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Aouizerat BE, Garcia JN, Domingues CV, Xu K, Quach BC, Page GP, Konkle-Parker D, Bolivar HH, Lahiri CD, Golub ET, Cohen MH, Kassaye SG, DeHovitz J, Kuniholm MH, Archin NM, Tien PC, Hancock DB, Johnson EO. Frequent Cocaine Use is Associated With Larger HIV Latent Reservoir Size. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 97:156-164. [PMID: 39250649 PMCID: PMC11752676 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine-one of the most frequently abused illicit drugs among persons living with HIV [people living with HIV (PLWH)]-slows the decline of viral production after antiretroviral therapy and is associated with higher HIV viral load, more rapid HIV progression, and increased mortality. SETTING We examined the impact of cocaine use on the CD4+ T-cell HIV latent reservoir (HLR) in virally suppressed PLWH participating in a national, longitudinal cohort study of the natural and treated history of HIV in the United States. METHODS CD4+ T-cell genomic DNA from 434 women of diverse ancestry (ie, 75% Black, 14% Hispanic, 12% White) who self-reported cocaine use (ie, 160 cocaine users, 59 prior users, 215 non-users) was analyzed using the Intact Proviral HIV DNA Assay, measuring intact provirus per 106 CD4+ T cells. FINDINGS HIV latent reservoir size differed by cocaine use (ie, median [interquartile range]: 72 [14-193] for never users, 165 [63-387] for prior users, 184 [28-502] for current users), which was statistically significantly larger in both prior (P = 0.023) and current (P = 0.001) cocaine users compared with never users. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine use may contribute to a larger replication competent HLR in CD4+ T cells among virologically suppressed women living with HIV. Our findings are important because women are underrepresented in HIV reservoir studies and in studies of the impact of cocaine use on outcomes among PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley E Aouizerat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University
- Translational Research Center, New York University
| | - Josephine N Garcia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University
- Translational Research Center, New York University
| | - Carlos V Domingues
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University
- Translational Research Center, New York University
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University
- VA Connecticut Health Care
| | - Bryan C Quach
- Genomics and Translational Research Center, Analytics Practice Area, RTI International
| | - Grier P Page
- Genomics and Translational Research Center, Analytics Practice Area, RTI International
- Fellow Program, RTI International
| | - Deborah Konkle-Parker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Hector H Bolivar
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Miami-ACRU, Miami, FL
| | - Cecile D Lahiri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elizabeth T Golub
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital, Cook County Health System, Chicago, IL
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Jack DeHovitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Mark H Kuniholm
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Nancie M Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dana B Hancock
- Genomics and Translational Research Center, Analytics Practice Area, RTI International
| | - Eric Otto Johnson
- Genomics and Translational Research Center, Analytics Practice Area, RTI International
- Fellow Program, RTI International
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2
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Poondla N, Sheykhhasan M, Ahmadyousefi Y, Akbari M, Seyedebrahimi R, Farsani ME, Kalhor N. Dendritic Cells - Winning the Fight against HIV. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 18:174-185. [PMID: 35366782 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220401102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV is a virus that targets and hijacks the immune cells of the host. It multiplies by attacking the helper T-lymphocytes. HIV has remained one of the most difficult and dangerous infections in the world due to the inability to find a successful treatment and a lack of access to medical care. When the virus reaches the body, dendritic cells are the first cells it encounters. DCs have been identified as one of the most effective mediators of immune responses, implying a promising strategy against viral infection. The current state of knowledge about the function of dendritic cells and their subsets is critical for using their full potential as a candidate for the development of an HIV vaccine. Despite extensive efforts, a reliable vaccine with the fewest side effects has yet to be found, and further research is needed to find a dependable and efficient vaccine. The extent to which dendritic cell-based therapy is used to treat HIV was investigated in this study. As the virus attacks the host immune system, the dendritic cells can trigger an immune response against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Poondla
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Mohsen Sheykhhasan
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research [ACECR], Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Mazandaran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Eslami Farsani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Naser Kalhor
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research [ACECR], Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
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3
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HIV transmitting mononuclear phagocytes; integrating the old and new. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:542-550. [PMID: 35173293 PMCID: PMC9259493 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In tissue, mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) are comprised of Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and monocyte-derived cells. They are the first immune cells to encounter HIV during transmission and transmit the virus to CD4 T cells as a consequence of their antigen presenting cell function. To understand the role these cells play in transmission, their phenotypic and functional characterisation is important. With advancements in high parameter single cell technologies, new MNPs subsets are continuously being discovered and their definition and classification is in a state of flux. This has important implications for our knowledge of HIV transmission, which requires a deeper understanding to design effective vaccines and better blocking strategies. Here we review the historical research of the role MNPs play in HIV transmission up to the present day and revaluate these studies in the context of our most recent understandings of the MNP system.
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4
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Narayanan M, Kulkarni R, Jiang S, Kashanchi F, Prasad A. Cocaine augments neuro-inflammation via modulating extracellular vesicle release in HIV-1 infected immune cells. Retrovirology 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 34530855 PMCID: PMC8444590 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular Vesicles (EV) recently have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 syndromes, including neuroinflammation and HIV-1 associated neurological disorder (HAND). Cocaine, an illicit stimulant drug used worldwide is known to exacerbate these HIV-1 associated neurological syndromes. However, the effects of cocaine on EV biogenesis and roles of EVs in enhancing HIV-1 pathogenesis are not yet well defined. RESULTS Here, we investigated the effects of cocaine on EV biogenesis and release in HIV-1 infected immune cells and explored their roles in elicitation of neuroinflammation. We found that cocaine significantly augmented the release of EVs from uninfected and HIV-1 infected T-cells, DCs and macrophages. Further analysis of the molecular components of EVs revealed enhanced expression of adhesion molecules integrin β1 and LFA-1 in those EVs derived from cocaine treated cells. Intriguingly, in EVs derived from HIV-1 infected cells, cocaine treatment significantly increased the levels of viral genes in EVs released from macrophages and DCs, but not in T-cells. Exploring the molecular mechanism to account for this, we found that DCs and macrophages showed enhanced expression of the cocaine receptor Sigma 1-Receptor compared to T-cells. In addition, we found that cocaine significantly altered the integrity of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in HIV-1 infected macrophages and DCs compared to untreated HIV-1 infected cells. Characterizing further the molecular mechanisms involved in how cocaine increased EV release, we found that cocaine decreased the expression of the interferon-inducible protein BST-2; this resulted in altered trafficking of intracellular virus containing vesicles and EV biogenesis and release. We also observed EVs released from cocaine treated HIV-1 infected macrophages and DCs enhanced HIV-1 trans-infection to T-cells compared to those from untreated and HIV-1 infected cells. These EVs triggered release of proinflammatory cytokines in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and altered monolayer integrity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results provide a novel mechanism which helps to elucidate the enhanced prevalence of neurological disorders in cocaine using HIV-1 infected individuals and offers insights into developing novel therapeutic strategies against HAND in these hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Narayanan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rutuja Kulkarni
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Shuxian Jiang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Anil Prasad
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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5
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Schäringer K, Maxeiner S, Schalla C, Rütten S, Zenke M, Sechi A. LSP1-myosin1e bimolecular complex regulates focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21268. [PMID: 33470457 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000740rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several cytoskeleton-associated proteins and signaling pathways work in concert to regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, and migration. Although the leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) has been shown to interact with the actin cytoskeleton, its function in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics is, as yet, not fully understood. We have recently demonstrated that the bimolecular complex between LSP1 and myosin1e controls actin cytoskeleton remodeling during phagocytosis. In this study, we show that LSP1 downregulation severely impairs cell migration, lamellipodia formation, and focal adhesion dynamics in macrophages. Inhibition of the interaction between LSP1 and myosin1e also impairs these processes resulting in poorly motile cells, which are characterized by few and small lamellipodia. Furthermore, cells in which LSP1-myosin1e interaction is inhibited are typically associated with inefficient focal adhesion turnover. Collectively, our findings show that the LSP1-myosin1e bimolecular complex plays a pivotal role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling and focal adhesion dynamics required for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schäringer
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Lu D, Sun H, Yu J, Kuang YQ, Wang KH. Chemical sex drugs regulate HIV infection and replication in immune cells: a vicious circle. AIDS 2021; 35:147-150. [PMID: 33048887 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine
- Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hua Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine
| | - Juehua Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine
- Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine
- Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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7
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Kulkarni R, Jiang S, Birrane G, Prasad A. Lymphocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) regulates bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2)-mediated intracellular trafficking of HIV-1 in dendritic cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1947-1959. [PMID: 32279313 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subverts intracellular trafficking pathways to avoid its degradation and elimination, thereby enhancing its survival and spread. The molecular mechanisms involved in intracellular transport of HIV-1 are not yet fully defined. We demonstrate that the actin-binding protein lymphocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) interacts with the interferon-inducible protein bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) in dendritic cells (DCs) to facilitate both endocytosis of surface-bound HIV-1 and the formation of early endosomes. Analysis of the molecular interaction between LSP1 and BST-2 reveals that the N terminus of LSP1 interacts with BST-2. Overall, we identify a novel mechanism of intracellular trafficking of HIV-1 in DCs centering on the LSP1/BST-2 complex. We also show that the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu subverts this pathway by inducing proteasomal degradation of LSP1, augmenting cell-cell transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutuja Kulkarni
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuxian Jiang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Birrane
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anil Prasad
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Blackard JT, Brown JL, Lyons MS. Synthetic Opioid Use and Common Injection-associated Viruses: Expanding the Translational Research Agenda. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:94-101. [PMID: 31210115 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190618154534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The US is in the midst of a major epidemic of opioid addiction and related comorbidities. People with opioid use disorder (OUD) are at significant risk for transmission of several blood-borne pathogens including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Commonly abused opioids and their receptors promote viral replication and virus-mediated pathology. However, most studies demonstrating an adverse effect of drugs of abuse have been conducted in vitro, the specific effects of synthetic opioids on viral replication have been poorly characterized, and the evaluation of opioid-virus interactions in clinically relevant populations is rare. Rigorous characterization of the interactions among synthetic opioids, host cells, and common injection-associated viral infections will require an interdisciplinary research approach and translational studies conducted on humans. Such research promises to improve clinical management paradigms for difficult-to-treat populations, facilitate rational public health policies given severely strained resources, and reveal additional pathways for novel target-specific therapeutic interventions. This mini-review examines the published literature on the effects of opioids on HIV, HBV, and HCV pathogenesis and proposes a series of scientific questions and considerations to establish a translational research agenda focused on opioid-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Michael S Lyons
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
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9
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Chilunda V, Calderon TM, Martinez-Aguado P, Berman JW. The impact of substance abuse on HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis in the current ART era. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146426. [PMID: 31473221 PMCID: PMC6889827 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 37 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). One highly significant complication of HIV infection is the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in 15-55% of people living with HIV (PLWH), that persists even in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. The entry of HIV into the central nervous system (CNS) occurs within 4-8 days after peripheral infection. This establishes viral reservoirs that may persist even in the presence of ART. Once in the CNS, HIV infects resident macrophages, microglia, and at low levels, astrocytes. In response to chronic infection and cell activation within the CNS, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and host and viral neurotoxic factors produced over extended periods of time result in neuronal injury and loss, cognitive deficits and HAND. Substance abuse is a common comorbidity in PLWH and has been shown to increase neuroinflammation and cognitive disorders. Additionally, it has been associated with poor ART adherence, and increased viral load in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that may also contribute to increased neuroinflammation and neuronal injury. Studies have examined mechanisms that contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in PLWH, and how substances of abuse exacerbate these effects. This review will focus on how substances of abuse, with an emphasis on methamphetamine (meth), cocaine, and opioids, impact blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and transmigration of HIV-infected and uninfected monocytes across the BBB, as well as their effects on monocytes/macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes within the CNS. We will also address how these substances of abuse may contribute to HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis in the context of suppressive ART. Additionally, we will review the effects of extracellular dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is increased in the CNS by substances of abuse, on HIV neuropathogenesis and how this may contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal insult, and HAND in PLWH with active substance use. Lastly, we will discuss some potential therapies to limit CNS inflammation and damage in HIV-infected substance abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chilunda
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tina M Calderon
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez-Aguado
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joan W Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA.
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10
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Martín-Moreno A, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2485. [PMID: 31708924 PMCID: PMC6820366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells from the immune system and has thus developed tools to circumvent the host immunity and use it in its advance. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the first immune cells to encounter the HIV, and being the main antigen (Ag) presenting cells, they link the innate and the adaptive immune responses. While DCs work to promote an efficient immune response and halt the infection, HIV-1 has ways to take advantage of their role and uses DCs to gain faster and more efficient access to CD4+ T cells. Due to their ability to activate a specific immune response, DCs are promising candidates to achieve the functional cure of HIV-1 infection, but knowing the molecular partakers that determine the relationship between virus and cell is the key for the rational and successful design of a DC-based therapy. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on how both DC subsets (myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs) act in presence of HIV-1, and focus on different pathways that the virus can take after binding to DC. First, we explore the consequences of HIV-1 recognition by each receptor on DCs, including CD4 and DC-SIGN. Second, we look at cellular mechanisms that prevent productive infection and weapons that turn cellular defense into a Trojan horse that hides the virus all the way to T cell. Finally, we discuss the possible outcomes of DC-T cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martín-Moreno
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER BBN), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) lectins mediate the recognition, uptake, and processing of antigens, but they can also be coopted by pathogens for infection. These distinct activities depend upon the routing of antigens within the cell. Antigens directed to endosomal compartments are degraded, and the peptides are presented on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, thereby promoting immunity. Alternatively, HIV-1 can avoid degradation, as virus engagement with C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), such as DC-SIGN (DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin) results in trafficking to surface-accessible invaginated pockets. This process appears to enable infection of T cells in trans We sought to explore whether antigen fate upon CLR-mediated internalization was affected by antigen physical properties. To this end, we employed the ring-opening metathesis polymerization to generate glycopolymers that each display multiple copies of mannoside ligand for DC-SIGN, yet differ in length and size. The rate and extent of glycopolymer internalization depended upon polymer structure-longer polymers were internalized more rapidly and more efficiently than were shorter polymers. The trafficking, however, did not differ, and both short and longer polymers colocalized with transferrin-labeled early endosomes. To explore how DC-SIGN directs larger particles, such as pathogens, we induced aggregation of the polymers to access particulate antigens. Strikingly, these particulate antigens were diverted to the invaginated pockets that harbor HIV-1. Thus, antigen structure has a dramatic effect on DC-SIGN-mediated uptake and trafficking. These findings have consequences for the design of synthetic vaccines. Additionally, the results suggest strategies for targeting DC reservoirs that harbor viral pathogens.
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12
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Bazuaye-Ekwuyasi E, Chow RD, Schmalzle S. An atypical subacute presentation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2017; 7:269-274. [PMID: 29046760 PMCID: PMC5637638 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2017.1369381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) characteristically presents with rapid onset of headache, seizure, encephalopathy, and visual changes, along with evidence of parieto-occipital vasogenic edema on magnetic resonance imaging. We describe the case of a 41-year-old female with a protracted presentation of two of the four classic PRES symptoms, which were not immediately recognized as PRES due to the presence of multiple other comorbidities and reasons for encephalopathy. This case highlights the possibility of atypical presentations of PRES and the diagnostic challenges in making this clinical diagnosis when competing diagnoses are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eseosa Bazuaye-Ekwuyasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Dobbin Chow
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Schmalzle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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