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Huang IH, Miyashita SI, Hata T, Karatsu S, Hosoya K, Sagane Y. Complete subunit structure of serotype C and D botulinum progenitor toxin complex induces vacuolation in the specific epithelial cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 632:55-61. [PMID: 36201881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum produces seven botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes. In nature, BoNT exists as a part of the progenitor toxin complex (PTC) through associations with neurotoxin associated proteins (NAPs), including nontoxic nonhemagglutinin and hemagglutinin (HA) complex, consists of HA-70, HA-17 and HA-33. Because PTC displays higher oral toxicity than pure BoNTs, NAPs play a critical role in food poisoning. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the NAP complex in mature large-sized PTC (L-PTC) from serotypes C and D concomitantly induced cell death and cytoplasmic vacuolation in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. Here, we found that the serotype D NAP complex induces only cytoplasmic vacuolation in the normal rat kidney cell line NRK-52E without reducing cell viability. NAP complexes from serotype A and B L-PTCs did not affect cell viability or cytoplasmic vacuolation in IEC-6 and NRK-52E cells. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of immature L-PTCs with fewer HA-33/HA-17 trimers (two HA-33 and one HA-17) than mature L-PTCs on cell viability and cytoplasmic vacuolation in IEC-6 and NRK-52E cells. As a result, mature L-PTCs with the maximum number of HA-33/HA-17 trimers displayed the greatest potency. Consequently, the reduction in cell viability and vacuolation induction are related to the number of HA-33/HA-17 trimers in PTC. The discovery of an epithelial cell model where botulinum PTC specifically induces vacuolization may help clarify the unknown cytotoxicity of PTC, which plays an important role in the trans-epithelial transport of the toxin.
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Duchesne de Lamotte J, Perrier A, Martinat C, Nicoleau C. Emerging Opportunities in Human Pluripotent Stem-Cells Based Assays to Explore the Diversity of Botulinum Neurotoxins as Future Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7524. [PMID: 34299143 PMCID: PMC8308099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and are responsible for botulism, a fatal disorder of the nervous system mostly induced by food poisoning. Despite being one of the most potent families of poisonous substances, BoNTs are used for both aesthetic and therapeutic indications from cosmetic reduction of wrinkles to treatment of movement disorders. The increasing understanding of the biology of BoNTs and the availability of distinct toxin serotypes and subtypes offer the prospect of expanding the range of indications for these toxins. Engineering of BoNTs is considered to provide a new avenue for improving safety and clinical benefit from these neurotoxins. Robust, high-throughput, and cost-effective assays for BoNTs activity, yet highly relevant to the human physiology, have become indispensable for a successful translation of engineered BoNTs to the clinic. This review presents an emerging family of cell-based assays that take advantage of newly developed human pluripotent stem cells and neuronal function analyses technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Duchesne de Lamotte
- IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France;
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Anselme Perrier
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, CEA/CNRS UMR9199, Université Paris Saclay, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cécile Martinat
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
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Tirta Ismaya W, Tjandrawinata RR, Rachmawati H. Lectins from the Edible Mushroom Agaricus bisporus and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Molecules 2020; 25:E2368. [PMID: 32443732 PMCID: PMC7287795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mushroom Agaricus bisporus secretes biologically active compounds and proteins with benefits for human health. Most reported proteins from A. bisporus are tyrosinases and lectins. Lectins are of therapeutic or pharmaceutical interest. To date, only limited information is available on A. bisporus lectins and lectin-like proteins. No therapeutic products derived from A. bisporus lectin (ABL) are available on the market despite its extensive exploration. Recently, A. bisporus mannose-binding protein (Abmb) was discovered. Its discovery enriches the information and increases the interest in proteins with therapeutic potential from this mushroom. Furthermore, the A. bisporus genome reveals the possible occurrence of other lectins in this mushroom that may also have therapeutic potential. Most of these putative lectins belong to the same lectin groups as ABL and Abmb. Their relationship is discussed. Particular attention is addressed to ABL and Abmb, which have been explored for their potential in medicinal or pharmaceutical applications. ABL and Abmb have anti-proliferative activities toward cancer cells and a stimulatory effect on the immune system. Possible scenarios for their use in therapy and modification are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsa Tirta Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V PP-7, Jababeka 2, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia; (W.T.I.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V PP-7, Jababeka 2, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia; (W.T.I.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Heni Rachmawati
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Amatsu S, Fujinaga Y. Botulinum Hemagglutinin: Critical Protein for Adhesion and Absorption of Neurotoxin Complex in Host Intestine. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:183-190. [PMID: 32306327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum hemagglutinin (HA) is one of the auxiliary protein components of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complex, the most lethal toxin known. HA promotes the intestinal absorption of BoNT by at least two mechanisms, resulting in high oral toxicity. One of the mechanisms is the attachment of large progenitor toxin complexes (L-PTCs) to the cell surface of the intestinal epithelium by the carbohydrate-binding activity of HA. The other is epithelial barrier disruption by the E-cadherin-binding activity of HA. The carbohydrate-binding activity of HA also promotes attachment to the basolateral cell surface, which increases the frequency of contact between HA and E-cadherin. Together, the carbohydrate-binding activity of HA is critical for the intestinal absorption of BoNTs. The trimeric triskelion-shaped structure of HA confers the multivalent binding to its ligands and increases the pathogenic biological activities of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Djukovic A, Garcia-Garcera M, Martínez-Paredes E, Isaac S, Artacho A, Martínez J, Ubeda C. Gut colonization by a novel Clostridium species is associated with the onset of epizootic rabbit enteropathy. Vet Res 2018; 49:123. [PMID: 30572930 PMCID: PMC6302431 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic rabbit enteropathy (ERE) represents one of the most devastating diseases affecting rabbit farms. Previous studies showing transmissibility of disease symptoms through oral inoculation of intestinal contents from sick animals suggested a bacterial infectious origin for ERE. However, no etiological agent has been identified yet. On the other hand, ERE is associated with major changes in intestinal microbial communities, pinpointing dysbiosis as an alternative cause for the disease. To better understand the role of intestinal bacteria in ERE development, we have performed a prospective longitudinal study in which intestinal samples collected from the same animals before, during and after disease onset were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Changes in hundreds of bacterial groups were detected after the initiation of ERE. In contrast, before ERE onset, the microbiota from rabbits that developed ERE did not differ from those that remained healthy. Notably, an expansion of a single novel Clostridium species (Clostridium cuniculi) was detected the day of ERE onset. C. cuniculi encodes several putative toxins and it is phylogenetically related to the two well-characterized pathogens C. botulinum and C. perfringens. Our results are consistent with a bacterial infectious origin of ERE and discard dysbiosis as the initial trigger of the disease. Although experimental validation is required, results derived from sequencing analysis, propose a key role of C. cuniculi in ERE initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Djukovic
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marc Garcia-Garcera
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1006, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Martínez-Paredes
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n., 46022, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandrine Isaac
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Carles Ubeda
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Avenida de Cataluña, 21, 46020, Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the most potent toxins known and cause botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs are also widely utilized as therapeutic toxins. They contain three functional domains responsible for receptor-binding, membrane translocation, and proteolytic cleavage of host proteins required for synaptic vesicle exocytosis. These toxins also have distinct features: BoNTs exist within a progenitor toxin complex (PTC), which protects the toxin and facilitates its absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas TeNT is uniquely transported retrogradely within motor neurons. Our increasing knowledge of these toxins has allowed the development of engineered toxins for medical uses. The discovery of new BoNTs and BoNT-like proteins provides additional tools to understand the evolution of the toxins and to engineer toxin-based therapeutics. This review summarizes the progress on our understanding of BoNTs and TeNT, focusing on the PTC, receptor recognition, new BoNT-like toxins, and therapeutic toxin engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Geoffrey Masuyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Zhang C, Zhang A, Hou W, Li T, Wang K, Zhang Q, de la Fuente JM, Jin W, Cui D. Mimicking Pathogenic Invasion with the Complexes of Au 22(SG) 18-Engineered Assemblies and Folic Acid. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4408-4418. [PMID: 29723464 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems provide the richest spectrum of sophisticated design for materials engineering. We herein provide a paradigm of Au22(SG)18-engineered (SG, glutathione thiolate) and hydrogen bonds engaged assemblies for mimicking capsid protein self-assembly. The water-evaporation-induced self-assembly method allows discrete ultrasmall gold nanoclusters (GNCs) to be self-assembled into super-GNCs assemblies (SGNCs) ranging from nano-, meso- to microscale in water-dimethyl sulfoxide binary solvents in a template-free manner. After removing free and hydration layer water molecules, the formation of SGNCs is engaged by the collective cohesion of hydrogen bonds between glutathione ligands of gradually approaching GNCs. Then, a series of tightly orchestrated cellular events induced by the complexes of Au22(SG)18-engineered assemblies and folic acid are demonstrated to mimic the invasion of eukaryotic cells by pathogens. First, the activation of macropinocytosis mimics the macropinocytic entry used by the pathogens to invade host cells. Then the cytoplasmic vacuolization is a mimicry of vacuolating effects induced by the oligomeric vacuolating toxins secreted by some bacteria. Lastly, the escaping from macropinosomes into cytosol is in a vacuolating toxin's strategy. The findings demonstrate the capabilities of artificial pathogens to emulate the structures and functions of natural pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
- National Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovational Center for System Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Amin Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Wenxiu Hou
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Tianliang Li
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Kan Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Jesús M de la Fuente
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA-CSIC) , Universidad de Zaragoza & CIBER-BBN , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Weilin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
- National Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovational Center for System Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
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Mansfield MJ, Doxey AC. Genomic insights into the evolution and ecology of botulinum neurotoxins. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4978416. [PMID: 29684130 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mansfield
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Sagane Y, Mutoh S, Koizumi R, Suzuki T, Miyashita SI, Miyata K, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T. Reversible Association of the Hemagglutinin Subcomplex, HA-33/HA-17 Trimer, with the Botulinum Toxin Complex. Protein J 2017; 36:417-424. [PMID: 28707196 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) associates with nontoxic proteins, either a nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) or the complex of NTNHA and hemagglutinin (HA), to form M- or L-toxin complexes (TCs). Single BoNT and NTNHA molecules are associated and form M-TC. A trimer of the 70-kDa HA protein (HA-70) attaches to the M-TC to form M-TC/HA-70. Further, 1-3 arm-like 33- and 17-kDa HA molecules (HA-33/HA-17 trimer), consisting of 1 HA-17 protein and 2 HA-33 proteins, can attach to the M-TC/HA-70 complex, yielding 1-, 2-, and 3-arm L-TC. In this study, the purified 1- and 2-arm L-TCs spontaneously converted into another L-TC species after acquiring the HA-33/HA-17 trimer from other TCs during long-term storage and freezing/thawing. Transmission electron microscopy analysis provided evidence of the formation of detached HA-33/HA-17 trimers in the purified TC preparation. These findings provide evidence of reversible association/dissociation of the M-TC/HA-70 complex with the HA-33/HA-17 trimers, as well as dynamic conversion of the quaternary structure of botulinum TC in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan.
| | - Shingo Mutoh
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, 5-196-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa, 061-1449, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Koizumi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tomonori Suzuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Miyashita
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Keita Miyata
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohyama
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, 5-196-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa, 061-1449, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
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Feng Y, Liu W, Pan L, Jiang C, Zhang C, Lu Y, Nie Z, Jin L. Comparison of neurotoxic potency between a novel chinbotulinumtoxinA with onabotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA and lanbotulinumtoxinA in rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1927-1939. [PMID: 28721012 PMCID: PMC5500563 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s138489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Four botulinumtoxin type A (BoNT/A) products, onabotulinumtoxinA (A/Ona), incobotulinumtoxinA (A/Inco), lanbotulinumtoxinA (A/Lan) and chinbotulinumtoxinA (A/Chin), are applied in the present study, among which A/Chin is newly produced. We aimed to compare the neurotoxic potency of these toxins by the gauge of muscle strength reduction. Furthermore, potential molecular and cellular mechanisms were also explored. According to our data, muscle strengths in the four toxin groups were all significantly decreased after injection for 1 week. A/Chin achieved the most obvious reduction in muscle strength as compared to the other three products at the dose of 0.5 U. However, there was no difference between the four toxins when increased to 2 U. As the toxins wore off, muscle strength recovered to basal level 12 weeks postinjection. We further measured the expression levels of key factors involved in neuromuscular junction stabilization and muscle genesis. Our results showed that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, myogenic regulatory factors and muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase were all significantly upregulated upon BoNT/A treatment. Consistent with the result of muscle strength, A/Chin had the most obvious induction of gene expression. Moreover, we also found local inflammation response following BoNT/A injection. Owing to lack of complexing proteins, both A/Inco and A/Chin stimulated relatively lighter inflammation compared to that of A/Ona and A/Lan groups. In conclusion, our study provided evidence for the efficacy of the novel A/Chin and its similar functional mode to that of A/Ona, A/Inco and A/Lan. In addition, A/Chin has superiority in inducing muscle paralysis and inflammation stimulation, which may indicate faster onset and longer duration of this novel A/Chin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuchao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Pan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Nie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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