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Bao Z, Yu D, Fu J, Gu J, Xu J, Qin L, Hu H, Yang C, Liu W, Chen L, Wu R, Liu H, Xu H, Guo H, Wang L, Zhou Y, Li Q, Wang X. 2-Hydroxy-5-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine as a Novel Matrix for Enhanced MALDI Imaging of Tissue Metabolites. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5160-5169. [PMID: 38470972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), which is a label-free imaging technique, determines the spatial distribution and relative abundance of versatile endogenous metabolites in tissues. Meanwhile, matrix selection is generally regarded as a pivotal step in MALDI tissue imaging. This study presents the first report of a novel MALDI matrix, 2-hydroxy-5-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (HNTP), for the in situ detection and imaging of endogenous metabolites in rat liver and brain tissues by MALDI-MS in positive-ion mode. The HNTP matrix exhibits excellent characteristics, including strong ultraviolet absorption, μm-scale matrix crystals, high chemical stability, low background ion interference, and high metabolite ionization efficiency. Notably, the HNTP matrix also shows superior detection capabilities, successfully showing 185 detectable metabolites in rat liver tissue sections. This outperforms the commonly used matrices of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, which detect 145 and 120 metabolites from the rat liver, respectively. Furthermore, a total of 152 metabolites are effectively detected and imaged in rat brain tissue using the HNTP matrix, and the spatial distribution of these compounds clearly shows the heterogeneity of the rat brain. The results demonstrate that HNTP is a new and powerful positive-ion mode matrix to enhance the analysis of metabolites in biological tissues by MALDI-MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinxiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianchi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, #1 Xiyuangcaochang, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Liang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, #1 Xiyuangcaochang, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hualei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, #1 Xiyuangcaochang, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, #27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Katane M, Homma H. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Free D-Amino Acids and Their Physiological Roles in the Periphery and Endocrine Glands. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:562-579. [PMID: 38432912 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
It was long believed that D-amino acids were either unnatural isomers or laboratory artifacts, and that the important functions of amino acids were exerted only by L-amino acids. However, recent investigations have revealed a variety of D-amino acids in mammals that play important roles in physiological functions, including free D-serine and D-aspartate that are crucial in the central nervous system. The functions of several D-amino acids in the periphery and endocrine glands are also receiving increasing attention. Here, we present an overview of recent advances in elucidating the physiological roles of D-amino acids, especially in the periphery and endocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
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3
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Younger DS. Multiple sclerosis: Motor dysfunction. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:119-147. [PMID: 37620066 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease characterized by inflammation and degeneration within the central nervous system. Over the course of the disease, most MS patients successively accumulate inflammatory lesions, axonal damage, and diffuse CNS pathology, along with an increasing degree of motor disability. While the pharmacological approach to MS targets inflammation to decrease relapse rates and relieve symptoms, disease-modifying therapy and immunosuppressive medications may not prevent the accumulation of pathology in most patients leading to long-term motor disability. This has been met with recent interest in promoting plasticity-guided concepts, enhanced by neurophysiological and neuroimaging approaches to address the preservation of motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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4
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The Role of D-Serine and D-Aspartate in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235142. [PMID: 36501171 PMCID: PMC9736950 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (Sch) is a severe and widespread mental disorder. Antipsychotics (APs) of the first and new generations as the first-line treatment of Sch are not effective in about a third of cases and are also unable to treat negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenics. This explains the search for new therapeutic strategies for a disease-modifying therapy for treatment-resistant Sch (TRS). Biological compounds are of great interest to researchers and clinicians, among which D-Serine (D-Ser) and D-Aspartate (D-Asp) are among the promising ones. The Sch glutamate theory suggests that neurotransmission dysfunction caused by glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) may represent a primary deficiency in this mental disorder and play an important role in the development of TRS. D-Ser and D-Asp are direct NMDAR agonists and may be involved in modulating the functional activity of dopaminergic neurons. This narrative review demonstrates both the biological role of D-Ser and D-Asp in the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) and in the pathogenesis of Sch and TRS. Particular attention is paid to D-Ser and D-Asp as promising components of a nutritive disease-modifying therapy for TRS.
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Lombardo B, Pagani M, De Rosa A, Nunziato M, Migliarini S, Garofalo M, Terrile M, D’Argenio V, Galbusera A, Nuzzo T, Ranieri A, Vitale A, Leggiero E, Di Maio A, Barsotti N, Borello U, Napolitano F, Mandarino A, Carotenuto M, Heresco-Levy U, Pasqualetti M, Malatesta P, Gozzi A, Errico F, Salvatore F, Pastore L, Usiello A. D-aspartate oxidase gene duplication induces social recognition memory deficit in mice and intellectual disabilities in humans. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:305. [PMID: 35915065 PMCID: PMC9343392 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The D-aspartate oxidase (DDO) gene encodes the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of D-aspartate, an atypical amino acid enriched in the mammalian brain and acting as an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. Considering the key role of NMDA receptors in neurodevelopmental disorders, recent findings suggest a link between D-aspartate dysmetabolism and schizophrenia. To clarify the role of D-aspartate on brain development and functioning, we used a mouse model with constitutive Ddo overexpression and D-aspartate depletion. In these mice, we found reduced number of BrdU-positive dorsal pallium neurons during corticogenesis, and decreased cortical and striatal gray matter volume at adulthood. Brain abnormalities were associated with social recognition memory deficit at juvenile phase, suggesting that early D-aspartate occurrence influences neurodevelopmental related phenotypes. We corroborated this hypothesis by reporting the first clinical case of a young patient with severe intellectual disability, thought disorders and autism spectrum disorder symptomatology, harboring a duplication of a chromosome 6 region, including the entire DDO gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lombardo
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Pagani
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Nunziato
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Migliarini
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Garofalo
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marta Terrile
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Dipartimento di Oncologia, Biologia e Genetica, Università di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy ,grid.496862.70000 0004 0544 6263Present Address: Novartis Ireland ltd, D04A9N6 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Valeria D’Argenio
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,Dipartimento di Promozione delle Scienze Umane e della Qualità della Vita, Università San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Galbusera
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Annaluisa Ranieri
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Vitale
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Leggiero
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maio
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Noemi Barsotti
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Borello
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mandarino
- grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Uriel Heresco-Levy
- grid.414060.70000 0004 0470 6676Research and Psychiatry Departments, Ezrath Nashim-Herzog Memorial Hospital, 9190501 Jerusalem, Israel ,grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, 9190501 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Massimo Pasqualetti
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy ,grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Malatesta
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy ,grid.410345.70000 0004 1756 7871Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy. .,Centro Interuniversitario per Malattie Multigeniche e Multifattoriali e loro modelli animali (Federico II, 80131, Naples; Tor Vergata, Rome and "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara), Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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de Bartolomeis A, Vellucci L, Austin MC, De Simone G, Barone A. Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: From Neurobiology to the Clinics. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070909. [PMID: 35883465 PMCID: PMC9312470 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with synaptic alterations and aberrant cortical–subcortical connections. Antipsychotics are the mainstay of schizophrenia treatment and nearly all share the common feature of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, whereas glutamatergic abnormalities are not targeted by the presently available therapies. D-amino acids, acting as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulators, have emerged in the last few years as a potential augmentation strategy in those cases of schizophrenia that do not respond well to antipsychotics, a condition defined as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), affecting almost 30–40% of patients, and characterized by serious cognitive deficits and functional impairment. In the present systematic review, we address with a direct and reverse translational perspective the efficacy of D-amino acids, including D-serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine, in poor responders. The impact of these molecules on the synaptic architecture is also considered in the light of dendritic spine changes reported in schizophrenia and antipsychotics’ effect on postsynaptic density proteins. Moreover, we describe compounds targeting D-amino acid oxidase and D-aspartate oxidase enzymes. Finally, other drugs acting at NMDAR and proxy of D-amino acids function, such as D-cycloserine, sarcosine, and glycine, are considered in the light of the clinical burden of TRS, together with other emerging molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463673 or +39-081-7463884 or +39-3662745592; Fax: +39-081-7462644
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Mark C. Austin
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Program, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA;
| | - Giuseppe De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Annarita Barone
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
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7
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Iezzi E, Centonze D. Multiple sclerosis: Inflammation, autoimmunity and plasticity. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:457-470. [PMID: 35034754 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, experimental studies have clarified that immune system influences the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. The neuro-immune crosstalk plays a crucial role in neuronal development and may be critically involved in mediating CNS response to neuronal damage. Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents a good model to investigate how the immune system regulates neuronal activity. Accordingly, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators may significantly impact synaptic mechanisms, influencing overall neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity expression. In this chapter, we provide an overview of preclinical data and clinical studies exploring synaptic functioning noninvasively with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with MS. Moreover, we examine how inflammation-driven synaptic dysfunction could affect synaptic plasticity expression, negatively influencing the MS course. Contrasting CSF inflammation together with pharmacologic enhancement of synaptic plasticity and application of noninvasive brain stimulation, alone or in combination with rehabilitative treatments, could improve the clinical compensation and prevent the accumulating deterioration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ennio Iezzi
- Unit of Neurology & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
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8
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d-Amino Acids and pLG72 in Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010917. [PMID: 34681579 PMCID: PMC8535920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies over the last several years have shown that d-amino acids, especially d-serine, have been related to brain and neurological disorders. Acknowledged neurological functions of d-amino acids include neurotransmission and learning and memory functions through modulating N-methyl-d-aspartate type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Aberrant d-amino acids level and polymorphisms of genes related to d-amino acids metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative brain conditions. This review summarizes the roles of d-amino acids and pLG72, also known as d-amino acid oxidase activator, on two neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The scope includes the changes in d-amino acids levels, gene polymorphisms of G72 genomics, and the role of pLG72 on NMDARs and mitochondria in schizophrenia and AD. The clinical diagnostic value of d-amino acids and pLG72 and the therapeutic importance are also reviewed.
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9
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Piubelli L, Murtas G, Rabattoni V, Pollegioni L. The Role of D-Amino Acids in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:475-492. [PMID: 33554911 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main cause of dementia worldwide, is characterized by a complex and multifactorial etiology. In large part, excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system is mediated by glutamate and its receptors are involved in synaptic plasticity. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which require the agonist glutamate and a coagonist such as glycine or the D-enantiomer of serine for activation, play a main role here. A second D-amino acid, D-aspartate, acts as agonist of NMDA receptors. D-amino acids, present in low amounts in nature and long considered to be of bacterial origin, have distinctive functions in mammals. In recent years, alterations in physiological levels of various D-amino acids have been linked to various pathological states, ranging from chronic kidney disease to neurological disorders. Actually, the level of NMDA receptor signaling must be balanced to promote neuronal survival and prevent neurodegeneration: this signaling in AD is affected mainly by glutamate availability and modulation of the receptor's functions. Here, we report the experimental findings linking D-serine and D-aspartate, through NMDA receptor modulation, to AD and cognitive functions. Interestingly, AD progression has been also associated with the enzymes related to D-amino acid metabolism as well as with glucose and serine metabolism. Furthermore, the D-serine and D-/total serine ratio in serum have been recently proposed as biomarkers of AD progression. A greater understanding of the role of D-amino acids in excitotoxicity related to the pathogenesis of AD will facilitate novel therapeutic treatments to cure the disease and improve life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Piubelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Rabattoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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10
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Pollegioni L, Molla G, Sacchi S, Murtas G. Human D-aspartate Oxidase: A Key Player in D-aspartate Metabolism. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:689719. [PMID: 34250021 PMCID: PMC8260693 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.689719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the D-enantiomers of amino acids have been recognized as natural molecules present in all kingdoms, playing a variety of biological roles. In humans, d-serine and d-aspartate attracted attention for their presence in the central nervous system. Here, we focus on d-aspartate, which is involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission and the synthesis of various hormones. The biosynthesis of d-aspartate is still obscure, while its degradation is due to the peroxisomal flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing enzyme d-aspartate oxidase. d-Aspartate emergence is strictly controlled: levels decrease in brain within the first days of life while increasing in endocrine glands postnatally and through adulthood. The human d-aspartate oxidase (hDASPO) belongs to the d-amino acid oxidase-like family: its tertiary structure closely resembles that of human d-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO), the enzyme that degrades neutral and basic d-amino acids. The structure-function relationships of the physiological isoform of hDASPO (named hDASPO_341) and the regulation of gene expression and distribution and properties of the longer isoform hDASPO_369 have all been recently elucidated. Beyond the substrate preference, hDASPO and hDAAO also differ in kinetic efficiency, FAD-binding affinity, pH profile, and oligomeric state. Such differences suggest that evolution diverged to create two different ways to modulate d-aspartate and d-serine levels in the human brain. Current knowledge about hDASPO is shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of d-aspartate levels in human tissues and is pushing novel, targeted therapeutic strategies. Now, it has been proposed that dysfunction in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission is caused by disrupted d-aspartate metabolism in the nervous system during the onset of various disorders (such as schizophrenia): the design of suitable hDASPO inhibitors aimed at increasing d-aspartate levels thus represents a novel and useful form of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Molla
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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11
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Zachar G, Kemecsei R, Papp SM, Wéber K, Kisparti T, Tyler T, Gáspár G, Balázsa T, Csillag A. D-Aspartate consumption selectively promotes intermediate-term spatial memory and the expression of hippocampal NMDA receptor subunits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6166. [PMID: 33731750 PMCID: PMC7969773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Aspartate (d-Asp) and d-serine (d-Ser) have been proposed to promote early-phase LTP in vitro and to enhance spatial memory in vivo. Here, we investigated the behavioural effects of chronic consumption of d-Asp and d-Ser on spatial learning of mice together with the expression of NMDA receptors. We also studied the alterations of neurogenesis by morphometric analysis of bromo-deoxyuridine incorporating and doublecortin expressing cells in the hippocampus. Our results specify a time period (3–4 h post-training), within which the animals exposed to d-Asp (but not d-Ser) show a more stable memory during retrieval. The cognitive improvement is due to elimination of transient bouts of destabilization and reconsolidation of memory, rather than to enhanced acquisition. d-Asp also protracted reversal learning probably due to reduced plasticity. Expression of GluN1 and GluN2A subunits was elevated in the hippocampus of d-Asp (but not d-Ser) treated mice. d-Asp or d-Ser did not alter the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells in the hippocampus. The observed learning-related changes evoked by d-Asp are unlikely to be due to enhanced proliferation and recruitment of new neurones. Rather, they are likely associated with an upregulation of NMDA receptors, as well as a reorganization of receptor subunit assemblies in existing hippocampal/dentate neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Kemecsei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Márta Papp
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Katalin Wéber
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kisparti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gáspár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Tamás Balázsa
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - András Csillag
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 58 Tűzoltó u, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
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12
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Usiello A, Di Fiore MM, De Rosa A, Falvo S, Errico F, Santillo A, Nuzzo T, Chieffi Baccari G. New Evidence on the Role of D-Aspartate Metabolism in Regulating Brain and Endocrine System Physiology: From Preclinical Observations to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8718. [PMID: 33218144 PMCID: PMC7698810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous amino acids serine and aspartate occur at high concentrations in free D-form in mammalian organs, including the central nervous system and endocrine glands. D-serine (D-Ser) is largely localized in the forebrain structures throughout pre and postnatal life. Pharmacologically, D-Ser plays a functional role by acting as an endogenous coagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Less is known about the role of free D-aspartate (D-Asp) in mammals. Notably, D-Asp has a specific temporal pattern of occurrence. In fact, free D-Asp is abundant during prenatal life and decreases greatly after birth in concomitance with the postnatal onset of D-Asp oxidase expression, which is the only enzyme known to control endogenous levels of this molecule. Conversely, in the endocrine system, D-Asp concentrations enhance after birth during its functional development, thereby suggesting an involvement of the amino acid in the regulation of hormone biosynthesis. The substantial binding affinity for the NMDAR glutamate site has led us to investigate the in vivo implications of D-Asp on NMDAR-mediated responses. Herein we review the physiological function of free D-Asp and of its metabolizing enzyme in regulating the functions of the brain and of the neuroendocrine system based on recent genetic and pharmacological human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Usiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania «L. Vanvitelli», Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.M.D.F.); (S.F.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania «L. Vanvitelli», Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.M.D.F.); (S.F.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania «L. Vanvitelli», Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.M.D.F.); (S.F.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Francesco Errico
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania «L. Vanvitelli», Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.M.D.F.); (S.F.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania «L. Vanvitelli», Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.M.D.F.); (S.F.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Chieffi Baccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania «L. Vanvitelli», Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.M.D.F.); (S.F.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
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13
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Seckler JM, Lewis SJ. Advances in D-Amino Acids in Neurological Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197325. [PMID: 33023061 PMCID: PMC7582301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids have been known to exist in the human brain for nearly 40 years, and they continue to be a field of active study to today. This review article aims to give a concise overview of the recent advances in D-amino acid research as they relate to the brain and neurological disorders. This work has largely been focused on modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its relationship to Alzheimer’s disease and Schizophrenia, but there has been a wealth of novel research which has elucidated a novel role for several D-amino acids in altering brain chemistry in a neuroprotective manner. D-amino acids which have no currently known activity in the brain but which have active derivatives will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Seckler
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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14
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Errico F, Cuomo M, Canu N, Caputo V, Usiello A. New insights on the influence of free d-aspartate metabolism in the mammalian brain during prenatal and postnatal life. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140471. [PMID: 32561430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Free d-aspartate is abundant in the mammalian embryonic brain. However, following the postnatal onset of the catabolic d-aspartate oxidase (DDO) activity, cerebral d-aspartate levels drastically decrease, remaining constantly low throughout life. d-Aspartate stimulates both glutamatergic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and metabotropic Glu5 receptors. In rodents, short-term d-aspartate exposure increases spine density and synaptic plasticity, and improves cognition. Conversely, persistently high d-Asp levels produce NMDAR-dependent neurotoxic effects, leading to precocious neuroinflammation and cell death. These pieces of evidence highlight the dichotomous impact of d-aspartate signaling on NMDAR-dependent processes and, in turn, unveil a neuroprotective role for DDO in preventing the detrimental effects of excessive d-aspartate stimulation during aging. Here, we will focus on the in vivo influence of altered d-aspartate metabolism on the modulation of glutamatergic functions and its involvement in translational studies. Finally, preliminary data on the role of embryonic d-aspartate in the mouse brain will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Mariella Cuomo
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Canu
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR), 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Caputo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
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15
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Prenatal expression of d-aspartate oxidase causes early cerebral d-aspartate depletion and influences brain morphology and cognitive functions at adulthood. Amino Acids 2020; 52:597-617. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02839-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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The Na +/Ca 2+ exchangers in demyelinating diseases. Cell Calcium 2019; 85:102130. [PMID: 31812115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i imbalance significantly contribute to neuro-axonal dysfunctions and maladaptive myelin repair or remyelination failure in chronic inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Progress in recent years has led to significant advances in understanding how [Ca2+]i signaling network drive degeneration or remyelination of demyelinated axons. The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs), a transmembrane protein family including three members encoded by ncx1, ncx2, and ncx3 genes, are emerging important regulators of [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i both in neurons and glial cells. Here we review recent advance highlighting the role of NCX exchangers in axons and myelin-forming cells, i.e. oligodendrocytes, which represent the major targets of the aberrant inflammatory attack in multiple sclerosis. The contribution of NCX subtypes to axonal pathology and myelin synthesis will be discussed. Although a definitive understanding of mechanisms regulating axonal pathology and remyelination failure in chronic demyelinating diseases is still lacking and requires further investigation, current knowledge suggest that NCX activity plays a crucial role in these processes. Defining the relative contributions of each NCX transporter in axon pathology and myelinating glia will constitute not only a major advance in understanding in detail the intricate mechanism of neurodegeneration and remyelination failure in demyelinating diseases but also will help to identify neuroprotective or remyelinating strategies targeting selective NCX exchangers as a means of treating MS.
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17
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Lin CH, Yang HT, Lane HY. D-glutamate, D-serine, and D-alanine differ in their roles in cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 185:172760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Goudarzvand M, Panahi Y, Yazdani R, Miladi H, Tahmasebi S, Sherafat A, Afraei S, Abouhamzeh K, Jamee M, Al-Hussieni KJMR, Mohammadi H, Mohebbi A, Hossein-Khannazer N, Zaki-Dizaji M, Di Fiore MM, D'Aniello A, Azizi G. The Effects of D-aspartate on Neurosteroids, Neurosteroid Receptors, and Inflammatory Mediators in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:316-325. [PMID: 30289086 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666181005093459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used model for multiple sclerosis. The present study has been designed to compare the efficiencies of oral and intraperitoneal (IP) administration of D-aspartate (D-Asp) on the onset and severity of EAE, the production of neurosteroids, and the expression of neurosteroid receptors and inflammatory mediators in the brain of EAE mice. METHODS In this study, EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice treated with D-Asp orally (D-Asp-Oral) or by IP injection (D-Asp-IP). On the 20th day, brains (cerebrums) and cerebellums of mice were evaluated by histological analyses. The brains of mice were analyzed for: 1) Neurosteroid (Progesterone, Testosterone, 17β-estradiol) concentrations; 2) gene expressions of cytokines and neurosteroid receptors by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and 3) quantitative determination of D-Asp using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Further, some inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were identified in the mouse serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that after D-Asp was administered, it was taken up and accumulated within the brain. Further, IP injection of D-Asp had more beneficial effects on EAE severity than oral gavage. The concentration of the testosterone and 17β-estradiol in D-Asp-IP group was significantly higher than that of the control group. There were no significant differences in the gene expression of cytokine and neurosteroid receptors between control, D-Asp-IP, and D-Asp-Oral groups. However, IP treatment with D-Asp significantly reduced C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and MMP-2 serum levels compared to control mice. CONCLUSION IP injection of D-Asp had more beneficial effects on EAE severity, neurosteroid induction and reduction of inflammatory mediators than oral gavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Goudarzvand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yaser Panahi
- North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Miladi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital affiliated to Social Security Organization, Arak, Iran
| | - Saeed Tahmasebi
- Department of Biology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States
| | - Sanaz Afraei
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Abouhamzeh
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Jamee
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Growth and Development Research Centre, Paediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Universita della Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Antimo D'Aniello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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de Rosa V, Secondo A, Pannaccione A, Ciccone R, Formisano L, Guida N, Crispino R, Fico A, Polishchuk R, D'Aniello A, Annunziato L, Boscia F. D-Aspartate treatment attenuates myelin damage and stimulates myelin repair. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:emmm.201809278. [PMID: 30559305 PMCID: PMC6328990 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate signaling may orchestrate oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) development and myelin regeneration through the activation of glutamate receptors at OPC‐neuron synapses. D‐Aspartate is a D‐amino acid exerting modulatory actions at glutamatergic synapses. Chronic administration of D‐Aspartate has been proposed as therapeutic treatment in diseases related to myelin dysfunction and NMDA receptors hypofunction, including schizophrenia and cognitive deficits. Here, we show, by using an in vivo remyelination model, that administration of D‐Aspartate during remyelination improved motor coordination, accelerated myelin recovery, and significantly increased the number of small‐diameter myelinated axons. Chronically administered during demyelination, D‐Aspartate also attenuated myelin loss and inflammation. Interestingly, D‐Aspartate exposure stimulated OPC maturation and accelerated developmental myelination in organotypic cerebellar slices. D‐Aspartate promoting effects on OPC maturation involved the activation of glutamate transporters, AMPA and NMDA receptors, and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX3. While blocking NMDA or NCX3 significantly prevented D‐Aspartate‐induced [Ca2+]i oscillations, blocking AMPA and glutamate transporters prevented both the initial and oscillatory [Ca2+]i response as well as D‐Aspartate‐induced inward currents in OPC. Our findings reveal that D‐Aspartate treatment may represent a novel strategy for promoting myelin recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria de Rosa
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roselia Ciccone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Crispino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Fico
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo D'Aniello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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20
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Nicoletti CG, Monteleone F, Marfia GA, Usiello A, Buttari F, Centonze D, Mori F. Oral D-Aspartate enhances synaptic plasticity reserve in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2019; 26:304-311. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458519828294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Synaptic plasticity reserve correlates with clinical recovery after a relapse in relapsing–remitting forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and is significantly compromised in patients with progressive forms of MS. These findings suggest that progression of disability in MS is linked to reduced synaptic plasticity reserve. D-Aspartate, an endogenous aminoacid approved for the use in humans as a dietary supplement, enhances synaptic plasticity in mice. Objective: To test whether D-Aspartate oral intake increases synaptic plasticity reserve in progressive MS patients. Methods: A total of 31 patients affected by a progressive form of MS received either single oral daily doses of D-Aspartate 2660 mg or placebo for 4 weeks. Synaptic plasticity reserve and trans-synaptic cortical excitability were measured through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols before and after D-Aspartate. Results: Both TMS-induced long-term potentiation (LTP), intracortical facilitation (ICF) and short-interval ICF increased after 2 and 4 weeks of D-Aspartate but not after placebo, suggesting an enhancement of synaptic plasticity reserve and increased trans-synaptic glutamatergic transmission. Conclusion: Daily oral D-Aspartate 2660 mg for 4 weeks enhances synaptic plasticity reserve in patients with progressive MS, opening the path to further studies assessing its clinical effects on disability progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Nicoletti
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical & Research Center, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Monteleone
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical & Research Center, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Girolama A Marfia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical & Research Center, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, The Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy/ Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, CEINGE —Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Diego Centonze
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical & Research Center, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy/ Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Mori
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical & Research Center, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy/ Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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21
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Keller S, Punzo D, Cuomo M, Affinito O, Coretti L, Sacchi S, Florio E, Lembo F, Carella M, Copetti M, Cocozza S, Balu DT, Errico F, Usiello A, Chiariotti L. DNA methylation landscape of the genes regulating D-serine and D-aspartate metabolism in post-mortem brain from controls and subjects with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10163. [PMID: 29976992 PMCID: PMC6033866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatio-temporal regulation of genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of D-serine and D-aspartate such as serine racemase (SR), D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), G72 and D-aspartate oxidase (DDO), play pivotal roles in determining the correct levels of these D-amino acids in the human brain. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression and DNA methylation status of these genes in post-mortem samples from hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum from patients with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. DNA methylation analysis was performed at an ultradeep level, measuring individual epialleles frequency by single molecule approach. Differential CpG methylation and expression was detected across different brain regions, although no significant correlations were found with diagnosis. G72 showed the highest CpG and non-CpG methylation degree, which may explain the repression of G72 transcription in the brain regions considered here. Conversely, in line with the sustained SR mRNA expression in the analyzed areas, very low methylation levels were detected at this gene’s regulatory regions. Furthermore, for DAO and DDO, our single-molecule methylation approach demonstrated that analysis of epiallele distribution was able to detect differences in DNA methylation representing area-specific methylation signatures, which are likely not detectable with targeted or genome-wide classic methylation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Keller
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.,Endocrinology and Molecular Oncology Institute (I.E.O.S.), National Research Council (C.N.R.), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Punzo
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Mariella Cuomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Affinito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.,Endocrinology and Molecular Oncology Institute (I.E.O.S.), National Research Council (C.N.R.), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.,Endocrinology and Molecular Oncology Institute (I.E.O.S.), National Research Council (C.N.R.), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Ermanno Florio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.,Endocrinology and Molecular Oncology Institute (I.E.O.S.), National Research Council (C.N.R.), 80131, Naples, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego UCSD, La Jolla, 95000, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Unit of Biostatistics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Sergio Cocozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.,Endocrinology and Molecular Oncology Institute (I.E.O.S.), National Research Council (C.N.R.), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Darrick T Balu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, 02478, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Errico
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy. .,Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Chiariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy. .,Endocrinology and Molecular Oncology Institute (I.E.O.S.), National Research Council (C.N.R.), 80131, Naples, Italy.
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22
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Distinctive Roles of D-Amino Acids in the Homochiral World: Chirality of Amino Acids Modulates Mammalian Physiology and Pathology. Keio J Med 2018; 68:1-16. [PMID: 29794368 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2018-0001-ir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms enantioselectively employ L-amino acids as the molecular architecture of protein synthesized in the ribosome. Although L-amino acids are dominantly utilized in most biological processes, accumulating evidence points to the distinctive roles of D-amino acids in non-ribosomal physiology. Among the three domains of life, bacteria have the greatest capacity to produce a wide variety of D-amino acids. In contrast, archaea and eukaryotes are thought generally to synthesize only two kinds of D-amino acids: D-serine and D-aspartate. In mammals, D-serine is critical for neurotransmission as an endogenous coagonist of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors. Additionally, D-aspartate is associated with neurogenesis and endocrine systems. Furthermore, recognition of D-amino acids originating in bacteria is linked to systemic and mucosal innate immunity. Among the roles played by D-amino acids in human pathology, the dysfunction of neurotransmission mediated by D-serine is implicated in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Non-enzymatic conversion of L-aspartate or L-serine residues to their D-configurations is involved in age-associated protein degeneration. Moreover, the measurement of plasma or urinary D-/L-serine or D-/L-aspartate levels may have diagnostic or prognostic value in the treatment of kidney diseases. This review aims to summarize current understanding of D-amino-acid-associated biology with a major focus on mammalian physiology and pathology.
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23
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Kitamura A, Hojo Y, Ikeda M, Karakawa S, Kuwahara T, Kim J, Soma M, Kawato S, Tsurugizawa T. Ingested d-Aspartate Facilitates the Functional Connectivity and Modifies Dendritic Spine Morphology in Rat Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:2499-2508. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kitamura
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho 1-1, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Muneki Ikeda
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachise Karakawa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho 1-1, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kuwahara
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Suzuki-cho 1-1, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Jonghyuk Kim
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Soma
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Kawato
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Li Y, Han H, Yin J, Li T, Yin Y. Role of D-aspartate on biosynthesis, racemization, and potential functions: A mini-review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:311-315. [PMID: 30175260 PMCID: PMC6116324 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
D-aspartate, a natural and endogenous amino acid, widely exists in animal tissues and can be synthesized through aspartate racemase and transformed by D-aspartate oxidase (DDO). D-aspartate mainly serves as a neurotransmitter and has been demonstrated to exhibit various physiological functions, including nutritional potential, regulation on reproduction and hormone biology, and neuron protection. This article mainly reviews the synthesis, racemization, and physiological functions of D-aspartate with emphasis on the potential in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hui Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
- Corresponding authors.
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25
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Zachar G, Jakó T, Vincze I, Wagner Z, Tábi T, Bálint E, Mezey S, Szökő É, Csillag A. Age-related and function-dependent regional alterations of free L- and D-aspartate in postembryonic chick brain. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:1-15. [PMID: 29575913 DOI: 10.1556/018.68.2018.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
D-aspartate (D-Asp) modulates adult neural plasticity and embryonic brain development by promoting cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Here, developmental changes of the excitatory amino acids (EAAs) L-Glu, L-Asp and D-Asp were determined during the first postembryonic days, a time window for early learning, in selected brain regions of domestic chickens after chiral separation and capillary electrophoresis. Extracellular concentration (ECC) of EAAs was measured in microdialysis samples from freely moving chicks. ECC of D-Asp (but not L-EAAs) decreased during the first week of age, with no considerable regional or learning-related variation. ECC of L-Asp and L-Glu (but not of D-Asp) were elevated in the mSt/Ac in response to a rewarding stimulus, suggesting importance of Asp-Glu co-release in synaptic plasticity of basal ganglia. Potassium-evoked release of D-Asp, with a protracted transient, was also demonstrated. D-Asp constitutes greater percentage of total aspartate in the extracellular space than in whole tissue extracts, thus the bulk of D-Asp detected in tissue appears in the extracellular space. Conversely, only a fraction of tissue L-EAAs can be detected in extracellular space. The lack of changes in tissue D-Asp following avoidance learning indicates a tonic, rather than phasic, mechanism in the neuromodulatory action of this amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Zachar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Jakó
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Vincze
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Wagner
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Bálint
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Mezey
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szökő
- Department of PharmacodynamicsSemmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Csillag
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Errico F, Nuzzo T, Carella M, Bertolino A, Usiello A. The Emerging Role of Altered d-Aspartate Metabolism in Schizophrenia: New Insights From Preclinical Models and Human Studies. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:559. [PMID: 30459655 PMCID: PMC6232865 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides d-serine, another d-amino acid with endogenous occurrence in the mammalian brain, d-aspartate, has been recently shown to influence NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission. d-aspartate is present in the brain at extracellular level in nanomolar concentrations, binds to the agonist site of NMDARs and activates this subclass of glutamate receptors. Along with its direct effect on NMDARs, d-aspartate can also evoke considerable l-glutamate release in specific brain areas through the presynaptic activation of NMDA, AMPA/kainate and mGlu5 receptors. d-aspartate is enriched in the embryonic brain of rodents and humans and its concentration strongly decreases after birth, due to the post-natal expression of the catabolising enzyme d-aspartate oxidase (DDO). Based on the hypothesis of NMDAR hypofunction in schizophrenia pathogenesis, recent preclinical and clinical studies suggested a relationship between perturbation of d-aspartate metabolism and this psychiatric disorder. Consistently, neurophysiological and behavioral characterization of Ddo knockout (Ddo -/-) and d-aspartate-treated mice highlighted that abnormally higher endogenous d-aspartate levels significantly increase NMDAR-mediated synaptic plasticity, neuronal spine density and memory. Remarkably, increased d-aspartate levels influence schizophrenia-like phenotypes in rodents, as indicated by improved fronto-hippocampal connectivity, attenuated prepulse inhibition deficits and reduced activation of neuronal circuitry induced by phencyclidine exposure. In healthy humans, a genetic polymorphism associated with reduced prefrontal DDO gene expression predicts changes in prefrontal phenotypes including greater gray matter volume and enhanced functional activity during working memory. Moreover, neurochemical detections in post-mortem brain of schizophrenia-affected patients have shown significantly reduced d-aspartate content in prefrontal regions, associated with increased DDO mRNA expression or DDO enzymatic activity. Overall, these findings suggest a possible involvement of dysregulated embryonic d-aspartate metabolism in schizophrenia pathophysiology and, in turn, highlight the potential use of free d-aspartate supplementation as a new add-on therapy for treating the cognitive symptoms of this mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Translational Neuroscience Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Translational Neuroscience Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
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27
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Di Fiore MM, Santillo A, Falvo S, Chieffi Baccari G, Venditti M, Di Giacomo Russo F, Lispi M, D'Aniello A. Sex hormone levels in the brain of d-aspartate-treated rats. C R Biol 2017; 341:9-15. [PMID: 29203165 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
d-Aspartate (d-Asp) is an endogenous amino acid present in the central nervous system and endocrine glands of various animal taxa. d-Asp is implicated in neurotransmission, physiology of learning, and memory processes. In gonads, it plays a crucial role in sex hormone synthesis. We have investigated the effects of chronic (30 days d-Asp drinking solution) and acute (i.p. injection of 2μmol/g bw d-Asp) treatments on sex steroid synthesis in rat brain. Furthermore, to verify the direct effect of d-Asp on neurosteroidogenic enzyme activities, brain homogenates were incubated with different substrates (cholesterol, progesterone, or testosterone) with or without the addition of d-Asp. Enzyme activities were measured by evaluating the in vitro conversion rate of (i) cholesterol to progesterone, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol, (ii) progesterone to testosterone and 17β-estradiol, (iii) testosterone to 17β-estradiol. We found that d-Asp oral administration produced an increase of approximately 40% in progesterone, 110% in testosterone, and 35% in 17β-estradiol. Similarly, the results of the acute experiment showed that at 30min after d-Asp treatment, the progesterone, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol levels increased by 29-35%, and at 8h they further increased by a 100% increment. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the addition of d-Asp to brain homogenate+substrate induces a significant increase in progesterone, testosterone and 17β-estradiol suggesting that the amino acid upregulates the local activity of steroidogenic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ambientali, biologiche e farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ambientali, biologiche e farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Sara Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ambientali, biologiche e farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriella Chieffi Baccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ambientali, biologiche e farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Massimo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Di Giacomo Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ambientali, biologiche e farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Monica Lispi
- Medical Affair Department Fertility TA, Merck-Serono SAS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antimo D'Aniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ambientali, biologiche e farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; Department of Neurobiology and Comparative Physiology, Zoological Station "Anthon Dohrn", Naples, Italy.
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28
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Leocani L, Comi G, Iezzi E, Centonze D. Can pharmacological manipulation of LTP favor the effects of motor rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2017; 24:902-907. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458517721358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Synaptic plasticity, the basic mechanism of clinical recovery after brain lesion, can also remarkably influence the clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Physical rehabilitation represents the main treatment option to promote synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) and to enhance spontaneous recovery of neurological deficits. Objectives: To overview the role of pharmacological treatment and physical rehabilitation in modulating LTP and enhancing clinical recovery in MS. Results: Drug-induced LTP enhancement can be effectively used to promote functional recovery, alone or combined with rehabilitation. Also, as inflammatory cytokines alter synaptic transmission and plasticity in MS, pharmacological resolution of inflammation can positively influence clinical recovery. Finally, physical exercise could be an independent factor able to preserve or enhance LTP reserve both influencing signaling pathways involved in plasticity induction and maintenance, and decreasing inflammation. Future directions: Better knowledge of LTP determinants may be useful to design specific strategies to promote recovery after a relapse and to reduce the progressive neurological deterioration in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Stampanoni Bassi
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Units, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy/Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Institute of Experimental Neurophysiology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ennio Iezzi
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Units, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Units, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy/Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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29
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Afraei S, D’Aniello A, Sedaghat R, Ekhtiari P, Azizi G, Tabrizian N, Magliozzi L, Aghazadeh Z, Mirshafiey A. Therapeutic effects of D-aspartate in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:699-708. [PMID: 28911655 PMCID: PMC9328824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis. EAE is mainly mediated by adaptive and innate immune responses that leads to an inflammatory demyelization and axonal damage. The aim of the present research was to examine the therapeutic efficacy of D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) on a mouse EAE model. EAE induction was performed in female C57BL/6 mice by myelin 40 oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) in a complete Freund's adjuvant emulsion, and D-Asp was used to test its efficiency in the reduction of EAE. During the course of study, clinical evaluation was assessed, and on Day 21, post-immunization blood samples were taken from the heart of mice for the evaluation of interleukin 6 and other chemical molecules. The mice were sacrificed, and their brain and cerebellum were removed for histological analysis. Our findings indicated that D-Asp had beneficial effects on EAE by attenuation in the severity and delay in the onset of the disease. Histological analysis showed that treatment with D-Asp can reduce inflammation. Moreover, in D-Asp-treated mice, the serum level of interleukin 6 was significantly lower than that in control animals, whereas the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher. The data indicates that D-Asp possess neuroprotective property to prevent the onset of the multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Afraei
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Antimo D’Aniello
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zoological Station of Naples “Anton Dohrn”, Villa Comunale, Napoli,
Italy
| | - Reza Sedaghat
- Departments of Anatomy and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Parvin Ekhtiari
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj,
Iran
- Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Nakisa Tabrizian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Laura Magliozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, “Federico II” Via Cinthia, MSA Campus, bldg. 7, Naples,
Italy
| | - Zahra Aghazadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
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30
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Fontanarosa C, Pane F, Sepe N, Pinto G, Trifuoggi M, Squillace M, Errico F, Usiello A, Pucci P, Amoresano A. Quantitative determination of free D-Asp, L-Asp and N-methyl-D-aspartate in mouse brain tissues by chiral separation and Multiple Reaction Monitoring tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179748. [PMID: 28662080 PMCID: PMC5491048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that free d-Asp has a crucial role in N-methyl d-Asp receptor-mediated neurotransmission playing very important functions in physiological and pathological processes. This paper describes the development of an analytical procedure for the direct and simultaneous determination of free d-Asp, l-Asp and N-methyl d-Asp in specimens of different mouse brain tissues using chiral LC-MS/MS in Multiple Reaction Monitoring scan mode. After comparing three procedures and different buffers and extraction solvents, a simple preparation procedure was selected the analytes of extraction. The method was validated by analyzing l-Asp, d-Asp and N-methyl d-Asp recovery at different spiked concentrations (50, 100 and 200 pg/μl) yielding satisfactory recoveries (75–110%), and good repeatability. Limits of detection (LOD) resulted to be 0.52 pg/μl for d-Asp, 0.46 pg/μl for l-Asp and 0.54 pg/μl for NMDA, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 1.57 pg/μl for d-Asp, 1.41 pg/μl for l-Asp and 1.64 pg/μl for NMDA, respectively. Different concentration levels were used for constructing the calibration curves which showed good linearity. The validated method was then successfully applied to the simultaneous detection of d-Asp, l-Asp and NMDA in mouse brain tissues. The concurrent, sensitive, fast, and reproducible measurement of these metabolites in brain tissues will be useful to correlate the amount of free d-Asp with relevant neurological processes, making the LC-MS/MS MRM method well suited, not only for research work but also for clinical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fontanarosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Pane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy
| | - Nunzio Sepe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pinto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Squillace
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Piero Pucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail:
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31
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Weatherly CA, Du S, Parpia C, Santos PT, Hartman AL, Armstrong DW. d-Amino Acid Levels in Perfused Mouse Brain Tissue and Blood: A Comparative Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1251-1261. [PMID: 28206740 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The l-enantiomer is the predominant type of amino acid in all living systems. However, d-amino acids, once thought to be "unnatural", have been found to be indigenous even in mammalian systems and increasingly appear to be functioning in essential biological and neurological roles. Both d- and l-amino acid levels in the hippocampus, cortex, and blood samples from NIH Swiss mice are reported. Perfused brain tissues were analyzed for the first time, thereby eliminating artifacts due to endogenous blood, and decreased the mouse-to-mouse variability in amino acid levels. Total amino acid levels (l- plus d-enantiomers) in brain tissue are up to 10 times higher than in blood. However, all measured d-amino acid levels in brain tissue are typically ∼10 to 2000 times higher than blood levels. There was a 13% reduction in almost all measured d-amino acid levels in the cortex compared to those in the hippocampus. There is an approximate inverse relationship between the prevalence of an amino acid and the percentage of its d-enantiomeric form. Interestingly, glutamic acid, unlike all other amino acids, had no quantifiable level of its d-antipode. The bioneurological reason for the unique and conspicuous absence/removal of this d-amino acid is yet unknown. However, results suggest that d-glutamate metabolism is likely a unidirectional process and not a cycle, as per the l-glutamate/glutamine cycle. The results suggest that there might be unreported d-amino acid racemases in mammalian brains. The regulation and function of specific other d-amino acids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choyce A. Weatherly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Siqi Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Curran Parpia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Polan T. Santos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Adam L. Hartman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Blomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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D'Aniello A, Luongo L, Romano R, Iannotta M, Marabese I, Boccella S, Belardo C, de Novellis V, Arra C, Barbieri A, D'Aniello B, Scandurra A, Magliozzi L, Fisher G, Guida F, Maione S. d-Aspartic acid ameliorates painful and neuropsychiatric changes and reduces β-amyloid Aβ 1-42 peptide in a long lasting model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:151-158. [PMID: 28487079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms and other neuropsychiatric dysfunctions are common in neurodegenerative disorders, including chronic pain and dementia. A correlation between the β-amyloid protein accumulation and the development of depression has been suggested, however the underlying mechanisms are unknown. d-Aspartate (d-Asp) is a free d-amino acid found in the mammalian brain and involved in neurological and psychiatric processes, such as cognition and affective disorders. In this study we have investigated the effects of a repeated treatment with d-Asp in a long-lasting (12 months) model of neuropathic pain, the spared nerve injury (SNI), in mice. Specifically, we evaluated i) the pain sensitivity and related emotional/cognitive dysfunctions induced by SNI, ii) possible changes in the β-amyloid protein accumulation in specific brain regions involved in pain mechanisms ii) possible changes in steroids level in neuropathic animals with or without d-Asp in the same brain areas. SNI mice showed an increase of the insoluble form of Aβ1-42 at hippocampal level and displayed cognitive impairments, stereotypical and depressive-like behaviours. d-Asp treatment reduced abnormal behaviours and normalized the β-amyloid protein expression. Moreover, d-Asp dramatically increased steroids level measured in the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus. Our findings provide new insights into pain mechanisms and suggest a possible role of β-amyloid protein in neuropsychiatric dysfunctions associated with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo D'Aniello
- Department of Neurobiology and Comparative Physiology, Zoological Station "A. Dohrn", Napoli, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy.
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Romano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Vito de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Animal Facility Unit Traslational Research Department, Istituto Nazionale Tumori -IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italia
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- Animal Facility Unit Traslational Research Department, Istituto Nazionale Tumori -IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italia
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Magliozzi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, CoNISMa, Lecce, Italy
| | - George Fisher
- Department of Physical Sciences, Barry University, Miami Schores , USA
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania, Naples, Italy.
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Sacchi S, Novellis VD, Paolone G, Nuzzo T, Iannotta M, Belardo C, Squillace M, Bolognesi P, Rosini E, Motta Z, Frassineti M, Bertolino A, Pollegioni L, Morari M, Maione S, Errico F, Usiello A. Olanzapine, but not clozapine, increases glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex of freely moving mice by inhibiting D-aspartate oxidase activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46288. [PMID: 28393897 PMCID: PMC5385520 DOI: 10.1038/srep46288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
D-aspartate levels in the brain are regulated by the catabolic enzyme D-aspartate oxidase (DDO). D-aspartate activates NMDA receptors, and influences brain connectivity and behaviors relevant to schizophrenia in animal models. In addition, recent evidence reported a significant reduction of D-aspartate levels in the post-mortem brain of schizophrenia-affected patients, associated to higher DDO activity. In the present work, microdialysis experiments in freely moving mice revealed that exogenously administered D-aspartate efficiently cross the blood brain barrier and stimulates L-glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Consistently, D-aspartate was able to evoke L-glutamate release in a preparation of cortical synaptosomes through presynaptic stimulation of NMDA, mGlu5 and AMPA/kainate receptors. In support of a potential therapeutic relevance of D-aspartate metabolism in schizophrenia, in vitro enzymatic assays revealed that the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine, differently to clozapine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, bupropion, fluoxetine and amitriptyline, inhibits the human DDO activity. In line with in vitro evidence, chronic systemic administration of olanzapine induces a significant extracellular release of D-aspartate and L-glutamate in the PFC of freely moving mice, which is suppressed in Ddo knockout animals. These results suggest that the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine, through the inhibition of DDO activity, increases L-glutamate release in the PFC of treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Vito De Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples (SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples (SUN), 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Monica Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples (SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples (SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Squillace
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Bolognesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Zoraide Motta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Martina Frassineti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara and National Institute of Neuroscience, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, The Second University of Naples (SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples (SUN), 81100, Caserta, Italy
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Decreased free d-aspartate levels are linked to enhanced d-aspartate oxidase activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:16. [PMID: 28560262 PMCID: PMC5441530 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is long acknowledged that the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor co-agonist, d-serine, plays a crucial role in several N-methyl d-aspartate receptor-mediated physiological and pathological processes, including schizophrenia. Besides d-serine, another free d-amino acid, d-aspartate, is involved in the activation of N-methyl d-aspartate receptors acting as an agonist of this receptor subclass, and is abundantly detected in the developing human brain. Based on the hypothesis of N-methyl d-aspartate receptor hypofunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and considering the ability of d-aspartate and d-serine to stimulate N-methyl d-aspartate receptor-dependent transmission, in the present work we assessed the concentration of these two d-amino acids in the post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Moreover, in this cohort of post-mortem brain samples we investigated the spatiotemporal variations of d-aspartate and d-serine. Consistent with previous work, we found that d-aspartate content was selectively decreased by around 30% in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but not in the hippocampus, of schizophrenia-affected patients, compared to healthy subjects. Interestingly, such selective reduction was associated to greater (around 25%) cortical activity of the enzyme responsible for d-aspartate catabolism, d-aspartate oxidase. Conversely, no significant changes were found in the methylation state and transcription of DDO gene in patients with schizophrenia, compared to control individuals, as well as in the expression levels of serine racemase, the major enzyme responsible for d-serine biosynthesis, which also catalyzes aspartate racemization. These results reveal the potential involvement of altered d-aspartate metabolism in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as a factor contributing to dysfunctional N-methyl d-aspartate receptor-mediated transmission in schizophrenia. Altered metabolism of an amino acid activator of ion channels in the brain could explain dysfunctional nerve signaling in schizophrenia. Researchers in Italy led by Alessandro Usiello from Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate and Loredano Pollegioni from the University of Insubria measured the levels of two amino acids—D-aspartate and D-serine—in post-mortem tissues taken from two brain regions of patients with and without schizophrenia. Both amino acids activate the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor, which is known to be less active in people with schizophrenia. The researchers found a mild increase in D-serine levels but a major decrease in D-aspartate in the schizophrenia patients’ dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a memory and reasoning part of the brain, but not in the hippocampus. They also documented a greater activity of the enzyme responsible for D-aspartate breakdown in the DLPFC.
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35
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Age-Related Changes in D-Aspartate Oxidase Promoter Methylation Control Extracellular D-Aspartate Levels and Prevent Precocious Cell Death during Brain Aging. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3064-78. [PMID: 26961959 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3881-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous NMDA receptor (NMDAR) agonist D-aspartate occurs transiently in the mammalian brain because it is abundant during embryonic and perinatal phases before drastically decreasing during adulthood. It is well established that postnatal reduction of cerebral D-aspartate levels is due to the concomitant onset of D-aspartate oxidase (DDO) activity, a flavoenzyme that selectively degrades bicarboxylic D-amino acids. In the present work, we show that d-aspartate content in the mouse brain drastically decreases after birth, whereas Ddo mRNA levels concomitantly increase. Interestingly, postnatal Ddo gene expression is paralleled by progressive demethylation within its putative promoter region. Consistent with an epigenetic control on Ddo expression, treatment with the DNA-demethylating agent, azacitidine, causes increased mRNA levels in embryonic cortical neurons. To indirectly evaluate the effect of a putative persistent Ddo gene hypermethylation in the brain, we used Ddo knock-out mice (Ddo(-/-)), which show constitutively suppressed Ddo expression. In these mice, we found for the first time substantially increased extracellular content of d-aspartate in the brain. In line with detrimental effects produced by NMDAR overstimulation, persistent elevation of D-aspartate levels in Ddo(-/-) brains is associated with appearance of dystrophic microglia, precocious caspase-3 activation, and cell death in cortical pyramidal neurons and dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. This evidence, along with the early accumulation of lipufuscin granules in Ddo(-/-) brains, highlights an unexpected importance of Ddo demethylation in preventing neurodegenerative processes produced by nonphysiological extracellular levels of free D-aspartate.
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36
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d-Aspartate drinking solution alleviates pain and cognitive impairment in neuropathic mice. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1553-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Krashia P, Ledonne A, Nobili A, Cordella A, Errico F, Usiello A, D'Amelio M, Mercuri NB, Guatteo E, Carunchio I. Persistent elevation of D-Aspartate enhances NMDA receptor-mediated responses in mouse substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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38
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Kiriyama Y, Nochi H. D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:6494621. [PMID: 28053803 PMCID: PMC5178360 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6494621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are important components for peptides and proteins and act as signal transmitters. Only L-amino acids have been considered necessary in mammals, including humans. However, diverse D-amino acids, such as D-serine, D-aspartate, D-alanine, and D-cysteine, are found in mammals. Physiological roles of these D-amino acids not only in the nervous system but also in the endocrine system are being gradually revealed. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are associated with learning and memory. D-Serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine can all bind to NMDA receptors. H2S generated from D-cysteine reduces disulfide bonds in receptors and potentiates their activity. Aberrant receptor activity is related to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are detected in parts of the endocrine system, such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and testis. D-Aspartate is being investigated for the regulation of hormone release from various endocrine organs. Here we focused on recent findings regarding the synthesis and physiological functions of D-amino acids in the nervous and endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Kiriyama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nochi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
- *Hiromi Nochi:
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39
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Errico F, Mothet JP, Usiello A. d-Aspartate: An endogenous NMDA receptor agonist enriched in the developing brain with potential involvement in schizophrenia. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 116:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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de Bartolomeis A, Errico F, Aceto G, Tomasetti C, Usiello A, Iasevoli F. D-aspartate dysregulation in Ddo(-/-) mice modulates phencyclidine-induced gene expression changes of postsynaptic density molecules in cortex and striatum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 62:35-43. [PMID: 25979765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction has been considered a key alteration in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Thus, several strategies aimed at enhancing glutamatergic transmission, included the introduction in therapy of D-amino acids, such as D-serine and D-cycloserine augmentation, have been proposed to counteract difficult-to-treat symptoms or treatment-resistant forms of schizophrenia. Another D-amino acid, D-aspartate, has recently gained increasing interest for its role in NMDAR activation and has been found reduced in post-mortem cortex of schizophrenia patients. NMDAR is the core of the postsynaptic density (PSD), a postsynaptic site involved in glutamate signaling and responsive to antipsychotic treatment. In this study, we investigated striatal and cortical gene expression of key PSD transcripts (i.e. Homer1a, Homer1b/c, and PSD-95) in mice with persistently elevated brain D-aspartate-levels, i.e. the D-aspartate-oxidase knockout mice (Ddo(-/-)). These animal models were analyzed both in naive condition and after phencyclidine (PCP) treatment. Naive Ddo(-/-) mice showed decreased Homer1a expression in the prefrontal cortex, increased Homer1b/c expression in the striatum, and decreased PSD-95 expression in the striatum and in the cortex. Acute PCP treatment restored, and even potentiated, Homer1a expression in the prefrontal cortex of mutant mice, while it had limited effects on the other genes. These results suggest that persistently elevated D-aspartate, by enhancing NMDA transmission, may cause complex adaptive mechanisms affecting Homer1a, which in turn may explain the recently demonstrated protective effects of this D-amino acid against PCP-induced behavioral alterations, such as ataxic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples (SUN), Caserta, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy
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41
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Cristino L, Luongo L, Squillace M, Paolone G, Mango D, Piccinin S, Zianni E, Imperatore R, Iannotta M, Longo F, Errico F, Vescovi AL, Morari M, Maione S, Gardoni F, Nisticò R, Usiello A. d-Aspartate oxidase influences glutamatergic system homeostasis in mammalian brain. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1890-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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42
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Errico F, D'Argenio V, Sforazzini F, Iasevoli F, Squillace M, Guerri G, Napolitano F, Angrisano T, Di Maio A, Keller S, Vitucci D, Galbusera A, Chiariotti L, Bertolino A, de Bartolomeis A, Salvatore F, Gozzi A, Usiello A. A role for D-aspartate oxidase in schizophrenia and in schizophrenia-related symptoms induced by phencyclidine in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e512. [PMID: 25689573 PMCID: PMC4445752 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a role for dysfunctional glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) neurotransmission in schizophrenia. D-aspartate is an atypical amino acid that activates NMDARs through binding to the glutamate site on GluN2 subunits. D-aspartate is present in high amounts in the embryonic brain of mammals and rapidly decreases after birth, due to the activity of the enzyme D-aspartate oxidase (DDO). The agonistic activity exerted by D-aspartate on NMDARs and its neurodevelopmental occurrence make this D-amino acid a potential mediator for some of the NMDAR-related alterations observed in schizophrenia. Consistently, substantial reductions of D-aspartate and NMDA were recently observed in the postmortem prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Here we show that DDO mRNA expression is increased in prefrontal samples of schizophrenic patients, thus suggesting a plausible molecular event responsible for the D-aspartate imbalance previously described. To investigate whether altered D-aspartate levels can modulate schizophrenia-relevant circuits and behaviors, we also measured the psychotomimetic effects produced by the NMDAR antagonist, phencyclidine, in Ddo knockout mice (Ddo(-)(/-)), an animal model characterized by tonically increased D-aspartate levels since perinatal life. We show that Ddo(-/-) mice display a significant reduction in motor hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition deficit induced by phencyclidine, compared with controls. Furthermore, we reveal that increased levels of D-aspartate in Ddo(-/-) animals can significantly inhibit functional circuits activated by phencyclidine, and affect the development of cortico-hippocampal connectivity networks potentially involved in schizophrenia. Collectively, the present results suggest that altered D-aspartate levels can influence neurodevelopmental brain processes relevant to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Errico
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via G. Salvatore, 486, 80145 Naples, Italy E-mail:
| | - V D'Argenio
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - F Sforazzini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy
| | - F Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - M Squillace
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - G Guerri
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - F Napolitano
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - T Angrisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy,IEOS, CNR, Naples, Italy,Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - A Di Maio
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - S Keller
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy,IEOS, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - D Vitucci
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - A Galbusera
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy
| | - L Chiariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy,IEOS, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - A Bertolino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Basic Sciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy,pRED, Neuroscience DTA, Hoffman-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - F Salvatore
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy,IRCCS-Fondazione SDN, Via Gianturco, Naples, Italy
| | - A Gozzi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Corso Bettini, 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy. E-mail:
| | - A Usiello
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples (SUN), Caserta, Italy
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