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Košenina S, Škerlová J, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P. The cryo-EM structure of the BoNT/Wo-NTNH complex reveals two immunoglobulin-like domains. FEBS J 2024; 291:676-689. [PMID: 37746829 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The botulinum neurotoxin-like toxin from Weissella oryzae (BoNT/Wo) is one of the BoNT-like toxins recently identified outside of the Clostridium genus. We show that, like the canonical BoNTs, BoNT/Wo forms a complex with its non-toxic non-hemagglutinin (NTNH) partner, which in traditional BoNT serotypes protects the toxin from proteases and the acidic environment of the hosts' guts. We here report the cryo-EM structure of the 300 kDa BoNT/Wo-NTNH/Wo complex together with pH stability studies of the complex. The structure reveals molecular details of the toxin's interactions with its protective partner. The overall structural arrangement is similar to other reported BoNT-NTNH complexes, but NTNH/Wo uniquely contains two extra bacterial immunoglobulin-like (Big) domains on the C-terminus. Although the function of these Big domains is unknown, they are structurally most similar to bacterial proteins involved in adhesion to host cells. In addition, the BoNT/Wo protease domain contains an internal disulfide bond not seen in other BoNTs. Mass photometry analysis revealed that the BoNT/Wo-NTNH/Wo complex is stable under acidic conditions and may dissociate at neutral to basic pH. These findings established that BoNT/Wo-NTNH/Wo shares the general fold of canonical BoNT-NTNH complexes. The presence of unique structural features suggests that it may have an alternative mode of activation, translocation and recognition of host cells, raising interesting questions about the activity and the mechanism of action of BoNT/Wo as well as about its target environment, receptors and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Košenina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Jana Škerlová
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sicai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
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Maeda R, Mori M, Harada S, Izu I, Hirano T, Inoue Y, Yahiro S, Koyama H. Emergence of Novel Type C Botulism Strain in Household Outbreak, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2175-2177. [PMID: 37735800 PMCID: PMC10521594 DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021, an outbreak of food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum type C occurred in Kumamoto, Japan. Analysis of the isolated strain revealed that it possessed the bont/C gene and was slightly different from the reference bont/C gene. The risk for human infection with this new toxin type may be low.
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Smith TJ, Schill KM, Williamson CHD. Navigating the Complexities Involving the Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) and the Taxonomy of BoNT-Producing Clostridia. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:545. [PMID: 37755971 PMCID: PMC10535752 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are a varied group of protein toxins that share similar structures and modes of activity. They include at least seven serotypes and over forty subtypes that are produced by seven different clostridial species. These bacterial species are not limited strictly to BoNT-producers as neuro-toxigenic and non-neuro-toxigenic members have been identified within each species. The nomenclature surrounding these toxins and associated bacteria has been evolving as new isolations and discoveries have arisen, resulting in challenges in diagnostic reporting, epidemiology and food safety studies, and in the application of therapeutic products. An understanding of the intricacies regarding the nomenclature of BoNTs and BoNT-producing clostridia is crucial for communication that allows for accurate reporting of information that is pertinent to each situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J. Smith
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;
| | - Kristin M. Schill
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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Chen S, Li F, Liu G, Li Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Nakanishi H. Construction of a Yeast Cell-Based Assay System to Analyze SNAP25-Targeting Botulinum Neurotoxins. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1125. [PMID: 37317099 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe a yeast cell-based assay system to analyze SNAP25-targeting botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are protein toxins, and, upon incorporation into neuronal cells, their light chains (BoNT-LCs) target specific synaptosomal N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, including synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25). BoNT-LCs are metalloproteases, and each BoNT-LC recognizes and cleaves conserved domains in SNAREs termed the SNARE domain. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SNAP25 ortholog Spo20 is required for production of the spore plasma membrane; thus, defects in Spo20 cause sporulation deficiencies. We found that chimeric SNAREs in which SNARE domains in Spo20 are replaced with those of SNAP25 are functional in yeast cells. The Spo20/SNAP25 chimeras, but not Spo20, are sensitive to digestion by BoNT-LCs. We demonstrate that spo20∆ yeasts harboring the chimeras exhibit sporulation defects when various SNAP25-targeting BoNT-LCs are expressed. Thus, the activities of BoNT-LCs can be assessed by colorimetric measurement of sporulation efficiencies. Although BoNTs are notorious toxins, they are also used as therapeutic and cosmetic agents. Our assay system will be useful for analyzing novel BoNTs and BoNT-like genes, as well as their manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Feng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Guoyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Zijie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Yishi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
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Belinskaia M, Wang J, Kaza SK, Antoniazzi C, Zurawski T, Dolly JO, Lawrence GW. Bipartite Activation of Sensory Neurons by a TRPA1 Agonist Allyl Isothiocyanate Is Reflected by Complex Ca 2+ Influx and CGRP Release Patterns: Enhancement by NGF and Inhibition with VAMP and SNAP-25 Cleaving Botulinum Neurotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021338. [PMID: 36674850 PMCID: PMC9865456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels to the plasma membrane and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from trigeminal ganglion neurons (TGNs) are implicated in some aspects of chronic migraines. These exocytotic processes are inhibited by cleavage of SNAREs with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs); moreover, type A toxin (/A) clinically reduces the frequency and severity of migraine attacks but not in all patients for unknown reasons. Herein, neonatal rat TGNs were stimulated with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a TRPA1 agonist, and dose relationships were established to link the resultant exocytosis of CGRP with Ca2+ influx. The CGRP release, quantified by ELISA, was best fit by a two-site model (EC50 of 6 and 93 µM) that correlates with elevations in intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i revealed by time-lapse confocal microscopy of fluo-4-acetoxymethyl ester (Fluo-4 AM) loaded cells. These signals were all blocked by two TRPA1 antagonists, HC-030031 and A967079. At low [AITC], [Ca2+]i was limited because of desensitisation to the agonist but rose for concentrations > 0.1 mM due to a deduced non-desensitising second phase of Ca2+ influx. A recombinant BoNT chimera (/DA), which cleaves VAMP1/2/3, inhibited AITC-elicited CGRP release to a greater extent than SNAP-25-cleaving BoNT/A. /DA also proved more efficacious against CGRP efflux evoked by a TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a pain-inducing sensitiser of TGNs, enhanced the CGRP exocytosis induced by low [AITC] only. Both toxins blocked NGF-induced neuropeptide secretion and its enhancement of the response to AITC. In conclusion, NGF sensitisation of sensory neurons involves TRPA1, elevated Ca2+ influx, and CGRP exocytosis, mediated by VAMP1/2/3 and SNAP-25 which can be attenuated by the BoNTs.
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Peñuelas M, Guerrero-Vadillo M, Valdezate S, Zamora MJ, Leon-Gomez I, Flores-Cuéllar Á, Carrasco G, Díaz-García O, Varela C. Botulism in Spain: Epidemiology and Outcomes of Antitoxin Treatment, 1997-2019. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:2. [PMID: 36668823 PMCID: PMC9863742 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulism is a low incidence but potentially fatal infectious disease caused by neurotoxins produced mainly by Clostridium botulinum. There are different routes of acquisition, food-borne and infant/intestinal being the most frequent presentation, and antitoxin is the treatment of choice in all cases. In Spain, botulism is under surveillance, and case reporting is mandatory. METHODS This retrospective study attempts to provide a more complete picture of the epidemiology of botulism in Spain from 1997 to 2019 and an assessment of the treatment, including the relationship between a delay in antitoxin administration and the length of hospitalization using the Cox proportional hazards test and Kruskal-Wallis test, and an approach to the frequency of adverse events, issues for which no previous national data have been published. RESULTS Eight of the 44 outbreaks were associated with contaminated commercial foods involving ≤7 cases/outbreak; preserved vegetables were the main source of infection, followed by fish products; early antitoxin administration significantly reduces the hospital stay, and adverse reactions to the antitoxin affect around 3% of treated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Peñuelas
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Calle de Bravo Murillo, 38, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Communicable Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 5, Pabellón 12, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Guerrero-Vadillo
- Department of Communicable Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 5, Pabellón 12, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvia Valdezate
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Taxonomía, Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 2.2, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Zamora
- Servicio de Microbiología Alimentaria, Centro Nacional de Alimentación, Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, Ctra. Pozuelo a Majadahonda Km 5.1, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Leon-Gomez
- Department of Communicable Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 5, Pabellón 12, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Flores-Cuéllar
- Medicines for Human Use Department, Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS), C/Campezo 1, Edificio 8, 28022 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Taxonomía, Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 2.2, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliva Díaz-García
- Department of Communicable Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 5, Pabellón 12, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Varela
- Department of Communicable Diseases, National Centre of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 5, Pabellón 12, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Tian R, Widel M, Imanian B. The Light Chain Domain and Especially the C-Terminus of Receptor-Binding Domain of the Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Are the Hotspots for Amino Acid Variability and Toxin Type Diversity. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13. [PMID: 36292800 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are the most potent toxins in the world. They are produced by a few dozens of strains within several clostridial species. The toxin that they produce can cause botulism, a flaccid paralysis in humans and other animals. With seven established serologically different types and over 40 subtypes, BoNTs are among the most diverse known toxins. The toxin, its structure, its function and its physiological effects on the neural cell and animal hosts along with its diversity have been the subjects of numerous studies. However, many gaps remain in our knowledge about the BoNT toxin and the species that produce them. One of these gaps involves the distribution and extent of variability along the full length of the gene and the protein as well as its domains and subdomains. In this study, we performed an extensive analysis of all of the available 143 unique BoNT-encoding genes and their products, and we investigated their diversity and evolution. Our results indicate that while the nucleotide variability is almost uniformly distributed along the entire length of the gene, the amino acid variability is not. We found that most of the differences were concentrated along the protein's light chain (LC) domain and especially, the C-terminus of the receptor-binding domain (HCC). These two regions of the protein are thus identified as the main source of the toxin type differentiation, and consequently, this toxin's versatility to bind different receptors and their isoforms and act upon different substrates, thus infecting different hosts.
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Su YC, Lin YC, Hsieh PC, Liao CL, Guo YH. Effectiveness of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Treatment of Scoliosis among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children (Basel) 2022; 9:1505. [PMID: 36291441 DOI: 10.3390/children9101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Scoliosis refers to a three-dimensional deviation in the axis of the spine. Muscle imbalance is believed to play a role in scoliosis. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can reduce muscle overactivity and may have the potential to ameliorate spinal scoliosis. This study investigated the effectiveness of intramuscular BoNT injection in vertebral curve correction and reviewed the possible influencing factors. PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Airiti Library, and Index of the Taiwan Periodical Literature System databases were searched from inception until 7 September 2022 for eligible studies. The main outcome was the change in Cobb angle after BoNT application. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to differences in study designs, etiology of scoliosis, and methods used for target muscle selection. We enrolled three studies including 31 participants aged between 2 and 18 years. The meta-analysis revealed no significant reduction in the Cobb angle after BoNT injection (standardized mean difference, −0.783, 95% CI, −2.142 to 0.576). Study designs (p = 0.011) and methods used for target muscle selection (p = 0.017) but not etiology of scoliosis (p = 0.997) reached statistical significance between subgroups. In conclusion, the current meta-analysis does not support the application of BoNT in children and adolescents with scoliosis. However, a decisive conclusion could not be made due to high between-study heterogeneity and small sample size. More randomized controlled trials with appropriate target muscle selection and standard outcome measurement should be conducted to examine the efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin in treating scoliosis. INPLASY ID: INPLASY202290031.
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Antoniazzi C, Belinskaia M, Zurawski T, Kaza SK, Dolly JO, Lawrence GW. Botulinum Neurotoxin Chimeras Suppress Stimulation by Capsaicin of Rat Trigeminal Sensory Neurons In Vivo and In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:116. [PMID: 35202143 PMCID: PMC8878885 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeras of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype A (/A) combined with /E protease might possess improved analgesic properties relative to either parent, due to inheriting the sensory neurotropism of the former with more extensive disabling of SNAP-25 from the latter. Hence, fusions of /E protease light chain (LC) to whole BoNT/A (LC/E-BoNT/A), and of the LC plus translocation domain (HN) of /E with the neuronal acceptor binding moiety (HC) of /A (BoNT/EA), created previously by gene recombination and expression in E. coli., were used. LC/E-BoNT/A (75 units/kg) injected into the whisker pad of rats seemed devoid of systemic toxicity, as reflected by an absence of weight loss, but inhibited the nocifensive behavior (grooming, freezing, and reduced mobility) induced by activating TRPV1 with capsaicin, injected at various days thereafter. No sex-related differences were observed. c-Fos expression was increased five-fold in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis ipsi-lateral to capsaicin injection, relative to the contra-lateral side and vehicle-treated controls, and this increase was virtually prevented by LC/E-BoNT/A. In vitro, LC/E-BoNT/A or /EA diminished CGRP exocytosis from rat neonate trigeminal ganglionic neurons stimulated with up to 1 µM capsaicin, whereas BoNT/A only substantially reduced the release in response to 0.1 µM or less of the stimulant, in accordance with the /E protease being known to prevent fusion of exocytotic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gary W. Lawrence
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland; (C.A.); (M.B.); (T.Z.); (S.K.K.); (J.O.D.)
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Belinskaia M, Zurawski T, Kaza SK, Antoniazzi C, Dolly JO, Lawrence GW. NGF Enhances CGRP Release Evoked by Capsaicin from Rat Trigeminal Neurons: Differential Inhibition by SNAP-25-Cleaving Proteases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020892. [PMID: 35055082 PMCID: PMC8778182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to intensify pain in various ways, so perturbing pertinent effects without negating its essential influences on neuronal functions could help the search for much-needed analgesics. Towards this goal, cultured neurons from neonatal rat trigeminal ganglia—a locus for craniofacial sensory nerves—were used to examine how NGF affects the Ca2+-dependent release of a pain mediator, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), that is triggered by activating a key signal transducer, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) with capsaicin (CAP). Measurements utilised neurons fed with or deprived of NGF for 2 days. Acute re-introduction of NGF induced Ca2+-dependent CGRP exocytosis that was inhibited by botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) or a chimera of/E and/A (/EA), which truncated SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein with Mr = 25 k) at distinct sites. NGF additionally caused a Ca2+-independent enhancement of the neuropeptide release evoked by low concentrations (<100 nM) of CAP, but only marginally increased the peak response to ≥100 nM. Notably, BoNT/A inhibited CGRP exocytosis evoked by low but not high CAP concentrations, whereas/EA effectively reduced responses up to 1 µM CAP and inhibited to a greater extent its enhancement by NGF. In addition to establishing that sensitisation of sensory neurons to CAP by NGF is dependent on SNARE-mediated membrane fusion, insights were gleaned into the differential ability of two regions in the C-terminus of SNAP-25 (181–197 and 198–206) to support CAP-evoked Ca2+-dependent exocytosis at different intensities of stimulation.
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Schenke M, Prause HC, Bergforth W, Przykopanski A, Rummel A, Klawonn F, Seeger B. Human-Relevant Sensitivity of iPSC-Derived Human Motor Neurons to BoNT/A1 and B1. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:585. [PMID: 34437455 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) for medical treatments necessitates a potency quantification of these lethal bacterial toxins, resulting in the use of a large number of test animals. Available alternative methods are limited in their relevance, as they are based on rodent cells or neuroblastoma cell lines or applicable for single toxin serotypes only. Here, human motor neurons (MNs), which are the physiological target of BoNTs, were generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and compared to the neuroblastoma cell line SiMa, which is often used in cell-based assays for BoNT potency determination. In comparison with the mouse bioassay, human MNs exhibit a superior sensitivity to the BoNT serotypes A1 and B1 at levels that are reflective of human sensitivity. SiMa cells were able to detect BoNT/A1, but with much lower sensitivity than human MNs and appear unsuitable to detect any BoNT/B1 activity. The MNs used for these experiments were generated according to three differentiation protocols, which resulted in distinct sensitivity levels. Molecular parameters such as receptor protein concentration and electrical activity of the MNs were analyzed, but are not predictive for BoNT sensitivity. These results show that human MNs from several sources should be considered in BoNT testing and that human MNs are a physiologically relevant model, which could be used to optimize current BoNT potency testing.
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Duchesne de Lamotte J, Perrier A, Martinat C, Nicoleau C. Emerging Opportunities in Human Pluripotent Stem-Cells Based Assays to Explore the Diversity of Botulinum Neurotoxins as Future Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7524. [PMID: 34299143 PMCID: PMC8308099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and are responsible for botulism, a fatal disorder of the nervous system mostly induced by food poisoning. Despite being one of the most potent families of poisonous substances, BoNTs are used for both aesthetic and therapeutic indications from cosmetic reduction of wrinkles to treatment of movement disorders. The increasing understanding of the biology of BoNTs and the availability of distinct toxin serotypes and subtypes offer the prospect of expanding the range of indications for these toxins. Engineering of BoNTs is considered to provide a new avenue for improving safety and clinical benefit from these neurotoxins. Robust, high-throughput, and cost-effective assays for BoNTs activity, yet highly relevant to the human physiology, have become indispensable for a successful translation of engineered BoNTs to the clinic. This review presents an emerging family of cell-based assays that take advantage of newly developed human pluripotent stem cells and neuronal function analyses technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Duchesne de Lamotte
- IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France;
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
| | - Anselme Perrier
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives: Mécanismes, Thérapies, Imagerie, CEA/CNRS UMR9199, Université Paris Saclay, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cécile Martinat
- I-STEM, INSERM UMR861, Université Evry-Paris Saclay, 91100 Corbeil-Essonne, France
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Silbern I, Pan KT, Fiosins M, Bonn S, Rizzoli SO, Fornasiero EF, Urlaub H, Jahn R. Protein Phosphorylation in Depolarized Synaptosomes: Dissecting Primary Effects of Calcium from Synaptic Vesicle Cycling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100061. [PMID: 33582301 PMCID: PMC7995663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission is mediated by the regulated exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. When the presynaptic membrane is depolarized by an incoming action potential, voltage-gated calcium channels open, resulting in the influx of calcium ions that triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) with the plasma membrane. SVs are recycled by endocytosis. Phosphorylation of synaptic proteins plays a major role in these processes, and several studies have shown that the synaptic phosphoproteome changes rapidly in response to depolarization. However, it is unclear which of these changes are directly linked to SV cycling and which might regulate other presynaptic functions that are also controlled by calcium-dependent kinases and phosphatases. To address this question, we analyzed changes in the phosphoproteome using rat synaptosomes in which exocytosis was blocked with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) while depolarization-induced calcium influx remained unchanged. BoNT-treatment significantly alters the response of the synaptic phoshoproteome to depolarization and results in reduced phosphorylation levels when compared with stimulation of synaptosomes by depolarization with KCl alone. We dissect the primary Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation from SV-cycling-dependent phosphorylation and confirm an effect of such SV-cycling-dependent phosphorylation events on syntaxin-1a-T21/T23, synaptobrevin-S75, and cannabinoid receptor-1-S314/T322 on exo- and endocytosis in cultured hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Silbern
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kuan-Ting Pan
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maksims Fiosins
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eugenio F Fornasiero
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Lamotte JDD, Roqueviere S, Gautier H, Raban E, Bouré C, Fonfria E, Krupp J, Nicoleau C. hiPSC-Derived Neurons Provide a Robust and Physiologically Relevant In Vitro Platform to Test Botulinum Neurotoxins. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:617867. [PMID: 33519485 PMCID: PMC7840483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.617867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are zinc metalloproteases that block neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Their high affinity for motor neurons combined with a high potency have made them extremely effective drugs for the treatment of a variety of neurological diseases as well as for aesthetic applications. Current in vitro assays used for testing and developing BoNT therapeutics include primary rodent cells and immortalized cell lines. Both models have limitations concerning accuracy and physiological relevance. In order to improve the translational value of preclinical data there is a clear need to use more accurate models such as human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSC)-derived neuronal models. In this study we have assessed the potential of four different human iPSC-derived neuronal models including Motor Neurons for BoNT testing. We have characterized these models in detail and found that all models express all proteins needed for BoNT intoxication and showed that all four hiPSC-derived neuronal models are sensitive to both serotype A and E BoNT with Motor Neurons being the most sensitive. We showed that hiPSC-derived Motor Neurons expressed authentic markers after only 7 days of culture, are functional and able to form active synapses. When cultivated with myotubes, we demonstrated that they can innervate myotubes and induce contraction, generating an in vitro model of NMJ showing dose-responsive sensitivity BoNT intoxication. Together, these data demonstrate the promise of hiPSC-derived neurons, especially Motor Neurons, for pharmaceutical BoNT testing and development.
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15
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Abstract
Botulism is a rare but severe disease which is characterized by paralysis and inhibition of secretions. Only a few cases had been reported at the end of the 19th century in France. The disease was frequent during the second world war, and then the incidence decreased progressively. However, human botulism is still present in France with 10-25 cases every year. Food-borne botulism was the main form of botulism in France, whereas infant botulism (17 cases between 2004 and 2016) was rare, and wound and inhalational botulism were exceptional. Type B was the prevalent botulism type and was mainly due to consumption of home-made or small-scale preparations of cured ham and to a lesser extent other pork meat products. In the recent period (2000-2016), a wider diversity of botulism types from various food origin including industrial foods was reported. Severe cases of type A and F botulism as well as type E botulism were more frequent. Albeit rare, the severity of botulism justifies its continued surveillance and recommendations to food industry and consumers regarding food hygiene and preservation practices.
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von Berg L, Stern D, Weisemann J, Rummel A, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Optimization of SNAP-25 and VAMP-2 Cleavage by Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes A-F Employing Taguchi Design-of-Experiments. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100588. [PMID: 31614566 PMCID: PMC6832249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of catalytically active botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) can be achieved by monitoring the enzymatic cleavage of soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins by the toxins’ light chains (LC) in cleavage-based assays. Thus, for sensitive BoNT detection, optimal cleavage conditions for the clinically relevant A–F serotypes are required. Until now, a systematic evaluation of cleavage conditions for the different BoNT serotypes is still lacking. To address this issue, we optimized cleavage conditions for BoNT/A–F using the Taguchi design-of-experiments (DoE) method. To this aim, we analyzed the influence of buffer composition (pH, Zn2+, DTT (dithiothreitol), NaCl) as well as frequently used additives (BSA (bovine serum albumin), Tween 20, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)) on BoNT substrate cleavage. We identified major critical factors (DTT, Zn2+, TMAO) and were able to increase the catalytic efficiency of BoNT/B, C, E, and F when compared to previously described buffers. Moreover, we designed a single consensus buffer for the optimal cleavage of all tested serotypes. Our optimized buffers are instrumental to increase the sensitivity of cleavage-based assays for BoNT detection. Furthermore, the application of the Taguchi DoE approach shows how the method helps to rationally improve enzymatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura von Berg
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Weisemann
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Bernhard Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Gertrud Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Kim K, Choi N, Jeon JH, Rhie GE, Choo J. SERS-Based Immunoassays for the Detection of Botulinum Toxins A and B Using Magnetic Beads. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19194081. [PMID: 31546587 PMCID: PMC6806190 DOI: 10.3390/s19194081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) is important for immediate treatment with proper antitoxins. However, it is difficult to detect BoNTs at the acute phase of infection, owing to its rarity and ambiguous symptoms. To resolve this problem, we developed a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based immunoassay technique for the rapid and sensitive detection of BoNTs. Magnetic beads and SERS nanotags as capture substrates and detection probes, respectively, and Nile Blue A (NBA) and malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC) as Raman reporter molecules were used for the detection of two different types of BoNTs (types A and B), respectively. The corresponding limits of detection (LODs) were determined as 5.7 ng/mL (type A) and 1.3 ng/mL (type B). Total assay time, including that for immunoreaction, washing, and detection, was less than 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Namhyun Choi
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea.
| | - Jun Ho Jeon
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungju 28159, Korea.
| | - Gi-Eun Rhie
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungju 28159, Korea.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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18
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Poulain B, Popoff MR. Why Are Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Bacteria So Diverse and Botulinum Neurotoxins So Toxic? Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010034. [PMID: 30641949 PMCID: PMC6357194 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most lethal toxins among all bacterial, animal, plant and chemical poisonous compounds. Although a great effort has been made to understand their mode of action, some questions are still open. Why, and for what benefit, have environmental bacteria that accidentally interact with their host engineered so diverse and so specific toxins targeting one of the most specialized physiological processes, the neuroexocytosis of higher organisms? The extreme potency of BoNT does not result from only one hyperactive step, but in contrast to other potent lethal toxins, from multi-step activity. The cumulative effects of the different steps, each having a limited effect, make BoNTs the most potent lethal toxins. This is a unique mode of evolution of a toxic compound, the high potency of which results from multiple steps driven by unknown selection pressure, targeting one of the most critical physiological process of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Poulain
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, (INCI)-CNRS, UPR 3212 Strasbourg, France.
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19
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Davies JR, Liu SM, Acharya KR. Variations in the Botulinum Neurotoxin Binding Domain and the Potential for Novel Therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100421. [PMID: 30347838 PMCID: PMC6215321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are categorised into immunologically distinct serotypes BoNT/A to /G). Each serotype can also be further divided into subtypes based on differences in amino acid sequence. BoNTs are ~150 kDa proteins comprised of three major functional domains: an N-terminal zinc metalloprotease light chain (LC), a translocation domain (HN), and a binding domain (HC). The HC is responsible for targeting the BoNT to the neuronal cell membrane, and each serotype has evolved to bind via different mechanisms to different target receptors. Most structural characterisations to date have focussed on the first identified subtype within each serotype (e.g., BoNT/A1). Subtype differences within BoNT serotypes can affect intoxication, displaying different botulism symptoms in vivo, and less emphasis has been placed on investigating these variants. This review outlines the receptors for each BoNT serotype and describes the basis for the highly specific targeting of neuronal cell membranes. Understanding receptor binding is of vital importance, not only for the generation of novel therapeutics but also for understanding how best to protect from intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Davies
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Sai Man Liu
- Ipsen Bioinnovation Limited, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK.
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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20
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Gardner AP, Barbieri JT. Light Chain Diversity among the Botulinum Neurotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E268. [PMID: 30004421 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are produced by several species of clostridium. There are seven immunologically unique BoNT serotypes (A⁻G). The Centers for Disease Control classifies BoNTs as 'Category A' select agents and are the most lethal protein toxins for humans. Recently, BoNT-like proteins have also been identified in several non-clostridia. BoNTs are di-chain proteins comprised of an N-terminal zinc metalloprotease Light Chain (LC) and a C-terminal Heavy Chain (HC) which includes the translocation and receptor binding domains. The two chains are held together by a disulfide bond. The LC cleaves Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). The cleavage of SNAREs inhibits the fusion of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane and the subsequent release of acetylcholine, which results in flaccid paralysis. The LC controls the catalytic properties and the duration of BoNT action. This review discusses the mechanism for LC catalysis, LC translocation, and the basis for the duration of LC action. Understanding these properties of the LC may expand the applications of BoNT as human therapies.
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21
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Tehran DA, Pirazzini M. Novel Botulinum Neurotoxins: Exploring Underneath the Iceberg Tip. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050190. [PMID: 29748471 PMCID: PMC5983246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the etiological agents of botulism, are the deadliest toxins known to humans. Yet, thanks to their biological and toxicological features, BoNTs have become sophisticated tools to study neuronal physiology and valuable therapeutics for an increasing number of human disorders. BoNTs are produced by multiple bacteria of the genus Clostridium and, on the basis of their different immunological properties, were classified as seven distinct types of toxin. BoNT classification remained stagnant for the last 50 years until, via bioinformatics and high-throughput sequencing techniques, dozens of BoNT variants, novel serotypes as well as BoNT-like toxins within non-clostridial species have been discovered. Here, we discuss how the now “booming field” of botulinum neurotoxin may shed light on their evolutionary origin and open exciting avenues for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Azarnia Tehran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
This review explores current evidence to demonstrate that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) exert antipruritic effects. Both experimental and clinical conditions in which botulinum neurotoxins have been applied for pruritus relief will be presented and significant findings will be highlighted. Potential mechanisms underlying antipruritic effects will also be discussed and ongoing challenges and unmet needs will be addressed.
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Wang YF, Liu F, Lan J, Bai J, Li XQ. The Effect of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype a Heavy Chain on the Growth Related Proteins and Neurite Outgrowth after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020066. [PMID: 29393906 PMCID: PMC5848167 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) heavy chain (HC) can stimulate the growth of primary motor neurites. (2) Methods: A recombinant BoNT/A HC was injected locally plus interval intrathecal catheter of BoNT/A HC to rats with ipsilateral semi-dissociated lumbar spinal cord injuries (SCIs). First, 2D gel with a silver nitrate stain was applied to detect the general pattern of protein expression. Growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) were chosen to represent the altered proteins, based on their molecular weight and pI, and were used to further detect their expression. Meanwhile, the neuronal processes were measured. The measurements of thermal hyperalgesia and grasp power at the ipsilateral hindlimb were used to evaluate spinal sensory and motor function, respectively. (3) Results: The local injection of BoNT/A HC followed by its intrathecal catheter intervally altered the spinal protein expression pattern after an SCI; protein expression was similar to normal levels or displayed a remarkable increase. The changes in the expression and distribution of phosphorylated growth associated protein 43(p-GAP 43) and superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG 10) indicated that the administration of BoNT/A HC to the SCI significantly amplified the expression of p-GAP43 and SCG10 (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the positive immunofluorescent staining for both p-GAP43 and SCG10 was mainly present near the rostral aspect of the injury, both in the cytoplasm and the neuronal processes. Moreover, the outgrowth of neurites was stimulated by the BoNT/A HC treatment; this was evident from the increase in neurite length, number of branches and the percentage of cells with neuronal processes. The results from the spinal function tests suggested that the BoNT/A HC did not affect sensation, but had a large role in improving the ipsilateral hindlimb grasp power (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The local injection with the intermittent intrathecal administration of BoNT/A heavy chain to rats with SCI increased the local expression of GAP-43 and SCG 10, which might be affiliated with the regeneration of neuronal processes surrounding the injury, and might also be favorable to the relief of spinal motor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Jing Lan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Xia-Qing Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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Imafuku Y, Enomoto KI, Kataoka H, Ito I, Maeno T. Novel Distinctive Roles of Docking Proteins in Short-term Synaptic Plasticity of Frog Neuromuscular Transmission Revealed by Botulinum Neurotoxins. Neuroscience 2018; 369:374-385. [PMID: 29175153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Short-term synaptic plasticity (SSP) is a basic mechanism for temporal processing of neural information in synaptic transmission. Facilitation, the fastest component of SSP, has been extensively investigated with regard to Ca2+ signaling and other relevant substances. However, systematic analyses on the slower components of SSP, originated by Magleby and Zengel, have remained stagnant for decades, as few chemicals directly modifying these slower components have been identified. In combination with refined experimental protocols designed to study the stimulation frequency-dependence of SSP and botulinum neurotoxins A and C (BoNT-A and BoNT-C), we investigated SSP of frog neuromuscular transmission to clarify the roles of synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and syntaxin, SNARE proteins exclusively participating in vesicular events including docking, priming and exocytosis. We found that BoNT-A treatment eliminated slow potentiation, and BoNT-C poisoning abolished intermediate augmentation, two components of SSP. Fast facilitation was maintained after double poisoning with BoNT-A and -C, but the postsynaptic response became biphasic. A novel depression, termed repression, emerged by double poisoning. Repression was different from depletion because it developed even at a low-frequency stimulation of 1 Hz. We conclude that SNAP-25 and syntaxin not only play roles as cooperative exocytotic machinery, but also have roles in SSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Imafuku
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Koh-Ichi Enomoto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kataoka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Isao Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takashi Maeno
- Professor emeritus at Shimane Medical University (present Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University), Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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Otaka DY, Barbosa JD, Moreira C, Ferreira MRA, Cunha CEP, Brito ARS, Donassolo RA, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR, Salvarani FM. Humoral Response of Buffaloes to a Recombinant Vaccine against Botulism Serotypes C and D. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100297. [PMID: 28937601 PMCID: PMC5666344 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a fatal intoxication caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which are mainly produced by Clostridium botulinum and characterized by flaccid paralysis. The BoNTs C and D are the main serotypes responsible for botulism in animals, including buffaloes. Botulism is one of the leading causes of death in adult ruminants in Brazil due to the high mortality rates, even though botulism in buffaloes is poorly reported and does not reflect the real economic impact of this disease in Brazilian herds. Vaccination is reported as the most important prophylactic measure for botulism control, although there are no specific vaccines commercially available for buffaloes in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the humoral immune response of buffalo groups vaccinated with three different concentrations of recombinant proteins (100, 200, and 400 µg) against BoNTs serotypes C and D as well as to compare the groups to each other and with a group vaccinated with a bivalent commercial toxoid. The recombinant vaccine with a concentration of 400 μg of proteins induced the highest titers among the tested vaccines and was proven to be the best choice among the formulations evaluated and should be considered as a potential vaccine against botulism in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Y Otaka
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - José D Barbosa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - Clóvis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marcos R A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos E P Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Antônio R S Brito
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
| | - Rafael A Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil.
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26
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Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause the flaccid paralysis of botulism by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons. There are seven serotypes of BoNT (A-G), with limited therapies, and no FDA approved vaccine for botulism. An investigational formalin-inactivated penta-serotype-BoNT/A-E toxoid vaccine was used to vaccinate people who are at high risk of contracting botulism. However, this formalin-inactivated penta-serotype-BoNT/A-E toxoid vaccine was losing potency and was discontinued. This article reviews the different vaccines being developed to replace the discontinued toxoid vaccine. These vaccines include DNA-based, viral vector-based, and recombinant protein-based vaccines. DNA-based vaccines include plasmids or viral vectors containing the gene encoding one of the BoNT heavy chain receptor binding domains (HC). Viral vectors reviewed are adenovirus, influenza virus, rabies virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus. Among the potential recombinant protein vaccines reviewed are HC, light chain-heavy chain translocation domain, and chemically or genetically inactivated holotoxin.
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Sharma A, Rani S, Alam SI, Ponmariappan S. Immunoproteomics Approach for Screening of Vaccine Candidates against Intestinal Botulism. Protein Pept Lett 2017; 24:771-780. [PMID: 28393685 DOI: 10.2174/0929866524666170404162110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal botulism is an infectious form of botulism in which disease results from ingesting spores, which is followed by spore germination and intraluminal production of botulinum neurotoxins over an extended period. Botulinum neurotoxin is produced by endospore forming bacteria called C. botulinum. Immunoproteomic study was used to screen the cross reactive immunogenic proteins of Clostridium botulinum type B using C. botulinum type B live spore antiserum. The whole cell proteins were separated by two dimensional gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Further, the Western blotting was performed with mouse pups immune serum against C. botulinum type B live spores. Eight predominant cross immunoreactive proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. These immunogenic proteins might be used to develop novel subunit vaccine candidates against the intestinal botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior- 474 002, Madhyapradesh. India
| | - Sarita Rani
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior- 474 002, Madhyapradesh. India
| | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior- 474 002, Madhyapradesh. India
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Zornetta I, Scorzeto M, Mendes Dos Reis PV, De Lima ME, Montecucco C, Megighian A, Rossetto O. Electrophysiological Characterization of the Antarease Metalloprotease from Tityus serrulatus Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030081. [PMID: 28264432 PMCID: PMC5371836 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpions are among the oldest venomous living organisms and the family Buthidae is the largest and most medically relevant one. Scorpion venoms include many toxic peptides, but recently, a metalloprotease from Tityus serrulatus called antarease was reported to be capable of cleaving VAMP2, a protein involved in the neuroparalytic syndromes of tetanus and botulism. We have produced antarease and an inactive metalloprotease mutant in a recombinant form and analyzed their enzymatic activity on recombinant VAMP2 in vitro and on mammalian and insect neuromuscular junction. The purified recombinant antarease paralyzed the neuromuscular junctions of mice and of Drosophila melanogaster whilst the mutant was inactive. We were unable to demonstrate any cleavage of VAMP2 under conditions which leads to VAMP proteolysis by botulinum neurotoxin type B. Antarease caused a reduced release probability, mainly due to defects upstream of the synaptic vesicles fusion process. Paired pulse experiments indicate that antarease might proteolytically inactivate a voltage-gated calcium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Zornetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche and Istituto CNR di Neuroscienze, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Michele Scorzeto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche and Istituto CNR di Neuroscienze, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Pablo Victor Mendes Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria E De Lima
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche and Istituto CNR di Neuroscienze, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Aram Megighian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche and Istituto CNR di Neuroscienze, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Ornella Rossetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche and Istituto CNR di Neuroscienze, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Jenkinson SP, Grandgirard D, Heidemann M, Tscherter A, Avondet MA, Leib SL. Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neurons Grown on Multi-Electrode Arrays as a Novel In vitro Bioassay for the Detection of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxins. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:73. [PMID: 28280466 PMCID: PMC5322221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most poisonous naturally occurring protein toxins known to mankind and are the causative agents of the severe and potentially life-threatening disease botulism. They are also known for their application as cosmetics and as unique bio-pharmaceuticals to treat an increasing number of neurological and non-neurological disorders. Currently, the potency of biologically active BoNT for therapeutic use is mainly monitored by the murine LD50-assay, an ethically disputable test causing suffering and death of a considerable number of mice. The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro assay as an alternative to the widely used in vivo mouse bioassay. We report a novel BoNT detection assay using mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurons (mESN) cultured on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs). After 21 days in culture, the mESN formed a neuronal network showing spontaneous bursting activity based on functional synapses and express the necessary target proteins for BoNTs. Treating cultures for 6 h with 16.6 pM of BoNT serotype A and incubation with 1.66 pM BoNT/A or 33 Units/ml of Botox® for 24 h lead to a significant reduction of both spontaneous network bursts and average spike rate. This data suggests that mESN cultured on MEAs pose a novel, biologically relevant model that can be used to detect and quantify functional BoNT effects, thus accelerating BoNT research while decreasing animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Jenkinson
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil ProtectionSpiez, Switzerland; Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department for Clinical Research, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department for Clinical Research, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Tscherter
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc-André Avondet
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of BernBern, Switzerland; Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department for Clinical Research, University of BernBern, Switzerland
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Chatla K, Gaunt PS, Petrie-Hanson L, Ford L, Hanson LA. Zebrafish Sensitivity to Botulinum Neurotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050132. [PMID: 27153088 PMCID: PMC4885047 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are the most potent known toxins. The mouse LD50 assay is the gold standard for testing BoNT potency, but is not sensitive enough to detect the extremely low levels of neurotoxin that may be present in the serum of sensitive animal species that are showing the effects of BoNT toxicity, such as channel catfish affected by visceral toxicosis of catfish. Since zebrafish are an important animal model for diverse biomedical and basic research, they are readily available and have defined genetic lines that facilitate reproducibility. This makes them attractive for use as an alternative bioassay organism. The utility of zebrafish as a bioassay model organism for BoNT was investigated. The 96 h median immobilizing doses of BoNT/A, BoNT/C, BoNT/E, and BoNT/F for adult male Tübingen strain zebrafish (0.32 g mean weight) at 25 °C were 16.31, 124.6, 4.7, and 0.61 picograms (pg)/fish, respectively. These findings support the use of the zebrafish-based bioassays for evaluating the presence of BoNT/A, BoNT/E, and BoNT/F. Evaluating the basis of the relatively high resistance of zebrafish to BoNT/C and the extreme sensitivity to BoNT/F may reveal unique functional patterns to the action of these neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakar Chatla
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Patricia S Gaunt
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 38756, USA.
| | - Lora Petrie-Hanson
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Lorelei Ford
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Larry A Hanson
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Duregotti E, Zanetti G, Scorzeto M, Megighian A, Montecucco C, Pirazzini M, Rigoni M. Snake and Spider Toxins Induce a Rapid Recovery of Function of Botulinum Neurotoxin Paralysed Neuromuscular Junction. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5322-36. [PMID: 26670253 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and some animal neurotoxins (β-Bungarotoxin, β-Btx, from elapid snakes and α-Latrotoxin, α-Ltx, from black widow spiders) are pre-synaptic neurotoxins that paralyse motor axon terminals with similar clinical outcomes in patients. However, their mechanism of action is different, leading to a largely-different duration of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) blockade. BoNTs induce a long-lasting paralysis without nerve terminal degeneration acting via proteolytic cleavage of SNARE proteins, whereas animal neurotoxins cause an acute and complete degeneration of motor axon terminals, followed by a rapid recovery. In this study, the injection of animal neurotoxins in mice muscles previously paralyzed by BoNT/A or /B accelerates the recovery of neurotransmission, as assessed by electrophysiology and morphological analysis. This result provides a proof of principle that, by causing the complete degeneration, reabsorption, and regeneration of a paralysed nerve terminal, one could favour the recovery of function of a biochemically- or genetically-altered motor axon terminal. These observations might be relevant to dying-back neuropathies, where pathological changes first occur at the neuromuscular junction and then progress proximally toward the cell body.
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Cheng LW, Henderson TD, Lam TI, Stanker LH. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Sensitive Detection and Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5068-78. [PMID: 26633496 PMCID: PMC4690113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of nature’s most potent toxins. Due to potential food contamination, and bioterrorism concerns, the development of detection reagents, therapeutics and countermeasures are of urgent interest. Recently, we have developed a sensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassay for BoNT/B, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) MCS6-27 and anti-BoNT/B rabbit polyclonal antibodies as the capture and detector. The ECL assay detected as little as 1 pg/mL BoNT/B in the buffer matrix, surpassing the detection sensitivities of the gold standard mouse bioassays. The ECL assay also allowed detection of BoNT/B in sera matrices of up to 100% sera with negligible matrix effects. This highly-sensitive assay allowed the determination of the biological half-lives of BoNT/B holotoxin in vivo. We further tested the toxin neutralization potential of our monoclonal antibodies using the mouse systemic and oral intoxication models. A combination of mAbs protected mice in both pre- and post-exposure models to lethal doses of BoNT/B. MAbs were capable of increasing survival of animals when administered even 10 h post-intoxication in an oral model, suggesting a likely time for BoNT/B complexes to reach the blood stream. More sensitive detection assays and treatments against BoNT intoxication will greatly enhance efforts to combat botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Thomas D Henderson
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Tina I Lam
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Sachdeva A, Singh AK, Sharma SK. An electrochemiluminescence assay for the detection of bio threat agents in selected food matrices and in the screening of Clostridium botulinum outbreak strains associated with type A botulism. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:707-712. [PMID: 23873138 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific screening methods for complex food matrices are needed that enable unambiguous and sensitive detection of bio threat agents (BTAs) such as Bacillus anthracis spores and microbial toxins (e.g. staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and clostridial botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs)). The present study describes an image-based 96-well Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay for simultaneous detection of BTAs in dairy milk products. RESULTS The limit of detection of this ECL assay is 40 pg mL⁻¹ for BoNT/A complex, 10 pg mL⁻¹ for SEB and 40000 CFU mL⁻¹ for Bacillus anthracis spores in dairy milk products. The ECL assay was successfully applied to screen type A Clostridium botulinum outbreak strains. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate that this ECL assay is very sensitive, rapid (<6 h) and multiplex in nature. The ECL assay has potential for use as an in vitro screening method for BTAs over other comparable immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sachdeva
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
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Albanese A, Sorbo FD, Comella C, Jinnah HA, Mink JW, Post B, Vidailhet M, Volkmann J, Warner TT, Leentjens AFG, Martinez-Martin P, Stebbins GT, Goetz CG, Schrag A. Dystonia rating scales: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord 2014; 28:874-83. [PMID: 23893443 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many rating scales have been applied to the evaluation of dystonia, but only few have been assessed for clinimetric properties. The Movement Disorders Society commissioned this task force to critique existing dystonia rating scales and place them in the clinical and clinimetric context. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify rating scales that have either been validated or used in dystonia. Thirty-six potential scales were identified. Eight were excluded because they did not meet review criteria, leaving 28 scales that were critiqued and rated by the task force. Seven scales were found to meet criteria to be "recommended": the Blepharospasm Disability Index is recommended for rating blepharospasm; the Cervical Dystonia Impact Scale and the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale for rating cervical dystonia; the Craniocervical Dystonia Questionnaire for blepharospasm and cervical dystonia; the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and the Vocal Performance Questionnaire (VPQ) for laryngeal dystonia; and the Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale for rating generalized dystonia. Two "recommended" scales (VHI and VPQ) are generic scales validated on few patients with laryngeal dystonia, whereas the others are disease-specific scales. Twelve scales met criteria for "suggested" and 7 scales met criteria for "listed." All the scales are individually reviewed in the online information. The task force recommends 5 specific dystonia scales and suggests to further validate 2 recommended generic voice-disorder scales in dystonia. Existing scales for oromandibular, arm, and task-specific dystonia should be refined and fully assessed. Scales should be developed for body regions for which no scales are available, such as lower limbs and trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Albanese
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy; Neurologia I, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
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Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are formulated biologic pharmaceuticals used therapeutically to treat a wide variety of chronic conditions, with varying governmental approvals by country. Some of these disorders include cervical dystonia, post-stroke spasticity, blepharospasm, migraine, and hyperhidrosis. Botulinum neurotoxins also have varying governmental approvals for cosmetic applications. As botulinum neurotoxin therapy is often continued over many years, some patients may develop detectable antibodies that may or may not affect their biological activity. Although botulinum neurotoxins are considered "lower risk" biologics since antibodies that may develop are not likely to cross react with endogenous proteins, it is possible that patients may lose their therapeutic response. Various factors impact the immunogenicity of botulinum neurotoxins, including product-related factors such as the manufacturing process, the antigenic protein load, and the presence of accessory proteins, as well as treatment-related factors such as the overall toxin dose, booster injections, and prior vaccination or exposure. Detection of antibodies by laboratory tests does not necessarily predict the clinical success or failure of treatment. Overall, botulinum neurotoxin type A products exhibit low clinically detectable levels of antibodies when compared with other approved biologic products. This review provides an overview of all current botulinum neurotoxin products available commercially, with respect to the development of neutralizing antibodies and clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Naumann
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lee Ming Boo
- Medical Affairs, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Alan H. Ackerman
- Medical Affairs, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Conor J. Gallagher
- Medical Affairs, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
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Lonati D, Locatelli CA, Fenicia L, Anniballi F, Landri P, Giampreti A, Petrolini VM, Vecchio S, Manzo L. Fatal course of foodborne botulism in an eight-month old infant. Pediatr Rep 2011; 3:e31. [PMID: 22355516 PMCID: PMC3283199 DOI: 10.4081/pr.2011.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-month old girl, weighing 9 kg, was brought by her parents at 8.15 am to the Emergency Department (ED) for a progressive worsening of weakness and acute respiratory failure. On admission, the baby presented with poor oral intake, a weak cry and extremely weak muscular body control. Poor gag and suck, unreactive mydriasis, hypotonia, lethargy and absence of peristalsis were noted. Laboratory data showed severe respiratory acidosis. Chest X-ray, electroencephalography, encephalic CT scan and MRI were all normal, as were cerebrospinal fluid analysis and viral tests. Orotracheal intubation and continuous mechanical ventilation were applied. The patient received fluids, corticosteroids, aerosol therapy, large-spectrum antibiotics and enteral-nutrition. Further investigation revealed ingestion of an improperly prepared home-canned homogenized turkey meal. Type A botulinum neurotoxin was identified. Trivalent botulinum antitoxin, prostigmine and oral activated charcoal were administered. Generalized flaccid paralysis, areflexic bilateral mydriasis, gastric stasis and deep coma persisted for the duration of the hospital stay, and the patient died of severe respiratory failure and cardiac arrest 12 days after ED admission. Botulism poisoning should be suspected in any infant presenting with feeding difficulties, constipation, descendent paralysis or acute respiratory failure. Supportive treatment and antidotal therapy should be performed as soon as a clinical diagnosis is made. We describe a case of foodborne botulism in an 8-month old infant caused by ingestion of an improperly prepared home-canned homogenized turkey meal, representing the youngest fatal case reported in medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lonati
- Pavia Poison Center and National Toxicology Information Centre -Toxicology Unit IRCCS Maugeri Foundation and University of Pavia
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Keith F, John C. Targeted secretion inhibitors-innovative protein therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2795-815. [PMID: 22069575 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are highly effective therapeutic products. Their therapeutic success results from highly specific and potent inhibition of neurotransmitter release with a duration of action measured in months. These same properties, however, make the botulinum neurotoxins the most potent acute lethal toxins known. Their toxicity and restricted target cell activity severely limits their clinical utility. Understanding the structure-function relationship of the neurotoxins has enabled the development of recombinant proteins selectively incorporating specific aspects of their pharmacology. The resulting proteins are not neurotoxins, but a new class of biopharmaceuticals, Targeted Secretion Inhibitors (TSI), suitable for the treatment of a wide range of diseases where secretion plays a major role. TSI proteins inhibit secretion for a prolonged period following a single application, making them particularly suited to the treatment of chronic diseases. A TSI for the treatment of chronic pain is in clinical development.
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Abstract
This article reviews the current and most neurologic uses of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A), beginning with relevant historical data, neurochemical mechanism at the neuromuscular junction. Current commercial preparations of BoNT-A are reviewed, as are immunologic issues relating to secondary failure of BoNT-A therapy. Clinical uses are summarized with an emphasis on controlled clinical trials (as appropriate), including facial movement disorders, focal neck and limb dystonias, spasticity, hypersecretory syndromes, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Ney
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Neurology Service, Tacoma, WA, USA
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