables representing monthly temperature and precipitation estimates, past human population density data, and an extensive database of georeferenced presence points, we built a model of changing habitat suitability for chimpanzees at fine spatio-temporal scales dating back to the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Our models cover a spatial resolution of 0.0467° (approximately 5.19 km2 grid cells) and a temporal resolution of between 1000 and 4000 years. Using our model, we mapped habitat stability over time using three approaches, comparing our modeled stability estimates to existing knowledge of Afrotropical refugia, as well as contemporary patterns of major keystone tropical food resources used by chimpanzees, figs (Moraceae), and palms (Arecacae). Results show habitat stability congruent with known glacial refugia across Africa, suggesting their extents may have been underestimated for chimpanzees, with potentially up to approximately 60,000 km2 of previously unrecognized glacial refugia. The refugia we highlight coincide with higher species richness for figs and palms. Our results provide spatio-temporally explicit insights into the role of refugia across the chimpanzee range, forming the empirical foundation for developing and testing hypotheses about behavioral, ecological, and genetic diversity with additional data. This methodology can be applied to other species and geographic areas when sufficient data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Barratt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jack D Lester
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paolo Gratton
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Renske E Onstein
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ammie K Kalan
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maureen S McCarthy
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Bocksberger
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lauren C White
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barrie Abdulai
- Research for Evidence-based and Achievable Decisions Sierra Leone (READ-SL), Sierra Leone
| | - Thierry Aebischer
- Conservation et Plan d'aménagement de l'Aire de Conservation de Chinko, African Parks Network, Chinko Project, Kocho, RCA and active collaborator of the University of Fribourg, WegmannLab, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Agbor
- African Parks Centurion Building, Lonehill, South Africa
| | - Alfred K Assumang
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emma Bailey
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mattia Bessone
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joana S Carvalho
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Chancellor
- Departments of Anthropology & Sociology and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather Cohen
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Danquah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jef Dupain
- Antwerp Zoo Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Chris S Duvall
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Manasseh Eno-Nku
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Gilles Etoga
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Anh Galat-Luong
- IRD (The French National Research Institute for Development), France
| | - Rosa Garriga
- Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sylvain Gatti
- West African Primate Conservation Action (WAPCA), Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Anne-Céline Granjon
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Josephine Head
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Hedwig
- Elephant Listening Project, Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Veerle Hermans
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.,Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sorrel Jones
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessica Junker
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Parag Kadam
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mohamed Kambi
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Kienast
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kouamé P N Goran
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project, Comoé National Park, Kakpin, Ivory Coast
| | - Anne Laudisoit
- Ecohealth Alliance, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kevin C Lee
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Fiona Maisels
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Bronx, New York, USA.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Nadia Mirghani
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal
| | - Deborah Moore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bethan Morgan
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.,San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, USA.,Ebo Forest Research Project, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - David Morgan
- Lester E Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily Neil
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonia Nicholl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Louis Nkembi
- Environment and Rural Development Foundation, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Anne Ntongho
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Lucy Jayne Ormsby
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Alex K Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Plumptre
- Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aaron Rundus
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK.,Gashaka Primate Project, Serti, Taraba State, Nigeria
| | - Tenekwetche Sop
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fiona A Stewart
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Nikki Tagg
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Els Ton
- Chimbo Foundation, Oudemirdum, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elleni Vendras
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam Welsh
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Erin G Wessling
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob Willie
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | | | - Yisa Ginath Yuh
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Geography, Planning and Environmental Studies, University of Concordia, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kyle Yurkiw
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Pan Verus Project, Outamba-Kilimi National Park, Sierra Leone
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hjalmar Kühl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Tranquilli S, Abedi-Lartey M, Abernethy K, Amsini F, Asamoah A, Balangtaa C, Blake S, Bouanga E, Breuer T, Brncic TM, Campbell G, Chancellor R, Chapman CA, Davenport TRB, Dunn A, Dupain J, Ekobo A, Eno-Nku M, Etoga G, Furuichi T, Gatti S, Ghiurghi A, Hashimoto C, Hart JA, Head J, Hega M, Herbinger I, Hicks TC, Holbech LH, Huijbregts B, Kühl HS, Imong I, Yeno SLD, Linder J, Marshall P, Lero PM, Morgan D, Mubalama L, N'Goran PK, Nicholas A, Nixon S, Normand E, Nziguyimpa L, Nzooh-Dongmo Z, Ofori-Amanfo R, Ogunjemite BG, Petre CA, Rainey HJ, Regnaut S, Robinson O, Rundus A, Sanz CM, Okon DT, Todd A, Warren Y, Sommer V. Protected areas in tropical Africa: assessing threats and conservation activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114154. [PMID: 25469888 PMCID: PMC4254933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous protected areas (PAs) have been created in Africa to safeguard wildlife and other natural resources. However, significant threats from anthropogenic activities and decline of wildlife populations persist, while conservation efforts in most PAs are still minimal. We assessed the impact level of the most common threats to wildlife within PAs in tropical Africa and the relationship of conservation activities with threat impact level. We collated data on 98 PAs with tropical forest cover from 15 countries across West, Central and East Africa. For this, we assembled information about local threats as well as conservation activities from published and unpublished literature, and questionnaires sent to long-term field workers. We constructed general linear models to test the significance of specific conservation activities in relation to the threat impact level. Subsistence and commercial hunting were identified as the most common direct threats to wildlife and found to be most prevalent in West and Central Africa. Agriculture and logging represented the most common indirect threats, and were most prevalent in West Africa. We found that the long-term presence of conservation activities (such as law enforcement, research and tourism) was associated with lower threat impact levels. Our results highlight deficiencies in the management effectiveness of several PAs across tropical Africa, and conclude that PA management should invest more into conservation activities with long-term duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tranquilli
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Abedi-Lartey
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Katharine Abernethy
- African Forest Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
- IRET, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Fidèle Amsini
- Frankfurt Zoological Society, Maiko National Park, Tshopo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Augustus Asamoah
- Environmental Sustainability Project, United Nations Development Programme/Ghana Cocoa Board, Adabraka, Accra, Ghana
| | - Cletus Balangtaa
- Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission of Ghana, Ankasa Conservation Area, Elubo, Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Blake
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America
- Whitney Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri – Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Estelle Bouanga
- Ministère de la Forêt, de l'Environnement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Rebecca Chancellor
- Departments of Anthropology & Sociology, and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Dunn
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Jef Dupain
- African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Gilles Etoga
- World Wide Fund for Nature CARPO, Jengi Tridom, Yaundé, Cameroon
| | - Takeshi Furuichi
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Support for Conservation of Bonobos, Luo Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Sylvain Gatti
- West African Primate Conservation Action, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Chie Hashimoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Support for Conservation of Bonobos, Luo Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - John A. Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Josephine Head
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Hega
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Monts de Cristal, Gabon
| | | | - Thurston C. Hicks
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars H. Holbech
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bas Huijbregts
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Central Africa Regional Programme Office, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hjalmar S. Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inaoyom Imong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Calabar, Nigeria
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joshua Linder
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Minasoma Lero
- Directorate of Wildlife Service, Ministry of Interior and Wildlife Conservation, Juba, Republic of South Sudan
| | - David Morgan
- Lester E. Fisher Center for Great Ape Research, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Leonard Mubalama
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Itombwe Conservation Programme, Bukavu, South Kivu Province, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Paul K. N'Goran
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Aaron Nicholas
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Ruaha-Katavi Landscape, Tanzania
| | - Stuart Nixon
- Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leonidas Nziguyimpa
- Institut National pour l'Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature, Bururi, Burundi
| | | | | | - Babafemi G. Ogunjemite
- Department Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Charles-Albert Petre
- Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Forestry, Unit of Forest and Nature Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Education and Nature, Conservation Biology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo J. Rainey
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Regnaut
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Protected Areas Program West and Central Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Orume Robinson
- Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, Korup National Park, Ndian, Cameroon
| | - Aaron Rundus
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Crickette M. Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Tiku Okon
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Korup National Park, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Ymke Warren
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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