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Costa EFS, Menezes GM, Colaço A. Trait-based insights into sustainable fisheries: A four-decade perspective in Azores archipelago. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173271. [PMID: 38754519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The trait-based approach provides a powerful perspective for analyzing fisheries and their potential impact on marine ecological processes, offering crucial insights into sustainability and ecosystem functioning. This approach was applied to investigate trends in fish assemblages landed by both local and coastal fishing fleets in the Azores archipelago over the past four decades (1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). A matrix of ten traits was built to assess functional redundancy (Fred), functional over-redundancy (FOve), and functional vulnerability (FVul) for the fish assemblages caught by every fishing fleet in each decade. The susceptibility of the Azorean fishery to negative impacts on ecosystem functioning was evidenced by low FRed (<1.5 species per functional entity) and high FVul (exceeding 70 %). However, there is reason for optimism, as temporal trends in the 2000s and 2010s showed an increase in FRed and FOve along with a significant decrease in FVul. These trends indicate the adaptation of the fishery to new target species and, notably, the effectiveness of local fish regulations in mitigating the impacts of targeting functionally important species, such as Elasmobranchii, over the past two decades. These regulations have played a pivotal role in preserving ecological functions within the ecosystem, as well as in managing the removal of high biomass of key important species (e.g., Trachurus picturatus, Pagellus bogaraveo, and Katsuwonus pelamis) from the ecosystem. This study contributes to understanding the delicate balance between fishing pressure, ecological resilience, and sustainable resource management in Azorean waters. It also highlights the importance of continued monitoring, adaptive management, and the enforcement of local fishing regulations to ensure the long-term health and sustainability of the fishery and the broader marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudriano F S Costa
- OKEANOS - Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; IMAR - Instituto do Mar, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal.
| | - Gui M Menezes
- OKEANOS - Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Ana Colaço
- OKEANOS - Institute of Marine Sciences - OKEANOS, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal; IMAR - Instituto do Mar, University of the Azores, Rua Professor Doutor Frederico Machado 4, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
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2
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Fowler JC, Ziegler S, Whitney KD, Rudgers JA, Miller TEX. Microbial symbionts buffer hosts from the demographic costs of environmental stochasticity. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14438. [PMID: 38783567 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Species' persistence in increasingly variable climates will depend on resilience against the fitness costs of environmental stochasticity. Most organisms host microbiota that shield against stressors. Here, we test the hypothesis that, by limiting exposure to temporally variable stressors, microbial symbionts reduce hosts' demographic variance. We parameterized stochastic population models using data from a 14-year symbiont-removal experiment including seven grass species that host Epichloë fungal endophytes. Results provide novel evidence that symbiotic benefits arise not only through improved mean fitness, but also through dampened inter-annual variance. Hosts with "fast" life-history traits benefited most from symbiont-mediated demographic buffering. Under current climate conditions, contributions of demographic buffering were modest compared to benefits to mean fitness. However, simulations of increased stochasticity amplified benefits of demographic buffering and made it the more important pathway of host-symbiont mutualism. Microbial-mediated variance buffering is likely an important, yet cryptic, mechanism of resilience in an increasingly variable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Fowler
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Shaun Ziegler
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kenneth D Whitney
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tom E X Miller
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Sadler DE, van Dijk S, Karjalainen J, Watts PC, Uusi‐Heikkilä S. Does size-selective harvesting erode adaptive potential to thermal stress? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11007. [PMID: 38333098 PMCID: PMC10850808 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Overharvesting is a serious threat to many fish populations. High mortality and directional selection on body size can cause evolutionary change in exploited populations via selection for a specific phenotype and a potential reduction in phenotypic diversity. Whether the loss of phenotypic diversity that accompanies directional selection impairs response to environmental stress is not known. To address this question, we exposed three zebrafish selection lines to thermal stress. Two lines had experienced directional selection for (1) large and (2) small body size, and one was (3) subject to random removal of individuals with respect to body size (i.e. line with no directional selection). Selection lines were exposed to three temperatures (elevated, 34°C; ambient, 28°C; low, 22°C) to determine the response to an environmental stressor (thermal stress). We assessed differences among selection lines in their life history (growth and reproduction), physiological traits (metabolic rate and critical thermal max) and behaviour (activity and feeding behaviour) when reared at different temperatures. Lines experiencing directional selection (i.e. size selected) showed reduced growth rate and a shift in average phenotype in response to lower or elevated thermal stress compared with fish from the random-selected line. Our data indicate that populations exposed to directional selection can have a more limited capacity to respond to thermal stress compared with fish that experience a comparable reduction in population size (but without directional selection). Future studies should aim to understand the impacts of environmental stressors on natural fish stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Sadler
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Stephan van Dijk
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Phillip C. Watts
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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4
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Eloranta AP, Perälä T, Kuparinen A. Effects of temporal abiotic drivers on the dynamics of an allometric trophic network model. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9928. [PMID: 36969931 PMCID: PMC10034489 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Current ecological research and ecosystem management call for improved understanding of the abiotic drivers of community dynamics, including temperature effects on species interactions and biomass accumulation. Allometric trophic network (ATN) models, which simulate material (carbon) transfer in trophic networks from producers to consumers based on mass‐specific metabolic rates, provide an attractive framework to study consumer–resource interactions from organisms to ecosystems. However, the developed ATN models rarely consider temporal changes in some key abiotic drivers that affect, for example, consumer metabolism and producer growth. Here, we evaluate how temporal changes in carrying capacity and light‐dependent growth rate of producers and in temperature‐dependent mass‐specific metabolic rate of consumers affect ATN model dynamics, namely seasonal biomass accumulation, productivity, and standing stock biomass of different trophic guilds, including age‐structured fish communities. Our simulations of the pelagic Lake Constance food web indicated marked effects of temporally changing abiotic parameters on seasonal biomass accumulation of different guild groups, particularly among the lowest trophic levels (primary producers and invertebrates). While the adjustment of average irradiance had minor effect, increasing metabolic rate associated with 1–2°C temperature increase led to a marked decline of larval (0‐year age) fish biomass, but to a substantial biomass increase of 2‐ and 3‐year‐old fish that were not predated by ≥4‐year‐old top predator fish, European perch (Perca fluviatilis). However, when averaged across the 100 simulation years, the inclusion of seasonality in abiotic drivers caused only minor changes in standing stock biomasses and productivity of different trophic guilds. Our results demonstrate the potential of introducing seasonality in and adjusting the average values of abiotic ATN model parameters to simulate temporal fluctuations in food‐web dynamics, which is an important step in ATN model development aiming to, for example, assess potential future community‐level responses to ongoing environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti P. Eloranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tommi Perälä
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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5
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Martinez ND. Predicting ecosystem metaphenome from community metagenome: A grand challenge for environmental biology. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9872. [PMID: 36911308 PMCID: PMC9994474 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating how an organism's characteristics emerge from its DNA sequence has been one of the great triumphs of biology. This triumph has cumulated in sophisticated computational models that successfully predict how an organism's detailed phenotype emerges from its specific genotype. Inspired by that effort's vision and empowered by its methodologies, a grand challenge is described here that aims to predict the biotic characteristics of an ecosystem, its metaphenome, from nucleic acid sequences of all the species in its community, its metagenome. Meeting this challenge would integrate rapidly advancing abilities of environmental nucleic acids (eDNA and eRNA) to identify organisms, their ecological interactions, and their evolutionary relationships with advances in mechanistic models of complex ecosystems. Addressing the challenge would help integrate ecology and evolutionary biology into a more unified and successfully predictive science that can better help describe and manage ecosystems and the services they provide to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neo D. Martinez
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems, School of Informatics, Computing, and EngineeringIndiana University, BloomingtonIndianaBloomingtonUSA
- Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology LabCABerkeleyUSA
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6
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Limited effects of size-selective harvesting and harvesting-induced life-history changes on the temporal variability of biomass dynamics in complex food webs. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Wang Y, Zhou X, Chen J, Xie B, Huang L. Climate‐induced habitat suitability changes intensify fishing impacts on the life history of large yellow croaker (
Larimichthys crocea
). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9342. [PMID: 36203636 PMCID: PMC9526033 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense fishing pressure and climate change are major threats to the fish population and coastal fisheries. Larimichthys crocea (large yellow croaker) is a long‐lived fish, which performs seasonal migrations from its spawning and nursery grounds along the coast of the East China Sea (ECS) to overwintering grounds offshore. This study used length‐based analysis and habitat suitability index (HSI) model to evaluate the current life‐history parameters and overwintering habitat suitability of L. crocea, respectively. We compared recent (2019) and historical (1971–1982) life‐history parameters and overwintering HSI to analyze the fishing pressure and climate change effects on the overall population and overwintering phase of L. crocea. The length‐based analysis indicated serious overfishing of L. crocea, characterized by reduced catch, size truncation, constrained distribution, and advanced maturation causing a recruitment bottleneck. The overwintering HSI modeling results indicated that climate change has led to decreased sea surface temperature during L. crocea overwintering phase over the last half‐century, which in turn led to area decrease and an offshore‐oriented shifting of optimal overwintering habitat of L. crocea. The fishing‐caused size truncation may have constrained the migratory ability, and distribution of L. crocea subsequently led to the mismatch of the optimal overwintering habitat against climate change background, namely habitat bottleneck. Hence, while heavy fishing was the major cause of L. crocea collapse, climate‐induced overwintering habitat suitability may have intensified the fishery collapse of L. crocea population. It is important for management to consider both overfishing and climate change issues when developing stock enhancement activities and policy regulations, particularly for migratory long‐lived fish that share a similar life history to L. crocea. Combined with China's current restocking and stock enhancement initiatives, we propose recommendations for the future restocking of L. crocea in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Xijie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jiajie Chen
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fisheries Resources and Environment of East China Sea and Yangtze Estuary Ministry of Agriculture; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies Xiamen University Xiamen China
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8
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Mundinger C, Fleischer T, Scheuerlein A, Kerth G. Global warming leads to larger bats with a faster life history pace in the long-lived Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). Commun Biol 2022; 5:682. [PMID: 35810175 PMCID: PMC9271042 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether species can cope with environmental change depends considerably on their life history. Bats have long lifespans and low reproductive rates which make them vulnerable to environmental changes. Global warming causes Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii) to produce larger females that face a higher mortality risk. Here, we test whether these larger females are able to offset their elevated mortality risk by adopting a faster life history. We analysed an individual-based 25-year dataset from 331 RFID-tagged wild bats and combine genetic pedigrees with data on survival, reproduction and body size. We find that size-dependent fecundity and age at first reproduction drive the observed increase in mortality. Because larger females have an earlier onset of reproduction and shorter generation times, lifetime reproductive success remains remarkably stable across individuals with different body sizes. Our study demonstrates a rapid shift to a faster pace of life in a mammal with a slow life history. Warming summers across a 25-year study are linked to larger body sizes in female bats, leading to a switch from a slow-reproducing, long-lived species to a faster pace of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mundinger
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Straße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Toni Fleischer
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheuerlein
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Straße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Kerth
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Straße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Juvenile Hake Merluccius gayi Spatiotemporal Expansion and Adult-Juvenile Relationships in Chile. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of juvenile fish changes due to endogenous processes, and determining the functional relationships among conspecifics is essential for fisheries’ management. The hake (Merluccius gayi) is an overexploited demersal fish widely distributed in Chile, from 23°39′ S to 47°00′ S in shallow and deep water over the continental shelf and shelf break. We studied the spatiotemporal distribution of hake juveniles (from ages 0 and 1), emphasizing endogenous relationships among juveniles and adults. The abundance per age data were obtained from bottom trawl cruises carried out in the austral winter between 1997 and 2018. Generalized additive models showed a similar spatiotemporal pattern for ages between 0 and 1, and negative effects of adult hake aged seven and older on the abundance of the young generation. Regarding the changes in juvenile abundance, the residual deviance of selected models explained 75.9% (for the age 0) and 95.3% (for the age 1) of the null deviance, revealing a significant increase in juvenile abundance from 2002 to 2007 and subsequent abundance stability at higher levels. Furthermore, the expansion in the abundance of juveniles after 2002 was favored by the low abundance of older adult hake, most which are able to cannibalize young hake. Our results highlight the importance of endogenous factors in the spatial distribution of Chilean hake juveniles to identify nurseries or juvenile areas free of potential cannibal adults.
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10
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Kuo C, Ko C, Lai Y. Assessing warming impacts on marine fishes by integrating physiology‐guided distribution projections, life‐history changes, and food web dynamics. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Yun Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Biology Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Ying Ko
- Institute of Fisheries Science National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yin‐Zheng Lai
- Institute of Fisheries Science National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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11
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Evans AE, Zimova M, Giery ST, Golden HE, Pastore AL, Nadeau CP, Urban MC. An eco‐evolutionary perspective on the humpty‐dumpty effect and community restoration. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette E. Evans
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Dept of Environmental Conservation, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | | | - Sean T. Giery
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Dept of Biology, The Pennsylvania State Univ. Univ. Park PA USA
| | - Heidi E. Golden
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Golden Ecology LLC Simsbury CT USA
| | - Amanda L. Pastore
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Christopher P. Nadeau
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Smith Conservation Research Fellow, Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern Univ. Nahant MA USA
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Center of Biological Risks, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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12
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Ahti PA, Uusi‐Heikkilä S, Marjomäki TJ, Kuparinen A. Age is not just a number-Mathematical model suggests senescence affects how fish populations respond to different fishing regimes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13363-13378. [PMID: 34646475 PMCID: PMC8495815 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is often described as an age-dependent increase in natural mortality (known as actuarial senescence) and an age-dependent decrease in fecundity (known as reproductive senescence), and its role in nature is still poorly understood. Based on empirical estimates of reproductive and actuarial senescence, we used mathematical simulations to explore how senescence affects the population dynamics of Coregonus albula, a small, schooling salmonid fish. Using an empirically based eco-evolutionary model, we investigated how the presence or absence of senescence affects the eco-evolutionary dynamics of a fish population during pristine, intensive harvest, and recovery phases. Our simulation results showed that the presence or absence of senescence affected how the population responded to the selection regime. At an individual level, gillnetting caused a larger decline in asymptotic length when senescence was present, compared to the nonsenescent population, and the opposite occurred when fishing was done by trawling. This change was accompanied by evolution toward younger age at maturity. At the population level, the change in biomass and number of fish in response to different fishery size-selection patterns depended on the presence or absence of senescence. Since most life-history and fisheries models ignore senescence, they may be over-estimating reproductive capacity and under-estimating natural mortality. Our results highlight the need to understand the combined effects of life-history characters such as senescence and fisheries selection regime to ensure the successful management of our natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina A. Ahti
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Timo J. Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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13
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Hočevar S, Kuparinen A. Marine food web perspective to fisheries-induced evolution. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2378-2391. [PMID: 34745332 PMCID: PMC8549614 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisheries exploitation can cause genetic changes in heritable traits of targeted stocks. The direction of selective pressure forced by harvest acts typically in reverse to natural selection and selects for explicit life histories, usually for younger and smaller spawners with deprived spawning potential. While the consequences that such selection might have on the population dynamics of a single species are well emphasized, we are just beginning to perceive the variety and severity of its propagating effects within the entire marine food webs and ecosystems. Here, we highlight the potential pathways in which fisheries-induced evolution, driven by size-selective fishing, might resonate through globally connected systems. We look at: (i) how a size truncation may induce shifts in ecological niches of harvested species, (ii) how a changed maturation schedule might affect the spawning potential and biomass flow, (iii) how changes in life histories can initiate trophic cascades, (iv) how the role of apex predators may be shifting and (v) whether fisheries-induced evolution could codrive species to depletion and biodiversity loss. Globally increasing effective fishing effort and the uncertain reversibility of eco-evolutionary change induced by fisheries necessitate further research, discussion and precautionary action considering the impacts of fisheries-induced evolution within marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hočevar
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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14
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Perälä T, Uusi-Heikkilä S, Kuparinen A. Return of the Apex Predator — How Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Re-Establishment Shapes an Ecosystem. ANN ZOOL FENN 2021. [DOI: 10.5735/086.058.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Perälä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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15
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Thorbjørnsen SH, Moland E, Villegas‐Ríos D, Bleeker K, Knutsen H, Olsen EM. Selection on fish personality differs between a no-take marine reserve and fished areas. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1807-1815. [PMID: 34295365 PMCID: PMC8288012 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine reserves can protect fish populations by increasing abundance and body size, but less is known about the effect of protection on fish behaviour. We looked for individual consistency in movement behaviours of sea trout in the marine habitat using acoustic telemetry to investigate whether they represent personality traits and if so, do they affect survival in relation to protection offered by a marine reserve. Home range size had a repeatability of 0.21, suggesting that it represents a personality trait, while mean swimming depth, activity and diurnal vertical migration were not repeatable movement behaviours. The effect of home range size on survival differed depending on the proportion of time fish spent in the reserve, where individuals spending more time in the reserve experienced a decrease in survival with larger home ranges while individuals spending little time in the reserve experienced an increase in survival with larger home ranges. We suggest that the diversity of fish home range sizes could be preserved by establishing networks of marine reserves encompassing different habitat types, ensuring both a heterogeneity in environmental conditions and fishing pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Huneide Thorbjørnsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Even Moland
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - David Villegas‐Ríos
- IMEDEAInstituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC‐UIB)Department of Ecology and Marine ResourcesIchthyology GroupEsporlesBalearic IslandsSpain
- IIMInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC)Department of Ecology and Marine ResourcesFisheries Ecology GroupVigoPontevedraSpain
| | - Katinka Bleeker
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Esben Moland Olsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
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16
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Nonaka E, Kuparinen A. A modified niche model for generating food webs with stage-structured consumers: The stabilizing effects of life-history stages on complex food webs. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4101-4125. [PMID: 33976797 PMCID: PMC8093700 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all organisms grow in size during their lifetime and switch diets, trophic positions, and interacting partners as they grow. Such ontogenetic development introduces life-history stages and flows of biomass between the stages through growth and reproduction. However, current research on complex food webs rarely considers life-history stages. The few previously proposed methods do not take full advantage of the existing food web structural models that can produce realistic food web topologies.We extended the niche model developed by Williams and Martinez (Nature, 2000, 404, 180-183) to generate food webs that included trophic species with a life-history stage structure. Our method aggregated trophic species based on niche overlap to form a life-history structured population; therefore, it largely preserved the topological structure of food webs generated by the niche model. We applied the theory of allometric predator-prey body mass ratio and parameterized an allometric bioenergetic model augmented with biomass flow between stages via growth and reproduction to study the effects of a stage structure on the stability of food webs.When life-history stages were linked via growth and reproduction, more food webs persisted, and persisting food webs tended to retain more trophic species. Topological differences between persisting linked and unlinked food webs were small to modest. The slopes of biomass spectra were lower, and weak interaction links were more prevalent in the linked food webs than the unlinked ones, suggesting that a life-history stage structure promotes characteristics that can enhance stability of complex food webs.Our results suggest a positive relationship between the complexity and stability of complex food webs. A life-history stage structure in food webs may play important roles in dynamics of and diversity in food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Nonaka
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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17
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Glaum P, Vandermeer J. Stage‐structured ontogeny in resource populations generates non‐additive stabilizing and de‐stabilizing forces in populations and communities. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Glaum
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California Davis CA USA
| | - John Vandermeer
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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18
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Wood ZT, Palkovacs EP, Olsen BJ, Kinnison MT. The Importance of Eco-evolutionary Potential in the Anthropocene. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Humans are dominant global drivers of ecological and evolutionary change, rearranging ecosystems and natural selection. In the present article, we show increasing evidence that human activity also plays a disproportionate role in shaping the eco-evolutionary potential of systems—the likelihood of ecological change generating evolutionary change and vice versa. We suggest that the net outcome of human influences on trait change, ecology, and the feedback loops that link them will often (but not always) be to increase eco-evolutionary potential, with important consequences for stability and resilience of populations, communities, and ecosystems. We also integrate existing ecological and evolutionary metrics to predict and manage the eco-evolutionary dynamics of human-affected systems. To support this framework, we use a simple eco–evo feedback model to show that factors affecting eco-evolutionary potential are major determinants of eco-evolutionary dynamics. Our framework suggests that proper management of anthropogenic effects requires a science of human effects on eco-evolutionary potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology and with the Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment at the University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Brian J Olsen
- School of Biology and Ecology and with the Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment at the University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology and with the Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment at the University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
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19
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Alteration of coastal productivity and artisanal fisheries interact to affect a marine food web. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1765. [PMID: 33469119 PMCID: PMC7815714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Top-down and bottom-up forces determine ecosystem function and dynamics. Fisheries as a top-down force can shorten and destabilize food webs, while effects driven by climate change can alter the bottom-up forces of primary productivity. We assessed the response of a highly-resolved intertidal food web to these two global change drivers, using network analysis and bioenergetic modelling. We quantified the relative importance of artisanal fisheries as another predator species, and evaluated the independent and combined effects of fisheries and changes in plankton productivity on food web dynamics. The food web was robust to the loss of all harvested species but sensitive to the decline in plankton productivity. Interestingly, fisheries dampened the negative impacts of decreasing plankton productivity on non-harvested species by reducing the predation pressure of harvested consumers on non-harvested resources, and reducing the interspecific competition between harvested and non-harvested basal species. In contrast, the decline in plankton productivity increased the sensitivity of harvested species to fishing by reducing the total productivity of the food web. Our results show that strategies for new scenarios caused by climate change are needed to protect marine ecosystems and the wellbeing of local communities dependent on their resources.
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20
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Ayllón D, Nicola GG, Elvira B, Almodóvar A. Climate change will render size‐selective harvest of cold‐water fish species unsustainable in Mediterranean freshwaters. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ayllón
- Faculty of Biology Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain
| | - Graciela G. Nicola
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Castilla‐La Mancha (UCLM) Toledo Spain
| | - Benigno Elvira
- Faculty of Biology Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Almodóvar
- Faculty of Biology Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain
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21
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Matić-Skoko S, Vrdoljak D, Uvanović H, Pavičić M, Tutman P, Bojanić Varezić D. Early evidence of a shift in juvenile fish communities in response to conditions in nursery areas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21078. [PMID: 33273675 PMCID: PMC7713244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A multivariate analysis of juvenile fish community data, sampled at two nursery sites at an interval of 17 years (2000-early, and 2017-late), was conducted to elucidate the trends of change in littoral juvenile fish communities along the eastern Adriatic coast. Fishing, trophic and taxonomic composition to the community data were analysed for possible causality. The ichthyofaunal composition differed significantly for Site, Period and all interactions. According to the mMDS ordination plot, four groups of communities were defined, with clear cyclicity. No patterns were found in species composition between sites in the early period, while the observed community changes were governed by the same pattern at both sites in the late period. The species that contributed most to the observed changes were non-commercial, small, benthic resident fishes, such as gobiids and blennids, or those associated with canopy alga for shelter and feeding. The analysis correctly allocated samples based on community information to Sites and Periods. The data obtained provided an invaluable opportunity to test for the generality of potential patterns of change in littoral fish communities, suggesting that significantly modified juvenile fish communities may be the result of constant human embankment and marine infrastructure construction along the coast in recent decades, rather than climate change or fishing pressure, as generally considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Matić-Skoko
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Meštrovićevo šetalište 63, P.O. Box. 500, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Dario Vrdoljak
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Meštrovićevo šetalište 63, P.O. Box. 500, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Hana Uvanović
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Meštrovićevo šetalište 63, P.O. Box. 500, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Mišo Pavičić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Meštrovićevo šetalište 63, P.O. Box. 500, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Pero Tutman
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Meštrovićevo šetalište 63, P.O. Box. 500, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Bojanić Varezić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Meštrovićevo šetalište 63, P.O. Box. 500, 21000, Split, Croatia
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22
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Perälä T, Kuparinen A. Eco-evolutionary dynamics driven by fishing: From single species models to dynamic evolution within complex food webs. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2507-2520. [PMID: 33294005 PMCID: PMC7691468 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of contemporary evolution across ecological time scales stimulated research on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of natural populations. Aquatic systems provide a good setting to study eco-evolutionary dynamics owing to a wealth of long-term monitoring data and the detected trends in fish life-history traits across intensively harvested marine and freshwater systems. In the present study, we focus on modelling approaches to simulate eco-evolutionary dynamics of fishes and their ecosystems. Firstly, we review the development of modelling from single species to multispecies approaches. Secondly, we advance the current state-of-the-art methodology by implementing evolution of life-history traits of a top predator into the context of complex food web dynamics as described by the allometric trophic network (ATN) framework. The functioning of our newly developed eco-evolutionary ATNE framework is illustrated using a well-studied lake food web. Our simulations show how both natural selection arising from feeding interactions and size-selective fishing cause evolutionary changes in the top predator and how those feed back to its prey species and further cascade down to lower trophic levels. Finally, we discuss future directions, particularly the need to integrate genomic discoveries into eco-evolutionary projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Perälä
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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23
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Glaum P, Cocco V, Valdovinos FS. Integrating economic dynamics into ecological networks: The case of fishery sustainability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/45/eaaz4891. [PMID: 33148659 PMCID: PMC7673689 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems requires investigating feedback processes between ecological and economic dynamics. While network ecology has advanced our understanding of large-scale communities, it has not robustly coupled economic drivers of anthropogenic impact to ecological outcomes. Leveraging allometric trophic network models, we study such integrated economic-ecological dynamics in the case of fishery sustainability. We incorporate economic drivers of fishing effort into food-web network models, evaluating the dynamics of thousands of single-species fisheries across hundreds of simulated food webs under fixed-effort and open-access management strategies. Analyzing simulation results reveals that harvesting species with high population biomass can initially support fishery persistence but threatens long-term economic and ecological sustainability by indirectly inducing extinction cascades in non-harvested species. This dynamic is exacerbated in open-access fisheries where profit-driven growth in fishing effort increases perturbation strength. Our results demonstrate how network theory provides necessary ecological context when considering the sustainability of economically dynamic fishing effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Glaum
- Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Valentin Cocco
- École Normale Supérieure, Biology Department, PSL Université Paris, France
| | - Fernanda S Valdovinos
- Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Abstract
The ocean is a lifeline for human existence, but current practices risk severely undermining ocean sustainability. Present and future social−ecological challenges necessitate the maintenance and development of knowledge and action by stimulating collaboration among scientists and between science, policy, and practice. Here we explore not only how such collaborations have developed in the Nordic countries and adjacent seas but also how knowledge from these regions contributes to an understanding of how to obtain a sustainable ocean. Our collective experience may be summarized in three points: 1) In the absence of long-term observations, decision-making is subject to high risk arising from natural variability; 2) in the absence of established scientific organizations, advice to stakeholders often relies on a few advisors, making them prone to biased perceptions; and 3) in the absence of trust between policy makers and the science community, attuning to a changing ocean will be subject to arbitrary decision-making with unforeseen and negative ramifications. Underpinning these observations, we show that collaboration across scientific disciplines and stakeholders and between nations is a necessary condition for appropriate actions.
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25
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Palacios-Hernández D, Castillo-Géniz JL, Méndez-Loeza I, Pérez-Jiménez JC. Temporal and latitudinal comparisons of reproductive parameters in a heavily exploited shark, the bonnethead, Sphyrna tiburo (L. 1758), in the southern Gulf of Mexico. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:100-112. [PMID: 32222979 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the southern Gulf of Mexico, the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is one of the most frequently captured species in landings of small-scale fisheries. Based on the analysis of two fishery-dependent sampling periods (1993-1994 and 2007-2014), this study aimed to determine reproductive parameters and identify temporal differences between the two time periods. In the first sampling period, 776 males and 352 females with a size range of 28.0-120.0 cm total stretched length (LT ) were analysed, and in the second sampling period, 387 males and 432 females with a size range of 28.0-122.0 cm LT were analysed. The size at 50% maturity in the second sampling period was significantly different between sexes, 82.6 cm LT for females and 73.8 cm LT for males (no estimation was possible for the first sampling period). The size at 50% maternity was not different between sampling periods, 97.3 cm LT for the first sampling period and 99.0 cm LT for the second sampling period. Litter size varied from 3 to 19 embryos and the average was not statistically different in both periods, 10.1 (S.D. = 3.8) for the first sampling period and 11.3 (S.D. = 3.5) for the second sampling period. The female reproductive cycle is asynchronous, and it seems to be annual, with a gestation period of 5-6 months, and a consecutive ovarian cycle and gestation period. Temporal (between sampling periods) and latitudinal (southern Gulf versus northern regions) variations occur in the synchronicity of the reproductive cycle, temporal variation in the relationship between maternal length and litter size, and latitudinal variation in average size of mature sharks.
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26
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Martinez ND. Allometric Trophic Networks From Individuals to Socio-Ecosystems: Consumer–Resource Theory of the Ecological Elephant in the Room. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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27
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Hale KRS, Valdovinos FS, Martinez ND. Mutualism increases diversity, stability, and function of multiplex networks that integrate pollinators into food webs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2182. [PMID: 32358490 PMCID: PMC7195475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems are composed of complex networks of many species interacting in different ways. While ecologists have long studied food webs of feeding interactions, recent studies increasingly focus on mutualistic networks including plants that exchange food for reproductive services provided by animals such as pollinators. Here, we synthesize both types of consumer-resource interactions to better understand the controversial effects of mutualism on ecosystems at the species, guild, and whole-community levels. We find that consumer-resource mechanisms underlying plant-pollinator mutualisms can increase persistence, productivity, abundance, and temporal stability of both mutualists and non-mutualists in food webs. These effects strongly increase with floral reward productivity and are qualitatively robust to variation in the prevalence of mutualism and pollinators feeding upon resources in addition to rewards. This work advances the ability of mechanistic network theory to synthesize different types of interactions and illustrates how mutualism can enhance the diversity, stability, and function of complex ecosystems. Aside from their pollination function, pollinators consume and are consumed by other members of ecological communities; these relationships could explain the controversial effects of pollinators on ecological networks. Here the authors show that when mutualists such as pollinators are introduced into food webs, they increase ecosystem biodiversity, stability, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla R S Hale
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Fernanda S Valdovinos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Weiser Hall Suite 700, 500 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Neo D Martinez
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Room 302, 919 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA.,Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94703, USA
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28
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Romanuk TN, Binzer A, Loeuille N, Carscallen WMA, Martinez ND. Simulated evolution assembles more realistic food webs with more functionally similar species than invasion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18242. [PMID: 31796765 PMCID: PMC6890687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While natural communities are assembled by both ecological and evolutionary processes, ecological assembly processes have been studied much more and are rarely compared with evolutionary assembly processes. We address these disparities here by comparing community food webs assembled by simulating introductions of species from regional pools of species and from speciation events. Compared to introductions of trophically dissimilar species assumed to be more typical of invasions, introducing species trophically similar to native species assumed to be more typical of sympatric or parapatric speciation events caused fewer extinctions and assembled more empirically realistic networks by introducing more persistent species with higher trophic generality, vulnerability, and enduring similarity to native species. Such events also increased niche overlap and the persistence of both native and introduced species. Contrary to much competition theory, these findings suggest that evolutionary and other processes that more tightly pack ecological niches contribute more to ecosystem structure and function than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara N Romanuk
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Pacific Informatics and Computational Ecology Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amrei Binzer
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IA, United States
| | | | - Neo D Martinez
- Pacific Informatics and Computational Ecology Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IA, United States.
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29
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Moland E, Carlson SM, Villegas‐Ríos D, Ree Wiig J, Moland Olsen E. Harvest selection on multiple traits in the wild revealed by aquatic animal telemetry. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6480-6491. [PMID: 31236237 PMCID: PMC6580266 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting can have profound impacts on the ecology and evolution of marine populations. However, little is known about the strength and direction of fisheries-induced selection acting on multiple traits in the wild. Here, we used acoustic telemetry to directly monitor individual behavior and fate in an intensively harvested species, the European lobster (Homarus gammarus, n = 100), in southern Norway. Overall, 24% of the tracked lobsters survived the two-month harvest season within the study area. Our results indicated that local survival was not random with respect to phenotype. We found no clear support for fisheries-induced selection acting directly on body size. However, lobsters with large crusher claws relative to their body size, typical of socially dominant individuals, appeared at higher risk of being captured in the conventional trap fishery. We also detected a fine-scale spatial gradient in survival. After accounting for this gradient, individuals displaying larger home ranges were more likely to survive the harvest season. Finally, we found significant repeatabilities for lobster behavior on a monthly timescale, indicating that individual behavioral attributes tended to persist and may reflect personality. Our study therefore provides empirical support for the need to consider an evolutionary enlightened approach to fisheries management that considers the influence of harvest on multiple traits of target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Even Moland
- FlødevigenInstitute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal ResearchUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - David Villegas‐Ríos
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Ichthyology GroupIMEDEA, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios AvanzadosEsporlesSpain
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Fisheries Ecology GroupInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM‐CSIC)Vigo, PontevedraSpain
| | | | - Esben Moland Olsen
- FlødevigenInstitute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal ResearchUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
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30
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Schilling HT, Smith JA, Stewart J, Everett JD, Hughes JM, Suthers IM. Reduced exploitation is associated with an altered sex ratio and larger length at maturity in southwest Pacific (east Australian) Pomatomus saltatrix. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:72-79. [PMID: 31000357 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pomatomus saltatrix is an important recreational fishing species with seven major populations worldwide. The reproductive biology of the southwest Pacific Ocean (east Australian) population is uncertain, with both an extended spawning and multiple spawning periods previously hypothesised. Here we demonstrate an altered sex ratio biased towards females and a larger length at 50% maturity (L50) compared to those recorded for the population 40 years ago, before comprehensive management strategies were implemented. We also report a second, previously undescribed, late-summer spawning event which was identified by analysing patterns in a gonadosomatic index across the whole population and an historical larval fish database. P. saltatrix are capable of spawning multiple times per season with estimates of batch fecundity ranging from 99,488 to 1,424,425 eggs per fish. When combined with the length frequency distribution of the population, the majority of eggs (64%) were shown to be produced by fish ≤40 cm fork length (FL). L50 was estimated at 30.2 and 31.5 cm FL for male and female P. saltatrix respectively, 4 cm larger than 40 years ago. The sex ratio of the population was found to have significantly shifted over the last 40 years from an equal sex ratio to a female dominated population (1.58 females:1 male). These dramatic alterations to the sex ratio and L50 highlights the value of monitoring the reproductive biology of exploited fish populations to ensure that management plans remain appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden T Schilling
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia.
| | - James A Smith
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - John Stewart
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Jason D Everett
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Julian M Hughes
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Iain M Suthers
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
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31
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Bland S, Valdovinos FS, Hutchings JA, Kuparinen A. The role of fish life histories in allometrically scaled food-web dynamics. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3651-3660. [PMID: 30988900 PMCID: PMC6434563 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size determines key ecological and evolutionary processes of organisms. Therefore, organisms undergo extensive shifts in resources, competitors, and predators as they grow in body size. While empirical and theoretical evidence show that these size-dependent ontogenetic shifts vastly influence the structure and dynamics of populations, theory on how those ontogenetic shifts affect the structure and dynamics of ecological networks is still virtually absent.Here, we expand the Allometric Trophic Network (ATN) theory in the context of aquatic food webs to incorporate size-structure in the population dynamics of fish species. We do this by modifying a food web generating algorithm, the niche model, to produce food webs where different fish life-history stages are described as separate nodes which are connected through growth and reproduction. Then, we apply a bioenergetic model that uses the food webs and the body sizes generated by our niche model to evaluate the effect of incorporating life-history structure into food web dynamics.We show that the larger the body size of a fish species respective to the body size of its preys, the higher the biomass attained by the fish species and the greater the ecosystem stability. We also find that the larger the asymptotic body size attained by fish species the larger the total ecosystem biomass, a result that holds true for both the largest fish in the ecosystem and each fish species in the ecosystem.This work provides an expanded ATN theory that generates food webs with life-history structure for chosen species. Our work offers a systematic approach for disentangling the effects of increasing life-history complexity in food-web models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda S. Valdovinos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganMichigan
- Center for the Study of Complex SystemsUniversity of MichiganMichigan
| | - Jeffrey A. Hutchings
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
- Institute of Marine ResearchFlødevigen Marine Research StationHisNorway
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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Dakos V, Matthews B, Hendry AP, Levine J, Loeuille N, Norberg J, Nosil P, Scheffer M, De Meester L. Ecosystem tipping points in an evolving world. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:355-362. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kuparinen A, Perälä T, Martinez ND, Valdovinos FS. Environmentally‐induced noise dampens and reddens with increasing trophic level in a complex food web. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuparinen
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI‐40015 University of Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Tommi Perälä
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI‐40015 University of Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Neo D. Martinez
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Fernanda S. Valdovinos
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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Uusi-Heikkilä S, Perälä T, Kuparinen A. Species' ecological functionality alters the outcome of fish stocking success predicted by a food-web model. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180465. [PMID: 30225036 PMCID: PMC6124140 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish stocking is used worldwide in conservation and management, but its effects on food-web dynamics and ecosystem stability are poorly known. To better understand these effects and predict the outcomes of stocking, we used an empirically validated network model of a well-studied lake ecosystem. We simulate two stocking scenarios with two native fish species valuable for fishing. In the first scenario, we stock planktivorous fish (whitefish) larvae in the ecosystem. This leads to a 1% increase in adult whitefish biomasses and decreases the biomasses of the top predator (perch). In the second scenario, we also stock perch larvae in the ecosystem. This decreases the planktivorous whitefish and the oldest top predator age class biomasses, and destabilizes the ecosystem. Our results demonstrate that the effects of stocking depend on the species' position in the food web and thus cannot be assessed without considering interacting species. We further show that stocking can lead to undesired outcomes from both management and conservation perspectives. The gains of stocking can remain minor and have adverse effects on the entire ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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35
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Cuetos-Bueno J, Hernandez-Ortiz D, Graham C, Houk P. Human and environmental gradients predict catch, effort, and species composition in a large Micronesian coral-reef fishery. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198068. [PMID: 29852023 PMCID: PMC5979012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The consistent supply of fresh fish to commercial markets may mask growing fishing footprints and localized depletions, as fishing expands to deeper/further reefs, smaller fish, and more resilient species. To test this hypothesis, species-based records and fisher interviews were gathered over one year within a large, demand-driven coral-reef fishery in Chuuk, Micronesia. We first assessed catch statistics with respect to high windspeeds and moon phases that are known to constrain both catch and effort. While lower daily catch success was predicted by higher windspeeds and greater lunar illumination, total daily landings fluctuated less than fishing success across environmental gradients. Instead, daily landings were mainly driven by the number of flights from Chuuk to Guam (i.e., international demand). Given that demand masked local drivers of overall catch volume, we further evaluated species-based indicators of fisheries exploitation. Most target species (75%) had either a positively skewed size distribution or proportional contributions that were dependent upon favorable conditions (i.e. season and moon phases). Skewed size distributions indicated truncated growth associated with fishing mortality, and in turn, suggested that size-based management policies may be most effective for these species. In contrast, environmentally-constrained catch success indicated species that may be more susceptible to growing fishing footprints and may respond better to gear/quota/area policies compared to size policies. Species-based responses offered a simplified means to combine species into fisheries management units. Finally, a comparison of commercial and subsistence landings showed higher vulnerability to fishing among species preferentially targeted by commercial fisheries, offering new insights into how commercial harvesting can disproportionately impact resources, despite having lower annual catch volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Curtis Graham
- Chuuk Department of Marine Resources, Weno, Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Peter Houk
- University of Guam Marine Laboratory, Mangilao, Guam
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36
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Accounting for activity respiration results in realistic trophic transfer efficiencies in allometric trophic network (ATN) models. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-018-0378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wood ZT, Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT. Eco-evolutionary Feedbacks from Non-target Species Influence Harvest Yield and Sustainability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6389. [PMID: 29686227 PMCID: PMC5913267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution in harvested species has become a major concern for its potential to affect yield, sustainability, and recovery. However, the current singular focus on harvest-mediated evolution in target species overlooks the potential for evolution in non-target members of communities. Here we use an individual-based model to explore the scope and pattern of harvest-mediated evolution at non-target trophic levels and its potential feedbacks on abundance and yield of the harvested species. The model reveals an eco-evolutionary trophic cascade, in which harvest at top trophic levels drives evolution of greater defense or competitiveness at subsequently lower trophic levels, resulting in alternating feedbacks on the abundance and yield of the harvested species. The net abundance and yield effects of these feedbacks depends on the intensity of harvest and attributes of non-target species. Our results provide an impetus and framework to evaluate the role of non-target species evolution in determining fisheries yield and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. .,Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Introducing a Regulatory Policy Framework of Bait Fishing in European Coastal Lagoons: The Case of Ria de Aveiro in Portugal. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kuparinen A, Festa-Bianchet M. Harvest-induced evolution: insights from aquatic and terrestrial systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0036. [PMID: 27920381 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial and recreational harvests create selection pressures for fitness-related phenotypic traits that are partly under genetic control. Consequently, harvesting can drive evolution in targeted traits. However, the quantification of harvest-induced evolutionary life history and phenotypic changes is challenging, because both density-dependent feedback and environmental changes may also affect these changes through phenotypic plasticity. Here, we synthesize current knowledge and uncertainties on six key points: (i) whether or not harvest-induced evolution is happening, (ii) whether or not it is beneficial, (iii) how it shapes biological systems, (iv) how it could be avoided, (v) its importance relative to other drivers of phenotypic changes, and (vi) whether or not it should be explicitly accounted for in management. We do this by reviewing findings from aquatic systems exposed to fishing and terrestrial systems targeted by hunting. Evidence from aquatic systems emphasizes evolutionary effects on age and size at maturity, while in terrestrial systems changes are seen in weapon size and date of parturition. We suggest that while harvest-induced evolution is likely to occur and negatively affect populations, the rate of evolutionary changes and their ecological implications can be managed efficiently by simply reducing harvest intensity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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40
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Kindsvater HK, Palkovacs EP. Predicting Eco-evolutionary Impacts of Fishing on Body Size and Trophic Role of Atlantic Cod. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-16-533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Tromeur E, Loeuille N. Balancing yield with resilience and conservation objectives in harvested predator-prey communities. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tromeur
- Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Paris Diderot, Univ Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), 7 quai St Bernard, FR-75252; Paris France
- AgroParisTech, Univ Paris-Saclay; Paris France
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Paris Diderot, Univ Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Inst. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), 7 quai St Bernard, FR-75252; Paris France
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Dee LE, Allesina S, Bonn A, Eklöf A, Gaines SD, Hines J, Jacob U, McDonald-Madden E, Possingham H, Schröter M, Thompson RM. Operationalizing Network Theory for Ecosystem Service Assessments. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:118-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Uusi-Heikkilä S, Lindström K, Parre N, Arlinghaus R, Alós J, Kuparinen A. Altered trait variability in response to size-selective mortality. Biol Lett 2016; 12:20160584. [PMID: 27651537 PMCID: PMC5046938 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in trait variability owing to size-selective harvesting have received little attention in comparison with changes in mean trait values, perhaps because of the expectation that phenotypic variability should generally be eroded by directional selection typical for fishing and hunting. We show, however, that directional selection, in particular for large body size, leads to increased body-size variation in experimentally harvested zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations exposed to two alternative feeding environments: ad libitum and temporarily restricted food availability. Trait variation may influence population adaptivity, stability and resilience. Therefore, rather than exerting selection pressures that favour small individuals, our results stress the importance of protecting large ones, as they can harbour a great amount of variation within a population, to manage fish stocks sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kai Lindström
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Noora Parre
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 7, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Alós
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/ Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Potential Impact of Carry-Over Effects in the Dynamics and Management of Seasonal Populations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155579. [PMID: 27171267 PMCID: PMC4865231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For many species living in changing environments, processes during one season influence vital rates in a subsequent season in the same annual cycle. The interplay between these carry-over effects between seasons and other density-dependent events can have a strong influence on population size and variability. We carry out a theoretical study of a discrete semelparous population model with an annual cycle divided into a breeding and a non-breeding season; the model assumes carry-over effects coming from the non-breeding period and affecting breeding performance through a density-dependent adjustment of the growth rate parameter. We analyze the influence of carry-over effects on population size, focusing on two important aspects: compensatory mortality and population variability. To understand the potential consequences of carry-over effects for management, we have introduced constant effort harvesting in the model. Our results show that carry-over effects may induce dramatic changes in population stability as harvesting pressure is increased, but these changes strongly depend on whether harvesting occurs prior to reproduction or after it.
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