1
|
Johns SP, Maule CA, Angelova L, Vermeulen M, Day C, Muñoz-Alegre M, Collins MJ, Roffet-Salque M. Minimally Invasive Vacuum-Aided Extraction Technique for the Lipid Analysis of Historic Parchment. Anal Chem 2024; 96. [PMID: 39151027 PMCID: PMC11359388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Parchment is an ancient writing support formed from dehaired animal skins. Its manufacture comprises a series of liming and scraping steps before being stretched and dried under tension. Historical parchment represents a valuable source of cultural heritage which, until now, has limited investigations to noninvasive analyses to infer ink composition, degradation, or physical changes over time. We highlight the prospect of the molecular and isotope compositions of animal lipids from parchment as an untapped record of its production and the animal's diet and environment. We report a minimally invasive, total lipid extraction aided by a vacuum for historical parchments. The quantitative and qualitative compositions of lipid extracts obtained using this method are compared with those obtained using invasive sampling for nine sacrificial membranes dated 1765-1825 CE. This extraction method is then applied to membranes from the Chancery Parliament Rolls (1814-1820 CE) held by The National Archives, UK to obtain lipids and derive taxonomic and dietary information using their stable carbon isotope compositions. This novel vacuum-aided extraction allows, for the first time, animal lipids to be obtained from parchment minimally invasively, paving the way for dietary and paleoclimate studies using this well-dated and common material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Johns
- Organic
Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Charlie A. Maule
- Organic
Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Lora Angelova
- Collection
Care Department, The National Archives, Bessant Drive, Richmond TW9 4DU, London, U.K.
| | - Marc Vermeulen
- Collection
Care Department, The National Archives, Bessant Drive, Richmond TW9 4DU, London, U.K.
| | - Chris Day
- Collection
Expertise and Engagement Department, The
National Archives, Bessant
Drive, Richmond TW9 4DU, London, U.K.
| | - Marta Muñoz-Alegre
- McDonald
Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Collins
- McDonald
Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, U.K.
- The
Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mélanie Roffet-Salque
- Organic
Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Doliente JE, Langer S, Dickinson MR, Cubas M, Colonese AC, Penkman K, Craig OE. Alkylresorcinol detection and identification in archaeological pottery using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9771. [PMID: 38778666 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alkylresorcinols (AR) are cereal-specific biomarkers and have recently been found in archaeological pots. However, their low concentrations and high susceptibility to degradation make them difficult to detect using conventional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Here we describe the development of a more sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method to detect these compounds. METHOD A method based on the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to an Orbitrap mass analyser was established and validated for the detection of low-concentration ARs in pottery. During the preliminary experiments, UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap MS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometry) was demonstrated to be more sensitive, and a wide range of AR homologues in cereal extracts were detected, unlike UHPLC-QTOFMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry) and GC/MS. The developed method was utilised to profile AR homologue distribution in modern cereal samples and reanalyse AR-containing pots from the archaeological site of Must Farm. RESULTS A highly sensitive LC/MS method with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 μg/g and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.06 μg/g was used to profile ARs in five modern cereal grains. The obtained LOD is 250 times lower than that obtained using the conventional GC/MS approach. AR 21:0 was the most abundant homologue in all four Triticum spp.-einkorn, emmer, Khorasan wheat and common wheat. Meanwhile, AR 25:0 was the predominant homologue in barley, potentially enabling differentiation between wheat and barley. The developed LC/MS-based method was successfully used to analyse ARs extracted from Must Farm potsherds and identified the cereal species most likely processed in the pots-emmer wheat. CONCLUSION The described method offers an alternative and more sensitive approach for detecting and identifying ARs in ancient pottery. It has been successfully utilised to detect AR homologues in archaeological samples and discriminate which cereal species-wheat and barley-were processed in the pots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonica Ella Doliente
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Prehistory, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Swen Langer
- Department of Biology, Bioscience Technology Facility, University of York, York, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Miriam Cubas
- Department of History and Philosophy, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - André C Colonese
- Department of Prehistory, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Oliver E Craig
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Breu A, Risch R, Molina E, Friederich S, Meller H, Knoll F. Pottery spilled the beans: Patterns in the processing and consumption of dietary lipids in Central Germany from the Early Neolithic to the Bronze Age. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301278. [PMID: 38753872 PMCID: PMC11098342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The need to better understand economic change and the social uses of long-ago established pottery types to prepare and consume food has led to the study of 124 distinct ceramic vessels from 17 settlement and funerary sites in Central Germany (present day Saxony-Anhalt). These, dated from the Early Neolithic (from 5450 cal. BCE onwards) to the Late Bronze Age (1300-750 cal. BCE; youngest sample ca. 1000 BCE), include vessels from the Linear Pottery (LBK), Schiepzig/Schöningen groups (SCHIP), Baalberge (BAC), Corded Ware (CWC), Bell Beaker (BBC), and Únětice (UC) archaeological cultures. Organic residue analyses performed on this assemblage determined the presence of vessel contents surviving as lipid residues in 109 cases. These were studied in relation to the changing use of settlement and funerary pottery types and, in the case of burials, to the funerary contexts in which the vessels had been placed. The obtained results confirmed a marked increase in the consumption of dairy products linked to innovations in pottery types (e.g., small cups) during the Funnel Beaker related Baalberge Culture of the 4th millennium BCE. Although the intensive use of dairy products may have continued into the 3rd millennium BCE, especially amongst Bell Beaker populations, Corded Ware vessels found in funerary contexts suggest an increase in the importance of non-ruminant products, which may be linked to the production of specific vessel shapes and decoration. In the Early Bronze Age circum-Harz Únětice group (ca. 2200-1550 BCE), which saw the emergence of a highly hierarchical society, a greater variety of animal and plant derived products was detected in a much more standardised but, surprisingly, more multifunctional pottery assemblage. This long-term study of lipid residues from a concise region in Central Europe thus reveals the complex relationships that prehistoric populations established between food resources and the main means to prepare, store, and consume them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Breu
- Department of Prehistory, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Roberto Risch
- Department of Prehistory, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Department of Prehistory, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Susanne Friederich
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Harald Meller
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Franziska Knoll
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Özbal H, Breu A, Thissen L, Gerritsen F, van den Bos E, Galik A, Doğan T, Çergel M, Şimşek A, Türkekul A, Özbal R. From bowls to pots: The dairying revolution in Northwest Turkey, a view from Barcın Höyük, 6600 to 6000 BCE. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302788. [PMID: 38722837 PMCID: PMC11081328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Research has identified Northwest Turkey as a key region for the development of dairying in the seventh millennium BCE, yet little is known about how this practice began or evolved there. This research studies Barcın Höyük, a site located in Bursa's Yenişehir Valley, which ranges chronologically from 6600 BCE, when the first evidence of settled life appears in the Marmara Region, to 6000 BCE, when Neolithic habitation at the site ceases. Using pottery sherds diagnostic by vessel category and type, this paper aims at identifying which ones may have been primarily used to store, process, or consume dairy products. Organic residue analysis of selected samples helped address the process of adoption and intensification of milk processing in this region over time. The lipid residue data discussed in this paper derive from 143 isotopic results subsampled from 173 organic residues obtained from 805 Neolithic potsherds and suggest that bowls and four-lugged pots may have been preferred containers for processing milk. The discovery of abundant milk residues even among the earliest ceramics indicates that the pioneer farmers arrived in the region already with the knowhow of dairying and milk processing. In fact, these skills and the reliance on secondary products may have given them one of the necessary tools to successfully venture into the unfarmed lands of Northwest Anatolia in the first place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurens Thissen
- Thissen Archaeological Ceramics Bureau, Bureau, The Netherlands
| | - Fokke Gerritsen
- Netherlands Institute in Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey and Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Turhan Doğan
- Tübitak MAM Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Turkey
| | | | - Adnan Şimşek
- Tübitak UME National Metrology Institute, Gebze, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taylor WTT, Belardi JB, Barberena R, Coltrain JB, Marina FC, Borrero LA, Conver JL, Hodgins G, Admiraal M, Craig OE, Lucquin A, Talbot HM, Lundy J, Liu X, Chauvey L, Schiavinato S, Seguin-Orlando A, Le Roux P, Lucas M, Orlando L, Roberts P, Jones EL. Interdisciplinary evidence for early domestic horse exploitation in southern Patagonia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk5201. [PMID: 38064558 PMCID: PMC10708174 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of domestic horses transformed Indigenous societies across the grasslands of Argentina, leading to the emergence of specialized horse cultures across the Southern Cone. However, the dynamics of this introduction are poorly chronicled by historic records. Here, we apply archaeozoological and biomolecular techniques to horse remains from the site of Chorrillo Grande 1 in southern Argentina. Osteological and taphonomic analyses suggest that horses were pastorally managed and used for food by Aónikenk/Tehuelche hunter-gatherers before the onset of permanent European settlement, as early as the mid-17th century. DNA-based sex identifications suggest consumption of both male and female horses, while ceramic residue also shows use of guanaco products. Sequential isotope analyses on horse dentition reveal an origin in southern Patagonia and movement of these animals between the Río Coig and Río Gallegos basins. These results reinforce emerging evidence for rapid Indigenous-mediated dispersal of horses in the Americas and demonstrate that horses catalyzed rapid economic and social transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Bautista Belardi
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Unidad Académica Río Gallegos (ICASUR), Laboratorio de Arqueología Dr. Luis A. Borrero, CONICET, Campus Universitario, Piloto Lero Rivera s/n (9400), Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Barberena
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Creación, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- CONICET, Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Flavia Carballo Marina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Unidad Académica Río Gallegos (ICASUR), Laboratorio de Arqueología Dr. Luis A. Borrero, CONICET, Campus Universitario, Piloto Lero Rivera s/n (9400), Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Luis Alberto Borrero
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Saavedra 15, Piso 5, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joshua L. Conver
- Center for Digital Scholarship and Curation, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gregory Hodgins
- AMS Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jasmine Lundy
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, UK
| | - Xuexue Liu
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CNRS UMR 5288), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorelei Chauvey
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CNRS UMR 5288), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Schiavinato
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CNRS UMR 5288), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Andaine Seguin-Orlando
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CNRS UMR 5288), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Petrus Le Roux
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary Lucas
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Lars Thørings veg 10, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CNRS UMR 5288), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- isoTROPIC Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Emily Lena Jones
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Admiraal M, Colonese AC, Milheira RG, da Rocha Bandeira D, Demathe A, Pereira Dos Santos AM, Fossile T, Talbot HM, Bondetti M, Lucquin A, Montalvo-Cabrera J, Prates L, Serna A, Craig OE. Chemical analysis of pottery reveals the transition from a maritime to a plant-based economy in pre-colonial coastal Brazil. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16771. [PMID: 37798303 PMCID: PMC10556129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding long-term dynamics of past socio-ecological systems is essential for their future management. The southern Atlantic Forest coast of Brazil with its biodiverse littoral zone and artisanal fishing communities, is a priority for conservation. Traditional maritime knowledge is thought to have a deep-history and indeed, marine exploitation can be traced back to the middle Holocene. As part of one of South America's largest diasporas, Guarani groups reached the southern Brazilian coast at around 1000 years ago. Their impact on the long-standing coastal economy is unknown, due to poor preservation of organic remains. Through the first organic residue study on Guarani pottery, we show that maize rather than aquatic foods was the most dominant product in pottery at this time. By developing a mixing model based on carbon isotope values of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids we propose new criteria for the identification of maize, opening up avenues for future research. Our data confirms the importance of maize to the pre-colonial Guarani, even in a highly productive coastal environment. The Guarani occupation of this region marks a significant departure from previous socio-economic systems, potentially leading to loss of traditional knowledge and alleviating anthropogenic pressure, albeit temporarily, on the marine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Admiraal
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Andre C Colonese
- Department of Prehistory and Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rafael G Milheira
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Federal University of Pelotas, Coronel Alberto Rosa 154, Pelotas, RS, 96010-160, Brazil
| | - Dione da Rocha Bandeira
- Programa em Patrimônio Cultural e Sociedade, Universidade da Região de Joinville, Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC, 89219-710, Brazil
- Museu Arqueológico de Sambaqui de Joinville, Dona Francisca, 600, Joinville, 89201-220, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Demathe
- Sapienza Arqueologia e Gestão do Patrimônio Arqueológico, Wenceslau Alves dos Santos, 1002, Tubarão, SC, 88704-208, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Educação Patrimonial e Arqueologia (GRUPEP), Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787, Tubarão, SC, 88704-900, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Fossile
- Department of Prehistory and Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Helen M Talbot
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Manon Bondetti
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alexandre Lucquin
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Luciano Prates
- División Arqueología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Serna
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- División Arqueología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Oliver E Craig
- Department of Archaeology, BioArCh, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lerchi A, Krap T, Eppenberger P, Pedergnana A. Implementation of adipocere fingerprinting in archaeology by applying a forensic approach. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
8
|
Murakami N, Onggaruly A, Rakhimzhanova S, Standall EA, Talbot HM, Lucquin A, Suzuki M, Karimagambetov A, Nuskabay A, Nam SW, Craig OE, Shoda S. Lipid residues in ancient pastoralist pottery from Kazakhstan reveal regional differences in cooking practices. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1032637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bronze Age—Iron Age transition in Central Asia (ca. 800 BCE) was a period of significant cultural change that was heavily influenced by greater population interaction and mobility. Indeed, scholars have increasingly emphasized the role that “food globalization in prehistory” has played in defining this period. In the mountain foothills of Kazakhstan, culinary traditions from across Eurasia were combined through the use of Southwest Asian wheat, barley, and livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) with East Asian foxtail and broomcorn millets. The development of food cultures during this period has been investigated by archaeobotanical and isotopic analysis, yet lipid residues from pottery, which directly represent culinary practices, have not been adequately examined. In this study, lipid residue analysis was conducted on 72 pottery sherds, excavated from three burial mounds and one non-burial, ritual site located in Kazakhstan, dating to ca. 700–200 BCE. A particularly informative observation was the frequency of miliacin, a biomarker of broomcorn millet, detected in residues that corresponded well with previously published regional differences observed in carbon isotope ratios of human remains that indicate the consumption of C4 plants. This study also demonstrates continuity of Bronze Age dairying traditions into the Iron Age. Finally, this study sheds new light on the diversity of food cultures and mortuary practices in this region, which were not uniform across either space or time.
Collapse
|
9
|
Janta P, Wongla B, Phayoonhong W, Intarapanich O, Kokpol S, Mahatheeranont S, Kulsing C. Analysis of low-volatility pesticides in cabbage by high temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3180-3187. [PMID: 35929731 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00998f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (HTGC × GC) using a longitudinally modulated cryogenic system (LMCS) was developed for the analysis of low-volatility pesticides in cabbage. The method applied DB-17HT and DB-5HT as the first and second dimensional (1D and 2D) columns, respectively. Twelve pesticides, namely 6 organochlorines (4,4'-DDT, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, heptachlor, and dicofol), 4 carbamates (metolcarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, and carbofuran), 1 organophosphate (chlorpyrifos), and 1 pyrethroid (permethrin), were spiked into cabbage samples and prepared using QuEChERS. The applied oven temperature was up to 340 °C, enabling the elution of all the target pesticides and the matrix. The effects of initial oven temperature program, temperature ramp rate, LMCS trap temperature, and modulation period (PM) on the separation results were investigated, leading to the suitable conditions of 80 °C, 15 °C min-1, 10 °C, and 12 s, respectively. The method detection limits, signal-to-noise ratio, and recoveries of the compounds were within the ranges of 0.01-0.09 mg kg-1, 4.26-32.7, and 78-104%, respectively. Good linearity ranges within the concentration range of 0.1-1 ppm with R2 > 0.9134 were also obtained with the intra and interday precisions of the peak areas of 0.4-9.8% and 1.0-10.2%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pannipa Janta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Bussaba Wongla
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wilai Phayoonhong
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Intarapanich
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Kokpol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Food Research and Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Flavor Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayatai Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Casanova E, Knowles TDJ, Outram AK, Stear NA, Roffet-Salque M, Zaibert V, Logvin A, Shevnina I, Evershed RP. Direct 14C dating of equine products preserved in archaeological pottery vessels from Botai and Bestamak, Kazakhstan. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 14:175. [PMID: 35996450 PMCID: PMC9388454 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-022-01630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct and accurate radiocarbon dating of lipid residues preserved in ceramics is a recently established method that allows direct dating of specific food products and their inception in human subsistence strategies. The method targets individual fatty acids originating from animal fats such as ruminant dairy, ruminant adipose, non-ruminant adipose and aquatic fats. Horse lipid residues found in Central Asian pottery vessels are also directly dateable using this new method. Here we present the identification of equine lipid residues preserved in two pottery assemblages from the Neolithic and Eneolithic in Kazakhstan and their direct 14C dating. The site of Botai, previously radiocarbon-dated to the 4th millennium BC, was used as a reference to evaluate the dates obtained directly on horse lipids. The direct dating of equine products extracted from Botai potsherds are shown to be compatible with previous 14C dates at the site. The site of Bestamak, lacking previous14C measurements, had been relatively dated to the Neolithic based on pottery typologies. The direct dating of equine residues made it possible to anchor the pottery assemblage of Bestamak in the 6th millennium BC confirming their Neolithic attribution. These findings demonstrate the potential for dating horse products through a compound-specific approach, while highlighting challenges in 14C dating individual fatty acids from lipid extracts in which their abundances differ substantially. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-022-01630-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Casanova
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS81TS UK
- Present Address: UMR7209 Archaeozoology and Archaeobotany, Centre national de la recherche scientifique/Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP56 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Timothy D. J. Knowles
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS81TS UK
- Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol, BS81UU UK
| | - Alan K. Outram
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE UK
| | - Natalie A. Stear
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS81TS UK
| | - Mélanie Roffet-Salque
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS81TS UK
| | - Viktor Zaibert
- Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi St, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Logvin
- Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay Regional University Named After A. Baitursynov, Baitursynov St., 47, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Irina Shevnina
- Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay Regional University Named After A. Baitursynov, Baitursynov St., 47, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Richard P. Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS81TS UK
- Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol, BS81UU UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evershed RP, Davey Smith G, Roffet-Salque M, Timpson A, Diekmann Y, Lyon MS, Cramp LJE, Casanova E, Smyth J, Whelton HL, Dunne J, Brychova V, Šoberl L, Gerbault P, Gillis RE, Heyd V, Johnson E, Kendall I, Manning K, Marciniak A, Outram AK, Vigne JD, Shennan S, Bevan A, Colledge S, Allason-Jones L, Amkreutz L, Anders A, Arbogast RM, Bălăşescu A, Bánffy E, Barclay A, Behrens A, Bogucki P, Carrancho Alonso Á, Carretero JM, Cavanagh N, Claßen E, Collado Giraldo H, Conrad M, Csengeri P, Czerniak L, Dębiec M, Denaire A, Domboróczki L, Donald C, Ebert J, Evans C, Francés-Negro M, Gronenborn D, Haack F, Halle M, Hamon C, Hülshoff R, Ilett M, Iriarte E, Jakucs J, Jeunesse C, Johnson M, Jones AM, Karul N, Kiosak D, Kotova N, Krause R, Kretschmer S, Krüger M, Lefranc P, Lelong O, Lenneis E, Logvin A, Lüth F, Marton T, Marley J, Mortimer R, Oosterbeek L, Oross K, Pavúk J, Pechtl J, Pétrequin P, Pollard J, Pollard R, Powlesland D, Pyzel J, Raczky P, Richardson A, Rowe P, Rowland S, Rowlandson I, Saile T, Sebők K, Schier W, Schmalfuß G, Sharapova S, Sharp H, Sheridan A, Shevnina I, Sobkowiak-Tabaka I, Stadler P, Stäuble H, Stobbe A, Stojanovski D, Tasić N, van Wijk I, Vostrovská I, Vuković J, Wolfram S, Zeeb-Lanz A, Thomas MG. Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe. Nature 2022; 608:336-345. [PMID: 35896751 PMCID: PMC7615474 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In European and many African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian populations, lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the past 10,000 years1. Although the selection of LP and the consumption of prehistoric milk must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions2,3. Here we provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the past 9,000 years using around 7,000 pottery fat residues from more than 550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Notably, LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation is no better at explaining LP allele frequency trajectories than uniform selection since the Neolithic period. In the UK Biobank4,5 cohort of 500,000 contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests that other reasons for the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available but, under conditions of famine and/or increased pathogen exposure, this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation-proxies for these drivers-provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Adrian Timpson
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthew S Lyon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy J E Cramp
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Casanova
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jessica Smyth
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen L Whelton
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Dunne
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Veronika Brychova
- Department of Dairy, Fat and Cosmetics, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Nuclear Dosimetry Department, Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucija Šoberl
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pascale Gerbault
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rosalind E Gillis
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- ICArEHB, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Volker Heyd
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Cultures, Section of Archaeology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Archaeology South-East, UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iain Kendall
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katie Manning
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alan K Outram
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jean-Denis Vigne
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Shennan
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bevan
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sue Colledge
- UCL Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Luc Amkreutz
- National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Anders
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Adrian Bălăşescu
- Department of Bioarchaeology, 'Vasile Pârvan' Institute of Archaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eszter Bánffy
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Anja Behrens
- German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bogucki
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ángel Carrancho Alonso
- Área de Prehistoria, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - José Miguel Carretero
- Laboratorio Evolución Humana, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humana, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Erich Claßen
- LVR-State Service for Archaeological Heritage, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hipolito Collado Giraldo
- Patrimonio & Arte Research Group, Extremadura University, Badajoz and Cáceres, Badajoz, Spain
- Geosciences Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Lech Czerniak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Dębiec
- Institute of Archaeology, University Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Julia Ebert
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Evans
- Cambridge Archaeological Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Detlef Gronenborn
- Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Leibniz Research Institute for Archaeology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Haack
- Archaeological Department, Landesmuseum Württemberg, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Caroline Hamon
- UMR 8215, Trajectoires, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Roman Hülshoff
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, Saxony Anhalt/State Museum of Prehistory, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michael Ilett
- UMR 8215, Trajectoires, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Eneko Iriarte
- Laboratorio Evolución Humana, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - János Jakucs
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Andy M Jones
- Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council, Truro, UK
| | | | - Dmytro Kiosak
- 'I.I. Mechnikov', Odessa National University, Odessa, Ukraine
- Ca' Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Nadezhda Kotova
- Institute of Archaeology of Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Rüdiger Krause
- Prehistory Department, Institut of Archaeology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Marta Krüger
- Department of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Philippe Lefranc
- UMR 7044, INRAP Grand-Est Sud, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivia Lelong
- GUARD Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Eunomia Research & Consulting, Bristol, UK
| | - Eva Lenneis
- Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Tibor Marton
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Luiz Oosterbeek
- Geosciences Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal
- Terra e Memória Institute, Mação, Portugal
| | - Krisztián Oross
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Joachim Pechtl
- Kelten Römer Museum Manching, Manching, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre Pétrequin
- MSHE C.N. Ledoux, CNRS & University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Joshua Pollard
- Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Joanna Pyzel
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Pál Raczky
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Peter Rowe
- Tees Archaeology, Hartlepool, UK
- North Yorkshire County Council HER, Northallerton, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Saile
- Institute of History, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katalin Sebők
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wolfram Schier
- Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Helen Sharp
- Leicestershire County Council Museums, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | | | - Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Peter Stadler
- Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Astrid Stobbe
- Prehistory Department, Institut of Archaeology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Darko Stojanovski
- Geology Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Ivo van Wijk
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ivana Vostrovská
- Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of History, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Andrea Zeeb-Lanz
- Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, Dir. Landesarchäologie, Speyer, Germany
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Irto A, Micalizzi G, Bretti C, Chiaia V, Mondello L, Cardiano P. Lipids in Archaeological Pottery: A Review on Their Sampling and Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113451. [PMID: 35684389 PMCID: PMC9182108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been performed so far for the effective recovery, detection and quantification of specific compounds and their degradation products in archaeological materials. According to the literature, lipid molecules are the most durable and widespread biomarkers in ancient pottery. Artificial ageing studies to simulate lipid alterations over time have been reported. In this review, specific lipid archaeological biomarkers and well-established sampling and extraction methodologies are discussed. Although suitable analytical techniques have unraveled archaeological questions, some issues remain open such as the need to introduce innovative and miniaturized protocols to avoid extractions with organic solvents, which are often laborious and non-environmentally friendly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Irto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (G.M.)
| | - Clemente Bretti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Valentina Chiaia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Cardiano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Amir A, Finkelstein I, Shalev Y, Uziel J, Chalaf O, Freud L, Neumann R, Gadot Y. Residue analysis evidence for wine enriched with vanilla consumed in Jerusalem on the eve of the Babylonian destruction in 586 BCE. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266085. [PMID: 35349581 PMCID: PMC8963535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents results of residue analysis, based on Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) measurements, conducted on 13 ceramic storage jars unearthed in the Babylonian destruction layer (586 BCE) in Jerusalem. Five of the jars bear rosette stamp impressions on their handles, indicating that their content was related to the kingdom of Judah's royal economy. The identification of the original contents remains is significant for the understanding of many aspects related to the nutrition, economy and international trade in the ancient Levant. The study shed light on the contents of the jars and the destruction process of the buildings in which they were found. The jars were used alternatively for storing wine and olive oil. The wine was flavored with vanilla. These results attest to the wine consumption habits of the Judahite elite and echo Jerusalem's involvement in the trans-regional South Arabian trade of spices and other lucrative commodities on the eve of its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Amir
- The Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Israel Finkelstein
- The Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, The University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Joe Uziel
- Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Liora Freud
- Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronny Neumann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuval Gadot
- The Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pires E, Carvalho LDC, Shimada I, McCullagh J. Human Blood and Bird Egg Proteins Identified in Red Paint Covering a 1000-Year-Old Gold Mask from Peru. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:5212-5217. [PMID: 34582218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed a red paint sample from the surface of a gold mask excavated from a Middle Sicán elite tomb in Peru. The mask covered the face of the principal male and dates from ca. 1000 AD, a period when many painted precious metal objects were produced. The paint's inorganic pigment was identified more than 30 years ago as cinnabar (a mercuric sulfide scarlet-red to brown-red mineral), but the identity of the effective organic binder remained a mystery. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the sample indicated a proteinaceous composition, and no lipids were recovered from an N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) derivatized extract of the sample analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Proteomics analysis by nanoLC-MS/MS identified unique peptides in the sample, which were matched to human blood and bird egg proteins via Uniprot database searches. These included immunoglobulin heavy chain, immunoglobulin G, serum albumin, and ovomucoid. Cinnabar-based paints were typically used in the context of social elites and ritually important items. The presence of human blood would support previous ideas that red cinnabar paint may represent "life force" intended to support "rebirth". As the red paint sample came from the first scientifically excavated Sicán gold mask, the results suggest a method to authenticate similar unprovenanced masks now in private and museum collections. Proteomics data set identifier https://doi.org/10.5287/bodleian:1ajYbBgQP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Pires
- Mass Spectrometry Research Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | | | - Izumi Shimada
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6899, United States
| | - James McCullagh
- Mass Spectrometry Research Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
La Nasa J, Modugno F, Degano I. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the analysis of acylglycerols in art and archeology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:381-407. [PMID: 32643188 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid characterization in art and archeology, together with the study of lipid degradation processes, is an important research area in heritage science. Lipid-based materials have been used as food since ancient times, but also employed as illuminants and as ingredients in cosmetic, ritual, and pharmaceutical preparations. Both animal and plant lipids have also been processed to produce materials used in art and crafts, such as paint binders, varnishes, waterproofing agents, and coatings. Identifying the origin of the lipid materials is challenging when they are found in association with artistic historical objects. This is due to the inherent complex composition of lipids, their widespread occurrence, and the chemical alterations induced by ageing. The most common approach for lipid characterization in heritage objects entails profiling fatty acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after saponification or transesterification. New developments in high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the characterization of acylglycerols, together with more efficient sample treatments, have fostered the introduction of liquid chromatography for characterizing the lipid profile in heritage objects. This review reports the latest developments and applications of HPLC-MS for the characterization of lipid materials in the field of heritage science. We describe the various approaches for sample pretreatment and highlight the advantages and limitations of HPLC-MS in the analysis of paint and archeological samples. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Comparison of Neutral Compound Extraction from Archaeological Residues in Pottery Using Two Methodologies: A Preliminary Study. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares chloroform/methanol extraction and acidic methanol extraction of neutral compounds in absorbed lipid pottery residues from fourteen archaeological sherds. Previous studies have established that fatty acid extraction is more effective with acidic methanol extraction. This study suggests that acidic methanol extraction of neutral compounds, including sterols, alkanols, alkanes, and terpenoids, is more effective than or comparable to chloroform/methanol solvent extraction in most cases. The acidic methanol method extracts sterols, terpenoids, and alkanes more effectively than or comparably to chloroform/methanol extraction.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chakraborty KS, Slater GF, Miller HML, Shirvalkar P, Rawat Y. Compound specific isotope analysis of lipid residues provides the earliest direct evidence of dairy product processing in South Asia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16095. [PMID: 32999318 PMCID: PMC7528006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The early evidence of domesticated animals and human–animal interaction in South Asia can be traced back to the seventh millennium BCE; however, our understanding of their use is incomplete and limited to the analysis of animal bones from archaeological sites. By the third millennium BCE with the emergence of the Indus Civilization, cattle and water-buffalo became the primary domesticates and outnumbered any other animals at the majority of the Indus settlements. Based on the analysis of skeletal remains and ethnographic data, a number of studies have suggested that cattle and water-buffalo were utilized for their meat, dairy, hides, and other labor-oriented jobs. While some of these claims are backed by empirical data, others are primarily discussed as hypotheses, for example, the exploitation of dairy. In this paper, by analyzing the absorbed lipid residues from fifty-nine ceramic sherds recovered from an agro-pastoral settlement that was occupied during the peak of the Indus period around mid- to late third millennium BCE, we provide the earliest direct evidence of dairy product processing, particularly from cattle and possibly from some water-buffalo. By providing direct evidence of animal product processing, we identify the use of primary domesticated animals and other resources in the diet during the Indus Civilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg F Slater
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather M-L Miller
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Prabodh Shirvalkar
- Department of A.I.H.C. and Archaeology, Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Latitudinal gradient in dairy production with the introduction of farming in Atlantic Europe. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2036. [PMID: 32341389 PMCID: PMC7184739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of farming had far-reaching impacts on health, social structure and demography. Although the spread of domesticated plants and animals has been extensively tracked, it is unclear how these nascent economies developed within different environmental and cultural settings. Using molecular and isotopic analysis of lipids from pottery, here we investigate the foods prepared by the earliest farming communities of the European Atlantic seaboard. Surprisingly, we find an absence of aquatic foods, including in ceramics from coastal sites, except in the Western Baltic where this tradition continued from indigenous ceramic using hunter-gatherer-fishers. The frequency of dairy products in pottery increased as farming was progressively introduced along a northerly latitudinal gradient. This finding implies that early farming communities needed time to adapt their economic practices before expanding into more northerly areas. Latitudinal differences in the scale of dairy production might also have influenced the evolution of adult lactase persistence across Europe. The transition to agriculture brought major changes to human populations in Europe during the Neolithic period. Here, Cubas and colleagues analyse lipid residues from Neolithic pottery from along the Atlantic coast of Europe to trace the spread of dairy production and shifts in diet.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vilanova C, Porcar M. Art-omics: multi-omics meet archaeology and art conservation. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:435-441. [PMID: 31452355 PMCID: PMC7017809 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-omics can informally be described as the combined use of high-throughput techniques allowing the characterization of complete microbial communities by the sequencing/identification of total pools of biomolecules including DNA, proteins or metabolites. These techniques have allowed an unprecedented level of knowledge on complex microbial ecosystems, which is having key implications in land and marine ecology, industrial biotechnology or biomedicine. Multi-omics have recently been applied to artistic or archaeological objects, with the goal of either contributing to shedding light on the original context of the pieces and/or to inform conservation approaches. In this minireview, we discuss the application of -omic techniques to the study of prehistoric artworks and ancient man-made objects in three main technical blocks: metagenomics, proteomics and metabolomics. In particular, we will focus on how proteomics and metabolomics can provide paradigm-breaking results by unambiguously identifying peptides associated with a given, palaeo-cultural context; and we will discuss how metagenomics can be central for the identification of the microbial keyplayers on artworks surfaces, whose conservation can then be approached by a range of techniques, including using selected microorganisms as 'probiotics' because of their direct or indirect effect in the stabilization and preservation of valuable art objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vilanova
- Darwin Bioprospecting Excellence SLCatedrático Agustín Escardino, 946980PaternaSpain
| | - Manuel Porcar
- Darwin Bioprospecting Excellence SLCatedrático Agustín Escardino, 946980PaternaSpain
- Institute for Integrative Systems BiologyISysBio (Universitat de València‐CSIC)Parc Científic de la Universitat de ValènciaC. Catedràtic José Beltrán 246980PaternaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rageot M, Mötsch A, Schorer B, Gutekunst A, Patrizi G, Zerrer M, Cafisso S, Fries-Knoblach J, Hansen L, Tarpini R, Krausse D, Hoppe T, Stockhammer PW, Spiteri C. The dynamics of Early Celtic consumption practices: A case study of the pottery from the Heuneburg. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222991. [PMID: 31644536 PMCID: PMC6808335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Early Celtic site of the Heuneburg (Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany) has long been understood as a hallmark of early urbanization in Central Europe. The rich collection of Mediterranean imports recovered from the settlement, the elite burials in its surroundings and the Mediterranean-inspired mudbrick fortification wall further point to the importance of intercultural connections with the Mediterranean as a crucial factor in the transformation of Early Iron Age societies. We describe a new facet of this process by studying the transformation of consumption practices, especially drinking habits, brought about by intercultural encounters from the late 7th to the 5th century BC through the analysis of organic remains in 133 ceramic vessels found at the Heuneburg using Organic Residue Analysis (ORA). During the Ha D1 phase, fermented beverages, including Mediterranean grape wine, were identified in and appear to have been consumed from local handmade ceramics. The latter were recovered from different status-related contexts within the Heuneburg, suggesting an early and well-established trade/exchange system of this Mediterranean product. This contrasts with the results obtained for the drinking and serving vessels from the Ha D3 phase that were studied. The consumption of fermented beverages (wine and especially bacteriofermented products) appears to have been concentrated on the plateau. The ORA analyses presented here seem to indicate that during this time, grape wine was consumed primarily from imported vessels, and more rarely from local prestigious fine wheel-made vessels. In addition to imported wine, we demonstrate the consumption of a wide variety of foodstuffs, such as animal fats (especially dairy products), millet, plant oils and waxy plants, fruit and beehive products as well as one or several other fermented beverage(s) that were probably locally produced. Through this diachronic study of vessel function from different intra-site contexts, we inform on changing and status-related practices of food processing and consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rageot
- Department of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (MR); (PWS); (CS)
| | - Angela Mötsch
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Schorer
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Gutekunst
- Department of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giulia Patrizi
- Department of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Zerrer
- Department of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Cafisso
- Department of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine Fries-Knoblach
- Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Leif Hansen
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Roberto Tarpini
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Krausse
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | | | - Philipp W. Stockhammer
- Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (MR); (PWS); (CS)
| | - Cynthianne Spiteri
- Department of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (MR); (PWS); (CS)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
GC/MS Characterization of Beeswax, Protein, Gum, Resin, and Oil in Romano-Egyptian Paintings. HERITAGE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage2030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article presents results from a binding media survey of 61 Romano-Egyptian paintings. Most of the paintings (51) are the better-known funerary mummy portraits created using either encaustic or tempera paint medium. Samples from all the paintings (on wooden panels or linen shrouds) were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify waxes, fatty acids, resins, oils, and proteins in one sample. Analytical protocols that utilized three separate derivatization techniques were developed. The first analysis identified free fatty acids, waxes, and fatty acid soaps, the second characterized oils and plant resins, and the third identified proteins. The identification of plant gums required a separate sample. Results showed that fatty acids in beeswax were present as lead soaps and dicarboxylic fatty acids in some samples was consistent with an oxidized oil. The tempera portraits were found to contain predominantly animal glue, revising the belief that egg was the primary binder used for ancient paintings. Degraded egg coatings were found on several portraits, as well as consolidation treatments using paraffin wax and animal glue. The unknown restoration history of the portraits caused uncertainty during interpretation of the findings and made the identification of ancient paint binders problematic. Also, deterioration of the wooden support, residues from mummification, biodegradation, beeswax alteration, metal soap formation, and environmental conditions before and after burial further complicated the analysis. The inherent problems encountered while characterizing ancient organic media in funerary portraits were addressed. The fourteen museums that participated in this study are members of APPEAR (Ancient Panel Paintings: Examination, Analysis, and Research), an international collaborative initiative at the J. Paul Getty Museum whose aim is to expand our understanding of ancient panel paintings through the examination of the materials and techniques used for their manufacture.
Collapse
|
22
|
New insights into Early Celtic consumption practices: Organic residue analyses of local and imported pottery from Vix-Mont Lassois. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218001. [PMID: 31216292 PMCID: PMC6583963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rich Mediterranean imports found in Early Celtic princely sites (7th-5th cent. BC) in Southwestern Germany, Switzerland and Eastern France have long been the focus of archaeological and public interest. Consumption practices, particularly in the context of feasting, played a major role in Early Celtic life and imported ceramic vessels have consequently been interpreted as an attempt by the elite to imitate Mediterranean wine feasting. Here we present the first scientific study carried out to elucidate the use of Mediterranean imports in Early Celtic Central Europe and their local ceramic counterparts through organic residue analyses of 99 vessels from Vix-Mont Lassois, a key Early Celtic site. In the Mediterranean imports we identified imported plant oils and grape wine, and evidence points towards appropriation of these foreign vessels. Both Greek and local wares served for drinking grape wine and other plant-based fermented beverage(s). A wide variety of animal and plant by-products (e.g. fats, oils, waxes, resin) were also identified. Using an integrative approach, we show the importance of beehive products, millet and bacteriohopanoid beverage(s) in Early Celtic drinking practices. We highlight activities related to biomaterial transformation and show intra-site and status-related differences in consumption practices and/or beverage processing.
Collapse
|
23
|
Leinen LJ, Swenson VA, Juntunen HL, McKay SE, O'Hanlon SM, Videau P, Gaylor MO. Profiling Volatile Constituents of Homemade Preserved Foods Prepared in Early 1950s South Dakota (USA) Using Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) with Gas Chromatography⁻Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Determination. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040660. [PMID: 30781798 PMCID: PMC6413207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential dimension of food tasting (i.e., flavor) is olfactory stimulation by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted therefrom. Here, we developed a novel analytical method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling in argon-filled gas sampling bags with direct gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) determination to profile the volatile constituents of 31 homemade preserves prepared in South Dakota (USA) during the period 1950–1953. Volatile profiles varied considerably, but generally decreased in detected compounds, complexity, and intensity over three successive 2-h SPME sampling periods. Volatile profiles were generally predominated by aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones, and organic acids, with terpenoids constituting much of the pickled cucumber volatiles. Bisphenol-A (BPA) was also serendipitously detected and then quantified in 29 samples, at levels ranging from 3.4 to 19.2 μg/kg, within the range of levels known to induce endocrine disruption effects. Absence of BPA in two samples was attributed to their lids lacking plastic liners. As the timing of their preparation coincides with the beginning of BPA incorporation into consumer products, these jars may be some of the first BPA-containing products in the USA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to characterize BPA in and volatile profiles of rare historical foods with SPME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Leinen
- Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA.
| | - Vaille A Swenson
- Department of Biology, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA.
| | - Hope L Juntunen
- Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA.
- Department of Biology, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA.
| | - Scott E McKay
- Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA.
| | - Samantha M O'Hanlon
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Patrick Videau
- Department of Biology, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR 97520, USA.
| | - Michael O Gaylor
- Department of Chemistry, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Molecular and isotopic evidence for the processing of starchy plants in Early Neolithic pottery from China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17044. [PMID: 30451924 PMCID: PMC6242940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic residue analysis of ancient ceramic vessels enables the investigation of natural resources that were used in daily cooking practices in different part of the world. Despite many methodological advances, the utilization of plants in pottery has been difficult to demonstrate chemically, hindering the study of their role in ancient society, a topic that is especially important to understanding early agricultural practices at the start of the Neolithic period. Here, we present the first lipid residue study on the Chinese Neolithic pottery dated to 5.0 k - 4.7 k cal BC from the Tianluoshan site, Zhejiang province, a key site with early evidence for rice domestication. Through the identification of novel molecular biomarkers and extensive stable isotope analysis, we suggest that the pottery in Tianluoshan were largely used for processing starchy plant foods. These results not only highlight the significance of starchy plants in Neolithic southern China but also show a clear difference with other contemporary sites in northern Eurasia, where pottery is clearly orientated to aquatic resource exploitation. These differences may be linked with the early development of rice agriculture in China compared to its much later adoption in adjacent northerly regions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Perrault KA, Dubois LM, Cnuts D, Rots V, Focant JF, Stefanuto PH. Characterization of hafting adhesives using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn A. Perrault
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Forensic Sciences Unit; Chaminade University of Honolulu; Honolulu HI USA
| | - Lena M. Dubois
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Dries Cnuts
- TraceoLab / Prehistory - University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Veerle Rots
- TraceoLab / Prehistory - University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
This study reveals that animal fats preserved in pottery vessels from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site of Çatalhöyük recorded the abrupt 8.2-thousand years B.P. climatic event in their hydrogen isotopic compositions. In addition, significant changes are observed in the archaeology and faunal assemblage of the site, showing how the early farming community at Çatalhöyük had to adapt to climate change. Significantly, this contribution shows that individual biomolecules preserved in ancient animal fats can be used to reconstruct paleoclimate records and thus, provides a powerful tool for the detection of climatic events at well-dated onsite terrestrial locations (i.e., at the very settlements where human populations lived). The 8.2-thousand years B.P. event is evident in multiple proxy records across the globe, showing generally dry and cold conditions for ca. 160 years. Environmental changes around the event are mainly detected using geochemical or palynological analyses of ice cores, lacustrine, marine, and other sediments often distant from human settlements. The Late Neolithic excavated area of the archaeological site of Çatalhöyük East [Team Poznań (TP) area] was occupied for four centuries in the ninth and eighth millennia B.P., thus encompassing the 8.2-thousand years B.P. climatic event. A Bayesian analysis of 56 radiocarbon dates yielded a high-resolution chronological model comprising six building phases, with dates ranging from before 8325–8205 to 7925–7815 calibrated years (cal) B.P. Here, we correlate an onsite paleoclimate record constructed from δ2H values of lipid biomarkers preserved in pottery vessels recovered from these buildings with changes in architectural, archaeozoological, and consumption records from well-documented archaeological contexts. The overall sequence shows major changes in husbandry and consumption practices at ca. 8.2 thousand years B.P., synchronous with variations in the δ2H values of the animal fat residues. Changes in paleoclimate and archaeological records seem connected with the patterns of atmospheric precipitation during the occupation of the TP area predicted by climate modeling. Our multiproxy approach uses records derived directly from documented archaeological contexts. Through this, we provide compelling evidence for the specific impacts of the 8.2-thousand years B.P. climatic event on the economic and domestic activities of pioneer Neolithic farmers, influencing decisions relating to settlement planning and food procurement strategies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bonizzoni L, Bruni S, Gargano M, Guglielmi V, Zaffino C, Pezzotta A, Pilato A, Auricchio T, Delvaux L, Ludwig N. Use of integrated non-invasive analyses for pigment characterization and indirect dating of old restorations on one Egyptian coffin of the XXI dynasty. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Cappellini E, Prohaska A, Racimo F, Welker F, Pedersen MW, Allentoft ME, de Barros Damgaard P, Gutenbrunner P, Dunne J, Hammann S, Roffet-Salque M, Ilardo M, Moreno-Mayar JV, Wang Y, Sikora M, Vinner L, Cox J, Evershed RP, Willerslev E. Ancient Biomolecules and Evolutionary Inference. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:1029-1060. [PMID: 29709200 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, studies of ancient biomolecules-particularly ancient DNA, proteins, and lipids-have revolutionized our understanding of evolutionary history. Though initially fraught with many challenges, today the field stands on firm foundations. Researchers now successfully retrieve nucleotide and amino acid sequences, as well as lipid signatures, from progressively older samples, originating from geographic areas and depositional environments that, until recently, were regarded as hostile to long-term preservation of biomolecules. Sampling frequencies and the spatial and temporal scope of studies have also increased markedly, and with them the size and quality of the data sets generated. This progress has been made possible by continuous technical innovations in analytical methods, enhanced criteria for the selection of ancient samples, integrated experimental methods, and advanced computational approaches. Here, we discuss the history and current state of ancient biomolecule research, its applications to evolutionary inference, and future directions for this young and exciting field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cappellini
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Ana Prohaska
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Racimo
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Frido Welker
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Morten E Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Peter de Barros Damgaard
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Petra Gutenbrunner
- Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julie Dunne
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom;
| | - Simon Hammann
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom; .,Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, United Kingdom
| | - Mélanie Roffet-Salque
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom;
| | - Melissa Ilardo
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Martin Sikora
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom;
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; , .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gerbault P, Roffet-Salque M. Histoire de l’utilisation des laitages et de la persistance du gène de la lactase. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-9960(17)30195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Tuñón-López JA, Beneito-Cambra M, Robles-Molina J, Parras-Guijarro DJ, Molina-Díaz A, Sánchez-Vizcaíno A, García-Reyes JF. Multiclass profiling of lipids of archaeological interest by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
Heron C, Shoda S, Breu Barcons A, Czebreszuk J, Eley Y, Gorton M, Kirleis W, Kneisel J, Lucquin A, Müller J, Nishida Y, Son JH, Craig OE. First molecular and isotopic evidence of millet processing in prehistoric pottery vessels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38767. [PMID: 28004742 PMCID: PMC5177950 DOI: 10.1038/srep38767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of organic residues in pottery vessels has been successful in detecting a range of animal and plant products as indicators of food preparation and consumption in the past. However, the identification of plant remains, especially grain crops in pottery, has proved elusive. Extending the spectrum is highly desirable, not only to strengthen our understanding of the dispersal of crops from centres of domestication but also to determine modes of food processing, artefact function and the culinary significance of the crop. Here, we propose a new approach to identify millet in pottery vessels, a crop that spread throughout much of Eurasia during prehistory following its domestication, most likely in northern China. We report the successful identification of miliacin (olean-18-en-3β-ol methyl ether), a pentacyclic triterpene methyl ether that is enriched in grains of common/broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), in Bronze Age pottery vessels from the Korean Peninsula and northern Europe. The presence of millet is supported by enriched carbon stable isotope values of bulk charred organic matter sampled from pottery vessel surfaces and extracted n-alkanoic acids, consistent with a C4 plant origin. These data represent the first identification of millet in archaeological ceramic vessels, providing a means to track the introduction, spread and consumption of this important crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Heron
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Shinya Shoda
- BioArCh, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adrià Breu Barcons
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Janusz Czebreszuk
- Instytut Prahistorii, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Wieniawskiego 1, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
| | - Yvette Eley
- Center for Integrative Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Marise Gorton
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Wiebke Kirleis
- Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jutta Kneisel
- Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Müller
- Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2-6, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yastami Nishida
- Niigata Prefectural Museum of History, Sekihara 1, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2035, Japan
| | - Joon-Ho Son
- Department of Archaeology and Art History, Korea University, 2511 Sechong-ro, Jochiweon-up, Sejong-si, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Oliver E Craig
- BioArCh, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Manzano E, Cantarero S, García A, Adroher A, Vílchez J. A multi-analytical approach applied to the archaeological residues in Iberian glasses. Earliest evidences on the consumption of fermented beverages in votive rituals. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
33
|
A New Approach for the Characterization of Organic Residues from Stone Tools Using GC×GC-TOFMS. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
34
|
An integrated multianalytical approach to the reconstruction of daily activities at the Bronze Age settlement in Peñalosa (Jaén, Spain). Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
35
|
Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Rosiak A, Kwapińska M, Kwapiński W. Different Analytical Procedures for the Study of Organic Residues in Archeological Ceramic Samples with the Use of Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:67-81. [PMID: 25830900 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1008130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the composition of organic residues present in pottery is an important source of information for historians and archeologists. Chemical characterization of the materials provides information on diets, habits, technologies, and original use of the vessels. This review presents the problem of analytical studies of archeological materials with a special emphasis on organic residues. Current methods used in the determination of different organic compounds in archeological ceramics are presented. Particular attention is paid to the procedures of analysis of archeological ceramic samples used before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Advantages and disadvantages of different extraction methods and application of proper quality assurance/quality control procedures are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Angelina Rosiak
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Marzena Kwapińska
- b Department of Chemical and Environmental Science , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Witold Kwapiński
- b Department of Chemical and Environmental Science , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Identification of triacylglycerols in archaelogical organic residues by core–shell reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1346:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
37
|
Long-term resilience of late holocene coastal subsistence system in Southeastern South america. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93854. [PMID: 24718458 PMCID: PMC3981759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotopic and molecular analysis on human, fauna and pottery remains can provide valuable new insights into the diets and subsistence practices of prehistoric populations. These are crucial to elucidate the resilience of social-ecological systems to cultural and environmental change. Bulk collagen carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of 82 human individuals from mid to late Holocene Brazilian archaeological sites (∼6,700 to ∼1,000 cal BP) reveal an adequate protein incorporation and, on the coast, the continuation in subsistence strategies based on the exploitation of aquatic resources despite the introduction of pottery and domesticated plant foods. These results are supported by carbon isotope analysis of single amino acid extracted from bone collagen. Chemical and isotopic analysis also shows that pottery technology was used to process marine foods and therefore assimilated into the existing subsistence strategy. Our multidisciplinary results demonstrate the resilient character of the coastal economy to cultural change during the late Holocene in southern Brazil.
Collapse
|
38
|
Tarquini G, Nunziante Cesaro S, Campanella L. Identification of oil residues in Roman amphorae (Monte Testaccio, Rome): a comparative FTIR spectroscopic study of archeological and artificially aged samples. Talanta 2013; 118:195-200. [PMID: 24274288 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The application of Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy to the analysis of oil residues in fragments of archeological amphorae (3rd century A.D.) from Monte Testaccio (Rome, Italy) is reported. In order to check the possibility to reveal the presence of oil residues in archeological pottery using microinvasive and\or not invasive techniques, different approaches have been followed: firstly, FTIR spectroscopy was used to study oil residues extracted from roman amphorae. Secondly, the presence of oil residues was ascertained analyzing microamounts of archeological fragments with the Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFT). Finally, the external reflection analysis of the ancient shards was performed without preliminary treatments evidencing the possibility to detect oil traces through the observation of the most intense features of its spectrum. Incidentally, the existence of carboxylate salts of fatty acids was also observed in DRIFT and Reflectance spectra of archeological samples supporting the roman habit of spreading lime over the spoil heaps. The data collected in all steps were always compared with results obtained on purposely made replicas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tarquini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hansel FA, Bull ID, Evershed RP. Gas chromatographic mass spectrometric detection of dihydroxy fatty acids preserved in the 'bound' phase of organic residues of archaeological pottery vessels. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1893-1898. [PMID: 21638365 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A methodology is presented for the determination of dihydroxy fatty acids preserved in the 'bound' phase of organic residues preserved in archaeological potsherds. The method comprises saponification, esterification, silica gel column chromatographic fractionation, and analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The electron ionisation mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl ether methyl ester derivatives are characterised by fragment ions arising from cleavage of the bond between the two vicinal trimethylsiloxy groups. Other significant fragment ions are [M-15](+.), [M-31](+.), m/z 147 and ions characteristic of vicinal disubstituted (trimethylsiloxy) TMSO- groups (Δ(7,8), Δ(9,10), Δ(11,12) and Δ(13,14): m/z 304, 332, 360 and 388, respectively). The dihydroxy fatty acids identified in archaeological extracts exhibited carbon numbers ranging from C(16) to C(22) and concentrations varying from 0.05 to 14.05 µg g(-1) . The wide range of dihydroxy fatty acids observed indicates that this approach may be applied confidently in screening archaeological potsherds for the degradation products of monounsaturated fatty acids derived from commodities processed in archaeological pottery vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A Hansel
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Saliu F, Modugno F, Orlandi M, Colombini MP. HPLC–APCI-MS analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in historical pharmaceutical ointments from the eighteenth century. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1785-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
41
|
Regert M. Analytical strategies for discriminating archeological fatty substances from animal origin. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:177-220. [PMID: 21337597 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential tool in the field of biomolecular archeology to characterize amorphous organic residues preserved in ancient ceramic vessels. Animal fats of various nature and origin, namely subcutaneous fats of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and also of dairy products, are those most commonly identified in organic residues in archeological pottery. Fats and oils of marine origin have also been revealed. Since the first applications of MS coupled with gas chromatography (GC) in archeology at the end of 1980s, several developments have occurred, including isotopic determinations by GC coupled to isotope ratio MS and identification of triacylglycerols (TAGs) structure by soft ionization techniques (ESI and APCI). The combination of these methods provides invaluable insights into the strategies of exploitation of animal products in prehistory. In this review, I focus on the analytical strategies based upon MS that allow elucidation of the structure of biomolecular constituents and determination of their isotopic values to identify the nature of animal fat components preserved in highly complex and degraded archeological matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- Centre d'Etudes Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge, UMR 6130, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Bât. 1; 250, rue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Evershed RP, Charters S, Quye A. Interpreting Lipid Residues in Archaeological Ceramics: Preliminary Results from Laboratory Simulations of Vessel Use and Burial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-352-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
43
|
Steele VJ, Stern B, Stott AW. Olive oil or lard?: distinguishing plant oils from animal fats in the archeological record of the eastern Mediterranean using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3478-84. [PMID: 21072805 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing animal fats from plant oils in archaeological residues is not straightforward. Characteristic plant sterols, such as β-sitosterol, are often missing in archaeological samples and specific biomarkers do not exist for most plant fats. Identification is usually based on a range of characteristics such as fatty acid ratios, all of which indicate that a plant oil may be present, none of which uniquely distinguish plant oils from other fats. Degradation and dissolution during burial alter fatty acid ratios and remove short-chain fatty acids, resulting in degraded plant oils with similar fatty acid profiles to other degraded fats. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of δ(13)C(18:0) and δ(13)C(16:0), carried out by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), has provided a means of distinguishing fish oils, dairy fats, ruminant and non-ruminant adipose fats, but plant oils are rarely included in these analyses. For modern plant oils where C(18:1) is abundant, δ(13)C(18:1) and δ(13)C(16:0) are usually measured. These results cannot be compared with archaeological data or data from other modern reference fats where δ(13)C(18:0) and δ(13)C(16:0) are measured, as C(18:0) and C(18:1) are formed by different processes resulting in different isotopic values. Eight samples of six modern plant oils were saponified, releasing sufficient C(18:0) to measure the isotopic values, which were plotted against δ(13)C(16:0). The isotopic values for these oils, with one exception, formed a tight cluster between ruminant and non-ruminant animal fats. This result complicates the interpretation of mixed fatty residues in geographical areas where both animal fats and plant oils were in use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Steele
- Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP, Evershed RP. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric investigations of organic residues from Roman glass unguentaria. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:158-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
46
|
Salvini L, Pecci A, Giorgi G. Cooking activities during the Middle Ages: organic residues in ceramic vessels from the Sant'Antimo Church (Piombino-Central Italy). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:108-15. [PMID: 17724781 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A combined gas chromatography-electron ionization (GC-EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS approach has been used for characterizing organic residues of ceramic vessels of different forms and dimensions recovered from a vault of the apse of the 13th century church of Sant'Antimo in Piombino (Central Italy). The artifacts studied in this investigation are pots, jugs, colanders and pans probably used for cooking meals or as food containers. GC-MS has shown the presence of different fatty acids and other nonpolar markers, while APCI ionization proved to be particularly useful in the detection of diterpenoids and diacylglycerols. The data show that some organic markers may be of animal origin, while others are typical constituents or biodegradation products of vegetables. This allows one to propose the main use of these articles as vessels for cooking meat and maybe vegetable broths and soups. As there is no strict correlation between organic markers and shape, form and dimension of the ceramic vessel, it appears that the different objects probably served the same function. Chemical characterization of the organic residues of ceramic vessels, together with all the other archaeological data, contributes to a better understanding of their uses and the customs of people in the Middle Ages in Central Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salvini
- Centro di Analisi e Determinazioni Strutturali, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Romanus K, Van Neer W, Marinova E, Verbeke K, Luypaerts A, Accardo S, Hermans I, Jacobs P, De Vos D, Waelkens M. Brassicaceae seed oil identified as illuminant in Nilotic shells from a first millennium AD Coptic church in Bawit, Egypt. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:783-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
Agozzino P, Avellone G, Donato ID, Filizzola F. Identification of organic compounds in fictile unguentaria from two Sicilian necropolis of Greek age (5th century, b.c.) by GC-MS analysis. ANNALI DI CHIMICA 2007; 97:859-865. [PMID: 17970301 DOI: 10.1002/adic.200790070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A study to obtain more knowledge on funeral set in Greek age, (5th Century, b.c.) was carried out on thirteen ancient unguentaria, small vessels used as containers of balms or ointments, founded in two different Sicilian necropolis: Adranon and Hymera. Every find was subjected to three extractions by increasing polarity solvents. All crude extracts, unsaponifiables and methyl esters of saponifiable fraction were analysed by GC-MS. Analysis showed difference between two groups of finds: the unguentaria from Adranon show abundant traces of lipids used in balm making, while those from Hymera resulted empty and buried for ritual purpose. Even if in the two towns, flourished in the same period, adopted probably different funerary uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Agozzino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 1-90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Hansel FA, Copley MS, Madureira LA, Evershed RP. Thermally produced ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids provide evidence for the processing of marine products in archaeological pottery vessels. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|