1
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Dor C, Nixon S, Salavati Schmitz S, Bazelle J, Černá P, Kilpatrick S, Harvey ND, Dunning M. Efficacy and tolerance of oral versus parenteral cyanocobalamin supplement in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with chronic enteropathy: a controlled randomised open-label trial. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:317-328. [PMID: 38354724 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine comparative tolerance of daily oral and weekly parenteral cobalamin supplementation, in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with chronic enteropathy. Determine whether oral is as effective as parenteral supplementation at achieving eucobalaminaemia, in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with protein-losing enteropathy, severe hypocobalaminaemia or high canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index at inclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-seven client-owned dogs with hypocobalaminaemia and clinical signs of chronic enteropathy were prospectively enrolled in three UK referral centres. Dogs were randomly allocated to daily oral for 12 weeks or weekly parenteral cobalamin supplementation for 6 weeks and one additional dose 4 weeks later. Serum cobalamin, body condition score, canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and bodyweight were assessed at inclusion, weeks 7 and 13. Serum methylmalonic acid concentration was evaluated at inclusion and at week 13. Owners completed treatment adherence, palatability, tolerance and satisfaction questionnaires at week 13. RESULTS Nineteen dogs completed the study. All dogs orally supplemented achieved normal or increased cobalaminaemia at weeks 7 and 13. There was no statistical difference in cobalamin concentration at week 13 in dogs treated with oral or parenteral supplementation, regardless of presence of protein-losing enteropathy, severity of hypocobalaminaemia or canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index at inclusion. Serum methylmalonic acid concentration was not significantly different between oral and parenteral groups, neither were treatment adherence, satisfaction, and tolerance scores at week 13. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Oral is as effective and as well-tolerated as parenteral cobalamin supplementation in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with chronic enteropathy and severe clinical or biochemical phenotypes, and should be considered as a suitable treatment option regardless of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Nixon
- ADM Protexin Ltd, Lopen Head, Somerset, UK
| | - S Salavati Schmitz
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Bazelle
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - P Černá
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - S Kilpatrick
- Idexx Laboratories, Grange House, Sandbeck Way, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - N D Harvey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Dunning
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
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2
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Städele V, Arandjelovic M, Nixon S, Bergl RA, Bradley BJ, Breuer T, Cameron KN, Guschanski K, Head J, Kyungu JC, Masi S, Morgan DB, Reed P, Robbins MM, Sanz C, Smith V, Stokes EJ, Thalmann O, Todd A, Vigilant L. The complex Y-chromosomal history of gorillas. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23363. [PMID: 35041228 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the evolutionary relationships among gorilla populations using autosomal and mitochondrial sequences suggest that male-mediated gene flow may have been important in the past, but data on the Y-chromosomal relationships among the gorilla subspecies are limited. Here, we genotyped blood and noninvasively collected fecal samples from 12 captives and 257 wild male gorillas of known origin representing all four subspecies (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, G. g. diehli, G. beringei beringei, and G. b. graueri) at 10 Y-linked microsatellite loci resulting in 102 unique Y-haplotypes for 224 individuals. We found that western lowland gorilla (G. g. gorilla) haplotypes were consistently more diverse than any other subspecies for all measures of diversity and comprised several genetically distinct groups. However, these did not correspond to geographical proximity and some closely related haplotypes were found several hundred kilometers apart. Similarly, our broad sampling of eastern gorillas revealed that mountain (G. b. beringei) and Grauer's (G. b. graueri) gorilla Y-chromosomal haplotypes did not form distinct clusters. These observations suggest structure in the ancestral population with subsequent mixing of differentiated haplotypes by male dispersal for western lowland gorillas, and postisolation migration or incomplete lineage sorting due to short divergence times for eastern gorillas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Städele
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Evolutionary and Anthropocene Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stuart Nixon
- Field Programmes and Conservation Science, Chester Zoo, North of England Zoological Society, Chester, UK
| | | | - Brenda J Bradley
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Thomas Breuer
- WWF Germany, Berlin, Germany.,Mbeli Bai Study, Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Katerina Guschanski
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josephine Head
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Shelly Masi
- Eco-Anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Musée de l'Homme, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David B Morgan
- Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Emma J Stokes
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Olaf Thalmann
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Linda Vigilant
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Ordaz-Németh I, Sop T, Amarasekaran B, Bachmann M, Boesch C, Brncic T, Caillaud D, Campbell G, Carvalho J, Chancellor R, Davenport TRB, Dowd D, Eno-Nku M, Ganas-Swaray J, Granier N, Greengrass E, Heinicke S, Herbinger I, Inkamba-Nkulu C, Iyenguet F, Junker J, Bobo KS, Lushimba A, Maisels F, Malanda GAF, McCarthy MS, Motsaba P, Moustgaard J, Murai M, Ndokoue B, Nixon S, Nseme RA, Nzooh Z, Pintea L, Plumptre AJ, Roy J, Rundus A, Sanderson J, Serckx A, Strindberg S, Tweh C, Vanleeuwe H, Vosper A, Waltert M, Williamson EA, Wilson M, Mundry R, Kühl HS. Range-wide indicators of African great ape density distribution. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23338. [PMID: 34662462 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Species distributions are influenced by processes occurring at multiple spatial scales. It is therefore insufficient to model species distribution at a single geographic scale, as this does not provide the necessary understanding of determining factors. Instead, multiple approaches are needed, each differing in spatial extent, grain, and research objective. Here, we present the first attempt to model continent-wide great ape density distribution. We used site-level estimates of African great ape abundance to (1) identify socioeconomic and environmental factors that drive densities at the continental scale, and (2) predict range-wide great ape density. We collated great ape abundance estimates from 156 sites and defined 134 pseudo-absence sites to represent additional absence locations. The latter were based on locations of unsuitable environmental conditions for great apes, and on existing literature. We compiled seven socioeconomic and environmental covariate layers and fitted a generalized linear model to investigate their influence on great ape abundance. We used an Akaike-weighted average of full and subset models to predict the range-wide density distribution of African great apes for the year 2015. Great ape densities were lowest where there were high Human Footprint and Gross Domestic Product values; the highest predicted densities were in Central Africa, and the lowest in West Africa. Only 10.7% of the total predicted population was found in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Category I and II protected areas. For 16 out of 20 countries, our estimated abundances were largely in line with those from previous studies. For four countries, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, and South Sudan, the estimated populations were excessively high. We propose further improvements to the model to overcome survey and predictor data limitations, which would enable a temporally dynamic approach for monitoring great apes across their range based on key indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ordaz-Németh
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tenekwetche Sop
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Mona Bachmann
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Terry Brncic
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damien Caillaud
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Joana Carvalho
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Rebecca Chancellor
- Departments of Anthropology & Sociology and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tim R B Davenport
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dervla Dowd
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefanie Heinicke
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Biodiversity Conservation group, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany.,Transformation Pathways Research Department, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Fortuné Iyenguet
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Junker
- Biodiversity Conservation group, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kadiri S Bobo
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Alain Lushimba
- IUCN, Regional Program Central and West Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Fiona Maisels
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Maureen S McCarthy
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Prosper Motsaba
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Mizuki Murai
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bezangoye Ndokoue
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lilian Pintea
- Conservation Science, Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, USA
| | | | - Justin Roy
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aaron Rundus
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jim Sanderson
- Small Wild Cat Conservation Foundation, Corrales, New Mexico, USA
| | - Adeline Serckx
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,The Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd., Cambridge, UK.,Behavioral Biology Unit, Primatology Research Group, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Samantha Strindberg
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Clement Tweh
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hilde Vanleeuwe
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Matthias Waltert
- Workgroup on Endangered Species, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wilson
- Departments of Anthropology and Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roger Mundry
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hjalmar S Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Biodiversity Conservation group, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Carvalho JS, Graham B, Bocksberger G, Maisels F, Williamson EA, Wich S, Sop T, Amarasekaran B, Barca B, Barrie A, Bergl RA, Boesch C, Boesch H, Brncic TM, Buys B, Chancellor R, Danquah E, Doumbé OA, Le‐Duc SY, Galat‐Luong A, Ganas J, Gatti S, Ghiurghi A, Goedmakers A, Granier N, Hakizimana D, Haurez B, Head J, Herbinger I, Hillers A, Jones S, Junker J, Maputla N, Manasseh E, McCarthy MS, Molokwu‐Odozi M, Morgan BJ, Nakashima Y, N’Goran PK, Nixon S, Nkembi L, Normand E, Nzooh LD, Olson SH, Payne L, Petre C, Piel AK, Pintea L, Plumptre AJ, Rundus A, Serckx A, Stewart FA, Sunderland‐Groves J, Tagg N, Todd A, Vosper A, Wenceslau JF, Wessling EG, Willie J, Kühl HS. Predicting range shifts of African apes under global change scenarios. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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5
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Harkness K, Estrella-Holder E, Morris S, Nixon S, Pike R. OPTIMIZING MEDICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE AND REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION- PRACTICAL TIPS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR NURSES. Can J Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.07.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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6
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Nixon S, Morison J. P19.02 Care Coordination: The experience of a Brain Cancer Care Coordinator in Australia. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox036.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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7
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Mata D, Serdechnova M, Mohedano M, Mendis CL, Lamaka SV, Tedim J, Hack T, Nixon S, Zheludkevich ML. Hierarchically organized Li–Al-LDH nano-flakes: a low-temperature approach to seal porous anodic oxide on aluminum alloys. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Li-LDH sealing is accounted for being highly competitive to standard hot-water sealing as referred to reduced treatment temperature and higher corrosion protection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mata
- Smallmatek – Small Materials and Technologies
- 3810-075 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - M. Serdechnova
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - M. Mohedano
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
- Departamento de Ciência de Materiales
| | - C. L. Mendis
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
- Brunel – Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology
| | - S. V. Lamaka
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - J. Tedim
- CICECO
- Dep. Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- University of Aveiro
- Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - T. Hack
- Airbus Group Innovations
- 81663 Munich
- Germany
| | - S. Nixon
- Airbus Group Innovations
- 81663 Munich
- Germany
| | - M. L. Zheludkevich
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
- Faculty of Engineering
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8
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Plumptre AJ, Nixon S, Kujirakwinja DK, Vieilledent G, Critchlow R, Williamson EA, Nishuli R, Kirkby AE, Hall JS. Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162697. [PMID: 27760201 PMCID: PMC5070872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Grauer’s gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri), the World’s largest primate, is confined to eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and is threatened by civil war and insecurity. During the war, armed groups in mining camps relied on hunting bushmeat, including gorillas. Insecurity and the presence of several militia groups across Grauer’s gorilla’s range made it very difficult to assess their population size. Here we use a novel method that enables rigorous assessment of local community and ranger-collected data on gorilla occupancy to evaluate the impacts of civil war on Grauer’s gorilla, which prior to the war was estimated to number 16,900 individuals. We show that gorilla numbers in their stronghold of Kahuzi-Biega National Park have declined by 87%. Encounter rate data of gorilla nests at 10 sites across its range indicate declines of 82–100% at six of these sites. Spatial occupancy analysis identifies three key areas as the most critical sites for the remaining populations of this ape and that the range of this taxon is around 19,700 km2. We estimate that only 3,800 Grauer’s gorillas remain in the wild, a 77% decline in one generation, justifying its elevation to Critically Endangered status on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Plumptre
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, United States of America
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge University, Pembroke Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stuart Nixon
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Upton by Chester, CH2 1LH, United Kingdom
| | - Deo K. Kujirakwinja
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, United States of America
| | | | - Rob Critchlow
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Radar Nishuli
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Andrew E. Kirkby
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, United States of America
| | - Jefferson S. Hall
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Av. Roosevelt 401, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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9
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Kuznetsov B, Serdechnova M, Tedim J, Starykevich M, Kallip S, Oliveira MP, Hack T, Nixon S, Ferreira MGS, Zheludkevich ML. Sealing of tartaric sulfuric (TSA) anodized AA2024 with nanostructured LDH layers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn–Al LDH-NO3 was grown on TSA anodized surface of AA2024 aluminum alloy LDH-VOx was obtained from LDH-NO3via anionic exchange reaction The LDH-VOx layer confers remarkable active corrosion protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Kuznetsov
- Belarusian State University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Minsk
- Belarus
| | - M. Serdechnova
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | - J. Tedim
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - M. Starykevich
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - S. Kallip
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - M. P. Oliveira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - T. Hack
- Airbus Group Innovations
- 81663 Munich
- Germany
| | - S. Nixon
- Airbus Group Innovations
- 81663 Munich
- Germany
| | - M. G. S. Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - M. L. Zheludkevich
- Institute of Materials Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering
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10
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Jadad A, Kotha R, Daar A, Upshur R, Bhattacharyya O, Bhutta Z, Forman L, Gibson J, Henry D, Jha P, Kohler J, Nixon S, O'Campo P, Hu H. Creating a pandemic of health: Big ideas for a new initiative on global
health equity and innovation. Ann Glob Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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11
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Stanton DWG, Hart J, Kümpel NF, Vosper A, Nixon S, Bruford MW, Ewen JG, Wang J. Enhancing knowledge of an endangered and elusive species, the okapi, using non-invasive genetic techniques. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Hart
- Projet Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba (TL2); Lukuru Foundation; Kinshasa DRC
| | - N. F. Kümpel
- Conservation Programmes; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - A. Vosper
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); Great Ape and Human Impact Monitoring; Okapi Faunal Reserve; Ituri DRC
| | - S. Nixon
- Conservation Programmes; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - M. W. Bruford
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - J. G. Ewen
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - J. Wang
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London UK
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12
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Tranquilli S, Abedi-Lartey M, Abernethy K, Amsini F, Asamoah A, Balangtaa C, Blake S, Bouanga E, Breuer T, Brncic TM, Campbell G, Chancellor R, Chapman CA, Davenport TRB, Dunn A, Dupain J, Ekobo A, Eno-Nku M, Etoga G, Furuichi T, Gatti S, Ghiurghi A, Hashimoto C, Hart JA, Head J, Hega M, Herbinger I, Hicks TC, Holbech LH, Huijbregts B, Kühl HS, Imong I, Yeno SLD, Linder J, Marshall P, Lero PM, Morgan D, Mubalama L, N'Goran PK, Nicholas A, Nixon S, Normand E, Nziguyimpa L, Nzooh-Dongmo Z, Ofori-Amanfo R, Ogunjemite BG, Petre CA, Rainey HJ, Regnaut S, Robinson O, Rundus A, Sanz CM, Okon DT, Todd A, Warren Y, Sommer V. Protected areas in tropical Africa: assessing threats and conservation activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114154. [PMID: 25469888 PMCID: PMC4254933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous protected areas (PAs) have been created in Africa to safeguard wildlife and other natural resources. However, significant threats from anthropogenic activities and decline of wildlife populations persist, while conservation efforts in most PAs are still minimal. We assessed the impact level of the most common threats to wildlife within PAs in tropical Africa and the relationship of conservation activities with threat impact level. We collated data on 98 PAs with tropical forest cover from 15 countries across West, Central and East Africa. For this, we assembled information about local threats as well as conservation activities from published and unpublished literature, and questionnaires sent to long-term field workers. We constructed general linear models to test the significance of specific conservation activities in relation to the threat impact level. Subsistence and commercial hunting were identified as the most common direct threats to wildlife and found to be most prevalent in West and Central Africa. Agriculture and logging represented the most common indirect threats, and were most prevalent in West Africa. We found that the long-term presence of conservation activities (such as law enforcement, research and tourism) was associated with lower threat impact levels. Our results highlight deficiencies in the management effectiveness of several PAs across tropical Africa, and conclude that PA management should invest more into conservation activities with long-term duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tranquilli
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Abedi-Lartey
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Katharine Abernethy
- African Forest Ecology Group, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
- IRET, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Fidèle Amsini
- Frankfurt Zoological Society, Maiko National Park, Tshopo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Augustus Asamoah
- Environmental Sustainability Project, United Nations Development Programme/Ghana Cocoa Board, Adabraka, Accra, Ghana
| | - Cletus Balangtaa
- Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission of Ghana, Ankasa Conservation Area, Elubo, Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Blake
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America
- Whitney Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri – Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Estelle Bouanga
- Ministère de la Forêt, de l'Environnement et de la Protection des Ressources Naturelles, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Rebecca Chancellor
- Departments of Anthropology & Sociology, and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Dunn
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Jef Dupain
- African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Gilles Etoga
- World Wide Fund for Nature CARPO, Jengi Tridom, Yaundé, Cameroon
| | - Takeshi Furuichi
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Support for Conservation of Bonobos, Luo Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Sylvain Gatti
- West African Primate Conservation Action, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Chie Hashimoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Support for Conservation of Bonobos, Luo Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - John A. Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Josephine Head
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Hega
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Monts de Cristal, Gabon
| | | | - Thurston C. Hicks
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars H. Holbech
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bas Huijbregts
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Central Africa Regional Programme Office, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hjalmar S. Kühl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inaoyom Imong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Calabar, Nigeria
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joshua Linder
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Minasoma Lero
- Directorate of Wildlife Service, Ministry of Interior and Wildlife Conservation, Juba, Republic of South Sudan
| | - David Morgan
- Lester E. Fisher Center for Great Ape Research, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Leonard Mubalama
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Itombwe Conservation Programme, Bukavu, South Kivu Province, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Paul K. N'Goran
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Aaron Nicholas
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Ruaha-Katavi Landscape, Tanzania
| | - Stuart Nixon
- Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leonidas Nziguyimpa
- Institut National pour l'Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature, Bururi, Burundi
| | | | | | - Babafemi G. Ogunjemite
- Department Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Charles-Albert Petre
- Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Forestry, Unit of Forest and Nature Management, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Education and Nature, Conservation Biology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo J. Rainey
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Regnaut
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Protected Areas Program West and Central Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Orume Robinson
- Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, Korup National Park, Ndian, Cameroon
| | - Aaron Rundus
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Crickette M. Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Tiku Okon
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Korup National Park, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wide Fund for Nature, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Ymke Warren
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Limbe, Cameroon
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Galte C, Catlin B, Domino S, Nixon S, Toma M, Hennessy C, Daniel M, Germain S. THE PROVINCIAL HEART FAILURE STRATEGY AT WORK: THE ADVANCED HEART FAILURE PERSONAL ACTION PLAN – “JUST ASK WHAT MATTERS TO ME.”. Can J Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Nixon S, Milner R. Noise pollution and detaining captured persons at sea. J R Nav Med Serv 2014; 100:202-204. [PMID: 25335317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During the course of military operations, the UK Armed Forces may have to capture and detain individuals. International law sets down a framework for the minimum basic standards that are applicable in these circumstances, and it is the responsibility of the UK Armed Forces to understand and implement these. This case review looks at a specific example of this issue related to noise pollution and appropriate detention facilities during anti-piracy operations, and how a flexible approach combined with good understanding of the regulations ensured compliance with these basic standards.
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Maisels F, Strindberg S, Blake S, Wittemyer G, Hart J, Williamson EA, Aba'a R, Abitsi G, Ambahe RD, Amsini F, Bakabana PC, Hicks TC, Bayogo RE, Bechem M, Beyers RL, Bezangoye AN, Boundja P, Bout N, Akou ME, Bene LB, Fosso B, Greengrass E, Grossmann F, Ikamba-Nkulu C, Ilambu O, Inogwabini BI, Iyenguet F, Kiminou F, Kokangoye M, Kujirakwinja D, Latour S, Liengola I, Mackaya Q, Madidi J, Madzoke B, Makoumbou C, Malanda GA, Malonga R, Mbani O, Mbendzo VA, Ambassa E, Ekinde A, Mihindou Y, Morgan BJ, Motsaba P, Moukala G, Mounguengui A, Mowawa BS, Ndzai C, Nixon S, Nkumu P, Nzolani F, Pintea L, Plumptre A, Rainey H, de Semboli BB, Serckx A, Stokes E, Turkalo A, Vanleeuwe H, Vosper A, Warren Y. Devastating decline of forest elephants in central Africa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59469. [PMID: 23469289 PMCID: PMC3587600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African forest elephants- taxonomically and functionally unique-are being poached at accelerating rates, but we lack range-wide information on the repercussions. Analysis of the largest survey dataset ever assembled for forest elephants (80 foot-surveys; covering 13,000 km; 91,600 person-days of fieldwork) revealed that population size declined by ca. 62% between 2002-2011, and the taxon lost 30% of its geographical range. The population is now less than 10% of its potential size, occupying less than 25% of its potential range. High human population density, hunting intensity, absence of law enforcement, poor governance, and proximity to expanding infrastructure are the strongest predictors of decline. To save the remaining African forest elephants, illegal poaching for ivory and encroachment into core elephant habitat must be stopped. In addition, the international demand for ivory, which fuels illegal trade, must be dramatically reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Maisels
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
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Gallagher S, Biro S, Creamer E, Della Rossa E, Collins E, Rourke S, Nixon S. "It's a hidden issue": exploring the experiences of women with HIV-associated neurocognitive challenges using a disability framework. Disabil Rehabil 2012; 35:36-46. [PMID: 22621682 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2012.687029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to explore the experiences of women living with self-identified HIV-associated neurocognitive challenges. METHOD This interpretive, qualitative study involved key informant interviews with 16 women with self-identified HIV-associated neurocognitive challenges. Data were collected through 60-90 min, in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was performed using an inductive approach. Theoretical analysis then used the ICF to reconceptualize the data using a disability lens. RESULTS Participants perceived impairments (e.g. memory loss, difficulty multi-tasking) and participation restrictions (e.g. parenting, work roles) resulting from their neurocognitive challenges as having a larger impact on their daily lives than activity limitations (e.g. difficulty with chores). Participants held contrasting views about parenting: women with children drew strength from parenting whereas women without children worried that parenting could compromise their health. Participation in work and volunteering roles was viewed as integral to managing neurocognitive challenges and health overall. CONCLUSIONS Conceptualizing neurocognitive challenges through a disability lens focuses attention on how impairments interact with other realities in these women's lives. This exploratory study reveals the need for future research exploring perceptions among people living with HIV-associated neurocognitive challenges with attention to aging and among other vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallagher
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Abstract
This review sought to establish the themes and approaches used in the measurement of patient satisfaction regarded by HIV service users as crucial to improving service quality. It also investigated how feedback has been measured previously and whether a gold standard instrument exists that is generalizable across HIV inpatient and clinic settings. Twelve databases and other sources yielded 1474 titles. Using a clinically-focused question and pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 articles were retrieved and reviewed for quality using a quality appraisal checklist. Two reviewers used a data extraction form to identify and verify key patient experiences. Thematic analysis revealed that clinic staffs' current knowledge of HIV was an essential factor in positive feedback. Treating patients with dignity and respecting their autonomy and confidentiality were also important. Developments in treatment, extended life expectancy and quality of life have altered patients' experience and level of satisfaction. Three instruments developed to assess patient satisfaction with HIV care were identified but there was no gold standard method of measuring it. There is a need to develop a specific, valid instrument that is easy to complete and analyse, and the data should be used to inform the redesign of services to promote a dynamic model of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Land
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
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Tranquilli S, Abedi-Lartey M, Amsini F, Arranz L, Asamoah A, Babafemi O, Barakabuye N, Campbell G, Chancellor R, Davenport TR, Dunn A, Dupain J, Ellis C, Etoga G, Furuichi T, Gatti S, Ghiurghi A, Greengrass E, Hashimoto C, Hart J, Herbinger I, Hicks TC, Holbech LH, Huijbregts B, Imong I, Kumpel N, Maisels F, Marshall P, Nixon S, Normand E, Nziguyimpa L, Nzooh-Dogmo Z, Tiku Okon D, Plumptre A, Rundus A, Sunderland-Groves J, Todd A, Warren Y, Mundry R, Boesch C, Kuehl H. Lack of conservation effort rapidly increases African great ape extinction risk. Conserv Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263x.2011.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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O'Brien K, Tynan AM, Nixon S, Glazier R. Effects of progressive resistive exercise in adults living with HIV/AIDS: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. AIDS Care 2008; 20:631-53. [DOI: 10.1080/09540120701661708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. O'Brien
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto
- b Centre for Research on Inner City Health , The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada
| | - A.-M. Tynan
- b Centre for Research on Inner City Health , The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada
| | - S. Nixon
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto
| | - R.H. Glazier
- b Centre for Research on Inner City Health , The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Canada
- c Department of Family and Community Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
- d Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences , Toronto , Canada
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Redmond M, Ockochinski L, Kay E, Nixon S, McBrearty P, Leader M, Grace A. The difficulty with audit of high grade cervical cytology in the absence of a national screening programme. Ir Med J 2008; 101:175-177. [PMID: 18700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Audit is an essential requirement of a cervical screening programme to ensure that laboratories are practising to agreed standards, and to ensure high quality patient care. The aim of this study was to assess the ability to audit high-grade cytology smear reports in a large cervical cytology laboratory in Ireland, where a nationally organised screening programme does not exist. Seven hundred and five questionnaires were forwarded to smear takers requesting follow-up data regarding high grade smear results from 2003. Seventy-four percent of the questionnaires were returned containing insufficient data, with a "don't know result" rate of >50%. This attempt at detailed audit took place 5 years ago. Annual internal audit continues to the best of the laboratory's ability but the situation, in terms of a centralised database in the context of a national screening programme, remains unchanged. A National Cervical Cytology Screening Programme is essential to centralise patient data, to allow for improved patient care, patient follow-up and audit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Redmond
- Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin
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Naik R, Nixon S, Lopes A, Godfrey K, Hatem MH, Monaghan JM. A randomized phase II trial of indole-3-carbinol in the treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:786-90. [PMID: 16681761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the potential therapeutic benefits of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) in the management of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Women with histologically confirmed high-grade VIN were randomized to receive 200 and 400 mg/day of I3C. Symptomatology by visual analog scale and vulvoscopic appearance were assessed at recruitment, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Tissue biopsy to determine histologic response was obtained at completion of the study period. Urine samples were obtained at each visit to determine 2-hydroxyestrone to 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone ratios. Data from 12 women were suitable for analysis. There was a significant improvement in symptomatology with the introduction of I3C (itch, P= 0.018; pain, P= 0.028). Lesion size and severity were also significantly reduced (size, P= 0.005; appearance, P= 0.046). In addition, there was a significant increase in 2-hydroxyestrone to 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio following commencement of I3C, P= 0.05. However, tissue biopsy from the worst-affected vulval areas revealed no improvement in grade of VIN during the 6-month period, P= 0.317. There were no significant differences in results between those women taking 200 mg/day of I3C and those on 400 mg/day. This study has shown significant clinical improvement in symptomatology and vulvoscopic appearance of VIN with I3C therapy. Further clinical and scientific investigations are required to support these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Naik
- Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre; and Department of Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Sheriff Hill, Gateshead, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The profile of HIV infection is constantly changing. Although once viewed as an illness progressing to death, among those with access to antiretroviral therapy, HIV can now present as a disease with an uncertain natural history, perhaps a chronic manageable disease for some. This increased chronicity of HIV infection has been mirrored by increased prevalence of disablement in the HIV-infected population (Rusch 2004). Thus, the needs of these individuals have increasingly included the management of impairments (problems with body function or structure as a significant deviation or loss, such as pain or weakness), activity limitations (difficulties an individual may have in executing activities, such as inability to walk) and participation restrictions (problems an individual may experiences in involvement in life situations, such as inability to work) (WHO 2001). Exercise is a key strategy employed by people living with HIV/AIDS and by rehabilitation professionals to address these issues. Exercise has been shown to improve strength, cardiovascular function and psychological status in seronegative populations (Bouchard 1993), but what are the effects of exercise for adults living with HIV? If the risks and benefits of exercise for people living with HIV are better understood, appropriate exercise may be undertaken by those living with HIV/AIDS and appropriate exercise prescription may be practiced by healthcare providers. If effective and safe, exercise may enhance the effectiveness of HIV management, thus improving the overall outcome for adults living with HIV. OBJECTIVES To examine the safety and effectiveness of aerobic exercise interventions on immunological/virological, cardiopulmonary and psychological parameters in adults living with HIV/AIDS. SEARCH STRATEGY To identify the appropriate studies, we conducted a search using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIENCE CITATION INDEX, AIDSLINE, CINAHL, HEALTHSTAR, PSYCHLIT, SOCIOFILE, SCI, SSCI, ERIC and DAI. We also reviewed both published and unpublished abstracts and proceedings from major international and national HIV/AIDS conferences such as the Intersciences Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), the Infectious Diseases Society of America Conference (IDSA) and the International AIDS Conference (IAC). Reference lists from pertinent articles and books were reviewed and personal contacts with authors were used, as well as Collaborative Review Group databases. Targeted journals were handsearched for relevant articles. There were no language restrictions. Searches for the original review covered the period from 1980 to July 1999. The first update of this review included an additional search of the literature, followed by identification of included studies that met the inclusion criteria from August 1999 to January 2001. For the second update, we conducted a search to identify additional studies published from February 2001 to August 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing aerobic exercise interventions with no aerobic exercise interventions or another exercise or treatment modality, performed at least three times per week for at least four weeks among adults (18 years of age or older) living with HIV/AIDS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data on study design, participants, interventions, outcomes and methodological quality were abstracted from studies that met the inclusion criteria onto specifically designed data collection forms by at least two reviewers. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 4.2 computer software on outcomes whenever possible. MAIN RESULTS A total of 10 studies (six from the original search, two from the first updated search and two from this second updated search) met the inclusion criteria for this review. Main results indicated that performing constant or interval aerobic exercise, or a combination of constant aerobic exercise and progressive resistive exercise for at least 20 minutes, at least three times per week for four weeks appears to be safe and may lead to significant reductions in depressive symptoms and potentially clinically important improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness. These findings are limited to those participants who continued to exercise and for whom there was adequate follow-up data. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise appears to be safe and may be beneficial for adults living with HIV/AIDS. These findings are limited by the small sample sizes and large withdrawal rates of the included studies. Future research would benefit from an increased attention to participant follow-up and intention-to-treat analysis. Further research is required to determine the optimal parameters of aerobic exercise and stage of disease in which aerobic exercise may be most beneficial for adults living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nixon
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1V7.
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Rusch M, Nixon S, Schilder A, Braitstein P, Chan K, Hogg RS. Use of antiretroviral therapy among HIV positive individuals living in British Columbia. AIDS Care 2005; 16:914-22. [PMID: 15385247 DOI: 10.1080/09540120412331290176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the level of antiretroviral use and characterize individuals accessing antiretroviral therapy in British Columbia. The study was conducted by the British Columbia Persons with AIDS Society and the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed out to HIV-positive members from May to September of 2002. Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and disease status were made using Pearson's Chi2 and the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. A total of 764 (51%) HIV-positive participants returned the questionnaire. Of these, 80% reported ever using antiretroviral therapy and 64.5% indicated current use. Reasons for never taking antiretroviral therapy were high CD4 or doctor's advice (74/126; 59%), feeling healthy (50/126; 40%) and being afraid of side-effects (35/126; 28%). Those reporting current antiretroviral use were more likely to be older (p<0.001), white (p=0.01), male (p<0.001), gay or bisexual (p<0.001), graduated from high school (p=0.001), non-injecting drug user (IDU) (p<0.001) and earning a household income greater than CAN$10,000/year (p=0.003). IDU status and length of time since diagnosis remained significantly associated with antiretroviral use in multivariate models. The differences in current antiretroviral use by sociodemographic characteristics such as IDU suggest that the need remains to target marginalized populations in order to maximize the health benefits from antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rusch
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to medical advancements, many people living with HIV infection in developed countries are living longer (Palella 1998). HIV infection can now present as a chronic illness with an uncertain natural disease history. The changing course of HIV infection has lead to a potential increase in the prevalence and impact of disability in people living with HIV infection. Exercise is one key management strategy used by health care professionals to address impairments (problems with body function or structure as a significant deviation or loss such as pain or weakness), activity limitations (difficulties an individual may have in executing activities such as inability to walk) and participation restrictions (problems an individual may experience in life situations such as inability to work) in this population (World Health Organization 2001). Exercise may also be used to address unwanted changes in weight and body composition in people living with HIV infection. Aerobic exercise has been associated with improvements in strength, cardiovascular function, and psychological status in general populations (Bouchard 1993). Results of a systematic review suggested that aerobic exercise interventions appeared to be safe and may lead to improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness for adults living with HIV/AIDS (Nixon 2002). But what are the effects of progressive resistive exercise (PRE) for adults living with HIV infection?A better understanding of the effectiveness and safety of progressive resistive exercise will enable people living with HIV and their health care workers to practice effective and appropriate exercise prescription, thus contributing to improved overall outcomes for adults living with HIV infection. OBJECTIVES To examine the safety and effectiveness of progressive resistive exercise interventions on weight, body composition, strength, immunological/virological, cardiopulmonary and psychological parameters in adults living with HIV infection. SEARCH STRATEGY To identify studies to be included in this review, we searched the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, COCHRANE, SCIENCE CITATION INDEX, PSYCHINFO, SOCIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, SSCI, ERIC, DAI and HEALTHSTAR. We also reviewed both published and unpublished abstracts and proceedings from major international and national HIV/AIDS conferences such as the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), the Infectious Diseases Society of America Conference (IDSA), and the International AIDS Conference (IAC). Reference lists from pertinent articles and books were reviewed, as well as Collaborative Review Group databases. Targeted journals were also hand searched for relevant articles. No language restriction was applied. The search strategy covered literature from 1980-August 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing progressive resistive exercise interventions with no progressive resistive exercise or another exercise or treatment modality, performed at least three times per week, and lasting at least four weeks among adults (18 years of age or older) living with HIV/AIDS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data collection forms were used by reviewers to abstract data pertaining to study design, participants, interventions, outcomes and methodological quality from the studies that met inclusion criteria. Whenever possible, meta-analyses were conducted on outcomes using RevMan 4.2.2 computer software. MAIN RESULTS Seven studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Meta-analysis was limited due to the following differences among the studies: types of exercise interventions, inclusion of co-intervention groups, level of exercise supervision, baseline body composition and testosterone levels of participants, types of outcomes assessed, and methodological quality of the individual studies.Main results indicated that performing progressive resistive exercise or a combination of progressive resistive exercise and aerobic exercise at least three times a week for at least four weeks appears to be safe and may lead to statistically and possibly clinically important increases in body weight and composition. Results also indicate exercise interventions may lead to clinically important improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness. Individual studies included in this review suggest that progressive resistive exercise interventions with or without aerobic exercise also contribute to improvements in strength and psychological status for adults living with HIV/AIDS. Individual studies indicate that progressive resistive exercise or a combination of progressive resistive and aerobic exercise appears to be safe for adults living with HIV/AIDS who are medically stable as a result of no change seen in immunological/virological status. These results are limited to those who continued to exercise and for whom there were adequate follow-up data. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistive exercise or a combination of progressive resistive exercise and aerobic exercise appear to be safe and may be beneficial for adults living with HIV/AIDS. These findings are limited by the small number of studies that could be included in meta-analyses, small sample sizes and variable participant withdrawal rates among included studies. Future research would benefit from including participants at various stages of HIV infection, a greater proportion of female participants, and participants in a variety of age groups to increase the generalizability of results. Furthermore, future research would benefit from studies with larger sample sizes that conduct an "intention-to-treat" analysis (analysis of participants based on the groups to which they were originally allocated) to better understand outcomes of participants that withdraw from exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O'Brien
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1V7.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The profile of HIV infection is constantly changing. Although once viewed as an illness progressing to death, among those with access to antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection can now present as a disease with an uncertain natural history, perhaps a chronic manageable disease for some. Thus, the needs of persons infected with HIV have increasingly included management of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. Exercise is a key management strategy employed by rehabilitation professionals to address these issues and assist persons living with HIV/AIDS. Exercise has been shown to improve strength, cardiovascular function, and psychological status in seronegative populations (~~Bouchard 1993~~) but what are the effects of exercise for adults living with HIV infection? If the risks and benefits of exercise for people living with HIV infection are better understood, appropriate exercise prescription may be practiced by health care providers, and may enhance the effectiveness of HIV management, thus improving the overall outcome for adults living with HIV infection. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of aerobic exercise interventions on cardiopulmonary, immunological/virological and psychological parameters in adults living with HIV infection. SEARCH STRATEGY To identify the appropriate studies, we conducted a search using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIENCE CITATION INDEX, AIDSLINE, CINAHL, HEALTHSTAR, PSYCHLIT, SOCIOFILE, SCI, SSCI, ERIC and DAI. We also reviewed abstracts from international AIDS, ICAAC, and other major meetings. Reference lists from pertinent articles and books and personal contact with authors were also used, as were Collaborative Review Group databases and results of hand searching of targeted journals. All languages were included. Searches for the original review covered the period from 1980 to July 1999. For the purposes of this update, an additional literature search, following the same identification of studies criteria as listed above, was conducted from August 1999 to January 2001. SELECTION CRITERIA To be selected, studies had to be randomized controlled trials involving HIV+ adults 18 years of age or older and had to include at least one group randomized to receive aerobic exercise performed at least three times/week for at least four weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data on study design, participants, interventions, and outcomes were extracted from the reports onto specifically designed data collection forms by at least two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS A total of eight studies (six from the original search and two from the updated search) were identified that satisfied the eligibility criteria. The main results indicated that performing constant or interval aerobic exercise, or a combination of constant aerobic exercise and progressive resistive exercise for at least 20 minutes, at least three times per week for four weeks appears to be safe and may lead to clinically significant improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness. Furthermore, individual studies suggest that aerobic exercise may improve psychological well-being for adults living with HIV/AIDS. These findings are limited to those who continued to exercise and for whom there was adequate follow-up data. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise appears to be safe and may be beneficial for adults living with HIV/AIDS. These findings are limited by the small sample sizes and large drop-out rates of the included studies. Future research would benefit from an increased attention to participant follow-up and intention-to-treat analysis. Further research is required to determine the optimal parameters of aerobic exercise and stage of disease in which aerobic exercise may be most beneficial for adults living with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nixon
- Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, 256 McCaul Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1W5.
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Monnot M, Nixon S, Lovallo W, Ross E. Altered emotional perception in alcoholics: deficits in affective prosody comprehension. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25:362-9. [PMID: 11290846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affective prosody is a nonlinguistic aspect of language that conveys emotion and attitude during discourse. It is a dominant function of the right hemisphere. Because skills associated with the right hemisphere have been found to be impaired in alcoholics, this study explored the possibility that affective prosodic functioning may be sensitive to the effects of alcohol due to heavy persistent drinking or prenatal exposure. METHODS Subjects were aged 25 to 58 years. Twenty-nine men and three women who met DSM-IV criteria for an alcohol use disorder with a median of 39 days of sobriety, 11 men with a probable history of fetal alcohol exposure (FAexp), and 41 age-matched control subjects of both sexes were tested by using the Aprosodia Battery. This instrument assesses affective prosodic comprehension (APC) across a range of verbal articulatory demands. RESULTS The alcoholic group scored 2 SD below the control mean, and the FAexp group scored -5 SD regardless of whether they had ever been diagnosed with alcohol abuse. Despite their poor performance on APC, alcoholic and FAexp groups performed similarly to the control group on vocabulary, abstract reasoning, and an index of cognitive impairment that used the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Multiple regression analyses that used nine alcohol use variables to model APC resulted in four significant contributors to the effect. These regressors were related to early exposure to ethanol and chronicity of alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS Alcoholics and FAexp subjects were significantly less accurate at APC compared with controls. These alcohol-exposed subjects appear to be deficient in the ability to understand emotional valence in the speech of others, which results in errors of judgment that may impair social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monnot
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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Abstract
The early endosomal autoantigen EEA1 is essential for early endosomal membrane fusion. It binds to endosomes via a C-terminal domain (EEA1-CT). To identify proteins interacting with EEA1-CT, we screened a human brain library in the yeast two-hybrid system. Fourteen clones reacted strongly with EEA1-CT. Sequencing of these clones revealed that they all contained the ORF of the small GTPase, Rab5b. Further two-hybrid analysis suggested that Rab5b also interacts with the N-terminus of EEA1 (EEA1-NT). The interaction of both EEA1-CT and EEA1-NT with Rab5b was confirmed biochemically, and was found to be GTP dependent. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that EEA1 colocalizes with Rab5b on early endosomes. Although EEA1-CT and EEA1-NT interacted strongly with wild-type Rab5b in the two-hybrid system, we detected no interaction with wild-type Rab5a, even though GTPase-deficient mutants of both Rab5a and Rab5b interacted equally well with EEA1. This difference could not be explained by differences in intrinsic GTPase activities, as these were found to be very similar. Instead, we speculate that yeast may contain a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity that stimulates Rab5a but not Rab5b. In contrast, pig brain cytosol was found to contain a GAP activity that stimulates the GTPase activity of Rab5b in preference to that of Rab5a. These data provide evidence that EEA1 interacts with both Rab5a and Rab5b, and that the GTPase activities of the two proteins are differentially regulated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Callaghan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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Battle P, Gibb T, Nixon S. A study of the ordering of oxygen vacancies in the rare-earth perovskites Sr2MFe3O8+y by Mössbauer spectroscopy. J SOLID STATE CHEM 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-4596(89)90253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Battle P, Gibb T, Nixon S. A study of charge disproportionation in the nonstoichiometric perovskite Sr2LaFe3O8+y by Mössbauer spectroscopy. J SOLID STATE CHEM 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-4596(88)90099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nixon PG, Freeman LJ, Nixon S, King J, Goulden B. Problems of patients' dependency on doctors. J R Soc Med 1987; 80:394-5. [PMID: 3625699 PMCID: PMC1290870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Dix T, Ruble DN, Grusec JE, Nixon S. Social cognition in parents: inferential and affective reactions to children of three age levels. Child Dev 1986; 57:879-94. [PMID: 3757607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present research proposes and tests an attributional model of parent cognition. Derived from correspondent inference theory, the model emphasizes that parents assess children's behavior primarily by determining whether that behavior reflects children's intentions and dispositions or, instead, constraints on children's control of behavior from situational pressures or developmental limitations in knowledge and ability. In 2 studies, support was obtained for 4 predictions. First, findings show that parents' assessments of children's behavior are closely tied to the developmental level of the child. As children developed, parents thought children's behavior was increasingly caused by personality dispositions and was increasingly intentional, under the child's control, and, for misconduct, understood to be wrong. Second, parents' affective reactions to misconduct were related to their assessments of its cause and, third, became increasingly negative as children developed. Positive affect, in contrast, was unrelated to attributions for children's positive behavior. Fourth, parents' assessments of children's behavior were affected by the behavior's desirability. Parents thought children's altruism was more intentional, dispositional, and under the child's control than children's misconduct. Implications for how parents assess and react to children's behavior are discussed.
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Martinson IM, Nixon S, Geis D, YaDeau R, Nesbit M, Kersey J. Nursing care in childhood cancer: methadone. Am J Nurs 1982; 82:432-5. [PMID: 6917687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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